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Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA DIREITOS HUMANOS NAS ESQUINAS DA HISTÓRIA: Encontros e desencontros entre as tradições políticas e o direito internacional dos direitos humanos Diego Valadares Vasconcelos Neto Orientador: Juarez Guimarães Coração americano Acordei de um sonho estranho Um gosto, vidro e corte Um sabor de chocolate No corpo e na cidade Um sabor de vida e morte Coração americano Um sabor de vidro e corte (San Vicente, Milton Nascimento e Fernando Brant) ii AGRADECIMENTOS À Maíra, minha companheira de todas as horas que além de toda inspiração e reflexão conjunta, me convidou ao mundo da Ciência Política. Ao professor Juarez e sua imensa capacidade de encantar e despertar reflexões, unindo lirismo e teoria, parceiro e guia fundamental nesta jornada acadêmica. À professora Marlise pela primeira acolhida no Departamento de Ciência Política, e ao professor Dawisson, por suas inúmeras contribuições e comentários críticos. Aos companheiros e companheiras de CERBRAS, pelos encontros presenciais ou virtuais de muito aprendizado. À minha mãe e meu pai, que me deixaram desanimar do trabalho na tese mesmo nas horas mais difíceis. Aos colegas do ACNUDH, em especial Tom, Ana Paula, Jia, Luis, Marcelo, Marc, Shyami e Richard, que seguiram incentivando o meu esforço em concluir a tese em face de adversidades. Às colegas da SDH, pela oportunidade com o Concurso Nacional Sistemas Internacionais de Direitos Humanos, que me trouxe algumas reflexões iniciais relacionadas ao tema da tese. A todos e todas que continuam lutando por direitos humanos no Brasil e no mundo, inclusive através do engajamento político ou ativismo dentro e fora de processos institucionais. A luta por direitos é, sem dúvida, minha maior inspiração acadêmica e profissional. Esta tese não seria possível sem vocês. iii RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar perspectivas políticas e filosóficas que formaram e que corroboraram o arcabouço normativo internacional contemporâneo sobre direitos humanos, isto é, que inclua todos os direitos econômicos, sociais, culturais, civis, políticos bem como o direito ao desenvolvimento, reconhecendo-os como universais, interdependentes, inter-relacionados e indivisíveis. A presente tese busca, com isto, ressaltar as contribuições destas perspectivas para oferecer propostas de superação de atuais retrocessos relacionados a direitos humanos. O primeiro capítulo trata da afirmação do direito internacional dos direitos humanos em meados do século XX. Ele incluí uma discussão sobre as visões que informaram: a criação da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), em 1919, e a adoção da Declaração da Filadélfia referente aos fins e objetivos da OIT de 1944; a Carta das Nações Unidas de 1945; e a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos de 1945, incluindo estudo elaborado pela UNESCO e os trabalhos da Comissão de Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas e seu Comitê Redator. O segundo capítulo apresenta a expansão dos instrumentos de direitos humanos a partir da segunda metade do século XX. Ele descreve o avanço da ratificação de tratados, o protagonismo latino-americano e explora condições políticas que contribuem para ratificações através de um estudo de caso. O segundo capítulo discute ainda a contribuição da Declaração sobre o Direito ao Desenvolvimento de 1986 e da Declaração e Programa de Ação de Viena de 1993 para a consolidação da compreensão de direitos humanos que promova a autodeterminação, interrelacione liberdade e igualdade, e seja universal em seu escopo e alcance. O terceiro capítulo discute o Marxismo e direitos humanos, buscando melhor compreender convergências e tensões com a normativa de direitos humanos deste ramo do pensamento que aportou contribuições para a construção do direito internacional dos direitos humanos contemporâneo. A conclusão contextualiza desafios e ameaças contemporâneas aos direitos humanos no mundo e aponta caminhos para superá-los. iv ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to investigate the political and philosophical approaches that have shaped and corroborated the contemporary international human rights law framework, that is, a framework that includes all economic, social, cultural, civil, political rights as well as the right to development, recognizing them as universal, interdependent, interrelated and indivisible. This dissertation thus seeks to highlight the contributions of these perspectives to offer proposals for overcoming current human rights-related setbacks. The first chapter deals with the affirmation of international human rights law in the mid-20th century. It includes a discussion of the views that informed: the creation of the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 1919 and the adoption of the Declaration of Philadelphia regarding the purposes and objectives of the ILO in 1944; the Charter of the United Nations in 1945; and the 1945 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including a study prepared by UNESCO and the work of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and its Drafting Committee. The second chapter presents the expansion of human rights instruments since the second half of the 20th century. It describes the progress of treaty ratification, the Latin American protagonism, and explores conditions that contribute to ratification through a case study political. The second chapter also discusses the contribution of the 1986 Declaration on the Right to Development and the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action to the consolidation of an understanding of human rights that promotes self-determination, interrelates freedom and equality, and is universal in scope and reach. The third chapter discusses Marxism and human rights, seeking to better understand convergences and tensions with the human rights norms of this branch of thought that has contributed to the construction of contemporary international human rights law. The conclusion contextualizes contemporary challenges and threats to human rights in the world and points out ways to overcome them. v SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS .................................................................................................... iii RESUMO ........................................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... v LISTA DE FIGURAS ...................................................................................................... x LISTA DE SIGLAS E ABREVIAÇÕES ........................................................................ xi INTRODUÇÃO .............................................................................................................. 14 1 CAPÍTULO I - O desafio da universalidade, indivisibilidade, interdependência e interrelação de todos os direitos humanos: uma breve história no século XX ............... 21 1.1 A Organização Internacional do Trabalho: direitos econômicos e sociais antes das Nações Unidas ......................................................................................... 25 1.2 A elaboração da Carta das Nações Unidas – o protagonismo latino-americano ........................................................................................................................ 35 1.2.1 A resposta à omissão por parte das Grandes Potências em Dumbarton Oaks ...................................................................................................... 35 1.2.2 A igualdade entre homens e mulheres uma contribuição de mulheres latino-americanas lideradas por Bertha Lutz ........................................ 39 1.3 Trabalhos preparatórios da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos ..... 42 1.3.1 “Direitos Humanos: Comentários e Interpretações”: O Simpósio organizado pela UNESCO .................................................................... 43 1.3.1.1 Questões para contribuições sobre as bases teóricas dos direitos humanos – o Memorando da UNESCO de março de 1947 ...... 48 1.3.1.2 Contribuições liberais ao simpósio ........................................... 51 1.3.1.2.1 O ceticismo liberal: Croce contra totalitarismos. Ernst a favor de um mercado de ideias .............................. 51 1.3.1.2.2 A defesa liberal da preponderância de direitos individuais de Riezler e Madariaga .......................... 54 1.3.1.2.3 A defesa liberal do desenvolvimento e da interdependência de direitos: O liberalismo keynesiano de Merriam, Compton e Lien ................ 57 1.3.1.3 Contribuições comunistas e socialistas democráticas ............... 62 1.3.1.3.1 A ênfase comunista em direitos econômicos e sociais como superação das antigas declarações: Tchechko, Dobb, Carr, Lewis, Levy e Dutt. .............................. 62 1.3.1.3.2 Perspectivas socialistas democráticas, social- democratas, trabalhistas e humanistas – Hessen, Scott, Laski, Somerhausen, Ture e Weber ......................... 73 1.3.1.4 Perspectivas Comparadas ou Síntese: Wright, McKeon, Somerville, Northrop, Levi Carneiro, Macmurray, .................. 85 vi 1.3.1.5 Perspectivas jusnaturalistas (e.g. Frère) versus perspectivas juspositivistas (Haesaert, Hórvath, Moór e Skov) .................... 97 1.3.1.6 Contribuições de pensadores cristãos ..................................... 106 1.3.1.6.1 O conservadorismo cristão de De Corte e Troncoso Sánchez .................................................................. 106 1.3.1.6.2 O cristianismo
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