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Límites Axiológicos E Instrumentales En La Tensión Universalismo/Pluralismo, Para La Convivencia Con La Diversidad Cultural En Las Democracias Contemporáneas

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Límites Axiológicos E Instrumentales En La Tensión Universalismo/Pluralismo, Para La Convivencia Con La Diversidad Cultural En Las Democracias Contemporáneas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Límites axiológicos e instrumentales en la tensión universalismo/pluralismo, para la convivencia con la diversidad cultural en las democracias contemporáneas Tesis que para optar por el grado de Maestra en Estudios Políticos y Sociales presenta Michelle Vyoleta Romero Gallardo Tutor Dr. René Millán Valenzuela Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales México, D.F., agosto de 2013 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. Agradecimientos Mi experiencia en la Maestría en Estudios Políticos y Sociales ha estado llena de aprendizajes por los que le estoy profundamente agradecida a un grupo amplio de personas e instituciones. En dichos espacios me sentí acompañada a cada momento para que me nutriera de las trayectorias de académicos a los que admiro, al tiempo que recibí mucha confianza, libertad y apoyo de su parte para explorar de manera independiente las piezas con las que elegí interpretar mi objeto de estudio. Por lo que he recibido en esta etapa estaré en deuda toda la vida. Deseo dedicar un agradecimiento especial a mi tutor, el Dr. René Millán Valenzuela, del Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la UNAM, cuyas asesorías ayudaron a dar dimensiones viables a mi tesis. Gracias por invitarme a que a partir de esta revisión teórica abordara fenómenos que empíricamente son prioridades de las sociedades contemporáneas, de tal suerte que este ejercicio no resultara sólo intelectualmente interesante, sino también eventualmente valioso para el mundo en el que estamos inmersos todos los días. Gracias al Dr. Miguel Armando López Leyva, mi profesor a lo largo de cuatro seminarios de investigación, sin cuyas retroalimentaciones mi texto habría dejado de abordar contenidos que en la investigación concluida han sido los lazos más significativos con la teoría política. Su interés, seguimiento y discusión línea por línea de lo que he escrito han sido lecciones de compromiso con la enseñanza tanto como lo fueron en materia de democracia. Gracias al Dr. Jorge Márquez Muñoz, lector en todos mis coloquios, que enriqueció la discusión histórica de mis tres capítulos mediante sus observaciones personales e igualmente a través de sus libros. Su sugerencia de mirar hacia experiencias no occidentales y sus hibridaciones para apreciar con claridad los alcances y límites de la tradición en la que se circunscribe mi argumento, me llevó a nuevas ideas en las que me alegro desde ahora de poder profundizar en la siguiente fase de mi preparación y en mi vida profesional. Gracias entonces por darme ánimos para abrir nuevas puertas. Agradezco también al Dr. Fernando Ayala Blanco y al Dr. Francisco Javier Jiménez Ruiz, integrantes de mi sínodo, por mostrarse receptivos hacia mi trabajo y por hacerme nuevas observaciones para que mi texto recepcional llegara a la versión que ahora defiendo. Mi más profundo reconocimiento se dirige asimismo al Colegio Internacional de Graduados “EntrEspacios. Movimientos, Actores y Representaciones de la Globalización”, en el marco del cual tuve la oportunidad de realizar una estancia de investigación en la Universidad Libre de Berlín, para reflexionar sobre el funcionamiento real del modelo que desarrollé en esta investigación. Por brindarme las condiciones para emprender este análisis, doy gracias a la Dra. Ingrid Simson, el Prof. Dr. Stefan Rinke, la Prof. Dra. Marianne Braig, el Dr. Jean-François Prud’Homme, y a su extraordinario equipo del que Saranda Frommold y Julia Zahn son pilares fundamentales. Me sentí bienvenida en el programa al que tanto esfuerzo han dedicado estos años y en el que encontré un entorno vibrante, lleno de discusiones de la más alta calidad y de los más sinceros lazos de amistad y reforzamiento mutuo entre las comunidades académicas alemana y mexicana. Sólo puedo desearles que este maravilloso proyecto continúe floreciendo para que muchas más generaciones de estudiantes puedan tener la experiencia de cambio de paradigmas que cultiva EntrEspacios. También agradezco a mi familia entera: no hay un solo paso que dé que no halle su fuerza en el cariño y apoyo que me dan. Me siento bendecida de contar con cada uno de ustedes porque siempre me han enseñado que el sentido de la vida se devela entregándonos a los demás. Al decir esto pienso en todos sus nombres y todas sus historias, del más pequeño de nuestros miembros a la más profunda de nuestras raíces. Ningún espacio sería suficiente para enlistar todo lo que he recibido de su parte. En particular gracias a mis hermanos, mis amigos desde el inicio de los tiempos, y gracias mamá, mi roca en la tormenta. Eres el primero de mis pensamientos, el más claro, el más importante. Eres mi fuente de curiosidad por el mundo y la razón de mis esfuerzos para encontrar respuestas. Gracias por estar conmigo siempre que inicio y termino un camino. Mamá, cuando Juan Rulfo escribió: “hay un eco en cada rama que repite tu nombre; en las ramas altas, lejanas; en las ramas que están junto a nosotros, se oye”, estaba pensando en ti. Índice Introducción ............................................................................................................................ 6 1. La tensión entre universalismo y pluralismo en la conformación de la tradición liberal . 12 1.1. La Ilustración como pilar del monismo moderno ...................................................... 13 1.2 Del monismo al universalismo en la conformación de la doctrina liberal ................. 20 1.3 El liberalismo pluralista .............................................................................................. 27 1.3.1 De la teoría del pluralismo de valores al liberal-pluralismo ................................ 27 1.3.2 La tolerancia como metaprincipio del pluralismo liberal .................................... 39 2. Las democracias liberales contemporáneas como escenario de convivencia con la diversidad axiológico-cultural .............................................................................................. 54 2.1. Pluralismos no liberales de manejo de la diversidad axiológico-cultural.................. 57 2.1.1. La acomodación de la diferencia durante la China imperial .............................. 57 2.1.2. La inclusión hindú en el modelo de Sri Ramakrishna ........................................ 63 2.1.3. Inclusión de minorías etnoculturales en el imperio islámico.............................. 67 2.2. La capacidad de las democracias liberales para albergar diversidad axiológico- cultural .............................................................................................................................. 73 3. Límites axiológicos e instrumentales para la convivencia con la diversidad cultural .... 108 3.1. La necesidad de encontrar límites a la diversidad para el sostenimiento de las sociedades ....................................................................................................................... 108 3.2. Límites axiológicos e instrumentales para mediar entre universalismo y pluralismo en las sociedades democráticas liberales ........................................................................ 118 3.3. Cuando el umbral de convivencia precede a la calidad ciudadana de los representantes de la diversidad axiológica: intertwiness de las expectativas de inmigrantes y de la democracia de acogida en torno al Einbürgerungstest en la ciudad de Berlín, Alemania ............................................................................................................. 128 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................................... 143 Anexos ................................................................................................................................ 150 Ser libres para ser humanos -por Isaiah Berlin ............................................................... 150 Manifiesto Liberal de Oxford, 1947 (Conferencia Internacional Liberal y Progresista) 159 Manifiesto Liberal de Oxford, 1997 (agenda liberal para el siglo XXI) ........................ 162 Diez definiciones de democracia .................................................................................... 172 Fuentes consultadas ............................................................................................................ 173 Lista de tablas Tabla 1: Derechos diferenciados en función del grupo para minorías p. 104 etnoculturales Lista de figuras Figura 1. Concepción berliniana de liberal-pluralismo p. 31 Figura 2. Posibilidad de liberal-pluralismo en Galston y Gray p. 33 Figura 3. Posibilidad liberal-pluralista seguida en la presente tesis p. 37 Figura 4. Triángulo de reforzamiento entre pluralismo, liberalismo y p. 87 democracia Figura 5. Límites axiológicos e instrumentales en la tensión p. 126 universalismo/pluralismo, para la convivencia con la diversidad cultural
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