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Special Edition: Environmental Publications Sitjar SPECIAL EDITION: ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLICATIONS SITJAR © 2019 Southern Institute of Technology Journal of Applied Research. ISSN: 1175-1061. 2019 2 Programme Manager Comment 7ƝQƗNRH ,DPSURXGWRSUHVHQWWKLVVSHFLDOHGLWLRQRI6,7-$5DV DVKRZFDVHIRUVWXGHQWVWD൵UHVHDUFKRXWSXWVLQWKH6,7 'HSDUWPHQWRI(QYLURQPHQWDO0DQDJHPHQW'XULQJWKH ODVWGHFDGH(QYLURQPHQWDO0DQDJHPHQWKDVHPHUJHG DVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW¿HOGVLQ1HZ=HDODQGDQG LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\:LWKJURZLQJGHPDQGVRQWKHSODQHW WKHUHLVDYLWDOQHHGIRUNDLWLDNLWRPDQDJHDQGFDUH IRUWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGHQVXUHDVXVWDLQDEOHIXWXUH 7KHVWXGHQWVLQRXUSURJUDPPHKDYHPDGHWKHFKRLFH WRZDUGVDFDUHHUSDWKWKDWZLOOPDNHDGL൵HUHQFHLQRXU ZRUOGDQGWRWKHP,VD\PDQDDNLZKHQXDPDQDDNL WDQJDWDKDHUHZKDNDPXD While the staff research Poster and Excellence awards, and I trust you will enjoy this edition accomplishments of the department one graduate has been awarded a of SITJAR and the exciting findings are mounting and impressive – high research scholarship with Ngā Pae o revealed about the environment of calibre publications, international te Māramatanga. We see bright futures Southland and beyond. conferences, international research for all our students, and we share with Nāku noa, collaborations, overseas exchanges, to you but a sample of their outstanding name a few – I see student research work in this edition. as complementary to this and would Within, you will find a diverse range of like to recognise their research Dr Christine Liang topics in Environmental Management accomplishments: Programme Manager across Southland: from e-waste In 2019, as final year students of management (an audit of schools the Bachelor and Graduate Diploma and industries in Invercargill city), to programmes completed their research water quality management (riparian dissertations, many partnered with planting by dairy farmers in Waituna; community and industry to provide and a hydro-chemical assessment of a tangible contribution to society. I Long White Lagoon), ecology (intertidal believe that the examples set by our ecology of Ulva Island; and ephemeral world-class faculty researchers, along turf communities in Long White with the hard work and dedication of Lagoon), and a socio-environmental supervisors, have fostered incredible study (an examination of public research students. Four of our engagement with the Manapōuri hydro- students presented at a national electric power scheme). conference, winning Best Overall SITJAR 20192010 9 | SpecialSpecial EditionEdittiion – EnvironmentalEnvironmental PublicationsPuublb ications 3 Editor Comment .LD2UD :HOFRPHWRWKH6WXGHQW6WD൵6SHFLDO(QYLURQPHQWDO HGLWLRQIRUWKH6RXWKHUQ,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\-RXUQDO RI$SSOLHG5HVHDUFK 6,7-$5 6WXGHQWVDQGVWD൵KDYH ZRUNHGKDUGLQERWKFDUU\LQJRXWWKLVUHVHDUFKDQG SUHVHQWLQJLWLQDSXEOLVKDEOHIRUP$OOWKHDUWLFOHVLQ WKLVHGLWLRQKDYHEHHQSHHUUHYLHZHG Students involved in this edition at the New Zealand Coastal Society the subject area. This was a motivating have been engaged in environmental conference where they disseminated factor for the students to pursue this projects with various organisations their research findings. These are all research. As experienced researchers including Environment Southland, positive outcomes for the students. these tutors pass on their skills to the Fish and Game and the Invercargill students to assist them in their future Staff also need to be congratulated City Council to name a few. Contacts endeavours. for all the hard work they have put with these agencies may be valuable into these published proceedings. So again, congratulations to students for future employment opportunities. This includes the supervision of the and staff for a job well done and this The publications from the student’s projects and helping the students get special edition is a valued addition to perspective is also a valuable asset their research up to a publishable, SITJAR. for their CVs. Several students have peer-reviewed standard. As the senior expressed an interest in continuing editor of SITJAR I can highly commend their research at a graduate school the staff involved in this special edition Dr Jerry Hoffman level and a publication such as this is a for their professionalism, diligence good start. One student was awarded a Senior Editor SITJAR and academic rigour. These staff teach research internship/scholarship after these students the necessary research graduation because of their research skills while sharing their passion for project. Also, four students presented The Southern Institute of Editor Contact details Technology Special Edition of Dr Jerry Hoffman Dr Jerry Hoffman SITJAR for 2019 is published School of Business by Southern Institute of Design Technology. Elana Bai Southern Institute of Technology [email protected] December 2019 Printing SIT Printery 0800 4 0 FEES (0800 4 0 3337) www.sit.ac.nz Southern Institute of Technology Private Bag 90114 133 Tay Street Invercargill SITJAR 2019 | Special Edition – Environmental Publications 4 CONTENTS 2 PROGRAMME MANAGER COMMENT 3 EDITOR COMMENT 5 A SURVEY OF THE ADOPTION OF RIPARIAN PLANTING BY DAIRY FARMERS IN THE WAITUNA CATCHMENT - Rebecca Crack and Tapuwa Marapara 19 DAMMING THE DAM SIXTY YEARS ON: CONTINUED CONFLICT OVER THE MANAPŌURI HYDROELECTRIC POWER SCHEME, NEW ZEALAND -Debbie Ellis and Anna Palliser 36 ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SCHOOLS, INDUSTRIES, AND COMPANIES IN INVERCARGILL, SOUTHLAND -Inessa Endawie and Tapuwa Marapara 46 PLANT SURVEY OF EPHEMERAL TINY TURF COMMUNITIES IN THE LONG WHITE LAGOON IN NEW ZEALAND -Gabrielle Wahrlich and Tapuwa Marapara 54 TURNING TIDES IN NEW ZEALAND INTERTIDAL RESEARCH: A BASELINE STUDY OF ULVA ISLAND INTERTIDAL ZONES -Rhiannon Warren and Christine Liang 66 AN ECOLOGICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL BASELINE ASSESSMENT OF LONG WHITE LAGOON -Ainsley Adams and Tapuwa Marapara SITJAR 2019 | Special Edition – Environmental Publications 5 A SURVEY OF THE ADOPTION OF RIPARIAN PLANTING BY DAIRY FARMERS IN THE WAITUNA CATCHMENT Rebecca Crack and Tapuwa Marapara ABSTRACT 7KURXJKRXWWKH\HDUVLQFUHDVLQJDJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQWDQGLQWHQVL¿FDWLRQRI IDUPLQJLQWKH:DLWXQD&DWFKPHQWKDVVLJQL¿FDQWO\FRQWULEXWHGWRWKHGHFOLQHRIZDWHU TXDOLW\DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOKHDOWKRIWKH:DLWXQDODJRRQ$UDQJHRIVXVWDLQDEOHODQG XVHPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHVDUHEHLQJSXWLQSODFHWRUHGXFHWKHDPRXQWRIVHGLPHQWDQG QXWULHQWLQSXWVWRWKHODJRRQ7KHVHVWUDWHJLHVDUHHQYLVDJHGWRSUHYHQWIXUWKHUGHFOLQH RIZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGLPSURYHWKHKHDOWKRIWKHODJRRQ7KHDLPRIWKLVUHVHDUFKZDV WRFDUU\RXWDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQRQWKHNQRZOHGJHDQGDSSOLFDWLRQRIULSDULDQSODQWLQJE\ GDLU\IDUPHUVLQWKH:DLWXQD&DWFKPHQW7RIXO¿OWKLVDLPDTXHVWLRQQDLUHVXUYH\DQG DYHJHWDWLRQVXUYH\RIULSDULDQ]RQHVZHUHFDUULHGRXWWRDVVHVVWKHDGRSWLRQRIULSDULDQ SODQWLQJE\GDLU\IDUPHUVDORQJWKH:DLWXQD&DWFKPHQW,WZDVIRXQGWKDWIDUPHUV ZHUHDZDUHRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRISODQWLQJYHJHWDWLRQLQWKHULSDULDQ]RQHDQGZHUH DZDUHRIWKHJHQHUDOIXQFWLRQVDYHJHWDWHG]RQHSURYLGHVLHPDQDJLQJUXQR൵DQG HURVLRQ7KLVUHVHDUFKQRWHGWKDWVRPHGDLU\IDUPHUVVXUYH\HGDUHVKRZLQJDSRVLWLYH DSSURDFKWRPDQDJLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\GHWHULRUDWLRQE\DGRSWLQJWKHLGHDRIYHJHWDWHG ULSDULDQ]RQHVDVDVRXUFHRIPLWLJDWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOLPSDFWVRQVWUHDPVDQGZDWHUZD\V ZLWKLQWKHLUSURSHUWLHV7KURXJKWKLVVWXG\LWZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHDGRSWLRQRIYHJHWDWHG ULSDULDQ]RQHVPD\EHQH¿WWKHFDWFKPHQWDVDZKROHE\PLWLJDWLQJQHJDWLYHLPSDFWV RIXQVXVWDLQDEOHIDUPLQJSUDFWLFHV,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRFDUU\RXWPRUHYHJHWDWLRQ VXUYH\VLQ:DLWXQDDQGRWKHUFDWFKPHQWVDURXQG6RXWKODQGWRDOORZIRUIXUWKHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQDQGHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIULSDULDQSODQWLQJE\WKHIDUPLQJ FRPPXQLW\DWFDWFKPHQWOHYHO BACKGROUND The Waituna Lagoon is located 40 km east of Invercargill and is part of the 20,000 ha Awarua Waituna Wetland Catchment (Living Water, 2018, para 1). There are three major creeks that flow through the catchment across farmland and discharge into the Waituna Lagoon. These creeks are named the Waituna Creek, Moffat Creek and Currans Creek (Baines, 2015, para 1). In 1976 the Waituna Lagoon and surrounding wetlands were designated under the RAMSAR Convention as being of International Significance. Water quality in the Waituna Catchment is poor due to high levels of suspended sediment and nutrients as a result of increasing agricultural development (Environment Southland, 2012, p1). One of the solutions to achieving sustainable land use for improved water quality is to harness the abilities of riparian zones. Riparian zones absorb excess nutrients and process waste minerals before they enter waterways (Collier et al., 1995, p 4). Below is a map showing the location of the Waituna Catchment (Figure 1). SITJAR 2019 | Special Edition – Environmental Publications 6 Map of Waituna Catchment Figure 1. Waituna Catchment Map. Black outline denotes the boundary of the catchment AIM The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and application of riparian planting by dairy farmers in the Waituna Catchment. METHODS This research adopted two methods to achieve the aim: Qualitative Method – Phone Surveys Quantitative Method - Vegetation Surveys Phone Survey A survey was created with both open and closed questions for the participants to respond. Contact details for 12 possible participants were collected, and subsequently called to ask if they would like to participate in a 10-minute survey. Once the survey was completed, all participants were asked for permission to undertake a vegetation survey on their property (Please see Appendix A for a copy of the survey questions). A total of 10 out of the 12 possible participants decided to participate in the phone survey. SITJAR 2019 | Special Edition – Environmental Publications 7 Vegetation Survey Six vegetation surveys were undertaken, and the locations of these surveys
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