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New Zealand Limnological Society Newsletter No. 39 November 2004
Contents Page President’s message………………………………………..2 Research notes…………………………………………………..3 SIL 1987 Trust report (Susie Woods)………………………….33 Student prizes: conference 2003……………………………….35 Minutes 36 th AGM……………………………………………..36 Limnological publications and theses………………………….44 Membership list………………………………………………..63 Addenda: membership form; Freshwaters of NZ book order form; financial statements ………………………...81
The New Zealand Limnological Society was formed at a meeting in Christchurch in January 1968. Its fundamental aims since inception have been to promote a common meeting ground for freshwater workers in New Zealand and to encourage and promote the exchange of news and views among them. In particular, a newsletter and a list of research workers and their interests is compiled and circulated at least once per year and an annual conference is held. The 2004 subscription is $40.00 per annum (student/unwaged/retired persons rate is $10.00 per annum; life membership is $1000.00).
The committee for 2002-2004 is:
President : Neil Deans Nelson-Marlborough Fish and Game, P.O. Box 2173, Stoke, Nelson. Email: [email protected]
Secretary-Treasurer : Dr Brian Sorrell, NIWA, P.O. Box 8602, Christchurch. Email: [email protected]
Committee members Dr Jon Harding (immediate past president), School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch. Email: [email protected]
John Maxted, Auckland Regional Council, 21 Pitt Street, Auckland. Email: [email protected]
Dr Ian Boothroyd, Kingett Mitchell Ltd, P.O. Box 33 849, Takapuna, Auckland. Email: [email protected]
Newsletter editor Professor Mike Winterbourn, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch. Email: [email protected]
Website manager Dr Stephanie Parkyn, NIWA, P.O. Box 11-115, Hamilton Email: s.parkyn@ niwa.cri.nz
Website: www.rsnz.govt.nz/clan/limsoc 2
Mr President says…
The Executive have had a busy year with a variety of matters to consider and action on your behalf. You should by now have received and returned your views on the proposed "trading" name change. If not, please do so as soon as possible, if you would like your views to be considered. The results of this non- binding survey of the membership will be discussed at the AGM at the conference in Auckland. For those unable to attend who have views they would like represented, proxy votes can be cast. Brian Sorrell, our hardworking Secretary/Treasurer, has also reminded me to ensure you remember to pay your subs which you should have received about a month ago. The Society has done well this year in its publications. Efforts led by David Speirs and with support from Environment Waikato have resulted in the two posters on native freshwater fish and invertebrates being printed and distributed to schools. Then, due to popular demand and with support from the Department of Conservation, the posters were reprinted again this year. It has been suggested that other posters on freshwater plants might be appropriate, so assistance for this from members would be appreciated. The major achievement of the year is the joint publication of ‘Freshwaters of New Zealand’, by the Limnological and Hydrological Societies. This represents the state of the art of the freshwater science community in this country and is a ‘must have’ reference for all of us working in the field, from students to consultants. Special mention must be made of the efforts of the 4 editors, Jon Harding and Brian Sorrell from our Society and Paul Mosley and Charles Pearson for the Hydrological Society. They have managed to coordinate the efforts of dozens of authors to produce an up to date but readable account of the country’s freshwaters. It is a credit to the many authors that they have been able to make their contributions at no cost to the societies, which makes the purchase price of $69.95 plus postage and packing incredibly good value. Please make sure that after you obtain your copy that you extol the virtues of this reference to the wider community. There are many people out there who would appreciate knowing about this book. Executive members and office holders of the Society come up for election again this year, so anyone wishing to make a contribution to the Society is encouraged to advise the current Executive and stand for office. We all look forward to the conference at the end of November, which will this year be on Waiheke Island. Many thanks to John Maxted, Ian Boothroyd and their team for putting this together for us. I look forward to seeing you there.
Neil Deans President:5 October 2004 3
Research news
Universities
University of Auckland
School of Geography and Environmental Science
Ian Boothroyd is a part-time Senior Lecturer responsible for leading teaching and research in freshwater ecology and resource management. His research interests at the University include chironomid taxonomy, macroinvertebrate grazing of biofilms, geothermal ecosystems and the impacts of mining and management responses to it on stream ecology. See news on Kingett Mitchell Ltd. for further information.
Graham Surrey is writing up his research on the effectiveness of the pressure-state-response model for environmental monitoring based on restoration initiatives in Waitakere City. Prajina Baisyet has commenced her investigation into the effects of a new city development in East Tamaki, focusing on Otara Creek and the perceptions of the environment by local multi-ethnic communities. Jessica Pacalioga is in the final stages of her field work on the rate and influence of decay of mangrove leaves in established and newly formed mangrove forests. Dativa Shilla is investigating the effects of land use on macroinvertebrate communities in East Tamaki, Auckland. Erica Colley and Sylvia Hay are both planning to research biofilm grazing by invertebrates in local streams and laboratory mesocosms. Daniel Gulliver will be undertaking a study of the ecology of streams in North Auckland in relation to landuse and urbanisation pressures, while Liza Inglis will be exploring the application of various stream classification methodologies in the Auckland region.
University of Waikato
Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Research
Ann Chapman has been working on her collections of epigean amphipods in the genus Paraleptamphopus and has found a number of new species, now being described. Her morphological studies parallel the genetic analyses of Darin Sutherland . A revision of the epigean species of Phreatogammarus has been completed.
Ian Duggan has returned from Canada and taken up a position as Lecturer/Pukenga in Biological Sciences. He intends to continue research on invasion biology with an emphasis on freshwaters. This is a continuation of his Canadian work where he undertook research regarding the role of transoceanic shipping, the aquarium trade and live fish markets as invasion pathways to the Great Lakes. He also hasn’t forgotten about the much neglected zooplankton, and will continue this work, particularly on diapausing stages and egg banks. Sheree Balvert has begun work on an MSc thesis investigating the limnology, including zooplankton colonisation and dynamics, of Weavers Lake, a newly filled lake that was formerly an open-cast coal mine in Huntly. Beth Fowler is doing an MSc thesis investigating water quality management problems and zooplankton ecology in the Hamilton Zoo ponds.
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David Hamilton gave a paper on ‘Climatic shifts and water quality responses in North Island lakes’ at the recent SIL Congress in Finland. He has been kept busy on eutrophication issues in the Rotorua lakes, as well as generating a report for the MfE on the proposed nitrogen load reduction in Lake Taupo. David Burger continues with his PhD study on Lake Rotorua and his field work has concluded. Sediment nutrient release rates during stratification were determined using a mass balance approach and results validated using in-situ benthic chambers. He recently presented his findings at the SIL Congress in Finland and at the University of Amsterdam, and took the opportunity to visit UNESCO-Delft. Eloise Ryan is writing the final papers of her PhD and is due to finish early in 2005. She also attended SIL in Finland and gave talks on the ‘Deep Chlorophyll Maximum’ at the University of California, Santa Barbara and Trout-Lake Research Station at the University of Wisconsin. Amanda Baldwin and Nina Von Westernhagen are now fully immersed in field work on the Rotorua lakes. Amanda is examining sedimentation and buoyancy of phytoplankton in Lake Tarawera, whereas Nina is focusing on eutrophication processes in Lake Rotoiti. New Masters students include Wendy Paul , who will examine the nitrogen cycle of eutrophic Rotorua lakes and Manu Edwards , who will look at the history of sedimentation in Rotorua lakes. Master student Rossana Untaru is currently analysing chemistry of sediment cores taken during one year of sampling Lake Rotoiti.
Brendan Hicks and Chris McBride attended the 4th International Conference on Applications of Stable Isotope Techniques to Ecological Studies in Wellington from 19-23 April 2004. Brendan presented his work done in collaboration with the University of Alaska Fairbanks and US Forest Service on the contribution of marine-derived nutrients to coastal Alaskan streams by spawning coho salmon. Chris presented his MSc research on stable isotopes in food webs and trophic state of the Rotorua lakes. David Klee will continue this work for his MSc. Brendan's electrofishing boat is proving very effective at catching koi carp for Matt Osborne's MSc tagging project. Mark Willoughby will investigate the isolation and use of koi carp pheromones as an attractant to improve fish capture. Dave West continues his PhD study on indicators of fish health, and Brenda Baillie of Forest Research in Rotorua has started her PhD on the ecology of streams in plantation forests, funded by a Bright Futures scholarship. Joe Yang is continuing his study of the meristic and morphometric differentiation of common and Cran's bullies. Stella August graduated this year with first class honours after completing her MSc on glass eel migrations into the Tukituki River, Hawke Bay. Longfin eels comprised a meagre 6% of the run, attesting to their low recruitment here.
Ian Hogg is on sabbatical this year working with Paul Hebert at the University of Guelph on the DNA “barcoding” of Arctic invertebrates. On returning to NZ in October, Ian will spend time working with John Quinn and Brian Smith at NIWA Hamilton. Field work this year has included collecting and fending off the mosquitoes and polar bears at Churchill Manitoba. Antarctic field work will be done in December. Angela McGaughran is nearing completion of her MSc thesis on the genetic diversity of NZ idoteid isopods and Antarctic springtails and mites. Submission is expected in December 2004. Darin Sutherland is also threatening to complete PhD proceedings and is hoping to submit before the end of the year. Matt Knox , Christy Brett and Beth Fowler have all completed their MSc course work and are beginning their research projects.
Nick Ling and Jim Bannon attended the 6 th International Congress on the Biology of Fish in Manaus, Brazil, followed by awesome wildlife viewing trips on the Rio Negro. Jim presented his work on the effects of hypoxia on the sustained swimming ability of fish. Jim is currently writing up his PhD and expects to complete mid-2005. Michael Landman has completed his PhD study on pulp and paper effluent-hypoxia interactions in fish and will graduate in October. Alton 5
Perrie and Grant Tempero obtained first class honours for their MSc projects on mudfish and koi carp, respectively. Alton is now with Wellington Regional Council and Grant is working with HortResearch in Hamilton. Nick Shannon has started an MSc at Forest Research, Rotorua, where he is investigating compounds in pulp effluent responsible for masculinising fish. Murray Smith at Forest Research is completing his MSc on targeted proteomic analysis of vitellogenin in fish.
Massey University
Institute of Natural Resources - Ecology
Russell Death: “ After changing research focus away from the disturbance ecology of high flows to that of low flows, the “100-year” flood in the middle of a Manawatu summer forced a rapid re- think (see photographs below). I sampled a number of streams for which I had some pre- disturbance data around Pohangina and Feilding as soon as roads were reopened and I could get out of my house. On one occasion I did not even have to move off the road to find a perfectly healthy Archichauliodes walking along the centre line, admittedly with the river lapping closely near-by. I have continued to sample these as time has permitted throughout the year. Interestingly the invertebrate communities in the more unstable mountain streams were less affected by the flooding than the lower gradient pasture streams. With summer coming I’m not sure whether to move my focus back to low flows, or wait for the next “100-year” flood.”
Photo 1. The new stream and sediment running down Finnis Road, Pohangina. Photo 2. The main road of Pohangina after the stream (normally about 3 cm deep) flooded.
“I also had a Canadian PhD student Caren Bondar visit. She planned to conduct some crayfish feeding experiments to compare with her research on the Canadian Signal Crayfish during the normally stable February months. After much deliberation over which stream was most likely not to flood, we placed all her carefully imported cages in a nice Pohangina Stream. I tried to explain to her New Zealand weather patterns were a little different from those in Canada, and that often when students did research in streams here there was a 100-year flood. I don’t think she believed me but she does now! Fortunately, we managed to build new cages and conduct the experiment in Karori, Wellington later on. The samples are currently being processed.”
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[Floods are not the only well documented problems to face postgraduate students in NZ as Russell well knows. Shortly after he started his PhD research, a herd of Hereford cattle invaded his study stream, ate out all the aquatic vegetation and destroyed the project. Its replacement was much better! – Ed].
Alex James (PhD): The central theme of Alex’s PhD study programme is to determine how benthic macroinvertebrate behaviour is influenced by low stream flows. The main objectives of his study are: 1. To determine if low stream flow alters invertebrate behaviour. 2. To determine if some taxa attempt to use pools and the hyporheic zone as refugia to escape the impacts of low stream flows. 3. Investigate whether some taxa actively enter the drift in an attempt to escape low flow velocities. 4. To determine if a reduction in flow velocity alters the outcome of predatory and competitive interactions in some common New Zealand taxa. 5. To investigate whether a reduction in flow velocity alters grazer - periphyton interactions.
The methods of investigation include both lab- and field-based experiments. Lab-based recirculating flow-through chambers will be used to investigate the reaction of some common invertebrates to increased temperatures and lowered levels of dissolved oxygen. The same chambers will be used to examine the influence of reduced flow velocity on the outcomes of predatory and competitive encounters in some common taxa. Behaviour is to be videoed for analysis. A field based study involves an experimental flow reduction of some small streams whose benthic (run, riffle and pool) and hyporheic invertebrate communities will be sampled prior to and after flow reduction. Analysis of communities will determine whether any taxa attempt to use refugia to avoid low flow conditions. Drift is also to be measured and analysed. Other field work involves the construction of stream-side channels to study the interactions between grazer density, periphyton accumulation and flow velocity and to look at the effect of flow in mediating drift behaviour.
Zoe Dewson (PhD): Zoë is investigating the effects of flow reductions on invertebrate communities and ecosystem function in small streams. A survey of sites upstream and downstream of current water abstractions was completed during the summers of 2003 and 2004. A number of differences were observed between the invertebrate communities at upstream and downstream sites, however, these differences were smaller than changes that occurred over the summer period at each site. Following this, an experimental flow reduction was completed in early 2004, where flows were manipulated to test the responses of invertebrate community diversity and abundance. Even with an unusually wet summer in the lower North Island she was able to achieve significant flow reductions over a one-month period. An attempt will be made to achieve longer-duration flow reductions this summer.
Pepe Barquin (PhD): “This year I lectured in three courses at Massey University, and continued with my PhD research, which is due to finish before the end of this year. At the moment I am finalizing the write up and editing of the thesis. Briefly, invertebrate richness, was greater in spring-brooks than runoff-fed streams in New Zealand, whereas in Northern Spain the reverse was found. At the microhabitat scale, habitat complexity and food abundance and patchiness play an important role in determining the numbers of invertebrate taxa and individuals. At the reach level, bed stability and the nature of the invertebrate predator community also influence the total number of invertebrate taxa present. At the regional scale, altitude and geographical barriers to 7 dispersal determine the total number of taxa that can reach a given stream. In February 2005 I will start work with NIWA in order to integrate our data on New Zealand freshwater springs with theirs. I am hoping to continuing research (with Dr Russell Death) on freshwater springs as indicators of groundwater quality, and develop RIVPACS models for springs and streams in Northern Spain.
Kate McArthur (BSc Hons): “I am completing the writing of my Honours dissertation on patterns of freshwater macroinvertebrate distribution in the Manawatu-Wanganui Region from 1999 to 2003. To do this I analysed horizons invertebrate and physicochemical data and used River Environment Classification (REC) variables from GIS databases. I have tried to find relationships between freshwater invertebrate communities, land use and landscape variables. I am also interested in examining the effects of sediment on freshwater ecosystems, and plan to pursue this topic as the basis of a PhD study.
University of Canterbury
School of Biological Sciences
Angus McIntosh has started a new research programme investigating how changes in stream ecosystem size (e.g., due to low flows) affect stream food webs. New research is also set to start on the population dynamics of large-bodied galaxiids based on the West Coast. Phil Jellyman (BSc Hons) is working with Angus on the effects of pre-recruitment fry survival on alpine (Galaxias paucispondylus ) and Canterbury ( G. vulgaris ) galaxias populations. Michelle Greenwood (PhD) has begun research on the biology and ecology of an aquatic spider Dolomedes , while Hamish Greig (PhD) is about to begin work on processes structuring communities of variable ecosystem size. Hans Eikaas (PhD) is putting the finishing touches to his thesis on the effects of forest fragmentation on the distribution of koaro and kokopu species on Banks Peninsula and the West Coast. Similarly, Leanne O’Brien (PhD) is concluding her study of the ecology of Canterbury mudfish. Leanne has also been working with Nicholas Dunn on the translocation of Canterbury mudfish and freshwater crayfish to restored sections of the Okeover stream, which dissects the university campus.
Jon Harding has been developing a biotic index for use in acid mine drainage systems on the West Coast, while continuing work on aquatic-terrestrial subsidies. Frank Burdon (MSc) has submitted his thesis on the relationship between aquatic productivity and terrestrial riparian spider communities. Paul Morris (MSc) is using allozyme analysis to look at the population structure of Coloburiscus humeralis , Nesameletus ornatus and Aphrophila neozelandica on Banks Peninsula and to make comparisons with populations at other sites around the South Island. Annabel Barnden (MSc) is investigating the effects of iron precipitates on communities in acid mine drainage stream systems, and examining fungal infection of benthic invertebrates in these streams. Sarah Rickard (MSc) is investigating the influence of riparian management on streams flowing through dairy farms in Canterbury, while Duncan Gray (MSc) has embarked on research on the importance of springs as sources of diversity in braided river catchments. Tanya Blakely (PhD) has just finished an assessment of the recovery of farm ponds subjected to rotenone poisoning, and is about to start research on the ecology of water-filled tree holes.
Mike Winterbourn is continuing to work on dispersal of aquatic insects and aspects of the ecology of the adult stages. He has also been collaborating with Lindsay Chadderton (DoC) and Ian Hogg’s group at Waikato on differentiation and biogeography of Austridotea species 8
(Isopoda) at the molecular level. He has a paper on the biology of the chironomid Eukiefferiella , a commensal of Deleatidium nymphs in press.
Vida Stout is continuing to write up work on South Island lakes, especially those in Canterbury. She attended the S.I.L. meeting in Finland in August 2004. Some excellent papers were presented at the meeting and she had the opportunity to meet lots of people.
Sandy Milner spent most of a third year based in the School of Biological Sciences with the freshwater ecology research group (FERG). He has had a productive time writing papers and with a PhD student from Birmingham, U.K. ( Sarah Cadbury ) has established a research project on the hydroecology of the glacial Rob Roy Stream near Wanaka. Sandy expects to return permanently to the University of Birmingham in January 2005.
University of Otago
Department of Zoology
Gerry Closs is involved in various fish and food web related projects. The establishment of the Centre for Trace Element Analysis at the University of Otago has opened some exciting options for using microchemical analysis of otoliths to track fish migration. Initial projects in collaboration with Esben Kristensen , Ricky Olley , Roger Young (Cawthron Institute) and Aaron Horrell (Clutha Fisheries Trust) will aim to use elemental fingerprints to track trout movement in the Taieri, Clutha and Motueka catchments. Gerry and Rick Stoffels are also continuing to finish off their work on the dynamics of littoral communities in Lakes Te Anau and Manapouri. Gerry is now the New Zealand representative for the Australian Society for Fish Biology.
Heather Rhodes has been awarded her PhD for work on the relationship between farmer education, riparian management and stream health. Heather is moving to Anakiwa in the Marlborough Sounds to pursue her interest in outdoor education. Ruth Goldsmith has also been awarded her PhD for work on interactions between perch and common bully. Ruth is currently working as an environmental consultant in Dunedin.
Eric Hansen is currently writing up his PhD research on the relationships between residency, growth, position in social hierarchy and food supply in giant kokopu. Tobias Bickel has been examining the role of Lagarosiphon in Lake Dunstan littoral food webs for his PhD research. Esben Kristensen’s PhD research is an examinination of the relationships between stream productivity, growth and population dynamics in brown trout. Various MSc students hae continued to finish and arrive. Rose Clucas completed her MSc on population parameters of eels in the Sinclair Wetlands. Ed Waite completed his MSc on the distribution of sea-run and resident brown trout in the Pomahaka catchment. Matt Hickey completed his MSc on the efficiency of spotlighting for estimating trout abundance. Adrian Lill is in the final stages of writing up his MSc on the life history and distribution of mysids in Otago estuaries. Cornelis Kater is also writing up his MSc on factors influencing the distribution of fish species in coastal Otago streams. David Harris has commenced a MSc project on food supply and trout abundance. Mark Hrynkiw will be examining the habitat requirements of the Kauru Longjaw galaxiid in collaboration with Marcus Simons and Pete Ravernscroft (DoC). Ricky Olley will be examining the movements of trout in the Motueka. Michael Pingram is 9 examining interactions between Gambusia affinis and Galaxias gracilis in the Kai Iwi Lakes, Northland in collaboration with Bruno David (DoC).
Colin Townsend is pursuing a number of research foci, including the influence of multiple stressors from land-use change (with Christoph Matthaei ), food-web structure and functioning (with Ross Thompson), nitrogen dynamics in streams (with Bronwyn Lowe and Kevin Simon), the relationship between species traits and habitat features (with Sylvain Doledec, Mike Scarsbrook and Ngaire Phillips), the development of functional measures of river health (with Roger Young and Christoph Matthaei ) and a cultural health index (with Gail Tipa of Ngai Tahu, Laurel Teirney and Christoph Matthaei ).
Rebekah Eyles has been awarded her PhD for work on the relationship between catchment land use and Campylobacter in streams.
A MfE-funded community-university alliance, the Taieri Trust (for which Colin Townsend is a founder member and trustee, and Gerry Closs is a management team member), has been awarded a fourth year of funding. One of its current projects is the development of a community nursery to support riparian plantings.
Carolyn Burns and Marc Schallenberg are busy on a number of fronts. They have been collaborating with a microbiologist from the University of Otago and two environmental engineering students from Germany in studies to determine the potential for Daphnia grazing to reduce densities of bacterial pathogens in lakes. So far, they have demonstrated that Daphnia effectively clear Campylobacter jejuni from culture media and that significant bacterial mortality occurs as a result of passage thorough the digestive tract of Daphnia . They are also well into their “20 Lakes Study”, in collaboration with NIWA limnologists, looking at the biodiversity and ecology of 19 shallow, coastal lakes around the South Island. This study focuses on the water quality, macrophytes and foodwebs of these lakes. Lakes have been selected to represent gradients of salinity and nutrient input. The generality of models of shallow lake functioning based on detailed studies of Lakes Waihola and Waipori and lakes elsewhere will be tested in this study. Marc and Scott Larned (NIWA) are planning a unique, catchment-wide study of factors controlling aquatic primary productivity in connected aquatic ecosystems, from the mountains to the sea. In August, Carolyn and 5 other New Zealanders participated in the SIL (International Limnological Association) Congress held in Lahti, Finland – a watery mecca for limnologists!
Carolyn and Marc have been supervising Carolyn Faithfull whose BSc (Hons) project on effects of salinity on the germination and development of Anabaena akinetes from the sediments of Lake Waihola has implications for the occurrence and management of cyanobacterial blooms. They are also supervising Rob Cadmus (MSc. student) who is using palaeo-ecological techniques to assist wetland restoration plans in the Waipori/Waihola Lake-Wetland Complex and in Waituna Lagoon (Southland). This project will entail working closely with landowners and stakeholders in helping establish long-term sustainable, environmentally-appropriate goals for wetland restoration efforts. Lisa Galbraith has submitted her MSc thesis on the effects of land use on pelagic food webs in 40 Otago lakes, lagoons and wetlands. A notable feature of her results are the strong linkages between catchment development (pasture), nutrient concentrations of the water (N, P), and biomasses of phytoplankton and ciliates across a wide range of wetland types ranging from deep, glaciated lakes to shallow, coastal swamps.
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Department of Conservation
Head office: Conservation Policy .Chris Richmond and Doris Johnston have been working with MfE on implementing the freshwater chapter of the "whole-of-government" "Sustainable Development Programme of Action", including initiatives to improve the management and protection of freshwater, with special focus on three outcomes: • Freshwater allocation, ensuring it is used in a sustainable, efficient and equitable way; • Freshwater quality is maintained to meet all appropriate needs, especially managing diffuse sources of contaminants from rural landuses; • Waterbodies with nationally significant natural, social or cultural heritage values are protected (this work stream was termed WONI – Waters of National Importance). It is anticipated that full public consultation on this work will commence in December 2004 with MfE and MAF leading stakeholder meetings in February and March 2005.
Science and research unit . An assessment of nationally important rivers for biodiversity (WONI sub project) was led by Lindsay Chadderton with significant input from Theo Stevens and Derek Brown , various NIWA scientists, regional council and conservancy staff. In 2004-05 they will focus on wetlands, lakes and estuaries with Philippe Gerbeaux driving the wetland assessment. Lindsay Chadderton continues his involvement with development of conservation management systems and environmental classifications, and pest fish research. Natasha Grainger moonlighted as our freshwater ecologist for six months before returning to London where she is working in local government. Murray Williams continues to work on ecology and conservation of aquatic avifauna
Northern Regional Office. Tracie Dean has returned to work part time at Northern Regional Office after six months maternity leave. She continues to have a national overview of the department's operational freshwater work, providing input into policy development, funding allocation, and general freshwater conservation support and advice to conservancies. Gavin Reynolds completed a review of the permitting requirements for holding and harvesting noxious fish and on-going issues with implementing the use of the pesticide rotenone. Key focus this year will be developing a national pest fish management plan, and examining the legal status of pest fish species.
Conservancies . Northland’s freshwater work under Bruno David has focussed on the dune lakes galaxias (classified as 'nationally critical') at the Kai Iwi Lakes, and the Northland mudfish (classified as 'nationally threatened') around Kerikeri. Significant populations of shortjaw kokopu have been located just south of Kaitaia, the northern most point of its range. Monitoring programs have been established for these three species over the last year. Jon Harness has been appointed to Auckland conservancy area office to pick up the conservancy’s freshwater issues, particularly pest fish issues including grasscarp permits and general advocacy.
In the Waikato Conservancy, Angela Murray leaves DOC at the end of December 2004 to go overseas for a period. Over the past year she has been involved in large galaxiid surveys on the Coromandel Peninsula, as well as black mudfish monitoring and survey with Rachel Kelleher of Waikato Area Office and Phil Bradfield of Maniapoto Area Office. She is working closely with Johlene Kelly of Environment Waikato to coordinate pest fish management including the development of a Strategy for the Waikato Region. Rachel Kelleher , with Kevin Hutchinson and Chris Annandale oversee wetland management in the Waikato Area and continue to work on various freshwater projects including the Serpentine Lakes Rudd Control project. 11
East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy has employed Jane Goodman as Freshwater Technical Support Officer on a two year contract. Debbie Freeman is currently focusing solely on marine issues. Jane has completed a Freshwater Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservancy and is now working on RMA issues for water abstraction, small hydro-schemes and flood control works. Historic dwarf galaxias sites in the Tukituki River have also been relocated.
In the Tongariro/Taupo Conservancy Nic Etheridge has focused on pest fish with an emphasis on the spread of “aquatic hitchhikers”. In addition, he has worked closely with Environment Waikato, Tuwharetoa, local and science communities as part of the 20/20 Taupo-nui-a-tia project, a multi-agency approach focused on maintaining Lake Taupo water quality. For more information visit: www.taupoinfo.org.nz . John Gibbs continues to manage the Taupo Fishery Area. The concervancy’s most significant projects, apart from flood recovery, include research into horizontal, vertical, and seasonal movements, depth and temperature preferences of adult rainbow trout in Lake Taupo (acoustic tracking), and mortality of juvenile rainbow trout passing through turbines at hydroelectric schemes (Kuratau and Hinemaiaia rivers). These projects are led by Michel Dedual whose team is also embarking on a major PIT tagging project to describe the movement and survival of juvenile rainbow trout in the Tongariro River system. Mark Venman is working on a project to facilitate fish passage at the Hinemaiaia Power Scheme.
In Wanganui Conservancy, Rosemary Miller reports they continue to work on outlying populations of pest fish around New Plymouth and Wanganui. A brief electric-fishing boat survey for pest fish was also completed in the lower Manawatu and Wanganui rivers. Rosemary continues to co-ordinate the mudfish recovery group that published the mudfish recovery plan last year. Publication of a literature review as well as details of monitoring methodology and captive breeding is expected later this year.
Dean Caskey of Stratford has been focusing on stoat trapping as part of a project to reintroduce blue duck to Taranaki. He also continues to monitor shortjaw kokopu and mudfish populations in the Taranaki area. Bryan Williams in New Plymouth is still working with the Tainui Whitebaiters Association on riparian restoration.
Nadine Gibbs of the Wellington Conservancy has also been focussing on aquatic pest fish (koi carp and Gambusia ) and weeds, making inventories and developing control and eradication response to new pest invasions. Fish surveys on Chatham Island completed with Richard Allibone (Richard is now working for QEII National Trust as National Service Manager), enabled Bob McDowall (NIWA) and Jon Waters (University of Otago) to confirm that Galaxias rekohua belongs to the genus Neochanna . A project to locate and reassess the taxonomy of a freshwater snail Latia climoi (described in the 1960s from the Hutt River) has also been coordinated and funded by the Conservancy.
In Nelson Marlborough proposals for major hydro and irrigation schemes as well as water related consent applications have kept Martin Rutledge and the RMA team busy. Work in Marlborough continues to focus on resolving the distribution and taxonomy of non-migratory galaxiids and included an expedition up the Clarence River. Golden Bay staff are involved with mudfish translocation and giant kokopu habitat enhancement projects. In the Conservancy office Anne Brow , Sarah Langi and Sam Hall have worked on raising public awareness about aquatic pests, and a native fish advocacy school programme "Waimaori" is inspiring students, teachers and parents to look at their local stream communities. Simon Elkington has moved north from Twizel to run the conservancy’s pest fish eradication work centred around Motueka.
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On the West Coast Philippe Gerbeaux has been seconded to work on WONI and has been replaced temporarily in the Conservancy office by David Eastwood . Julie Dutoit is preparing a wetland seminar for school teachers, to encourage the inclusion of wetland studies in curriculum topics. The seminar is weighted towards practical outdoor activities and includes sets of class notes and background resources.
Sjaan Charteris ( Canterbury Conservancy ) reports that conservancy planners and area staff continue to work on conservation of freshwater species and habitats in Canterbury. These include surveys led by Scott Bowie for bignose galaxias in the Upper Waitaki Catchment . Of 90+ sites surveyed, about 30 contained this species. Sjaan has taken over leadership of the non migratory recovery group.
Peter Ravenscroft and Murray Neilson ( Otago Conservancy ) continue work on the lowland longjaw galaxias and the “ Galaxias vulgaris ” complex. Survey work has greatly increased the known distribution of the former, which now includes a second population in the upper Waitaki basin. Over the last 4 years 1000 sites have been surveyed in central Otago for non migratory galaxiids, and of them 16% contained fish. The information gained is being used to get successful outcomes in RMA consent applications for existing Central Otago irrigation schemes. Ken Murray , Eric Edwards and Andrea Goodman of Southland Conservancy continue to work on Regional Water Plan issues. Wetlands restoration at key sites has begun with work on water table restoration, purchase, tenure review and consent conditions. A blue duck/whio conservation management programme has also been initiated in Fiordland. Rachel McClellan, with assistance from Meridian Energy, has started a PhD thesis on black billed gulls to determine reasons for the decline of this braided river species.
Fish and Game New Zealand New Zealand Council The report on the 2001/2 National Angler survey prepared by Martin Unwin and Katie Image of NIWA was published during the year. The work is a comprehensive study of the angling usage of the nation’s freshwaters, excluding Taupo, which is managed by Department of Conservation. Low proportions of people in New Zealand’s North Island cities fish for fresh water fish, with more people in Invercargill than in Wellington, and with nearly as many people in three South Canterbury towns as in Auckland holding season licences. Overseas anglers we generally excluded from the survey due to the difficulty of contacting them, but it was estimated that they contributed about 61,000 angler days to make a total of nearly 1.2 million angler days for all the Fish & Game regions. Overall, the number of days was similar to the number in 1994-6, although there was a decline in Canterbury, and an increase in Otago. There was also some evidence for a shift from river to lake angling. The decline in the east coast salmon fishery was thought to be at least partly responsible for this. Northland Data from fishing competitions held each year on the Kai Iwi Lakes from 1987 to 2003 have been collated by Rudi Hoetjes, the Northland Fish & Game Manager. Three age classes of stocked rainbow trout occur in the catch, their relative abundance varying over time. Zero to 20 three year old, 10-20 2 year old, and 10-50 one year old fish are typically caught each year.
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Auckland Waikato Ben Wilson leads the Fish & Game team in the Waikato where work has included studies of the relationship between flooding and rainbow trout recruitment in the Awakino River and surveys of the Waihou Rriver to determine relative abundance of different age classes of trout. In the Awakino, a negative relationship between winter/early spring floods greater than 140 cumecs and juvenile rainbow trout was found. Perch in Lake Ototoa are apparently causing a severe reduction in the population of common bullies, inanga and koura. It is planned to stock large trout in the hope these will feed on the perch. In the Waipa River a severe flood in February has significantly reduced adult trout habitat by eliminating many large pools in the river. Eastern and Hawkes Bay Fisheries management concerns have been focussed on the increasing eutrophication of the Rotorua lakes and the effect this is having on trout productivity. Rob Pitkethley and fisheries management staff have been experimenting with trout stocking rates and manipulation of size limits in Lake Okataina in order to maximise fishing opportunities for anglers. At the same time they have been advocating strongly for a reduction in the discharge of nutrients from all sources. Wellington/Taranaki Peter Hill , Manager of the two regions, reports that fisheries management efforts in the Wellington and Taranaki regions have been focussed on attempts to speed up the adoption of the “Fonterra Accord” and to get an improved discharge from the Masterton Sewerage ponds. The “Fonterra Accord” is an attempt to get dairy farmers to adopt sustainable farming practises so negative effects on freshwater ecosystems are reduced. Nelson Marlborough The proposal to dam the Upper Wairau River to create a hydro power scheme will likely lead to studies being undertaken to more precisely identify the habitat requirements of trout in this river. Lawson Davey reports that the scheme is similar to the Waitaki’s Project Aqua and will divert about 35 cumecs from the river through a canal for about 46 km downstream. The river supports an important brown trout fishery as well as some Chinook salmon and rainbow trout. It is valuable as black billed gull and black fronted tern habitat as well as for native fish and macroinvertebrates. Rhys Barrier has been employed through biodiversity advice funding to provide advice to landowners for the protection of freshwater biodiversity. So far 53 contacts have been made in relation to issues including fish passage, wetland creation and enhancement. North Canterbury Steve Terry reports that salmon runs in the Rakaia were about 30% better than in 2003 but Waimakariri salmon returns were similar. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the strength of the returns is largely dependent on the marine phase of the salmon’s life cycle, especially the first three months of their life at sea. Rochelle Hardy has been involved in he monitoring of fish screens on irrigation intakes. She found that the screens looked at did not meet minimum design requirements relating to approach velocity at the screen, mesh size and bypass design. Work with Environment Canterbury to ensure these parameters are met is ongoing. Brian Ross has been monitoring the run of brown trout through a fish trap on the Selwyn River. In the 1940s it was estimated that 37,000 trout moved up the Selwyn from Lake Ellesmere to spawn. A trap set up in 1941 captured 12,430 trout. In 1985 a trap set up for the spawning run 14 caught 562 trout. In 2004 the trap caught 68 trout. The work is being done as part of a FRST funded ecosystem study of the Selwyn Catchment. West Coast Dean Kelly reveals that the West Coast Chinook salmon fishery still attracts interest from anglers despite being less than a tenth the size of the east coast fishery. A feature of the salmon on the Coast is the lake residency there. Fish spend less time at sea and as a result are smaller but have higher survival in fresh water. Netting surveys of six lakes have provided comparisons of trout size and condition amongst them and some clues as to the suitability of each lake as a trout fishery. Some would say there is no such thing as bad fishing – especially on the West Coast – but the trout in each lake vary slightly. For the record, trout in Lake Moeraki were the fattest, those in Lake Ianthe the biggest, and those in Lake Brunner the youngest. Central South Island Most of the work of the Central South Island Fish & Game Council was consumed by the Rangitata Conservation Order, which was recently recommended by the Environment Court. Mark Webb continues to monitor salmon catches by anglers. He is developing a salmon angler database to establish a stratified sampling technique that will improve the precision of estimates of angler harvest. Anglers are asked to record on their licence if they caught a salmon the previous year. Since a small proportion of anglers catch most of the salmon, knowing who these people are is important for the calculation of the estimate. Otago Richard Fitzpatrick and Monty Wright, with the assistance of Otago University personnel have been studying the sea residency of brown trout that spawn in the Taieri and Pomahaka rivers. They have been measuring the strontium: calcium ratios in trout eggs and otoliths to discover the use of various parts of the rivers by these migratory fish. It is expected that the data will be useful in protecting the fish stocks from activities that could disrupt migration routes, or adversely affect the parts of the rivers that are used by them. Southland The expansion of salmonid populations appears to be continuing in the Southland region with Chinook salmon being caught in increasing numbers in lakes Manapouri and Te Anau, and rainbow trout finding their way into the headwaters of the Mararoa River. Surveys conducted by Stu Sutherland and Bill Jarvie revealed that although rainbow trout were absent from the Mavora Lakes prior to the building of the Mararoa Weir they are now quite common there. Lake- resident Chinook salmon are easily mistaken for rainbow trout, but despite this, anglers are reporting them in their catches from Lake Manapouri in particular. The Mararoa Weir has reversed the flow of the Waiau and made the Mararoa a tributary of Lake Manapouri rather than the Waiau: this may have contributed to the colonisation of the Mararoa by rainbow trout. Zane Moss has been tagging brown trout in the Lake Waituna system to gauge the health of the fishery that is increasingly being affected by dairying within the catchment. Ammonia levels in some of the streams flowing into the lake have reached levels where toxic effects are possible. As with other brown trout tagging studies, angler recapture rates are low with only 2 tags being returned out of 200 tagged fish in the first year. Trout size and condition, as well as relative abundance measures are also being measured. Pioneer Generation operate a hydropower station on the Monowai River and have contributed $50,000 towards trout and longfin eel habitat enhancement, and public access improvements. The work proposed involves placing large glacial boulders (ca 0.5-1 m diameter) found scattered 15 nearby into the river to reduce water velocities and provide more in-stream cover. Trout abundance is relatively high in the upper part of the river, but in the lower reaches the river is swift and shallow. Drift diving to measure trout abundance before and after completion of the enhancement work and in control reaches will be used to assess the effectiveness of the work. Because the river has a fairly narrow flow range of about 6 to 25 cumecs the boulders are not expected to move following their placement. Access enhancement will be achieved by selective clearing of scrub from the river margin. Notes prepared by Maurice Rodway .
Landcare Research, Auckland
Stephen Moore works with Landcare Research at the Auckland office, now located on the Tamaki Campus of the Universoity of Auckland. Stephen provides consultancy services, such as assessments of environmental effects relating to urban development, and analysis of freshwater invertebrate and periphyton samples.
Stephen continues to build on his collection of high-resolution images of freshwater invertebrates. Many Limsoc folk already have a copy of the CD containing over 700 of these images. A web page on the resource can be found at: http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biodiversity/invertebratesprog/freshwater_invertsCD/ index.asp
Stephen has recently collected invertebrate samples from approximately 100 sites around Auckland, a few sites in the Waikato and Wellington regions, and 14 sites along the Tutong River in Brunei. The Brunei project is a catchment study with MWH, investigating water quality and biological indicators along the length of a large tropical rainforest river. Stephen is building a collection of images of the invertebrates collected from this river, including the spectacular beasts shown below:
Tutong River invertebrates: Left, a heptageniid mayfly. Right, a calopterygid damselfly.
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Cawthron Institute
Anna Crowe has led a major project for Nelson City Council on the Maitai River over the last year, reviewing and analysing existing ecological data in order to establish the current state of the ecology of the river, and how it has changed over time. The review is part of a wider effort by NCC to understand and document issues in the Maitai catchment. Anna also continues to work on freshwater algae, particularly cyanobacteria, and recently attended the 5 th Australian Algal Workshop in Rockhampton, Queensland. Anna will be on maternity leave from October, but plans to return to work part-time (with her budding field assistant in tow) in early 2005.
Joe Hay joined Cawthron in January after completing his BSc (Hons) at the University of Canterbury. Joe has already been involved in a wide variety of projects but has spent most of his time working on the combined river hydraulics, invertebrate drift and energetics model with John Hayes . Joe has also been concentrating on a study of trout populations in streams impacted by dairying, aiming toward restoration. At this stage the focus has been on the impact of the fine sediment accumulation on egg survival. John Hayes and colleagues at Cawthron, University of Alaska, and the Bureau of Land Management Alaska have continued to make progress on a model that links river hydraulics, invertebrate drift, and energetics of drift-feeding salmonids. A highlight of the year was developing this process-based model to the point where it can predict the carrying capacity of a reach of river for drift-feeding trout. This model (actually a suite of models) is the first of its kind in the world and is one of the most significant international advances in flow related fish habitat modelling in 30 years. The new model meets a long standing request by fisheries managers for models that predict change in fish numbers in response to flow change rather than abstract habitat indices predicted by conventional models (e.g. WUA).
John and Rowan Strickland have been writing up an angler survey of the Greenstone River – looking at anglers responses to proposed regulation changes intended to control angling pressure.
In February John also helped Fish and Game NZ and DoC organize a workshop in Nelson on the IFIM, which was attended by a wide range of stakeholders. The workshop raised awareness of limitations of traditional WUA habitat modelling and the need for more research in this area to bolster science-based water management decisions - especially concerning important sports fisheries.
Among the various consulting jobs that John was involved in over 2003/04, the most significant were giving evidence for Fish and Game in the Rangitata National Water Conservation appeal hearing, and a review of Environment Southland’s draft regional water plan and minimum flow assessment methods commissioned by ES and the Ministry for the Environment.
Aaron Quarterman continues his important role as technician for the Cawthron Freshwater Group. Recent efforts have included some radio-tracking of fish movement throughout the Motueka River catchment.
Karen Shearer recently attended the 52 nd North American Benthological Society conference and presented a paper on a drift model, which predicts the spatial variability of drift density as a function of flow. She also presented some research she has been undertaking during the past year on size dependent settling velocities and re-entry rates of drifting invertebrates - two important components of the drift model that was developed under the trout energetics programme headed by John Hayes . Karen continues to be involved in commercial projects around the country in 17 relation to resource consent monitoring, and supervising the processing of macroinvertebrate samples in the freshwater laboratory. John Stark has been involved in a range of commercial projects over the last year, plus some research on the effects of low flows on invertebrate communities in conjunction with Barry Biggs’ (NIWA) water allocation FRST programme. John has also been developing a new macroinvertebrate community index with John Maxted (ARC) and Bruce Chessman (NSW DPNR) that is designed for use in streams dominated by fine sediments – affectionately termed ‘soft-bottomed’ streams. The new index provides improved resolution between healthy and unhealthy soft bottomed streams and correlates closely with patterns in water quality in the Auckland region. Yvonne Stark continues her role in the laboratory processing invertebrate samples from around the country. Rowan Strickland has spent much of the last year grappling with management team duties and Cawthron’s new job tracking system. Rowan has also been writing up the results from an angler survey carried out on the Greenstone River in preparation for the experimental changes in access regulations on the river. Surveys will be conducted again this year to determine the response from anglers to the regulation changes. Rowan has also had to dust off his surgery equipment to implant radiotransmitters in trout as part of a catchment-wide study of fish migration in the Motueka River catchment. Hazel Thelin is another recent addition to the Cawthron Freshwater Group and is taking over some of Anna Crowe’s workload while she is on maternity leave. Hazel is originally from Scotland and has broad expertise in many areas of environmental science. Since joining Cawthron, Hazel has been involved with several consent monitoring jobs and also with the freshwater database system. Roger Young has been leading a SMF project on functional indicators and their potential for use as indicators of river ecosystem health in NZ. An interim guide has been prepared in conjunction with Christoph Matthaei and Colin Townsend (University of Otago) and case-studies are being planned with regional council staff over the next few months. The potential of this approach is becoming more widely recognized and Roger was an invited speaker at a workshop in Sydney that focused on the use of ecosystem metabolism as an indicator of river health. Roger has also been writing up results from research on the effects of land use and geology on water quality, water temperature regimes and invertebrate community composition as part of the Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) research programme (http://icm.landcareresearch.co.nz). Roger has also been involved with the radiotracking study in the Motueka Catchment and various commercial jobs around the country with hydro-power companies, councils and Fish & Game.
Forest Research Institute
Brenda Baillie works in the Centre for Sustainable Forest Management at Forest Research and is involved in a number of FoRST and commercial projects. The Centre of Sustainable Management is developing a Riparian Decision Support System for production forests, involving Brenda, along with other work colleagues from Forest Research, NIWA and Landcare, and an end-user group. The Riparian DSS is at a 'proto-type' stage and we are seeking funding to further develop and programme it. Brenda is writing up work on the effects of post-harvest removal of logging slash on streams in Mahurangi Forest, Northland, along with Kevin Collier and John Nagels. Brenda has commenced a part-time PhD programme with the University of Waikato in which she is examining catchment-scale woody debris dynamics in forested stream ecosystems. With 18 members of the Department of Conservation she has also been investigating the role of riparian vegetation and woody debris in providing roosting habitat for the endangered blue duck.
Kingett Mitchell Ltd.
The freshwater team at Kingett Mitchell has grown to include Ian Boothroyd , Richard Montgomerie, Greg Burrell, Nick Carter, Gene Browne, Scott Speed and Katherine Muchna who are based in our offices in Auckland and Christchurch. Ian Boothroyd continues his research on the taxonomy and ecology of Chironomidae and the biodiversity of springs and seepages in collaboration with NIWA. The past year has seen Ian continue his development of a key to the larvae of the New Zealand chironomid larval fauna, as well as continuing to collect and describe new species from around New Zealand. Whilst continuing his work on the Orthocladiinae, Ian is also turning his attention to problematic Tanypodinae and Chironominae species. Ian has been assisting a palaeolimnological research team based in Florida with the identification of fossil chironomid species.
Understanding the effects of urbanisation on streams in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch and developing strategic management solutions has been a significant focus of Ian’s recent work, which has involved the use of pressure-state-response models for urban environments. He is also researching macroinvertebrate grazing on biofilms in streams with Gillian Lewis at the University of Auckland. Ian is also very involved in various mining and power scheme developments around New Zealand, including an international collaborative effort on colonisation of tailings lakes. Furthermore, he is involved in research into the ecology and food webs of geothermal ecosystems with GNS, and has recently established a collaborative research programme with the University of Iceland. Ian is employed as a Senior Lecturer in the School of Geography and Environmental Science at the University of Auckland and is responsible for teaching and research in the freshwater sciences.
Gene Browne , in collaboration with Ian Boothroyd, has been working on the control of nuisance chironomids at a variety of locations in New Zealand and has undertaken a number of laboratory and field-based experiments. Gene presented a paper at the 2004 International Mosquito conference in Noosa, Australia, and is currently completing his PhD on mosquitoes at the University of Auckland. Gene has trialled new techniques for the control of nuisance midges and mosquitoes in the laboratory and the field.
Richard Montgomerie continues to manage the Christchurch office. Richard has been involved in a number of consenting issues and is involved in many studies for the dairy industry and meatworks, as well as various mining projects. Richard led the review team for the now defunct Project Aqua project.
Greg Burrell joined Kingett Mitchell from MWH and is working on a variety of projects including the effects of various power scheme developments
The most recent recruits to Kingett Mitchell are Nick Carter who completed his MSc at Waikato University, and who is involved in various assessments of environmental effects around New Zealand, and Katherine Muchna who has a technical support role and is involved in field and laboratory work.
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Auckland Regional Council
Over the last year, the Auckland Regional Council has made progress on the assessment and reporting of freshwater resources in several areas. First, research conducted in soft-bottomed (SB) streams since 2000 has been summarized in a paper published in the NZ Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research ( NZJMFR 37: 793-807 [2003]). This work supported the development of the national protocols for macroinvertebrate sampling (Stark et al., 2001), methods that have largely been adopted across the Auckland region. A second year of sampling of 55 sites has now been completed across the region using these protocols, and the data will be used to produce a state of the environment (SOE) report for wadeable streams.
Second, we completed research on the water quality and biological effects of small rural ponds in the region, and completed mapping of the 4500 rural ponds in the region. The results are summarized in a paper submitted to the NZJMFR (2004, in review). Ponds were found to have poor water quality (high temperature, low DO) and adverse effects, which extended for hundreds of metres downstream affected a large percentage of the regions’ streams. Protection of native bush in the catchment and along riparian areas was not sufficient to eliminate adverse effects. An information brochure has been developed to communicate information on ponds to property owners, and is available via email to [email protected] .
Third, water quality data for 22 parameters examined monthly at 16 streams sites, and 22 parameters examined quarterly in 7 lakes (1992-2003), have been summarized in an annual report, which is available as Technical Publication 234. The report is currently available in hard copy through the ARC library (09-366-2000). We plan to make the data and summary reports available on the internet by the end of this fiscal year. The data were cited in a recent paper on low elevation streams ( NZJMFR 38: 347-366).
Lastly, John Maxted and John Stark (Cawthron) have developed a macroinvertebrate index (MCI) for SB (soft bottom) streams, and are in the process of testing the index against a variety of physical variables including land use, habitat quality, and water quality. New taxon specific tolerance values are being proposed for SB streams so that MCI, QMCI, and SQMCI scores can be customized for streams that lack rocky riffles. The work builds upon the premise that SB and hard-bottomed streams should be sampled and assessed, separately. The work will be completed this year, with results presented in regional guidelines for stream assessment, a technical report, and a paper to be submitted to the NZJMFR .
John Maxted 6 September 2004
Environment Waikato
Kevin Collier emerged into his new adult life as regional council freshwater ecologist and has been dispersing to all corners of the Waikato to familiarise himself with aquatic habitats. Along with Johlene Kelly , Kevin has been re-evaluating the Regional Ecological Monitoring of Streams programme, analysing the last 9-years of data, and co-ordinating a GIS study to identify representative reference sites for future monitoring of wadeable streams. In addition, Kevin and Johlene have been developing protocols for invertebrate monitoring of non-wadeable streams and will be implementing a pilot study this summer to test invertebrate sampling and habitat evaluation approaches. Work has also commenced to develop a freshwater invertebrate database for the Waikato region. 20
Johlene Kelly has been progressing EWs work on pest fish management within the region. An inter -agency approach is being taken to public awareness, research and monitoring. Public awareness information is being produced in conjunction with Department of Conservation Taupo/Tongariro for use in the Taupo area this summer and it is hoped to have other areas of the region involved this year. An inaugural inter -agency meeting in September discussed pest fish issues and included representatives from Department of Conservation Waikato, BOP and Northern Regional office as well as Environment BOP, Auckland Regional Council and the Fish and Game Council. EW has also been involved in a national “aquatic hitchhikers” initiative from the Department of Conservation. Johlene has also been co-ordinating the assessment of culverts within the region for fish passage provision. A workshop in October amalgamated Territorial Roading Managers, culvert manufacturers and other interested parties to address culvert construction and implementation to allow for fish passage. A series of guidelines is being produced to assist in providing information to those involved in the industry.
Katherine Luketina continues to oversee geothermal programmes that monitor bore water levels, discharges to streams, and condition of geothermal features. She has been involved in developing public education programmes to inform landowners and the general public of geothermal vegetation values. A report was recently commissioned to describe habitat characteristics of geothermally influenced waters to document the regions resources and provide a baseline for monitoring future impacts.
Dave Speirs has moved to Asset Management where he is introducing an ecological perspective to their activities. Over the last year Dave has been involved in studies on the Waikere Fish Pass and lake recovery plan, Opuatia wetland monitoring, and water allocation issues. Monitoring of the Waikare fish pass, constructed by Environment Waikato in 2003 at the Lake Waikare control gates, has been ongoing for the past year , but this summer will be the first full summer of data collection. NIWA is contracted to undertake the fisheries monitoring, while Environment Waikato staff are carrying out regular hydrological monitoring at various lake levels to ensure that water velocities and depths are appropriate throughout the range of control levels. Environment Waikato is also working along with community groups and other major stakeholders such as DOC and Fish and Game, towards a restoration plan for Lake Waikare on the Lower Waikato River. This work includes a number of trials and investigations being carried out under contract by NIWA along with a review of catchment management and land use in the upper catchment of the lake.
Environment Waikato staff continue to monitor the recovery of the Opuatia wetland on the Waikato river. This wetland area was created by Environment Waikato on floodplain land which forms part of the Waikato River flood control scheme by a combination of stop banking and reverse floodgates, which capture water from the Opuatia River during high flow periods and direct it into a low lying, 90 ha area of pasture. The project is proving to be very successful and members of staff are monitoring the hydrological and ecological changes as this wetland area returns to its former state. Environment Waikato is currently reviewing its water allocation plan and is proposing to make a variation to its regional plan in July 2005 to allow for better management of the region's water resources. A number of investigations are underway into water use efficiency on farms, better monitoring methods for water use, water trading and transfer of permits, and into reasonable allocation limits for out of stream use.
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Environment Bay of Plenty
Matthew Bloxham continues his interest in pest fish. However, blue-green algal monitoring in the Rotorua lakes makes up a time consuming part of Matt’s summer work. Over the 2003/4 summer he was involved with Susie Wood (Massey University), Rob Pitkethley (Fish & Game) and Kim Young (DoC) in further investigating the toxic effects of algae on fish flesh. Susie will report on this study in the near future.
Blue-green algal blooms affected the whole of lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti last summer and persisted in Lake Rotorua into the winter. Rotorua had been largely unaffected by blue-greens since the city’s treated sewage was no longer discharged to the lake. However, an increase in diffuse runoff of nitrate from pastoral sources has now replaced the annual load of nitrogen (120 tonnes) removed with the sewage.
The lake restoration programme is progressing and has involved the formation of working parties to develop action plans for the remediation of affected lakes. The Lake Okareka Action Plan is complete, and actions now being implemented rely on sewage reticulation as the major means of nutrient load-reduction for the lake. Action plans are being drawn up for lakes Rotoehu and Okaro. Chris Tanner (NIWA) has designed constructed wetlands to intercept lake inflows and an alum dose was administered to Lake Okaro. More direct intervention of this type will be considered once the wetland is constructed.
Lake Rotoiti is to be ‘fixed’ in one blow. Thus, it is planned to divert Ohau Channel flow from Lake Rotorua directly into the Kaituna River to reduce the load on eastern Lake Rotoiti enough to improve lake quality. A NIWA team consisting of Scott Stephens, Max Gibbs, Ian Hawes, Eddie Bowman and John Oldman has been engaged in modelling various flow modifications to the Ohau Channel. Professor David Hamilton (University of Waikato) will apply an ecological model to the altered flow regime.
Lake Rotorua remains the big problem for the council. Dougall Gordon is overseeing the groundwater aspects, while Paul White, Uwe Morgenstern, Rob Reeves, Chris Daughney and S Cameron (GNS) will model groundwater nutrient flows. Kit Rutherford (NIWA) will link this model to a surface water model to come to grips with nutrient dynamics in the Rotorua catchment. It is anticipated that these measures will enable planning for land use changes in the long term. Some urgent actions such as the diversion of Hamurana Springs will be seriously considered in the short term.
Environment Bay of Plenty’s Paul Scholes will be publishing the annual lake quality report in November. Paul is also working with a local Rotoiti resident monitoring an advanced on-site effluent treatment system. Sarah Higham, continues to monitor wetland and terrestrial ecosystems.
River issues in the region seem to pale into insignificance in comparison to those relating to the lakes these days but Matt Bloxham is continuing work to derive in-steam minimum flows to assist the water allocation process. Thomas Wilding (NIWA) again returns to the Bay to assist.
Consult the web page www.envbop.govt.nz for a host of lake reports.
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Taranaki Regional Council
Members of the scientific staff involved in freshwater monitoring are James Kitto , Maureen O’Rourke , Lorraine Smith , Bruce Colgan and Chris Fowles (Scientific Officers), who continue to manage and participate in compliance monitoring programmes. These programmes include biological and physicochemical monitoring of waterways that receive discharges from oil wells, municipal oxidation ponds, landfills and a wide range of industrial sites, or from which water is abstracted for irrigation, municipal water supplies and hydroelectric schemes.
The biomonitoring component of these programmes concentrates on macroinvertebrate communities, using taxon richness, MCI, semi-quantitative MCI (SQMCI S) and community composition to evaluate stream health. Field sampling, processing and quality control procedures closely follow the NZMWG Protocols (2001). Since the early 1980s, Council biologists have processed over 6000 macroinvertebrate samples from more than 1000 sites.
The Council also performs a microscopic check for undesirable heterotrophic growths in conjunction with macroinvertebrate sampling for consent compliance monitoring purposes where the consented activity has potential to promote nuisance heterotrophic growths.
The Taranaki Regional Council continues to monitor sewage treatment pond performance in the region with the monitoring programmes including an analysis of pond phytoplankton composition.
In 1998 Taranaki Regional Council began uniform assessment of instream habitat, in conjunction with all biological monitoring, to assist in the interpretation of macroinvertebrate data. Habitat data are stored together with macroinvertebrate, periphyton and fish data in the Council’s relational database. This database has also been used to enable comprehensive analyses to be made of taxon richness, MCI and SQMCI S distributions in the region, particularly in relation to altitude and the sub-regions of the area.
Major water abstractions are subject to biological monitoring programmes. Several electric fishing and spotlighting surveys are undertaken each year to assess the impacts of diversions, dams, weirs and fish-passes on fish distribution. Copies of all fish survey data are entered into the national database.
The Council recently updated its register of dams, weirs and other potential barriers to fish passage in Taranaki. The primary purpose of the register is to have all dams and weirs consented while ensuring that passage for fish is provided. Bruce Colgan continues working towards this goal.
The Council has also continued long-term monitoring of Lake Rotorangi, at 46 km in length, the longest riverine lake in New Zealand. Trends in lake data have been the subject of reviews by Dr N Burns (NIWA and Lakes Consulting). The data record now extends over 18 years since establishment of the lake. The Council has also been involved in facilitating the passage of elvers 23 over the Patea dam, an operation that involves a trapping, and transfer system, which on average moves 500,000 elvers per year into Lake Rotorangi. Similar trapping systems have been implemented at other hydroelectric power schemes in the region. In response to submissions to the Proposed Freshwater Plan for Taranaki (which has been operative since 2001), a series of investigations has been conducted over recent years. A report collating the results of water quality investigations into the impacts of dairy pond system discharges, particularly toward the upper reaches of catchments, is being compiled. These results are being evaluated in relation to rules in the TRC Regional Freshwater Plan. State of the environment monitoring (SEM) using physicochemical methods (11 sites) and macroinvertebrates (52 sites) formally began nine years ago in Taranaki. The SEM programme provides an integrated assessment of Taranaki streams, particularly those that have received less attention in consent monitoring programmes. It also includes some monitoring of the effects of riparian planting including the incorporation of a field assessment for periphyton cover on streambeds. The latter was modified from methodology provided in the NIWA Stream Health Monitoring and Assessment Kit. Periphyton monitoring has been expanded to include the monitoring of nuisance growths at certain rivers around the region. The SEM programme also includes the assessment of bacteriological levels in relation to recently updated guideline standards for ten freshwater contact recreational sites. The Council’s second State of the Environment Report covering the first five years of data collection was published in 2003. Riparian management initiatives are a focus of Council policies with specific catchments such as those of the Waiwhakaiho River, Kaupokonui, Kapoaiaia, Katikara and Tawhiti streams targeted for extensive planting and state of the environment monitoring. Nevertheless, the new dairy industry Accord will target all catchments.
Tasman District Council
Trevor James moved to the Tasman District Council from the West Coast Regional Council in June 2004. He maintains a similar role in “State of Environment” monitoring and reporting with respect to freshwater quality, wetlands and aquatic ecology (in addition to marine and air quality monitoring). Major projects for the coming year include reviewing the environmental monitoring strategy, reviewing the surface water quality monitoring programme, assisting Roger Young (Cawthron Institute) with producing an issue-based “State of the Environment” report on freshwater, assisting with work on the Motueka ICM project, assessing database needs, reviewing options and implementation.
Environment Canterbury
The past year has been another busy one for the Environmental Quality Water Team at Environment Canterbury (Canterbury Regional Council). The team is managed by Ken Taylor and comprises scientists Adrian Meredith , Malcolm Main (surface waters), Lesley Bolton- Ritchie (coastal waters) and Carl Hanson (groundwater), analyst Shirley Hayward, and technicians Julie Edwards , Zella Smith, Rochelle Lavender and Fay Farrant .
Adrian Meredith continues to run the regional water quality monitoring programmes, regional stream health monitoring programmes, and investigations of land use effects on water quality. These include a monitoring network of 90 streams and rivers, lakes, a region wide 24 macroinvertebrate and habitat monitoring programme of 140 sites based loosely on USEPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocols, and investigations in intensified agricultural areas. The water quality network has now been running for 12 years and the biological network for 5 years. This year the inland lakes monitoring programme has been reviewed and will recommence with helicopter monitoring of 15 lakes this summer/autumn. Malcolm Main took extended leave over most of the 2004 calendar year and returns in January 2005. His monitoring and other investigations of Lakes Ellesmere (Te Waihora) and Forsyth (Te Wairewa) and their tributaries have continued, and he was heavily involved in regional plan development and support. Malcolm also took over management of freshwater bathing beach monitoring programmes, pesticide monitoring, and other assessment issues such as those for EDCs (endocrine disrupting compounds). While he was on leave, water quality analyst Shirley Hayward was seconded into Malcolms scientist position to maintain and develop his programmes. Carl Hanson continues to run and review the regional groundwater monitoring and investigation programmes and has completed a regional report on groundwater nitrate concentrations and trends. This report has generated considerable activity in relation to nitrate-contamination issues. Extensive investigations of nitrate contamination issues have also been undertaken around Ashburton.
The ecological field and laboratory work is managed by Rochelle Lavender and conducted each summer by University of Canterbury, Zoology Department (now School of Biological Sciences) students (this past year Annabel Barnden and Duncan Gray). Rochelle is on parental leave in 2004/05 and Melissa Anthony is replacing her, temporarily. Regional water quality monitoring programmes are now in their twelfth year, and further resource reports on many rivers and streams have been prepared by analyst Shirley Hayward and others.
The year has been another with increasing public scrutiny of our freshwaters and the state of lowland streams and nitrate contamination in particular. We have continued to produce overviews of the water quality and health of particular rivers and streams, particularly those that have been identified as degraded or priority catchments for remediation. They include Whitneys Creek, Ohapi Creek, Pareora River, Waipara River, tributaries of the lower Ashley, and Ealing Springs. The “Living Streams” programme that coordinates council wide initiatives into discrete focus areas requiring remediation has continued with ongoing investigations in spring fed tributaries of Lake Ellesmere, rivers and streams in the Geraldine/Winchester/Temuka area, and in the MacKenzie Basin. Such investigations will form an increasing focus of our activities, although we will continue to respond to issues relating to irrigation pressures and proposals, water allocation, minimum flows, and a plethora of resource consents. The chapters of the Natural Resources Regional Plan (NRRP) relating to water were notified in 2004, ending a long development phase and will now require extensive input prior to implementation.
Environment Southland
Considerable work has been undertaken on the proposed Regional Freshwater Plan for Southland over the past year. Hearings have been held on the “general matters and introductory chapters” of the Plan, and on most matters relating to beds of rivers and lakes. Many of the other sections of the Plan have been/will be superseded by several Variations. The Groundwater Variation was publicly notified in July 2004, and a hearing is expected by the end of March 2005. The Council expects to notify a Variation to update the Water Quantity provisions of the Plan by the end of November 2004. The Water Quantity provisions were based around a report prepared by NIWA and the Cawthron Institute on allocation and minimum flow regimes. Notification of a third 25
Variation to update the Water Quality provisions is expected by the end of February 2005. Both this Variation and the proposed Water Quantity Variation will utilise a management framework based around the River Environment Classification (REC).
Environment Southland continues to work with a range of organisations on several freshwater related projects: Environment Southland and DoC have been working to restore and monitor (hydrology and vegetation) two small peat bogs on the Southland Plains (Dunearn and Taramoa). Environment Southland has been working with DoC, the local landcare group and other stakeholders to monitor and protect the Waituna Lagoon and its catchment. Environment Southland regularly monitors water quality in the lagoon and its major tributaries. Environment Southland has been monitoring water quality in Lake Te Anau and Lake Manapouri since 2000. The data collected from Lake Manapouri will contribute towards Meridian Energy and NIWA’s monitoring and management plan for the Waiau Arm (stretch of water linking Lake Manapouri with the confluence of the Mararoa River at the weir). Southland’s Coastal SOE is in its final stages, and is expected to be released in December 2004. The SOE has been a collaborative project involving various Southland organisations. Included is monitoring work undertaken by Environment Southland and the Cawthron Institute on a number of estuaries in the region.
NIWA Hamilton
John Quinn has been enjoying starting up the new programme Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems that includes work on lakes (led by Ian Hawes ), estuaries (led by Vonda Cummings ), land-water interfaces (led by Bob Wilcock ), thresholds and key values for restoration led by Ian Jowett ) and the role of connectivity in restoration (led by Carolyn Lundquist ).
John is involving Landcare Trust and Tauranga iwi on project that aims to learn more on how to merge western science and traditional Maori knowledge by carrying out a collaborative restoration project on Waitao Stream that flows into Tauranga Harbour. He is also collaborating with Ian Kusabs and others ( Chris Hickey and Steph Parkyn ) on developing monitoring tools and restoration methods for mahinga kai in Central North Island lakes.
John got to do some real limnology and an introduction to in-lake restoration methods working with EBOP, David Hamilton’s Univerity of Waikato team, and NIWA colleagues on the trial use of alum for P stripping in Lake Okaro. He has continued his work on the effects of forestry on stream habitat and biota and presented aspects of this work at NABS in Vancouver and the AWRA Riparian conference at Lake Tahoe. His studies on logging effects on nutrients in central North Island streams at Purukohukohu showed impacts to be largely confined to the forest 2 years after logging, with concentrations declining below preharvest levels after 4 years. Monitoring of the Whatawhata sustainable land management experiment entered its third year after land use changes were implemented, and preliminary analyses indicate improvements in water clarity.
Work with Fleur Matheson in the Whatawhata experimental channels has generated interesting relationships between shading, season and nutrient uptake that will help to set riparian management targets for shade. John has continued long-term research on the effects of pine plantation logging and the influence of riparian buffers on stream habitat and biota on the Coromandel Peninsula with Dave Rowe and Aslan Wright-Stow . A highlight for the year has 26 been working with a team led by Dave Rowe and Chris Hatton on an ARC project to develop methods to evaluate the ecological functions of small streams in the Auckland development zone.
Kevin Collier spent most of the last year trying to get manuscripts published on effects of progressive forest harvesting, biodiversity of seepages, and the ecology of potential invertebrate indicators of land-use impacts. Along with Brian Smith , he continued monitoring adult aquatic insect activity on a native forest stream, and also dispersal across ridge tops at Whatawhata. Microclimate factors (wind velocity, direction, air temperature) were found to potentially influence dispersal direction and distance. Kevin was also involved in the final development of version 2.0 of the low-flow decision support system WAIORA, and was part of ARC’s Stream Health Indicator Team of Experts. Kevin has now left NIWA and is with Environment Waikato in Hamilton.
Bob Wilcock reports that the large dairy catchments study is continuing and now includes a fifth catchment, in the Inchbonnie area of Westland, near Lake Brunner. Ongoing work is focusing on linkages between land use and water quality, and on restoration/rehabilitation techniques, the latter being concentrated in the Toenepi catchment. Bob was the recipient of a NIWA 3-month sabbatical award, which he took up during April-July at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook NY. His host was Dr Peter Groffman, an acknowledged world leader in riparian denitrification.
Aslan Wright-Stow has been working on a variety of projects including the effects of exotic forestry harvesting with John Quinn , the function of large woody debris in streams with Mark Meleason and Rob Davies-Colley , and the ecology and life history of Olinga with Kevin Collier . Aslan is also investigating the effects of CMA as a de-icing agent on the Desert Road, and has been working with Rob Davies-Colley, Steph Parkyn and Environment Waikato on their “Clean Streams” project. He has been awarded a technical training award to study for four weeks at the University of Lyon, France. He expects to develop skills in the use of various kinds of groundwater sampling equipment there, and to obtain information on the development of sampling equipment specific to biodiversity assessment.
Steph Parkyn has been investigating the habitat preferences of koura all over the North Island with Jody Richardson and Josh Smith . She has also sampled ephemeral streams in the Auckland area with John Maxted and Richard Storey (ARC). Steph has continued work on riparian management, and enjoyed being involved in workshops organised by Ngai Tahu. There will be a Riparian Management Course held at NIWA Hamilton on 23 November 2004, so she hopes to see you there.
Rob Davies-Colley leads the 'Aquatic Pollution' Group at NIWA, Hamilton. He continues with research on aspects of water quality and habitat of streams and rivers, including faecal contamination and other impacts of livestock access, (along with John Nagels ), stream shade modelling (with Mark Meleason and Kit Rutherford ), aspects of channel morphology including large wood in streams (with Mark Meleason ), and the benefits (to water quality and habitat) of livestock exclusion and riparian restoration efforts. A developing interest is the mobilisation of faecal contamination during floods as it affects shellfish aquaculture and wild stock harvesting in estuaries, in particular. Rob is working (with Steph Parkyn and others) on documenting the benefits of riparian fencing, planting and bridging by landowners using grants through Environment Waikato’s ‘Clean streams’ fund. He also works on aspects of riparian research in Landcare Research’s Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) research programme, centred on the Motueka River Catchment, and has a particular focus on faecal contamination from dairying in the Sherry sub-catchment. Rob has recently begun a foray back into aquatic optics following 27 reprinting (by Blackburn Press) of his 1993 book (with Bill Vant and Dave Smith, both ex- NIWA) “Colour and clarity of natural waters”, beginning with a study of light attenuation in New Zealand rivers ‘piggy-backed’ on the national rivers water quality network. He is also studying optical characteristics and disinfection of Advanced Pond Systems (APS) for wastewater treatment.
Graham McBride, with Mark Meleason ( NIWA ), Andrew Ball ( ESR ) and Desmond Till (microbiological consultant ) has continued developing quantitative health risk procedures for sewerage scheme impact assessments and for explaining New Zealand's campylobacteriosis burden. These procedures have been applied to proposed treated wastewater outfalls for the Waimakariri District Council and Christchurch City Council. Graham is completing a book entitled "Using statistical methods for water quality management: issues, problems and solutions", to be published by Wiley in 2005.
John Nagels continues to be involved in a variety of projects, including storm monitoring of rural streams, impacts of cattle access to rural streams and rivers, and also estuary-mixing studies using water-tracing dyes,
Mike Scarsbrook is spending his time in two research areas, the first concerning groundwater- surface water interactions. He and Graham Fenwick have recently installed a network of 13 groundwater wells (depth 6-25 m) for research on ecological effects of fluctuating groundwater levels in the Selwyn River. Mike also continues to work on biodiversity values of springs, and is completing a study in the Waimakariri River (with Graham Fenwick and Cathy Kilroy ) that examines the contribution of springs to aquatic biodiversity. Work with Kevin Collier has focussed on spring communities across a land use gradient along the Kaimai Ranges. Mike enjoyed working with Greg Burrell, Russell Death and Pepe Barquin on two groundwater-surface water related chapters in the 'Freshwaters of New Zealand'.
The second principal subject area of Mike's research is temporal variability in stream ecosystems. He has been using the National River Water Quality Network database to assess long-term trends in water quality and to determine the influence of climate variability on stream ecosystems. Future work will look at how climate variability can be accounted for when undertaking trend analysis for State of the Environment reporting.
Ngaire Phillips joined NIWA last year, returning to NZ after 14 years in Brisbane, the last two as Principal Scientist with NIWA Australia. Ngaire’s research is focused on investigating the potential of macroinvertebrate species traits (life history, physiological and general biological characteristics) for detecting effects of human impacts on aquatic environments. She is particularly interested in chemical stressors such as heavy metals, and has had the opportunity to apply her approach to examining land-use impacts (with Sylvain Doledec (University of Lyon), Colin Townsend (University of Otago) and Mike Scarsbrook ). Ngaire has also been dabbling in a few ecotoxicology projects while getting to know Waikato and Bay of Plenty rivers and lakes.
Brian Smith is still beavering away with caddisflies, seepages, malaise traps and adult insects. Recently, he and John Ward (Canterbury Museum) submitted their guide to the adults and larvae of New Zealand Hydrobiosidae (a massive work containing over 350 colour photos and 200 line drawings) to the NIWA Science and Technology Series for publication. In January Brian was fortunate to accompany John Ward, and Smithsonian Institute researchers Ollie Flint (world authority on Neotropical caddisflies) and Wayne Mathis (world authority on Empididae) collecting in Fiordland.
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Chris Tanner is working mainly on very applied limnological projects in constructed wetlands and other natural treatment systems such as waste stabilisation ponds. He still gets the chance to do a little work on natural wetlands with Brian Sorrell and James Sukias . Over the last couple of years he has made a transition from working on systems treating really nasty wastewaters to wetlands treating slightly nasty agricultural drainage and diffuse run-off. In association with Long Nguyen and James Sukias , Chris has been evaluating the performance of wetlands treating subsurface drainage from rain-fed and irrigated dairy pastures. Replicated experimental mesocosms have been set up with DoC funding to test wetland treatment performance in relation to wetland size, as well as the effects of different vegetation types and amendments such as wood chips and oat straw. Conceptual designs have been developed in association with EBOP for wetland treatment of stream-flows from agricultural catchments around a number of the Rotorua Lakes. Late last year Chris took over leadership of NIWA’s new “Land-use intensification: Sustainable management of Water Quality and Quantity” Programme. He has also been working on a MoRST Dialogue project with iwi in Raglan and Gisborne to develop better wastewater treatment and ‘disposal’ approaches that address Maori cultural and spiritual values. Recently he has worked on the Coral Coast of Fiji with Art Gold from the University of Rhode Island and Bill Albersberg from the University of the South Pacific, developing improved wastewater treatment options for tourist resorts, villages and small village piggeries.
Jody Richardson continues to manage the New Zealand freshwater fish database, which now has up to 22 000 records. Jody and Steph Parkyn had an interesting summer doing stream habitat surveys for koura, which display some distinct habitat preferences. Jody and Ian Jowett presented two well-attended workshops on restoring streams for freshwater fish and are now finalizing a guide to restoring streams for fish.
Jacques Boubée is continuing his studies of upstream and downstream fish passage at man-made barriers. He has been involved in formulating, installing and monitoring upstream passage at a number of sites, including road crossings, flood protection weirs and hydro structures. Two of his projects involved “natural” rock-lined fishways that were shown to be very effective for indigenous fish but, unfortunately, also for pest fish (koi carp). With the assistance of King Country Energy Jacques successfully tested a small diameter bypass as a mean of providing downstream passage for migrant eels at a small power station on the Mokau River. Also, in co- operation with the USGS Anadromous Fish Research Centre at Turners Falls, on the Connecticut River, Massachusetts, he used a 3D acoustic system to track the movement of shortfin and longfin migrant eels in the Arapuni Power Station headrace (Waikato River.). Results of this work will be used to help formulate means of allowing safe downstream passage of migrant eels at large hydro dams.
Dave Rowe is becoming more involved with management but continues with research on the marine phase of whitebait, the effects of exotic fish on native species and lake ecosystems. Recently, he has been working with the ARC to develop a way of measuring the ecosystem services and values of small streams.
NIWA Aquatic Plants Group
Aquatic plant folk have had a busy year reaping the seeds of research sown earlier! John Clayton and Tracey Edwards have been implementing the LakeSPI (Submerged Plant Indicator) method for assessing lake condition and are developing the next phase of managing and displaying data using a web-based information system. John and Paul Champion have advanced biosecurity initiatives on risk assessment of aquatic weeds and surveillance strategies in an attempt to pre- 29 empt the next wave of weedy species. Paul presented papers at the Aquatic Plant Management Society Conference (Florida), and the NZ Biosecurity Conference.
Deborah Hofstra has concluded competition studies to assess the weediness of introduced pond plants that are not yet naturalised. She has also used genetic analyses to clarify the status of endemic water plants and to assess the threat of hybridisation by native species with closely related introduced plants. Not least, Deb and Tracey were successful in isolating and confirming the first record of a pathogenic fungus in New Zealand, an organism that has great potential as a ‘killer agent’ for biocontrol of submerged weeds.
Paula Reeves was instrumental in organising the first ever first conference on ‘restoring wetlands’ for professional agencies and community groups, and attended the meeting of the International Society of Wetland Scientists in Seattle, USA. Paula was also kept busy responding to client needs on a wide range of subjects. In her spare time (!), Paula wrote 2 chapters for the book, Freshwaters of New Zealand.
Fleur Matheson took up the smelly challenge of identifying net treatment methods to minimise the role of fishing equipment in the transfer between waterbodies of weeds, fish and other biota. She also dug deeply to uncover sediment impacts by submerged weed beds and has identified ramifications for re-establishment by native plants, which will be investigated in more depth over the next year.
Rohan Wells supplied sought-after advice on weed control to a number of agencies and has developed a simple Decision Support System to guide managers in the process of arriving at a weed management solution. Rohan has also been involved in several large, multidisciplinary teams for EIAs, as well as diverse small projects. Aleki Taumoepeau has developed sonar signal and spatial referencing procedures to detect and describe submerged vegetation attributes. These approaches have been applied to provide cheap but accurate information on the extent of wide-scale weed beds and the outcome of control measures. Mary de Winton has had a dual focus on restoring native submerged plants in lakes and unravelling the mysteries of deep-water communities of mosses and liverworts in a collaborative project with bryologist, Jessica Beever. She has also been involved with making macrophyte data more accessible via the FBIS project, which sees freshwater biodata available on the web.
NIWA Christchurch
Barry Biggs has been mainly involved with managing the Christchurch campus of NIWA. This includes branch offices throughout the South Island and a Christchurch staff of over 100. As a result, his involvement in practical research has diminished greatly over the last 2 years. Projects brought to fruition with a range of collaborators include the large Project Aqua investigations, the ‘Environmental Hydrology and Habitat Hydraulics FRST programme (morphed into a ‘Water Allocation’ programme and now led by Scott Larned ), the New Zealand River Environment Classification (sponsored by MfE), and investigations on factors controlling macrophyte development in rivers. Barry is continuing some research on periphyton (mass transfer and biodiversity) and invertebrates (hydraulic habitat preferences, competition) with a number of colleagues and overseas collaborators. Recently, Barry and Ian Jowett were asked by IAHR to 30 chair the next International Conference on Ecohydraulics in New Zealand (February/March 2007). Marty Bonnett has been involved in a wide variety of FRST and commercial projects, and his year has ranged from fieldwork in a remote and pristine South Westland catchment, to auditing the effectiveness of rotary fish screens on Canterbury irrigation races. As part of the NIWA “fish team” he spends much of his time working with Don Jellyman on research into the sustainability of eel fisheries, but he has also been using a stream simulator to investigate the impact of trout on the habitat use of native fish. Marty has also been responsible for NIWA’s electric fishing courses, and in the last year he has run courses in Dunedin, Palmerston North and Christchurch (twice). An electric fishing workshop in Port Stephens, NSW, also provided the opportunity for Marty to compare the NIWA machines with some of the international competition; albeit under Australian supervision. Maurice Duncan is continuing his 2-D hydrodynamic modelling. The project to assess the change in in-stream habitats in a braided reach of the Hurunui River using “Hydro 2de” for Environment Canterbury (ECan) is finished. Results are being compared with those from another 2-D model “River 2D”, and with Ian Jowett’s 1-D model RHYHABSIM by Ian and Maurice. Flood plain inundation modelling of Westport using “Hydro 2de” is continuing. When this current work for Buller District Council is finished it will be extended to determine the likely effects of climate change on inundation for MfE. Maurice has also recently finished assessing (for ECan) the effects on low flows of afforestation of pasture and tussock land in Canterbury catchments that have been classified as having hydrological regimes sensitive to land use change. He also looks after a nationwide network of 50 telemetered soil moisture sites where soil moisture to a depth of 400 mm below the soil surface is monitored every 30 minutes. If anyone would like to use these data they should contact him. Eric Graynoth is continuing studies on the impacts of low summer flows in the Waipara River on fish diets and fish condition together with other projects on eel population assessment and dynamics. GIS modelling of the adequacy of reserves for NZ longfinned eels has been completed and a report for Mfish will be published soon.
Roddy Henderson , Ross Woods and Jochen Schmidt have completed development of a new low flow model for New Zealand. An estimate of mean annual low flow (MALF) is available for each reach in the digital stream network. The model is based on a conceptual model that requires inputs of climate and catchment physical parameters in map form. The model has less bias and is able to predict lower flows than previous models, but errors are still significant (MALF se = 0.41 log 10 = a factor of 2.6). The major error-producing component is the estimation of hydrological characteristics from physical properties of catchments. When the hydrograph shape is measured, but all other model components are estimated, the MALF se is 0.26 log 10 (= a factor of 1.8). Yet to do are papers describing the model, and its component layers which will be of interest to many (mean flow, potential and actual evapotranspiration, seasonality of flow and rainfall, intermittency of rainfall). Gavin James continues to be involved in a range of FRST and commercial projects in both freshwater and marine fisheries fields, as well as having oversight of the fish group and NIWA’s salmon hatchery at Silverstream. Two Fish and Game-funded projects are ongoing. The first is an experimental study to refine target strength information for brown trout, and is part of a programme to develop methods for providing estimates of salmonid abundance in South Island lakes. The second project is a study attempting to link variability in size of salmon runs with oceanographic and climatic variables. Gavin’s other commercial freshwater work has been for electricity generators, salmon farming clients, and salmon angling groups. He continues to be involved in FRST-funded programmes, investigating the fish component of lowland lakes and 31 examining how the fish biota in ephemeral rivers such as the Selwyn respond to seasonally intermittent wetting and drying. Dave Kelly is involved in a range of FRST research projects on benthic community dynamics in both littoral and lotic systems. In conjunction with Marc Schallenberg form the University of Otago, he has completed a survey of littoral communities and food webs in lowland coastal lakes and lagoons across gradients of both eutrophication and salinity. Work for the FRST water allocation program involves investigation of specific requirements for hydrological variability of key species, and the importance of hydrological variance to communities across varying landscape positioning (e.g., REC class) and enrichment gradients in lotic systems. He is also writing up work on habitat relationships and food web dynamics of littoral invertebrates and fish from a number of lakes across the North and South islands.
Cathy Kilroy recently compiled a database of freshwater diatoms (including photographs) from over 400 sites around the country, with help from Donna Sutherland and Karen Robinson and funded by DOC. It is accessible from NIWA's FBIS database. Writing up of her project on diatom ecology and taxonomy in alpine/subalpine areas continues, with some interesting results emerging on the ecological requirements of endemic taxa. Cathy is also involved in the FRST- funded Water Allocation programme and is just starting an investigation into periphyton growth in the intermittently flowing central reaches of the Selwyn River. After 12 years as editor of NIWA’s magazine Water & Atmosphere, Cathy has finally handed over the job in order to spend more time on diatom taxonomy and general periphyton ecology. Scott Larned is trying to eliminate sleep, thereby creating time to work on more research projects. Scott is part of a multidisciplinary team studying groundwater-surface water interactions in the Selwyn River of Canterbury. The Selwyn (aka the Waikirikiri) is the site of a long-term FRST-funded investigation by NIWA and Lincoln Ventures. Additional FRST-funded research includes nation-scale analyses of water quality, ecological profiles of lowland streams in native- forest catchments, urban stream restoration, and studies of nutrient uptake by primary producers. After-hours and weekends are devoted to editing for the Journal of the North American Benthological Society , writing up studies of carbon and nitrogen flows in forested streams, and scheming about new projects.
Bob McDowall continues to explore taxonomy, relationships and biogeography of New Zealand/southern cool temperate freshwater fishes. Increased lineage diversity and unrecognised galaxiid species continue to emerge in New Zealand, and similar complexities may exist in the bullies as well. The endemic Chatham Islands galaxiid turns out to be a Neochanna mudfish. A field trip to South Africa revealed that its fauna, rather than comprising a single galaxiid species, is a species complex, certainly with 3-4 and perhaps more, largely unrecognised species.
Ton Snelder and colleagues have been developing the River Environment Classification as a tool for analysing environmental data and as a framework for planning and managing river resources. Highlights include production of the Nation-wide and regional state and trends in river water quality (1996-2002) document that was prepared for the Ministry for the Environment, and use of the REC as a spatial framework in the Environment Canterbury Proposed natural resources regional plan - chapter 4: water quality. Brian Sorrell has been working with Bev Clarkson at Landcare Research on comparisons of bog, fen and swamp habitats in New Zealand, and developing relationships between a range of hydrological and nutrient indicators and dominant plant communities. The long-term aim is to develop databases of wetland parameters that can be used in environmental indicator and environmental classification programmes. He also continues his work on defining hydrological 32 niches for wetland plants used in restoration programmes, and on the littoral zone ecology of lakes. The latter includes work with Ian Hawes and Donna Sutherland on how exposure and trophic status affect the development of emergent, shoreline macrophyte zones. Bob Spigel spent six weeks at the Lake Biwa Research Institute on a fellowship from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. He worked with Michio Kumagai on data they had collected on Lake Taupo during TAUPEX (May 2002) when Michio was in New Zealand. Bob is continuing work on the data as time and funding permit, as part of a New Zealand group led by Scott Stephens and Max Gibbs. Bob also continues to participate in the PhD work of David Plew (University of Canterbury, Civil Engineering Department) on hydrodynamic effects of aquaculture structures. Bob is also working with Brian Sorrell and Donna Sutherland on a project for Meridian Energy that deals with water quality in the Waiau Arm of Lake Manapouri (the reach of the Waiau River between the lake and the Manapouri Level Control Structure at the confluence with the Mararoa River). The issues of interest relate to management of flow regime in the Arm in relation to nutrient concentrations, turbidity, and physical factors such as light, temperature and dissolved oxygen, and how these affect algal growth and desirable aquatic macrophyte communities. The objective of the current study is to provide an understanding of the conditions that could lead to increased algal growth and/or macrophyte die-back in the Arm. A one-year field monitoring study is now underway, and a simple numerical model is being developed. Alastair Suren continues to study the effects of urbanisation on stream communities and ways to mitigate these effects through appropriate stream enhancement techniques. He is also investigating the effects of low flow events on stream communities in conjunction with Russell Death and Alex James at Massey University. Alastair is also involved with a wide range commercial work, including assessing impacts of 1080 on freshwater crayfish (with Marty Bonnett ), and field experiments in West Coast streams where he examined the effect of 1080 on native fish and invertebrate communities (with Paul Lambert). He has also commenced an NZAID funded project in Fiji to develop a stream health monitoring assessment kit for use by schools and community groups. Mark Weatherhead continues to work on applications of the River and Marine Environment Classification systems (REC and MEC) for resource management and conservation purposes. He is currently working with Ton Snelder (NIWA) and Lindsay Chadderton (DOC) on developing measures of environmental distance for New Zealand rivers and lakes. Mark has also been leading a programme with Helen Hurren and Ude Shankar (both NIWA) that is developing a web-based service called Freshwater Information New Zealand (FINZ), which will allow free access to a broad spectrum of NIWA-held environmental data.
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SIL 1987 Trust Travel Award
Report on Attendance at 6 th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria
Susie Wood – Massey/Victoria University
The 6 th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria was in held in Bergen, Norway over five days in June 2004. More than 150 of the worlds’ leading experts from 30 countries attended. The tightly packed program involved 100 oral presentations and 50 posters. For me it was an ideal opportunity to present my research on toxic cyanobacteria in New Zealand to the international scientific community, to receive information on the latest advances in this arena and to make many useful contacts. I am very grateful to the New Zealand Limnology Society for awarding me a SIL 1987 Trust Travel Award which enabled me to attend this conference; it was definitely the highlight of my scientific career to date.
The conference titled, “Cyanobacterial toxins – How, Why, When?” covered many aspects of research on toxic cyanobacteria including; cyanobacterial physiology, ecology, molecular biology, toxicology, risk assessment and detection methods for cyanotoxins.
The conference commenced with a very interesting session – “Toxic Cyanobacteria – a world view”. The clear message that was portrayed was that toxic cyanobacteria blooms are increasing and that they are now a worldwide phenomenon. The increase in toxic cyanobacteria blooms was dramatically illustrated by Dr. Gan and colleagues from China. A survey in 1991 of 2579 lakes in China found that 51% of these were eutrophic. A similar study in 1996 found this number had increased to 86% and many of these now experienced toxic cyanobacterial blooms.
As research on toxic cyanobacteria increases to encompass more countries the number of countries reporting toxic species continues to rise. Voids in the current distribution of knowledge are slowly being filled. For example, at this conference several studies reported on toxic cyanobacteria from African and Asian regions. Until recently, knowledge of cyanotoxins, the species responsible for cyanotoxins and their distribution in New Zealand has been sparse. As part of my PhD study, I have tried to fill some of these gaps. With co-authors Lyn Briggs & Jan Sprosen (AgResearch), David Stirling, John Ruck (Massey University) and Bob Wear (Victoria University) I presented work documenting incidences and distribution of toxic cyanobacteria in New Zealand.
While toxic cyanobacteria blooms are commonly known to occur in eutrophic lakes, we do not commonly associate such events with large oligotrophic lakes. Dr Greg Boyer from the State University of New York presented work from Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes. In this large ocean-like lake they were able to detect both cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins above recommended drinking water guideline levels. This paper serves as a warning to New Zealand that we should not disregard the possibility of toxic blooms occurring in some of our near-pristine large lakes.
It was interesting to note that while some geographic segregation does occur, the cyanotoxins and the species responsible for there productions are common around the world. One session focused on “invasive” species and a species that received particular mention during the conference was 34
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and its associated cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin. In a very thought provoking presentation, Prof. Ian Falconer from the University of Adelaide presented a summary of evidence indicating that cylindrospermopsin might be a human carcinogen. Dr. Judit Padisák (Univ. of Veszprém, Hungary) delivered a talk outlining her theories on the worldwide “invasion” of C. raciborskii. Dr. Hans Paerl (Univ. of North Carolina, USA) and Dr. Larrelle Fabbro (Central Queensland University, Australia) gave further evidence of the adaptive nature of this species. Dr. Paerl showed the expanding distribution of this species in Florida and its ability to survive and flourish in low light environments. Similarly, Dr. Fabbro demonstrated that often in tropical Australia the densest blooms of this species are found well below the surface and that the toxin cylindrospermopsin can bioaccumulate in a number of freshwater organisms. These talks were of particular interest to me as during my recent research I identified C. raciborskii for the first time in New Zealand in a dense bloom in Lake Waahi (Waikato). The species was found to be producing cylindrospermopsin and was subsequently found in other locations in the Waikato area. It would be very interesting to investigate further the distribution of this organism throughout New Zealand.
Molecular techniques are having a huge impact on many areas of science, and toxic cyanobacteria research is no exception. This was illustrated by the many papers that incorporated various molecular methodologies. Techniques such as Real Time PCR, Microarray’s and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis were all shown to have potential as methods to identify, and in some cases quantify, potentially toxic species in samples. The benefits of including some molecular information in taxonomic studies was demonstrated by Dr. Muriel Gugger (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, France) who presented work on heterocystous cyanobacteria that showed that their phylogenetic data often did not correlate with botanical classifications. It would be very interesting to develop and trial in New Zealand a number of the molecular methods presented.
As part of my PhD research, I carried out an investigation on microcystin accumulation in rainbow trout and freshwater mussels in several of the Rotorua lakes and thus the numerous talks covering bioaccumulation were particularly relevant to me. I particularly enjoyed a paper given by Dr. Bas Ibelings (Netherlands Institute of Ecology) that showed that the transfer of microcystin in lake food webs depends on the uptake of cyanobacteria by grazers. A further study showed that it is not only animals that can accumulate cyanotoxins, but also plants. This study by research groups in Sri Lanka and Scotland showed that plants can take up microcystin via their roots and they demonstrated that rice plants could do this rapidly. While further work is required, it could have many implications for large agricultural regions of the world which at times used contaminated water for irrigation.
It is hard in several pages to summarise the wide variety and quality of the presentations at this conference. It was certainly very eye-opening to see the diversity and magnitude of research on toxic cyanobacteria occurring around the world. Attending this conference has given me many new research ideas and information on techniques that I hope can be applied to New Zealand’s current situation. During the five days of the conference I was able to make a number of very useful contacts and meet potential future research collaborators. I look forward to finishing my PhD study and hope that I will be able to continue in this area of research. I sincerely thank the New Zealand Limnological Society for giving me the opportunity to attend this conference; for a young scientist it was certainly a very inspiring and rewarding experience.
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Student prizes: conference 2003 (Warrnambool)
Sinclair Knight Merz prize (A$500)
Francis Burdon: The effect of stream productivity upon aquatic- terrestrial linkages.
SIL Trust prize for best Conference talk ($500)
Hamish Greig: Top-down effects of trout on a detritivorous caddisfly alter organic matter dynamics.
SIL Trust prize for best Masters or Honours talk ($150)
Tanya Blakely: Barriers to adult aquatic insect dispersal in urban streams.
Department of Conservation awards ($150)
Tanya Blakely: Barriers to adult aquatic insect dispersal in urban streams.
Francis Burdon: The effect of stream productivity upon aquatic- terrestrial linkages.
36
Minutes of the 36 th Annual General Meeting of the New Zealand Limnological Society Inc.
The AGM was held at Deakin University, Warrnambool, Australia. The meeting opened at 13.05 hrs, 3 rd December 2003.
Present : Neil Deans, President Brian Sorrell, Secretary-treasurer: 34 members
Apologies: Ian Boothroyd, Caroline Burns, Clive Howard-Williams, Jonet Ward, Mike Winterbourn, Roger Young.
Motion : That apologies be accepted. (Neil Deans/John Stark carried)
Minutes of the 35 th AGM:
Motion: That minutes be accepted as a true and correct record of the 35 th A.G.M. (J. Harding/Dave Rowe carried)
Matters arising from minutes:
• Life membership: This new category of membership, passed at the 35 th A.G.M., has been on offer for the first time in 2003/04. No members have paid life membership yet. • Page charges for RSNZ journals: The page charges proposed by RSNZ have been established – an email from Steve Thompson says that this is now a ‘done deal’. RSNZ has carried out an external review of costs and resolved to dissolve the paid editor positions of journals. Action: Neil Deans to consult with Bob McDowall about any possible further response from the Society.
President’s report:
It is with great pleasure that I present my first annual report to the Limnological Society membership for the 2003 year at our Annual Conference.
Membership
Membership remains healthy with a slight increase to 359 members at the time of writing. The Society exists to promote and provide an opportunity for those with an interest in freshwater sciences to interact and learn. The interest in, and need within society for, freshwater science is increasing, at all levels. Student memberships stand at 50, reflecting a healthy interest, while many recent graduates are readily able to find 37 employment given the current economic climate, or continue into post graduate research. Research opportunities are generally good, both at research institutions and universities.
Financial Statements
The Society remains in good financial heart. Even with the transfer of $10 000.00 to the SIL Trust for disbursement for Society members attending overseas conferences, and support for 10 students to attend the 2003 conference in Victoria, the Society’s accounts stand at some $60 000.00. The Society, from last year’s conference, has commitments relating to the production of the freshwater textbook and the production of posters (see below).
I wish to make a vote of thanks to Society Secretary and Treasurer, Dr Brian Sorrell, for all his voluntary efforts at managing the accounts and seeing to the secretarial duties.
Joint Freshwater Textbook in production with Hydrological Society
Immediate Past President Dr Jon Harding and Society Secretary Dr Brian Sorrell have been intimately involved with the editorial production of the textbook, together with Charles Pearson and Dr Paul Mosley from the Hydrological Society. Many of the Society’s members have been invited to contribute chapters on particular topics for the book, which is intended to run to more than 40 chapters. The book updates earlier reviews on the state of our freshwater sciences and its size will be a reflection on the extension of our knowledge in the last 10 years or so in New Zealand. It is aimed at anyone working in the freshwater field, from the senior student to researchers and will be an essential reference for those involved in freshwater management. It is at the stage of editing and will be expected next year, which we await with interest.
Limnological Society Poster Production
David Speirs has been producing posters for production by the Society. One is on native freshwater fish and the other on macroinvertebrates, which we hope will be produced for distribution shortly. Given the importance of freshwater themes in education, these posters and possibly others that might be produced are likely to be popular with schools and should raise the profiles of limnology and the Society.
Royal Society Relations and Freshwater Conference
The Limnological Society is a constituent society of the Royal Society of NZ, the umbrella body for all science in the country. An annual meeting of presidents of the constituent societies was held in Wellington on 13 June, at which topics of interest to all scientists and societies were discussed. The relationship between the constituent societies and the Royal Society was once again a topic of discussion. Professor Carolyn Burns, a Fellow of the Royal Society and longstanding member of the Limnological Society, has been elected President of the Academy Council, which considers matters of academic 38 interest across all the sciences represented by the Royal Society. Our congratulations go to Carolyn for this recognition.
The Royal Society held a conference on Freshwaters in Auckland on 13 and 14 November, in recognition of the International Year of Freshwaters. The Society was not involved in the organization of this conference except for Professor Carolyn Burns’ role on the organizing committee. Speakers were invited from a variety of sources, and included leading figures in water resource management here and overseas. Some speakers posed or responded to difficult questions relating to the future of freshwater management. The only speaker with a significant limnological research background was Dr Clive Howard-Williams, who managed to summarise succinctly to a non-limnological audience, the state of our understanding of freshwater science, in a mere 30 minutes. The conference was timely, since the Government is debating the future of water management (see below).
2002 Limnological Society Annual Conference, Shantytown, West Coast
Congratulations to Dr Phillippe Gerbeaux and his team at the hugely successful conference held at Shantytown in the last week of November 2002. Record numbers of delegates (187) attended and record numbers of papers were presented. The very well organized conference was held in the new buildings at Shantytown, which provided excellent ambience for discussions on freshwater matters.
2003 Limnological Society Joint Annual Conference with ASL at Warrnambool
For the first time we are holding our conference offshore, in a joint congress with our Australian colleagues in the ASL at Warrnambool, in Victoria, Australia. It is hoped to hold joint meetings every 4 years, and the present one follows the very successful conference held in 1999 at Wairakei, jointly with the ASL. Registrations for the conference closed early in September after a sudden and unprecedented demand, which was unfortunate, as only 40 LimSoc members were able to be accommodated out of the 250 or so delegates attending. For those who are able to attend, we look forward to a stimulating congress and opportunity to compare once again the similarities and differences in the freshwater environments, research and management on either side of the Tasman Sea.
Royal Society Bronze Medal for John Quinn
Longstanding LimSoc member Dr John Quinn of NIWA has been acknowledged by the Royal Society with a Bronze Medal for his contribution to science, particularly in the promotion of science in the community. John has led a team investigating the effects of land use on freshwater environments based in the Waikato at NIWA for many years. John’s particular contribution, in addition to his research, has been his role appearing in TV programmes such as ‘No 8 Wired’, in which he has succeeded in presenting material on freshwater topics of general public appeal. Congratulations John and we look forward 39 to making a presentation of your medal at a suitable occasion in the company of your colleagues and fellow LimSoc members.
Government’s Sustainable Development Programme of Action includes Water
While not trumpeted from the rooftops, Government initiatives are progressing in its Sustainable Development Programme of Action. One of the four major themes is freshwater management. Two others, on Sustainable Cities and Energy, may affect water ways in a variety of manners. Within the water programme, the main effort is going into water allocation issues, land use effects on water bodies and identifying waters of national importance. A number of Society members are likely to be involved in this process, by provision of technical or policy advice.
Research Funding
Concerns have been raised by some University staff in particular over the process to access funds for public good type research. Concerns have been raised over how accessible the process now is for smaller scale researchers. It is unclear whether this is a widespread perception, or limited only to a few. If it is to be followed up, more examples may need to be brought to light.
World Wetlands Day and New Zealand Freshwater Day
The year 2003 has been the International Year of Freshwater. With the exception of the Hydrological Society celebration of Freshwater Day at the end of October and the annual celebration of World Wetlands Day in February, public awareness of the significance of water in our lives and the wider environment has been minimal. Government is well aware of the importance of water, having identified freshwater management as a key issue for development of government policy (see above). Should your Society be making more of an issue of such events? If so, what do you suggest, and how should we make it happen? Alternatively are we best to avoid the limelight and stick to our core business of providing a forum for freshwater science. Please let the Executive know if you have any views on this subject.
Water Information Directory
The Hydrological Society has been funded by the Ministry for the Environment to produce a meta-database on freshwater, called the Water Information Directory. Dr Ian Boothroyd has been commissioned to oversee the project, which is now available on a trial basis at www.wid.org.nz. Many Society members have been consulted in developing the database, both in its development and in getting appropriate information on to the database. It will be interesting to see what use the database gets and whether it can readily be maintained. 40
In summary, I am pleased to report the Society is in good heart, and continues to serve the interests of its members given the major issues and challenges for those involved in freshwater research and management fields.
Motion : That the President’s report be accepted. (Neil Deans/Carried).
Secretary/Treasurer’s report:
Membership: Total membership at 22 November 2003 was 358, compared with 356 in November 2001. Membership figures for the last four years are shown in Table 1 & 2. Total membership is similar to last year. The higher number of unpaid members than at the same time last year probably reflects the later subs mail-out this year after the change of our balance date from 30 March to 30 June. Total numbers in arrears are similar to previous years and include 15 who will be deleted if they do not pay this year. A follow-up reminder will be sent to all unpaid/in arrears members, shortly.
There have been 23 new members joining since November 2002 (14 student/unwaged and 9 ordinary).
Table 1. Financial status of membership
2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 Members current : Paid 162 216 219 144 120 Unpaid 109 59 127 48 145 Members in arrears : 1 yr 34 55 - 80 20 2 yr 12 - - 24 18 3 yr 15 - - 18 3 Other: Honorary 11 11 11 9 9 Legal req.* 1 1 1 1 1 Societies 5 5 2 2 2 Libraries 9 9 9 9 9 Total 358 356 369 335 326 * Not a member
Table 2. Types of membership
2003 2002 2001 2000 1999
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Ordinary 249 251 247 228 228 Corporate 22 23 27 25 25 Honorary 11 11 11 9 9 Unwaged/student 71 66 82 71 62 Other (Societies) 5 5 2 2 2
Finances:
• The accounts were audited by Stephen Dine of Brown Webb Richardson Ltd, Hastings. • I.R.D. approved our application for change in balance date from 30 March to 30 June, meaning that we ran 2002/03 as a 15-month year. Finances for this year differ slightly from other years for this reason. • The Society ended the financial year with an operating surplus of $6,472. The success of the Shantytown conference (profit of $2135) was an important component of this, as were invertebrate book ($1022) and bulletin ($1010) sales. Subscription payments (total $8827) were a record figure, thanks largely to recovery of a large amount of arrears ($862). • We have one term deposit, the combined Jolly Fund, with $44,522.96 at 1 November 2003. The Current Account at 1 November 2003 was at $14,135.16 • A feature of expenditure for 2002/03 were the payments and penalties of outstanding GST for the two years we should have been GST-registered and income tax for 2001/02 (total $5534). Other major expenditure includes two RSNZ subscriptions ($550 each) falling in the same year due to our change in balance date, and our fee of $400 to RSNZ for application for tax- free status. • I.R.D. are still processing our application for tax-free status. They have a recommendation letter from RSNZ recommending that we be approved. It is likely that some additional income tax and interest will have to be paid for the 2002 year during which the application was in process. • Following the 2002 AGM, the Society has embarked on a programme of expenditure to carry out activities meeting our aims. Expenditure since 30 June 2003 and not shown in the financial report includes (i) transfer of $10000 from the Society funds to the SIL Trust Fund and (ii) $5000 used to support ten students for travel to the Australian conference. Other planned expenditure is $4500 for the freshwater resource posters produced by Dave Speirs and $10000 for the Freshwaters of New Zealand textbook.
Motion: That the Society Accounts for 2002/03 be accepted. (Brian Sorrell/Lindsay Chadderton– carried). Motion: That the Auditor for the next financial year be Stephen Dine, Brown Webb Richardson Ltd., Hastings. (Brian Sorrell/Gerry Closs– carried).
SIL Trust report
Treasurer’s report tabled. 42
Freshwaters of New Zealand Textbook
Jon Harding reported that the book will be going to press in 2004. It is likely to have 47 chapters and be in the order of 800 – 1000 pages. Most chapters have been received and are currently at least in draft form. The book will be sold on a 50:50 profit-share deal with the NZ Hydrological Society.
Fish and Invertebrate Posters
The Secretary/Treasurer issued a report provided by Dave Speirs on progress with the posters. The fish poster has been produced and refereed by members, with the invertebrate poster to follow shortly. The quote for printing 1750 A1 size of each poster (matt finish on recycled poster paper) is $4500, which is the sum the Society has earmarked for this venture. Dave is keen to get volunteers from our major organisations to assist with distribution. Action: Dave Speirs and Brian Sorrell to contact members to assist with distribution once the posters are printed.
Future Conferences
• John Maxted reported on progress in organising the 2004 conference in the Auckland region, November 2004. A venue at a resort on Waiheke Island has been secured, with plenty of space for plenary talks and parallel sessions. Transport is likely to be available to get delegates to the Waiheke ferry from the airport. Field trips have also been organised.
• 2005: Jon Harding and Angus McIntosh volunteered to organise the 2005 conference in Canterbury, possibly at Hanmer Springs.
General Business
• Name of Society: There was extensive discussion about a possible name change for the Society, a matter investigated in the mid-1990s and not resolved. Issues included whether the current name was helpful, especially in communicating our science and broadening the appeal of the Society. After discussion, the name “New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Society” was agreed as a suitable suggestion. It was also suggested that the logo could be re- examined.
Motion: That the legal and other issues surrounding a name change be investigated as a matter of urgency, and a proposal produced. (Neil Deans/Barry Biggs carried). Action: Neil Deans to follow up.
• Policy: The possibility was discussed of the Society producing policy documents for freshwater issues, similar to those produced by the Australian society. Associated with this was the issue of the Society providing press releases, and what mechanism should be in place for this and making submissions to government. Several members raised the distinction 43
between the Society being advocates for a position, or for providing advice, and that the latter should remain its function. Another possibility was collaboration with the Australian society on matters of common interest. Action: The Executive to come back to the membership with suggestions.
• Awards: The question of whether the Society should have awards for its professional members as well as students was raised. The purpose of such awards would be to celebrate the achievements of members. Action: The Executive to come back to the membership with suggestions.
• World Wetlands Day: Philippe Gerbeaux reminded members that World Wetlands Day is held every February 2 nd , and that the Society could provide publicity material at WWD events.
• Coin: Jon Harding reminded members about the special $5 fish coin that was produced in 2002.
Meeting closed 14.45 hrs . 44
Publications and theses
Kingett Mitchell
Boothroyd, I.K.G. (in press) A new species of Naonella Boothroyd (Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from New Zealand. NZ Entomologist .
Boothroyd, I.K.G., Quinn, J.M., Langer, E.R., Steward, G., Costley, K. (2004) Riparian buffers mitigate effects of pine plantation logging on New Zealand streams: 1. Riparian vegetation structure, stream geomorphology and periphyton. Forest Ecology and Management 194: 199-213 .
Harding, J.M., Boothroyd, I.K.G. (2004) Impacts of mining. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . New Zealand Hydrological Society and New Zealand Limnological Society, Hamilton.
Quinn, J.M., Boothroyd, I.K.G., Smith, B. (2004) Riparian buffers mitigate effects of pine plantation logging on New Zealand streams: 2. Invertebrate communities. Forest Ecology and Management 191: 129-146.
Taranaki Regional Council
Fowles, C.R., Stark, J.D. (2004) Biomonitoring of the Inaha Stream above and below the Taranaki By-Products plant using artificial substrates, January to March 2003. TRC Technical Report.
University of Waikato
Bailey, S.A., Duggan, I.C ., van Overdijk, C.D.A., Jenkins, P.T., MacIsaac, H.J. (2003) Viability of invertebrate diapausing eggs collected from residual ballast sediment. Limnology and Oceanography 48: 1701-1710.
Bailey, S.A., Duggan, I.C ., van Overdijk, C.D.A., Johengen, T.H., Reid, D.F., MacIsaac, H.J. (2004) Salinity tolerance of diapausing eggs of freshwater zooplankton. Freshwater Biology : 49: 286-295.
Baker, C.F., Hicks, B.J. ( 2003) Attraction of migratory inanga ( Galaxias maculatus ) and koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis ) juveniles to adult galaxiid odours. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37 : 291-299.
Chapman M.A . (2004) A Revision of the Phreatogammaridae (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in New Zealand. Part 2: Phreatogammarus fragilis and P. propinquus . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 34 : 59-80.
Chisnall, B.L., Martin, M.L., Hicks B. J. (2003). Effect of harvest on size, abundance, and production of freshwater eels ( Anguilla australis and A. dieffenbachii ) in a New Zealand stream. In D. A. Dixon (Editor), Biology, management, and protection of catadromous eels. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 33, Bethesda, Maryland. pp 177-189. 45
Daniels, C.B., Orgeig, S., Sullivan, L.C., Ling, N., Bennett, M.B., Schurch, S., Brauner, C., Val, A.L. (in press) The origin and evolution of the pulmonary surfactant system in fish: insights into the evolution of lungs. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology .
Davis, J. A., McGuire, M.., Halse, S. A., Hamilton, D.P ., Horwitz, P., McComb, A. J., Froend, R. H., Lyons, M., and Sim, L., (2003) What happens when you add salt: predicting impacts of secondary salinisation on shallow aquatic ecosystems by using an alternative-states model. Australian Journal of Botany 51: 715-724.
Dugdale, T.M., Hicks, B.J., de Winton, M., Taumoepeau, A. (in press) Fish exclosures versus intensive fishing to restore charophytes in a shallow New Zealand lake. Aquatic Conservation - Marine and Freshwater Ecosystem s.
Duggan, I.C .; Bailey, S.A.; Colautti, R.I.; Gray, D.K.; Makarewicz, J.C.; MacIsaac, H.J. (2003) Biological invasions in Lake Ontario: past, present and future. pp. 541-557, In: State of Lake Ontario - Past, Present and Future . M. Munawar. (ed.). Ecovision World Monograph Series.
Duggan, I.C .; Rixon, C.A.M.; MacIsaac, H.J. (in press) Popularity and propagule pressure: determinants of introduction and establishment of aquarium fish. Biological Invasions .
Ellis, R.J., van den Heuvel, M.R., Smith, M.A., Ling, N . (in press) Effects of maternal versus direct exposure to pulp and paper mill effluent on rainbow trout early-life-stages. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health.
Ellis, R.J., van den Heuvel, M.R., Stuthridge, T.R., Ling, N ., Dietrich, D.R. (2004) Lack of estrogenic and endocrine disrupting effects in juvenile rainbow trout exposed to a New Zealand pulp and paper mill effluent. In: Borton, D.L., Hall, T., Fisher, R., Thomas, J. Eds. Pulp & Paper Mill Effluent Environmental Fate & Effects . (DEStech Publications, Inc. pp. 67-77.
Gray, D.K., Bailey, S.A., Duggan, I.C ., MacIsaac, H.J. (in press) Viability of invertebrate diapausing eggs exposed to saltwater: implications for Great Lakes’ ship ballast management. Biological Invasions .
Grigorovich, I.A., Korniushin, A.V., Gray, D.K., Duggan, I.C ., Colautti, R.I., MacIsaac, H.J. (2003) Lake Superior: an invasion coldspot? Hydrobiologia 499: 191-210.
Hamilton, D. P ., Davies-Colley, R. J., Hawes, I. (2004) Physical and chemical characteristics of lake water. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . NZ Hydrological and Limnological Societies, Hamilton. pp. 21.1-21.20.
Hicks, B.J . (2003) Distribution and abundance of fish and crayfish in a Waikato stream in relation to basin area. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 30: 149-160.
Hicks, B.J., Hall J. D. (2003) Rock type and channel gradient structure salmonid populations in the Oregon Coast Range. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132 : 468-482.
Hicks, B.J., Glova, G.J., Duncan, M. J. (2004) Forestry interactions - New Zealand. In: T.G. Northcote and G.F. Hartman (eds) Fishes and forestry - worldwide watershed interactions and management. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 654-677
46
Hogg, I.D . (2003) Book Review: Spiders of New Zealand and their worldwide kin. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 30: 77
Hogg, I.D ., Hebert, P.D.N. (2004) Biological identification of springtails (Collembola: Hexapoda) from the Canadian Arctic using mitochondrial DNA barcodes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84
Landman, M.J., van den Heuvel, M.R., Ling, N. (2004) Pulp and paper effluent-hypoxia interactions in fish. In: Borton, D.L., Hall, T., Fisher, R., Thomas, J. (eds). Pulp & Paper Mill Effluent Environmental Fate & Effects . DEStech Publications, Inc., pp. 506-518.
Ling, N. (2004) Gambusia in New Zealand: really bad or just misunderstood. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38: 473-48.
O’Brien, K.R., Ivey, G.N., Hamilton, D.P., Waite, A.M. (2003) Simple mixing criteria for the growth of negatively buoyant phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 48: 1326-1337.
O’Brien, K.R., Meyer, D.L., Waite, A.M., Ivey, G.N., Hamilton, D.P . (2004) Disaggregation of Microcystis aeruginosa colonies under turbulent mixing: laboratory experiments in a grid-stirred tank. Hydrobiologia 519: 143-152.
Ostroumov, S.A., Dodson, S.I., Hamilton, D.P., Peterson, S.A., Wetzel, R.G. (2003) Medium- Term and Long-Term Priorities in Ecological Studies. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum 96: 327-332.
Rixon, C.A.M., Duggan, I.C ., Bergeron, N.M.N., Ricciardi A., MacIsaac, H.J. (in press) Invasion risks posed by the aquarium trade and live fish markets to the Laurentian Great Lakes. Biodiversity and Conservation .
Robson, B.J., Hamilton, D.P . (2004) Three-dimensional modelling of a Microcystis bloom event in the Swan River estuary. Ecological Modelling 174: 203-222.
Robson, B.J., Hamilton, D.P . (2003) Summer flow event induces a cyanobacterial bloom in a seasonal Western Australian estuary. Marine and Freshwater Research 54: 139-151.
Ryan, E.F., Hamilton, D.P ., Barnes, G.E. (2003) Recent occurrence of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Waikato lakes of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37: 829-836.
Stevens, M.I., Hogg, I.D. (2003) Long-term isolation and recent range expansion revealed for the endemic springtail Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni from southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Molecular Ecology 12: 2357-2369.
Stevens, M.I., Hogg, I.D. (2004) New Zealand’s corophiid amphipods: allozyme evidence for speciation during the Cenozoic. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81: 119-133.
Wells, R.D.S., Bannon, H.J., Hicks, B.J . (2003) Control of macrophytes by grass carp in a Waikato drain, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37: 85- 93.
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Willis, K., Ling, N . (2004) Toxicity of the aquaculture pesticide cypermethrin to planktonic marine copepods. Aquaculture Research 35: 263-270.
Edited Conference Proceedings
Barnes, G.E., Hicks, B.J. (2003) Brown bullhead catfish ( Ameiurus nebulosus ) in Lake Taupo. In: Munro, R. (ed). Managing invasive freshwater fish in New Zealand . Proceedings of a workshop hosted by Department of Conservation, 10-12 May 2001, Hamilton. New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington, pp 27-35.
Burger, D.F., Hamilton, D.P., Pilditch, C.A., Hall, J.A., Gibbs, M.M. (2003) Benthic-pelagic coupling of nutrients in Lake Rotorua. Proceedings of the Rotorua Lakes Symposium 2003, Practical Management for Good Lake Water Quality , pp. 273-277.
Burger, D.F., Ryan, E.F., Hamilton, D.P. (2003) Cyanobacteria: toxic algae explained. Proceedings of the Rotorua Lakes Symposium 2003, Practical Management for Good Lake Water Quality , pp. 269-272.
Gibbs, M.., Hawes, I., Hamilton, D.P. (2003) Lake Rotoiti water quality: the role of the Lake Rotorua water underflow. Proceedings of the Rotorua Lakes Symposium 2003, Practical Management for Good Lake Water Quality , pp. 190-199.
Hamilton, D. (2003) Lake eutrophication: a response to phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization. In: NZARM “Gold”, 50 th Annual Conference Proceedings , Rotorua, 15-16 September, pp. 111-120.
Hamilton, D.P. ( 2003) An historical and contemporary review of water quality in the Rotorua Lakes. Proceedings of the Rotorua Lakes Symposium 2003, Practical Management for Good Lake Water Quality , pp. 3-15.
Hicks, B.J. (2003) Biology and potential impacts of rudd ( Scardinius erythrophthalmus L.) in New Zealand. In: Munro, R. (ed). Managing invasive freshwater fish in New Zealand . Proceedings of a workshop hosted by Department of Conservation, 10-12 May 2001, Hamilton. New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington, pp. 49-58.
Ryan, E.F., Hamilton, D.P., Burger, D.F., O’Brien, B., Vant, W.N. (2003) Synchronous blooms of Anabaena planktonica in North Island, New Zealand. In: Proceedings of the Rotorua Lakes Symposium 2003, Practical Management for Good Lake Water Quality , pp. 308-310.
Ryan, E.F., Hamilton, D.P., Burger, D.F., O’Brien, B., Vant, W.N. (2003) Synchronous blooms of Anabaena planktonica in North Island, New Zealand. In: Proceedings of the Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms-5 Conference , Moscow, 28-29 May. Ecological Studies, Hazards and Solutions Vol. 7, p.36.
Ryan, E.F., Hamilton, D.P ., Cassie Cooper, U. V., Hall, J.A. (2003) Factors controlling phytoplankton composition and biomass in the Rotorua Lakes: the deep chlorophyll maximum. In: Proceedings of the Rotorua Lakes Symposium 2003, Practical Management for Good Lake Water Quality , pp. 303-307.
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Untaru, R., Hamilton, D ., Hendy, C. (2003) Bottom water anoxia, ion composition and eutrophication of Lake Rotoiti. Proceedings of the Rotorua Lakes Symposium 2003, Practical Management for Good Lake Water Quality , pp. 314-317.
Massey University
Death, R. G. (2004) Patterns of spatial resource use in lotic invertebrate assemblages. Hydrobiologia 513: 171-182.
Death, R., Barquin, J., Scarsbrook, M. (2004) Biota of cold-water and geothermal springs. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . New Zealand Hydrological and Limnological Societies, Christchurch. Pp 30.1-30.13.
Death, R. G., Joy, M. K. (2004) Invertebrate community structure in streams of the Manawatu- Wanganui region, New Zealand: the roles of catchment versus reach scale influences. Freshwater Biology 49: 982-997.
Dewson, Z. S., Death, R. G., James, A. B. W. (2003) The effect of water abstractions on invertebrate communities in four small North Island streams. New Zealand Natural Sciences 28: 51-65.
Joy, M. K., Death, R. G. (2003) Assessing biological integrity using freshwater fish and decapod habitat selection functions. Ecoystem Management 32: 747-759.
Joy, M. K., Death, R. G. (2004) Predictive modelling and spatial mapping of freshwater fish and decapod assemblages using GIS and neural networks. Freshwater Biology 49: 1036-1052.
Olden, J. D., Joy, M. K., Death, R. G. (2004) An accurate comparison of methods for quantifying variable importance in artificial neural netwroks using simulated data. Ecological Modelling 178: 389-397.
MSc thesis
Hamer, M.P. 2003 The influence of nutrient concentration on algal biomass and invertebrate communities in agricultural streams.
University of Canterbury
Blakely, T., Harding, J.S., McIntosh, A. (2003) Impacts of urbanization on Okeover Stream, Christchurch. University of Canterbury, Freshwater Ecology Research Group. Report to Christchurch City Council.
Cope, N.J., Winterbourn, M.J. (2004) Interactions between two successful molluscan invaders of freshwaters: an experimental study. Aquatic Ecology 38: 83-91.
Harding, J.S. (2003) Historic deforestation and the fate of endemic invertebrate species in streams. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37: 333-345.
49
Harding, J.S, Boothroyd, I.K.G. (2004) Impacts of mining. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . New Zealand Hydrological and Limnological Societies, Christchurch, pp 36.1-36.10.
Harding, J., Greenwood, M. (2003) Recovery of the stream community of Carton Creek after diversion. University of Canterbury, Freshwater Ecology Research Group. Report to Teronicks Mining.
Harding, J.S., Hawke, D.J., Holdaway, R.N., Winterbourn, M.J. (2004) Incorporation of marine- derived nutrients from petrel breeding colonies into stream food webs. Freshwater Biology 49: 576-586.
Harding, J.S., McIntosh, A.R., Eikaas, H. (2002) An ecological assessment of river environment classification in West Coast beech forest streams. University of Canterbury FERG02/01 report to Department of Conservation.
Harding, J.S., Mosley, M.P., Pearson, C.P., Sorrell, B.K. (eds) (2004) Freshwaters of New Zealand . New Zealand Hydrological and Limnological Societies, Christchurch; 764 pp.
McIntosh, A.R., McDowall, R.M. (2004) Fish communities in rivers and streams. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . New Zealand Hydrological and Limnological Societies, Christchurch, pp 17.1-17.19.
McIntosh, A.R., Peckarsky, B.L. (2004) Are mayfly anti-predator responses to fish odour proportional to risk? Archiv für Hydrobiologie 160: 145-151.
McIntosh, A.R., Peckarsky, B.L., Taylor, B.W. (2004) Predator-induced resource heterogeneity in a stream food web. Ecology 85: 2279-2290.
Moore, T.A., Black, A., Centeno, A.A., Harding, J.S., Trumm, D.A. (eds) (in press) Metal contaminants in New Zealand . Caxton Press, Christchurch.
Winterbourn, M.J. (2004) Stream communities and ecosystem processes. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . New Zealand Hydrological and Limnological Societies, Christchurch, pp 13.1-13.14.
Winterbourn, M.J. (2004) Stream invertebrates. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . New Zealand Hydrological and Limnological Societies, Christchurch, pp 16.1-16.14.
Winterbourn, M.J. (in press) Association between a commensal chironomid and its mayfly host in rivers of North Westland. New Zealand Natural Sciences 29
Young, R., Smart, G., Harding, J.S. (2004) Impacts of hydro-dams, irrigation schemes and river control works. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand , New Zealand Hydrological and Limnological Societies, Christchurch, pp 37.1-37.16.
MSc theses
Bradley, A. (2003) Stream communities and acid mine drainages: investigating longitudinal recovery and remediation possibilities.
50
Dunn, N. (2003) The effects of extremes in flow on alpine ( Galaxias paucispondylus ) and Canterbury ( G. vulgaris ) galaxias.
University of Otago
Balcombe, S.R.; Closs G.P. (in press) Spatial relationships and temporal variability in a littoral macrophyte fish assemblage. Marine and Freshwater Research..
Buck, O., Niyogi, D.K., Townsend, C.R. (2004) Scale-dependence of land use effects on water quality of streams in agricultural catchments. Environmental Pollution 130: 287-299.
Closs, G, Downes, B., Boulton, A. (2004) Freshwater Ecology: A Scientific Introduction . Blackwell Science. 221pp.
Closs, G., Dean, T., Champion, P., Hofstra, D. (2004) Aquatic invaders and pest species in lakes. In: Freshwaters of New Zealand . Mosely, P. Harding, J and Sorrell, B. (eds.). Limnological Society of New Zealand & Hydrological Society of New Zealand, Christchurch. pp. 27.1-27.14
Darby, J., Fordyce, R.E., Mark, A., Probert, K., Townsend, C. (eds.) (2003) The natural history of southern New Zealand . University of Otago Press.
David, B., Chadderton, L., Closs, G., Barry, B. & Markwitz, A. (2004) Evidence of flexible recruitment strategies in coastal populations of giant kokopu ( Galaxias argenteus ). DoC Science Internal Series 160. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 23pp.
Driver, P.D., Harris, J.H., Closs, G.P., Koen, T.B. (in press) Effects of flow regulation on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) recruitment in the Murray-Darling basin, Australia. River Research and Applications
Flöder, S., Burns, C.W. (2004) Phytoplankton diversity of shallow tidal lakes: influence of periodic salinity changes on diversity and species number of a natural assemblage. Journal of Phycology 40: 54-61.
Hansen, E, David, B.O., Closs, G.P. (2004) Diel patterns of feeding and prey selection in giant kokkopu ( Galaxias argenteus ). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38, 341-345.
Kristensen, E.A., Closs, G.P. (2004) Anti-predator response of naïve and experienced common bully (Eleotridae) to chemical alarm cues. Journal of Fish Biology 64, 643-652.
Malmqvist, B., Rundle, S.D., Covich, A.P., Hildrew, A.G., Robinson, C.T., Townsend, C.R. (in press) Prospects for streams and rivers: an ecological perspective. In Polunin, N. (ed). Aquatic ecosystems: trends and global prospects .
Matthaei, C.D., Townsend, C.R., Arbuckle, C.A., Olsen, D.A., Peacock, K.A., Guggelberger, C., Küster, C., Huber, H. (2004) Disturbance, assembly rules and benthic communities in running waters: a review and some implications for restoration projects. Chapter 18 in: Assembly rules and Restoration Ecology. Temperton, V., Hobbs, R., Nuttle, T., Halle, S. eds. Island Press: 367-388.
51
Niyogi, D.K., Simon, K.S., Townsend, C.R. (in press) Land use and stream ecosystem functioning: nutrient uptake in streams that contrast in agricultural development. Archiv für Hydrobiologie
Parkes, M. Eyles, P. Panelli, R. Townsend, C.R., Benwell, G., Weinstein, P. (2004) Integration of Ecology and Health Research at the Catchment Scale. Journal of Rural and Remote Environmental Health 3: 1-17.
Rowe, D., Schallenberg, M. (2004) Food webs in lakes. In: Harding, J.S. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . New Zealand Hydrological and Limnological Societies, Christchurch. pp. 23.1 – 23.14
Schallenberg, M., Burns C.W. (2004) The Waipori/Waihola Lake-Wetland Complex: summary of research programme (1997-2003) and recommendations. Limnology Report No. 10, Department of Zoology, University of Otago.
Schallenberg, M., Waite, E. (2004) Survey of aquatic macrophytes in Lake Waihola – summer 2002-2003. Limnology Report No. 9, Department of Zoology, University of Otago.
Schallenberg, M., Armstrong, A. (2004) Assessment of antibiotic activity in surface water of the lower Taieri Plain and impacts on aquatic bacteria in Lake Waipori, South Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38: 19-28.
Schallenberg, M., Burns, C.W. (2004) Effects of sediment resuspension on phytoplankton production: teasing apart the influences of light, nutrients, and algal entrainment. Freshwater Biology 49: 143-159.
Schallenberg, M. Primary production in the open water. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . New Zealand Hydrological and Limnological Societies, Christchurch. pp. 22.1 – 22.16.
Simon, K.S, Townsend, C.R., Biggs, B.J.F., Bowden, W.B., Frew, R.D. (in press) Habitat- specific nitrogen dynamics in New Zealand streams containing native or invasive fish. Ecosystems .
Simon, K.S., Townsend, C.R., Biggs, B.J.F., Bowden, W.B. (in press) Temporal patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in two New Zealand streams. Journal of the North American Benthological Society.
Thompson, R.M., Townsend, C.R. (2004) Landuse influences on New Zealand stream communities: effects on species composition, functional organization and food-web structure. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38: 595-608.
Thompson, R.M., Townsend, C.R. (in press) Energy availability, spatial heterogeneity and ecosystem size predict food-web structure in streams. Oikos .
Townsend, C.R., Begon, M., Harper, J.L. (2003) Essentials of Ecology . (second edition) Malden, USA, Blackwell Science.
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Townsend, C.R., Simon, K.S. (in press) Consequences of brown trout invasion for stream ecosystems. Biological invasions in New Zealand . Allen, R.B. and Lee, W.G. eds. Springer Verlag.
Townsend, C.R., Downes. B.J., Peacock, K., Arbuckle, C.J. (2004) Scale and the detection of land-use effects on morphology, vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities of grassland streams. Freshwater Biology 49: 448-462.
Townsend, C.R., Tipa, G., Teirney, L.D., Niyogi, D.K. (2004) Development of a tool to facilitate participation of Maori in the management of stream and river health. Ecohealth 1: 184-195.
Usio, N., Townsend, C.R. (2004) Roles of crayfish: consequences of predation and bioturbation for stream invertebrates. Ecology 85: 807-822.
Waite, E., Fitzpatrick, R., Closs, G. Tracking brown trout migration. Fish & Game Special Issue 19, 115-117.
PhD theses Eyles, R.F. (2003) Ecosystem change and Campylobacter in freshwaters: case studies from the Taieri and Motueka River catchments. PhD thesis, University of Otago.
Goldsmith, R.J. (2004) Impacts of European perch Perca fluviatilis introduction on native common bully Gobiomorphus cotidianus . PhD thesis. University of Otago
Rhodes, H.M. (2003) Downstream effects of stream management information on farms. PhD thesis. University of Otago.
Stoffels, R.J. (2003) Hierarchically organised littoral invertebrate communities in large oligotrophic lakes. PhD thesis. University of Otago.
NIWA Hamilton
Boothroyd, I. J., Quinn, J. M. Costley, K.J.; Langer, E.R.; Steward, G. (2004) Riparian buffers mitigate effects of pine plantation logging on New Zealand streams: 1. Riparian vegetation structure, stream geomorphology and periphyton. Forest Ecology and Management 194 : 199-213.
Champion, P.D., Clayton, J.S. (2003) The evaluation and management of aquatic weeds in New Zealand. In: Child, L. et al., Plant invasions : ecological threats and management solutions. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, Pp. 429-434
Clayton, J.S, Champion, P.D. (2003) Rotorua Lakes: plants tell the tale. In: Miller, N., Miller, E. (eds). Proceedings : Rotorua Lakes 2003 : Practical management for good lake water quality, 9- 10 October 2003. LakesWater Quality Society, Rotorua, Pp 127-135.
Collier, K.J. (2004) Invertebrate community dynamics in soft-bottomed streams of northern New Zealand: a spatio-temporal hierarchy. New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 38: 1-18 . 53
Collier, K. (2004) Biodiversity of New Zealand hydrobiid snails. Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity 7: 2.
Collier, K. (2004) Radiation of New Zealand hydrobiid snails. Water & Atmosphere 12: 7.
Collier, K. J., Clarkson, B.D., Chadderton, L. (2003) Freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and sites with nationally important natural heritage values. I. Background information and criteria. NIWA client report HAM2002-033, July 2003.
Collier, K.J., Fenwick, G.D. (2003) User needs for identification guides to freshwater biota. NIWA client report HAM2003-152.
Collier, K., Fenwick, G. (2004) Identifying enduser identification guide needs. Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity 7: 7.
Collier, K.J., Shankar, U., Smith, P. (2004) Measuring stream network connectivity – how close is close enough? Water & Atmosphere 12: 14-15.
Collier, K.J., Smith, B.J., Halliday, N. (2004) Colonisation and use of pine wood versus native woods in New Zealand plantation forest streams: implications for riparian management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14: 179-199.
Collier, K.J., Smith, B.J., Kilroy, K. (2003) Seeps – a new frontier in freshwater biodiversity? Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity 5: 5.
Collier, K. J., Wright-Stow, A., Smith, B. (2004) Trophic basis of production for a mayfly in a North Island, New Zealand, forest stream: contributions of benthic versus hyporheic habitats and implications for restoration. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38: 301- 314. Davies-Colley, R.J., Wilcock, R.J. (2004) Water quality and chemistry in running waters. In: Freshwaters of New Zealand (Eds. Harding, J. et al.), NZ Limnological Society and NZ Hydrological Society, Christchurch.
Décamps, H., Pinay, G., Naiman, R.J., Petts, G.E., McClain, M.E., Hillbricht-Ilkowska, A., Hanley, T.A., Holmes, R.M., Quinn, J., Gibert, J., Planty Tabacchi, A., Schiemer, F., Tabacchi, E., Zalewski, M. (2004) Riparian zones: where biogeochemistry meets biodiversity in management practice. Polish Journal of Ecology 52: 3-18. de Winton, M., Dugdale, A.M., Clayton, J. S. (2003) Coarse fish: the demise of plants and malaise of lakes? In :Managing Invasive Freshwater Fish in New Zealand. Proceedings of a workshop hosted by the Department of Conservation, 10-12th May 2001, Hamilton. Department of Conservation, Wellington, Pp 59-69. de Winton, M.D., Casanova M.T., Clayton, J.S. (2004) Charophyte germination and establishment under low irradiance. Aquatic Botany 79: 175-187. de Winton, M.D., Beever, J.E. (2004) Deep-water bryophyte records from New Zealand lakes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38: 329-340.
54 de Winton, M.D., Schwarz, A-M. (2004) Littoral communities: algae and macrophytes, In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand NZ Limnological Society and NZ Hydrological Society, Christchurch. Pp 24.1-24.14.
Duggan, I.C., Scarsbrook, M.R., Quinn, J.M. (2003) Comparison of coded abundance and fixed count rapid assessment techniques for biomonitoring in New Zealand streams. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37: 23-29.
Fayer, R., Rees, G. (in press) Emerging waterborne pathogens: zoonosis and drinking water , IWA publishing, London, for the World Health Organization.
Hamill, K. D., McBride, G. B. (2003) River water quality trends and increased dairying in Southland. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37: 323–332.
Jowett, I., Kingsland, S., Collier, K. (2004) WAIORA user guide version 2.0. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, NIWA Client Report No. HAM2003-163.
McBride, G.B. (2003) Confidence of compliance: parametric versus nonparametric approaches. Water Research 37: 3666–3671.
McBride, G.B (in press) Quantitative risk assessment issues. Chapter 9.3 In : Bartram, J., Cliver, D., Cotruvo, J., Dufour, A., Fayer, R., Rees, G. (eds) Emerging waterborne pathogens: zoonosis and drinking water , IWA publishing, London, for the World Health Organization.
McBride, G.B., Chapra, S.C. (in press) Approximate delta method for rapid calculation of stream reaeration, primary production and respiration. Journal of Environmental Engineering.
McBride, G.B., McWhirter, J.L., Dalgety, M.H. (2003) Uncertainty in most probable number calculations for microbiological assays. Journal of AOAC International 86: 1084–1088.
McDowell, R.W., Wilcock, R.J. (in press) Phosphorus transport via flocculation and aggregates within stream flow of an agricultural catchment. Journal of Environmental Quality
McQueen, J., Clarkson, B. D., Burns, B., MacGibbon, R., Smuts-Kennedy, C., Collier, K. (2004) An ecological restoration plan for Maungatautari. Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Research, University of Waikato.
Meleason, M. A., Quinn, J. M. (2004) Influence of riparian buffer width on air temperature at Whangapoua Forest, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. Forest Ecology and Management 191: 365-371.
Nagels J.W., Davies-Colley, R.J. (2003) Improved Optical Water Quality in The Waikato River Following Upgrade of the Kraft Mill at Kinleith. Chapter 2.8 in Environmental Impacts of Pulp and Paper Waste Streams . Stuthridge, T.E., van den Heuval, M.R., Marvin, A.A., Slade, A.H., Gifford, J. (eds). Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), pp 188-197.
Nevill, J., Phillips, N. (eds) (2004) The Australian Freshwater Protected Area Resourcebook – the policy, role and importance of protected areas for Australian inland aquatic ecosystems. 55
Australian Society for Limnology Representative Reserves Working Group. OnlyOnePlanet Australia, Hampton, Melbourne.
Parkyn, S.M., Collier, K.J. (in press) Interaction of press and pulse disturbance on crayfish populations: flood impacts in pasture and forest streams, Hydrobiologia
Parkyn, S.M, Wilcock, R.J. (2004) Impacts of Agricultural Land Use. In: Harding, J.S. et al.(eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . NZ Hydrological Society and NZ Limnological Society, Christchurch. Pp 34.1-34.16.
Parkyn, S.M., Wright-Stow, A., Quinn, J.M. (2003) Photo Survey: do people like riparian management on farm streams? Water & Atmosphere 11: 20-21.
Parkyn, S.M., Davies-Colley, R.J. (2003) Riparian management – how well are we doing? Water & Atmosphere 11: 15-17.
Parkyn, S.M., Davies-Colley, R., Halliday, N.J., Costley, K.J., Croker, G.F. (2003) Planted riparian buffer zones in New Zealand: do they live up to expectations? Restoration Ecology 11: 436-447.
Quinn, J.M., Boothroyd, I.K.G., Smith, B.J. (2004) Riparian buffers mitigate effects of pine plantation logging on New Zealand streams: 2. Invertebrate communities. Forest Ecology and Management 191 : 129-146.
Quinn, J.M., Rowe, D.K., Boothroyd, I.K.G., Langer, E.R.L. (2004) Riparian buffers protect streams from impacts of pine plantation logging. In: Lowrance, R. (ed.) Riparian Ecosystems and Buffers: Multi-scale Structures, Function, and Management . Squaw Creek, Olympic Valley, California, 28-30 June 2004.
Quinn, J. (2003) A new riparian management tool. Water Resources Update 4: 4.
Quinn, J.M. (2003) Effects of land use and pine forest logging on stream nutrients at Purukohukohu, Central North Island. In: Miller, N.C., Miller, E.M. (eds) Proceedings and Report Rotorua Lakes (2003) Practical Management for Good Lake Water Quality, Rotorua, pp. 149- 157.
Reeves, P.N., Champion, P.D. (2004) Effects of livestock grazing on wetlands: literature review. NIWA Client Report HAM2004-059. www.wetlandtrust.org.nz/documents/grazing.pdf
Reeves, P.N., Collier, K.J., Suren, A.M. (2004) Aquatic and riparian vegetation of rivers and streams. In: Harding, J. (et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand , NZ Limnological Society and NZ Hydrological Society, Christchurch.
Rowe, D.K., Dean T., Williams, E., Smith, J. (2003). Effects of turbidity on the ability of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , to feed on limnetic and benthic prey in laboratory tanks. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37: 45-52.
Rowe, D.K., Graynoth, E., James, G., Taylor, M., Hawke, L. (2003). Influence of turbidity and fluctuating lake levels on the abundance and depth distribution of small benthic fish in alpine, New Zealand lakes. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 12: 216-227. 56
Rowe, D.K., Smith, J.P. (2003) Use of instream cover types by adult banded kokopu ( Galaxias fasciatus Gray) in Coromandel streams . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37 : 541-552.
Rowe, D.K., Taumoepeau, A. (2004) Decline of common smelt ( Retropinna retropinna ) in turbid, eutrophic lakes in the North Island of New Zealand. Hydrobiologia 523: 149-158.
Scarsbrook, M.R., McBride, C.G., McBride, G.B., Bryers, G.G. (2003) Effects of climate variability on rivers: consequences for long term water quality datasets. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39: 1435–1447 (errata in vol. 40(2): 544).
Sorrel, B.K., Reeves, P.N., Clarkson, B.R. (2004) Wetland management and restoration. In: Harding, J. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand. NZ Limnological Society and NZ Hydrological Society, Christchurch. pp. 40.1-40.12.
Tanner, C.C. (in press) Nitrogen removal processes in constructed wetlands. In: Wong, M. (ed.) Wetland Systems in Asia: Function and Management . Elsevier Publishing.
Tanner, C.C., Kadlec, R.H. (2003) Oxygen flux implications of observed nitrogen removal rates in subsurface-flow treatment wetlands. Water Science and Technology 48: 191-198.
Tanner, C.C., Nguyen, M.L., Sukias, J.P.S. (2003) Using constructed wetlands to treat subsurface drainage from intensively grazed dairy pastures in New Zealand. Water Science and Technology 48: 207-213.
Tanner, C.C., Nguyen, M.L., Sukias, J.P.S. (in press) Nutrient removal by a constructed wetland treating subsurface drainage from grazed dairy pasture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Tanner, C.C., Sukias, J.P.S. (2003) Linking pond and wetland treatment: performance of domestic and farm systems in New Zealand. Water Science and Technology 48: 331–339.
Till, D.G., McBride, G.B. (in press) Potential public health risk of Campylobacter and other zoonotic waterborne infections in New Zealand. Chapter 5.4 In: Bartram, J., Cliver, D., Cotruvo, J., Dufour, A., Fayer, R., Rees, G. (eds) Emerging waterborne pathogens: zoonosis and drinking water , IWA publishing, London, for the World Health Organization.
Wilcock, R.J., Croker, G.F. (2003) Distribution of carbon between sediment and water in macrophyte dominated lowland streams. Hydrobiologia 520: 143-152.
Wilcock, R.J., Scarsbrook, M.R., Cooke, J.G., Costley, K.J., Nagels J.W. (2004) Shade and flow effects on ammonia uptake in macrophyte-rich streams: implications for water quality. Environmental Pollution 132: 95-100.
Winterbourn, M.J., Wright-Stow, A.E. (2003) Depth distribution of stream invertebrates in the hyporheic zone: diel and life history effects. New Zealand Journal of Natural Sciences 27 :15-26 .
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Wright-Stow, A.E., Winterbourn, M.J.(2003) How well do New Zealand’s steam monitoring indicators, the Macroinvertebrate Community Index and its quantitative variant, correspond? New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37 : 461-470 .
Thesis
Blackett P.E. (2004) Biophysical and institutional challenges to management of dairy shed effluent and stream management practices on New Zealand dairy farms. PhD thesis, University of Auckland.
NIWA Christchurch Beentjes, M.P.; Jellyman, D.J. (2003) Enhanced growth of longfin eels, Anguilla dieffenbachii , transplanted into Lake Hawea, a high country lake in South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37: 1-11.
Beentjes, M.P.; Jellyman, D.J. (in press) The effect of commercial fishing on species composition, size structure, and sex distribution of New Zealand eels ( Anguilla dieffenbachii and A. australis ). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research.
Biggs, B.J.F.; Kilroy, C. (2004) Periphyton. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand. Christchurch, N.Z., New Zealand Hydrological Society, New Zealand Limnological Society. Pp. 15.1-15.21.
Biggs, B.J.F.; Nikora, V.I.; Snelder, T. (in press) Linking scales of flow variability to lotic ecosystem structure and function. River Research and Application.
Broad, T. L.; Townsend, C. R.; Jellyman, D. J. (in press) A model to predict the presence of longfinned eels ( Anguilla dieffenbachii ) in the Taieri River, with particular reference to riparian vegetation and elevation. Journal of Fish Biology.
Clausen, B.; Jowett, I.G.; Biggs, B.J.F.; Moeslund, B. (in press) Stream ecology and flow management. Chapter 10. In: Low flows and Droughts and Ecology , Elsevier Science B.V., The Netherlands. Compton, J.E.; Church, M.R.; Larned, S.T.; Hogsett, W.E. (2003) Nitrogen export from forested watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range: The role of N2-fixing red alder. Ecosystems 6: 773-785.
Duncan, M.J.; Woods, R.A. (2004) Flow regimes. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . Christchurch, N.Z., New Zealand Hydrological Society, New Zealand Limnological Society. Pp. 7.1-7.14.
Fahey, B.D.; Duncan, M.J.; Quinn, J.M. (2004) Impacts of forestry. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds ) Freshwaters of New Zealand . Christchurch, N.Z., New Zealand Hydrological Society, New Zealand Limnological Society. Pp. 33.1-33.16.
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Feunteun, E.; Aoyama, J.; Casamajor, M.N.; Dumont, P.; Laffaille, P.; Jellyman, D.J. (in press) Eels, ( Anguilla spp.): commercially important catadromous fish. In: Steele, J.H. (ed.) . Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Academic Press.
Graynoth, E.; Niven, K. (2004) Habitat for female longfinned eels in the West Coast and Southland, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand. Dept. of Conservation, 33 p.
Graynoth, E.; Taylor, M.J. (2004) Growth of juvenile eels ( Anguilla spp.) in lowland streams in New Zealand. Fisheries Research 66: 95-106.
Graynoth, E. (in press) Influence of different rations and water temperatures on the growth rates of shortfinned eels ( Anguilla australis ) and longfinned eel ( A. dieffenbachii ). Journal of Fish Biology.
Hicks, B.J.; Glova, G.J.; Duncan, M.J. (2004) Forestry interactions-New Zealand. In: Northcote, T.G.; Hartman, G.F. (eds) Fishes and Forestry: Worldwide Watershed interactions and Management. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific.
Holomuzki, J.R.; Biggs, B.J.F. (2003) Sediment texture mediates high-flow effects on lotic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 22: 542-553.
Howard-Williams, C. (2004) New Zealand's freshwater environments: science issues, limits and progress. Proceedings of Fresh Water New Zealand: problems, processes and priorities, 12-30. Royal Society of New Zealand.
Hoyle, S.D.; Jellyman, D.J. (in press) Longfin eels need reserves: modelling the impacts of commercial harvest on stocks of New Zealand eels. Marine & Freshwater Research . Jellyman, D.J. (2003) The distribution and biology of the South Pacific species of Anguilla . In: Aida, K. et al. (eds) . Eel Biology . Tokyo, Japan, Springer. Pp. 275-292.
Jellyman, D.J.; Bonnett, M.L.; Sykes, J.R.E. (2003) Contrasting use of daytime habitat by two species of freshwater eel ( Anguilla spp.) in New Zealand rivers. Biology, Management and Protection of Catadromous Eels , St. Louis, MO (USA), 63-78. Jellyman, D. J.; Lambert, P. W. (2003) Factors affecting recruitment of glass eels into the Grey River, New Zealand. Journal of Fish Biology 63: 1067-1079.
Jellyman, D. J.; Lambert, P. W. (2004) Periodicity of recruitment of glass eels ( Anguilla spp.) into the Grey River, New Zealand. Journal of Fish Biology 63L: 1067-1079.
Jowett, I.G.; Biggs, B.J.F. (2004) The effectiveness of habitat-based minimum flow assessments. Pp 695–702 of Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Ecohydraulics: Aquatic Habitats – analysis and restoration . Published by the International Association of Hydraulics Research, Paeso Bajo Virgen del Puerto 3, 28005, Spain.
Kelly, D.J.; Bothwell, M.L.; Schindler, D.W. (2003) Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on stream benthic communities: an intersite comparison. Ecology 84: 2724-2740.
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Kelly, D.J.; McDowall, R.M. (2004) Littoral invertebrate and fish communities. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) . Freshwaters of New Zealand. Christchurch, N.Z., New Zealand Hydrological Society, New Zealand Limnological Society. Pp. 25.1-25.14.
Kilroy, C.; Sabbe, K.; Bergey, E.A.; Vyverman, W.; Lowe, R.L. (2003) New species of Fragilariforma (Bacillariophyceae) from New Zealand and Tasmania. New Zealand Journal of Botany 41: 535-554.
Larned, S.T.; Scarsbrook, M.R.; Snelder, T.H.; Norton, N.J.; Biggs, B.J.F. (2004) Water quality in low-elevation streams and rivers of New Zealand: recent state and trends in contrasting land- cover classes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38: 347-366.
Larned, S.T.; Biggs, B.J.F.; Riis, T. (in press) Predicting Effects of a proposed power development on periphyton and macrophytes in a braided gravel-bed river, South Island, New Zealand. Proceedings of WaterPower XIII, Buffalo, New York, USA.
McDowall, R.M. (2003) Shads and diadromy: implications for ecology, evolution and biogeography. In : Biodiversity, Status, and Conservation of the World's Shads. American Fisheries Society Symposium 35 . Bethesda, American Fisheries Society. Pp. 11-23.
McDowall, R.M. (2003) What is killing the kakahi? New Zealand Geographic 65: 16-17.
McDowall, R.M. (2003) Protocols for enumerating the principal caudal rays of fishes. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 30: 259-261.
McDowall, R.M. (2003) The new relatives of whitebait. Forest and Bird 310: 18-20.
McDowall, R.M. (2003) In defence of the caring male. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 610- 611.
McDowall, R.M. (2003) Hawaiian biogeography and the islands' freshwater fish fauna. Journal of Biogeography 30: 703-710.
McDowall, R.M.; Hewitt, J.E. (2004) Attempts to distinguish morphotypes in the Canterbury- Otago non-migratory Galaxias species complex. DOC Science Internal Series 165 . 165. Dept. of Conservation 18 p.
McDowall, R.M.; Waters, J.M. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships in a small group of diminutive galaxiid fishes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 34: 23-57.
McDowall, R.M. (in press): Identity of the Smith of Galaxias smithi . Falkland Islands Journal.
McDowell, R.W.; Biggs, B.J.F.; Sharpley, A.N.; Nguyen, L. (2004) Connecting phosphorus loss from agricultural landscapes to surface water quality. Chemistry and Ecology 20: 1-40.
McKerchar, A.I.; Henderson, R.D. (2003) Shifts in flood and low-flow regimes in New Zealand due to interdecadal climate variations. Hydrological Sciences Journal 48: 637-654. 60
Nikora, V.I.; Aberle, J.; Biggs, B.J.F.; Jowett, I.G.; Sykes, J.R.E. (2003) Effects of fish size, time- to-fatigue and turbulence of swimming performance: a case study of the New Zealand native fish Galaxias maculatus . Journal of Fish Biology 63: 1365-1382.
Nikora, V.I.; Aberle, J.; Jowett, I.G.; Biggs, B.J.F.; Sykes, J.R.E. (2003) On turbulence effects on fish swimming performance: a case study of the New Zealand native fish Galaxias maculatus (inanga). In : ed . Proceedings of XXX IAHR Congress, Inland Waters: Research, Engineering, and Management. 2. Thessaloniki, Greece. Pp. 425-432.
Nikora, V.I.; Larned, S.T.; Biggs, B.J.F. (2003) Hydrodynamic effects in aquatic ecosystems with a focus on periphyton. Recent Research Developments in Fluid Dynamics 4: 41-70.
Nikora, V.I.; Larned, S.T.; Biggs, B.J.F. (2004) Periphyton – flow interactions and mass-transfer- uptake processes. Pp 1141 – 1143 of Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Ecohydraulics: Aquatic Habitats – analysis and restoration. Published by the International Association of Hydraulics Research, Paeso Bajo Virgen del Puerto 3, 28005, Spain.
Pearson, C. P.; Henderson, R.D. (2004) Floods and low flows. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . Christchurch, N.Z., New Zealand Hydrological Society, New Zealand Limnological Society. Pp. 10.1-10.16.
Rae, R.; Howard-Williams, C.; Hawes, I.; Schwarz, A-M.J.; Vincent, W.F. (2001) Penetration of solar ultraviolet radiation into New Zealand lakes: influence of dissolved organic carbon and catchment vegetation. Limnology 2: 79-89.
Riis, T.; Biggs, B.J.F. (2003) Hydrologic and hydraulic control of macrophyte establishment and performance in streams. Limnology and Oceanography 48: 1488-1497.
Riis, T.; Biggs, B. J.F.; Flanagan,M. (2003) Seasonal changes in macrophyte biomass in South Island lowland streams, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37: 381-388.
Riis, T.; Biggs,B.J.F.; Flanagan, M. (2004) Colonisation and temporal dynamics of macrophytes in artificial stream channels with contrasting flow regimes. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 159: 77-97.
Riis, T.; Biggs, B.J.F. (2003) Stream vegetation and flow regimes. Water and Atmosphere 11(1):18-20.
Shiao, J-C.; Tzeng, W-N.; Collins, A.; Jellyman, D.J. (in press) The larval dispersal pattern of Australasian shortfinned eel Anguilla australis as revealed by otolith growth increments. Marine Ecology Progress Series.
Simon, K.S.; Townsend, C.R.; Biggs, B.J.F.; Bowden, W.B.; Frew, R.D. (2004) Habitat-specific nitrogen dynamics in New Zealand streams containing native or invasive fish. Ecosystems 7: 1- 16.
Snelder, T.H.; Biggs, B.J.F.; Weatherhead, M.A. (2004) Nutrient concentration criteria and characterization of patterns in trophic state for rivers in heterogeneous landscapes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40: 1-13. 61
Snelder, T.; Biggs, B.J.F.; Weatherhead, M. (2004) River Environment Classification User Manual. Published by the Ministry for Environment, Wellington, NZ. 145pp.
Snelder, T.H.; Cattaneo, F.; Suren, A.M.; Biggs, B.J.F. (2004) Is the River Environment Classification an improved landscape-scale classification of rivers? Journal of the North American Benthological Society 23:580-598
Sorrell, B.K. (2004) Regulation of root anaerobiosis and carbon translocation by light and root aeration in Isoetes alpinus . Plant Cell & Environment 27 : 1102-1111.
Sorrell, B.K.; Downes, M.T. (2004) Water velocity and irradiance effects on internal transport and metabolism of methane in submerged Isoetes alpinus and Potamogeton crispus . Aquatic Botany 79: 189-202.
Sorrell, B.K.; Gerbeaux, P. (2004) Wetland ecosystems. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . Christchurch, N.Z., New Zealand Hydrological Society, New Zealand Limnological Society. Pp. 28.1-28.15.
Sorrell, B.K.; Reeves, P.N.; Clarkson, B.R. (2004) Wetland management and restoration. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) . Freshwaters of New Zealand . Christchurch, N.Z., New Zealand Hydrological Society, New Zealand Limnological Society. Pp. 40.1-40.12.
Suren, A.M.; Elliott, S.H. (2004) Impacts of urbanisation on streams. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand . Christchurch, N.Z., New Zealand Hydrological Society, New Zealand Limnological Society. Pp. 35.1-35.17.
Suren, A.M.; McMurtrie, S. A.; O'Brien, L.K. (2004) River restoration. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) . Freshwaters of New Zealand . Christchurch, N.Z., New Zealand Hydrological Society, New Zealand Limnological Society. Pp. 38.1-38.20.
Suren, A.M.; Riis, T.; Biggs, B.J.F.; McMurtrie, S.; Barker, R.J. (in press) Assessing the effectiveness of enhancement activities in urban streams: I. Habitat responses. River Research and Application.
Suren, AM.; Riis, T.; Biggs, B.J.F.; McMurtrie, S.; Barker, R.J. (in press) Assessing the effectiveness of enhancement activities in urban streams: II. Responses of invertebrate communities. River Research and Application.
Vincent, W.F.; Mueller, D.; Van Hove, P.; Howard-Williams, C. (2004) Glacial periods on early Earth and implications for the evolution of life. In: Seckbach, J. (ed.) Origins: Genesis, Evolution and Diversity of Lif e. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic. Pp. 481- 501.
Welch, E.B.; Anderson, E.L.; Jacoby, J.M.; Biggs, B.J.F.; Quinn, J.M. (in press) Invertebrate grazing of filamentous algae in outside channels. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie.
Woods, R.A.; Howard-Williams, C. (2004) Advances in freshwater science and management. In: Harding, J.S. et al. (eds) . Freshwaters of New Zealand. Christchurch, N.Z., New Zealand Hydrological Society, New Zealand Limnological Society. Pp. 1.1-1.19. 62
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