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ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. REVOLUTIONISING LANDSCAPES: HYDROELECTRICITY AND THE HEAVY INDUSTRIALISATION OF SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE COMTE DE BEAUHARNOIS, 1927-1948 By Louis-Raphael Pelletier, B.A. (specialise), M.A. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario 19 July 2005 © Copyright 2005, Louis-Raphael Pelletier Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 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The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be includedBien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i * i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Department of History recommends to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research acceptance of the thesis REVOLUTIONISING LANDSCAPES: HYDROELECTRICITY AND THE HEAVY INDUSTRIALISATION OF SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE COMTE DE BEAUHARNOIS, 1927-1948 submitted by Louis-Raphael Pelletier, B.A. (specialise), M.A. in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy A.B. McKillop Chair of the Department of History Dominique Marshall, Thesis Supervisor Joy Parr, University of Western Ontario, External Examiner Department of History Carleton University 29 September 2005 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ii Je dedie cette these a Roger Pelletier, Jeanne Lepetitcorps Marcel Cadrin et Marguerite Bertrand, Christine Cadrin-Pelletier et Jean-Pierre Pelletier, Iolande Cadrin-Rossignol, Jean-Frangois Beaudin, Fernand Dansereau, Therese Cadrin- Petit, Rene Petit, Paul Cadrin et Christiane Poirier, Frangois-Nicolas Pelletier et Catherine Boucher Mes Grands-parents ont cru qu’il fallait etre genereux envers son prochain et valorisaient le savoir Mes parents que la nature est belle, qu’il fallait etre socialement responsable et fier de son peuple Mes tantes et mes oncles qu’on peut adorer les enfants et leur parler de choses savantes Mon frere et ma belle-sceur qu’on peut debattre dans le but d’elever l’interlocuteur J ’essaie de vivre selon ces valeurs. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This dissertation analyses the rapid industrialisation of the rural Comte de Beauharnois and the adjacent stretch of the Fleuve Saint-Laurent owing to the construction, between 1929 and 1948, of a gigantic canal for hydroelectricity production and navigation by an electricity corporation called the Beauharnois Light Heat and Power (BLH&P). Using principally the archives of the BLH&P - especially its complaints files and its rich photographic record -, this thesis argues that this process exemplifies the finance capitalist reorganisation of the society and ecosystems of the Canadian province of Quebec from the 19th century to the Great Depression. In keeping with recent work in environmental history, the transformation of rural landscapes and a river for heavy industry is described as an important dimension of a revolution in modes of production. More specifically, I argue that, in the case under study, the finance-capitalist reorganisation of Quebec revolved around two central and explicit projects, one social and the other environmental: the grouping of most individuals in an industrial working class without control over the means of production and the reorganisation of rural landscapes into reservoirs of modern energy and industrial natural resources. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my supervisor, Dominique Marshall, for her sustained and active interest in my doctoral studies from the very beginning to the end. I have also met very good professors in the Department of History at Carleton University. David Dean and Kerry Abel, generously supported my project through special graduate seminars. Members of the Montreal History Group were my main sounding-board during my studies. Many of them read early drafts of my thesis and gave me precious comments, critics, and suggestions. In particular, I wish to thank Sue Morton, Magda Fahrni, and Sean Mills. I had important discussions with Colin Duncan, Darcy Ingram and Dan Rueck about environmental history in general. Many people revised sections of the final version of my thesis. These people have been especially important because I had written exclusively in French before this doctoral dissertation. In addition to Sue, Magda, Sean, and Dan, I want to thank Mary Anne Poutanen, Don Fyson, PeTre Brunnemer, and Liza Piper. Finally, I express my gratitude toward people who haven’t followed my research closely but who have influenced me and provided me with their support over the last six years. Thank you to Michel Ducharme, Marie-Eve Harbec, Denyse Baillargeon, Karine Hebert, Brian Young, Vadim Koukouchkine, and Rebecca Addell. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS D e d ic a c e ii A b s t r a c t iii A cknowledgement iv T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s v Lis t o f F ig u r es viii L is t o f A ppe n d ic e s ix Introduction : H ydroelectricity a n d t h e R e s h a p in g o f a R u r a l L a n d s c a p e 1. Object of this Dissertation 1 2. Strengths and Limits of the Sources: The BLH&P Fonds and Secondary Litterature 5 3. Organisation 12 4. Linguistic Remarks 15 C h a pt e r 1: C u l t u r e a n d t h e H u m a n it y o f L a n d s c a p e s 1. Propositions for a Culturally Oriented Environmental History n 17 2. Consequences of this orientation 20 3. Cultural Landscapes 23 4. Can Landscapes be Viewed Separately from Humans? 31 C h a pt e r 2: P ea sa n t s a n d C a p it a l is t s : t h e C ohabitation , C o m p e t it io n , a n d D e c l in e o f M o d e s o f P r o d u c t io n in Q u e b e c , 19 '"-20"1 C en tu r ies 1. Introduction 33 2. General Characteristics of Capitalism 37 3. Class Structure in Quebec, 1920-1940 40 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vi C h a p t e r 3 : “ [A] r e s e r v o ir o f E n g l is h a n d F r e n c h y o u n g m en AND WOMEN WELL SUITED TEMPERAMENTALLY TO INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT”: E xpropriation a n d t h e F o r c in g o f Q u e b e c Agriculteurs in to W a g e L a b o u r 1.
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