Minimal Contrast and the Phonology-Phonetics

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 MINIMAL CONTRAST AND PHONETIC PATTERNS CHAPTER 3 REPRESENTATION OF MINIMAL CONTRAST AND THE PHONOLOGY-PHONETICS INTERACTION

CHAPTER 4 MINIMAL CONTRAST AND PHONOLOGICAL PHENOMENA

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

ɡ]

ABSTRACT

contrast-coindexing function

contrast-coindexing

ontrast-coindexing

contrast-coindexing

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

contrast- coindexing function

minimal contrast

1.1.1 The influence of minimal contrast on phonetic patterns

iʃ iɡʒ

1.1.2 The role of minimal contrast in phonology

[ɡ é ɡá

í é

úʃ óʃ

1.1.3 Representation of minimal contrast

contrast-coindexing Contrast-coindexing

contrast-coindexed

ad vs. aːːːd

i vs. iːːː

u vs. uːːː

contrast-coindexing

GEN Contrast coindexing EVAL

1.1.4 A model of the phonology-phonetics interaction

Mapping of phonological representation

1.2 Theoretical background

1.2.1 Distinction between phonology and phonetics

permission S .

miss you .

¯ ¯

N Nl

¯ ¯l

1.2.2 Optimality Theory

1.3 Organization of the thesis

CHAPTER 2

MINIMAL CONTRAST AND PHONETIC PATTERNS

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Phonological contrast and phonetic effects: previous findings

2.2.1 Contrast and coarticulation

2.2.1.1 Overview

2.2.1.2 Nasal contrast and nasalization

2.2.1.3 C-to-Vcoarticulation and back-front contrast

2.2.2 Cues to stress and phonemic vowel length

2.3. Case Study: Lithuanian phonemic vowel length and the voicing effect

2.3.1 Introduction

unpaired

2.3.2 Lithuanian background and hypothesis

i ː u ː I ː ʊ ː Mid eː (/o/) ː Mid eː ([ɔ]) ː Q Qː ɑ ɑː Qː ɑː

eː

(/ /)

Qː ɑː a [EEE]

»AAAː vs. a»ʊ

»QQQː vs. EEE»E ʊ

»a ɪ vs. »ɑɑɑːɑ

»ɪɪɪ ɪ vs. »iː

»ʊʊʊ ʃɛ vs. »uː ɪ

» ɛɛɛ ʒ vs. » æææːæ ɪ]

ɪ ʊ ɛ ɑː, iː, uː,

æː],

i ː u ː QQː ɑɑː

Qː

ː ː

eː

ɡ S Z S dZ ʋ

eː

ː ː

ɔ/

2.3.3 Methodology

2.3.3.1 Stimuli

i, Q, ɑ , o, u/ I, E, a, ɔ, ʊ ]

ė@ː eː Qː ɑː ː ː

ːːQː ɑː ː ː˜

Z ɡZ

Voiced condition Voiceless condition ːSa ːɡ Za ːSa ːɡ Za QːSa Qːɡ Za Long vowels ːSa ːɡ Za ːSa ːɡ Za ɑː Sa ɑːɡ Za ISa IɡZa ESa EɡZa Short ʊSa ʊɡ Za vowels ɔSa ɔɡ Za Sa ɡZa

2.3.3.2 Subjects and recording

2.3.3.3 Analysis

2.3.4 Results

ːːQː ɑː ː ː I, E, a, ɔ, ʊ]),

2.3.4.1 Length effect

2.3.4.2 Vowel quality effect

ːI QːE ɑː a ːɔ,

ːʊ]),

ː Q ː ːE

All speakers AV JG LV RK VP ɑː a n.s. QːE n.s. ːɔ n.s. n.s. ːI n.s. ːʊ ːE ː Q ː

200

160

120

vowel duration (ms) 40

0 ɪ i ː e ː ε Qː a Aː ɔ o ː ʊ u ː

ːɔ]

ː E Qː

ːː Qː

2.3.4.3 Stopvoicing effect

ɡ]

160

120 before g 80 before k

40 vowel duration (ms) vowel duration

0 AV JG RK VP LV speakers

2.3.4.4 Vowel quality and stop interaction

ː I ː Qː

ɑː ː ɔ E a, ː ʊ]

ɛ ʊ ː ɔ æː ɪ ː ɑː ː eː

[ ː]

E a, ː ʊ]. aaa I EEE ʊʊʊ ː ɑː u: Qː ɔ.

ɛ ʊ ː ɔ æː ɪ ː ɑː ː eː

35 30 25

15 10 Duration diff. (ms) Duration 5

0 A Aː Q Qː o o ː u u ː i i ː eː

[e ː]

Vowels compared Statistical significance Mean difference (ms.) ː ː ɑː ː E ː Q ː ː I ːː ː ɔ ːː ː ʊ ːː

[e ː]

[eː]

2.3.5 Discussion

ːI QːE ɑː a ːɔ,

ːʊ]

ː ː

ç ː

2.4 Summary

i ː u/ ː Q Qː ɑ ɑː

ː ː contrast-coindexing

CHAPTER 3

REPRESENTATION OF MINIMAL CONTRAST AND

THE PHONOLOGY-PHONETICS INTERACTION

3.1 Introduction

contrast-coindexing

3.2. Analysis of Lithuanian inventory

3.2.1 Dispersion Theory of Contrast

3.2.1.1 Systemic approach

Input: Output:

3.2.1.2 Maximize number of contrasts

MaintainContrast

3.2.1.3 Maximize distinctiveness of contrasts

Space for each element = 1/4 1/3 1/2 1

# of Contrasts = 4-way 3-way 2-way no contrast

sets

E Q Q Q

3.2.2 Dispersion Theory and Lithuanian inventory

i ː u ː ː ː Q Qː ɑ ɑː

ː ː ɑː ː ɑː ː ː ː ɔː ɑː

ˆ ˆ

i ː ː æ pæː i ː ː æ pæː i ː æ pæː i æ i æ ː ː æː ː ː

ː ː

Q Qː A Aː

3.3 Representation of minimal contrast

3.3.1 Introduction

Contrast-Coindexing of minimally contrastive segments

3.3.2 Contrast-Coindexing function

3.3.2.1 Definition

contrast-coindexing

∈ ∈

GEN Contrast coindexing EVAL

ː ː

b b

d ːd

3.3.2.2 Minimal pair identification

minimal pairs

∈ ∈

ɑː ɑɑɑːɑ vs. ɑː uː

ɑː ɑɑɑːɑ vs. ɑː eː

ɑː ː ɑː ː

ɑː

ɑː ː

3.3.2.3 Illustration

IIIʃ vs. iːːː yes Id ːd

EEEʃ vs. QQQːːːʃ yes EdʃQːdʃ

UUUʃ vs. uːːːʃ yes Udʃ ːdʃ

aʃ vs. AAAːːːʃ yes dʃAːdʃ

IIIʃ vs. EEEʃ yes IhʃEhʃ

iːːːʃ vs. eːːːʃ yes ːhʃ ːhʃ

eːːːʃ vs. QQQːːːʃ yes ːhʃQːhʃ

UUUʃ vs. aʃ yes Uhʃ hʃ

uːːːʃ vs. oːːːʃ yes ːhʃ ːhʃ

oːːːʃ vs. AAAːːːʃ yes ːhʃAːhʃ

IIIʃ vs. UUUʃ yes IbʃUbʃ

iːːːʃ vs. uːːːʃ yes ːbʃ ːbʃ

eːːːʃ vs. oːːːʃ yes ːbʃ ːbʃ

EEEʃ vs. aʃ yes Ebʃ bʃ

QQQːːːʃ vs. AAAːːːʃ yes QːbʃAːbʃ

Id/h/b ʃ ːd/h/b ʃ Ud/h/b ʃ ːd/h/b ʃ

ːh/b ʃ ːh/b ʃ

Ed/h/b ʃ Qːd/h/b ʃ d/h/b ʃ Aːd/h/b ʃ

color

ː ː

3.3.2.4 Proposed architecture

GEN Contrast coindexing EVAL

Harmonic Bounding through CON

GEN Harmonic Bounding Contrast coindexing EVAL through CON

easy

hard

3.3.2.5 Consequences of contrast-coindexing

l ɭɭɭaɭ

d ÍÍÍ

ɲɡija/ [lɲɡija~ɭɭɭɭɲɡija]

d ÍÍÍ

3.4 Dimensions of contrast

˘ ˘

only

ə ə æ ɑ æ, ɑ +

æ/

æ/ ɑ

ɯ ø

br br ɯbr br

bágrit’ bagrít’

lexical accent

hási hasí

¤ & $ È

3.5 The phonology-phonetics interaction

3.5.1 Phonetic patterns and minimal contrast

minimal

3.5.2 A model for the phonology-phonetics interaction

influencers

3.6 Alternative: Moraic representation of length

ː ː

Aː Qː

ː ː

3.7 Summary

CHAPTER 4

MINIMAL CONTRAST AND PHONOLOGICAL PHENOMENA

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Case studies: Vowel height harmony in Romance varieties

4.2.1 Introduction

ú ó

4.2.2 Lena vowel height harmony

4.2.2.1 Data and main facts

masc. sg. fem. sg. masc. pl. gloss

ú ó ó

í é é

é á á

masc. sg. fem. sg. masc. pl. gloss

í í í

ú ʃ ú ʃ ú ʃ

masc. sg. fem. sg. masc. pl. gloss

éʃa ʃ ʃ

éa

ga í g g

masc. sg. fem. sg. masc. pl. gloss

úi ói ói

áu

é u

éu

4.2.2.2 Lena inflectional vowel inventory

/e/ [i/e]

masc. sg. mass gloss

u o

ʃu ʃo

u o

ʃi ʃes ] glasses of milk

i es í

4.2.2.3 Possible triggers of harmony in Lena

é i e

á i

é i é

4.2.3 Vowel harmony in related varieties from northwestern Spain

4.2.3.1 Aller Asturian

masc.sg. pl. gloss

í é

íʃ éʃ

imperative present gloss

i e

imperative present gloss

é á

ú ó

4.2.3.2 Western Asturian

Western Asturian Lena gloss

ʃó ʃú

éʃ íʃ

4.2.3.3 Eastern Asturian

Eastern Asturian Lena gloss

á é

ʃó ʃú

4.2.3.4 Cantabrian Montañes

msc.sg. mass fem.sg. gloss

í é é

ɡú ɡó ɡó

4.2.3.5 Summary of vowel harmony typology

4.2.4 Analysis of Lena vowel harmony

4.2.4.1 Arguments against a morphological analysis

4.2.4.2. Contrast-coindexing and the Lena vowel inventory

4.2.4.2.1 Contrast-coindexed representation for height

i uh

u o

i o i a

i a

4.2.4.2.2 Contrast-coindexing and morphological structure

i e

4.2.4.3 Lena vowel harmony as licensing of elements in weak positions

4.2.4.3.1 Licensing of elements in weak positions 59

where

è è ó

4.2.4.3.2 Weak positions in Lena

may

ó h

ú h

é í

4.2.5 Conclusion

4.3. Alternative: Underspecification

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.2 Types of Underspecification

4.3.2.1 Radical Underspecification

4.3.2.2 Contrastive Underspecification

4.3.2.3 Modified Contrastive Specification

4.3.2.4 Input underspecification

t d

t t

d d

4.3.2.5 Output Underspecification

4.3.3 Arguments against underspecification

iɡ

ɛŋkɪŋz] ten kings

ʌŋkɪŋz] some kings

dɪvaɪd] divide

dɪvaɪsɪv] divisive

sɑlv] solve ɪzɑlv] dissolve

ɛ ɔ

ɛɛ ɛ

ɛ ɛ

ɛ ɔ [-ATR] a

ee ɛɛɛ-ɔɔɔɔn

dooooɡ-oooooooo-ruuuu dɔɔɔɔɡ-ɔɔɔɔw-ɔɔɔɔn

ee i bɛɛɛɛɛɛɛɛl-ɔɔɔɔn

ɓeeeet-iiiir-dɛ ɓɛɛɛɛt-dɛɛɛɛ

seeeer-duuuu sɛɛɛɛr-ɔɔɔɔn ‘riffle butt & dim. plural’

feeeeyy-uuuu-dɛ fɛɛɛɛyy-aaaa

aɗ-eeeel aɗ-ɔɔɔɔn

diiiill-ɛrɛɛrɛɛrɛɛrɛ

fuuuuy-ɛrɛ

4.3.4 Contrast-coindexing vs. underspecification

4.3.4.1 Optimality Theory and underspecification

parts

4.3.4.2 Differences between contrast-coindexing and underspecification

UNDERSPECIFIED ELEMENTS NON -CONTRAST -COINDEXED ELEMENTS cannot be triggers may be triggers

SPECIFIED ELEMENTS CONTRAST -COINDEXED ELEMENTS will be only triggers may be only triggers

UNDERSPECIFIED ELEMENTS NON -CONTRAST -COINDEXED ELEMENTS SPECIFIED ELEMENTS CONTRAST -COINDEXED ELEMENTS

óa áa

áì áà

4.4 Further cases

NON -CONTRAST -COINDEXED ELEMENTS Prediction Sample language case CONTRAST -COINDEXED ELEMENTS Prediction Sample language case

4.4.1 Gaagudju

ʈ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɭ ɻ

patttta paʈʈʈʈa

wannnnmiri ɳɳɳmalajɳ

pallllapumu paɭɭɭɭapumu

arrrra aɻɻɻɻa

(a) ʈʈʈeeɳ ʈ ɳɳɳmi

ɳɳɳaʈ ɳ ʈʈʈeeɲmar ‘water snake’

(b) nnnaawu n

nnniiɲn ɲɲɲja

kkkoɳk ɳɳɳmu

monttttaɳɳɳɳbu

ʈʈʈeeɳʈ ɳɳɳmi teeɳmi/ R ʈeeɳmi teeɳmi

(b) monttttaɳɳɳɳbu

monttttaɳɳɳɳbu/ R

monʈRRRaɳbu mont RRRaɳbu

4.4.2 Summary

NON -CONTRAST -COINDEXED ELEMENTS CONTRAST -COINDEXED ELEMENTS

NON -CONTRAST - RELEVANT RANKINGS SAMPLE LANGUAGE COINDEXED ELEMENTS

CONTRAST - COINDEXED ELEMENTS

CHAPER 5

CONCLUDING REMARKS

5.1 Further extensions

5.1.1 Allophony and minimal pairs

i h

a i

5.1.2 Contrast-coindexing and OT-Lexical Phonology

weak parallelism

t ts

h h

5.2. Further considerations

5.2.1 Moraic representation of length

5.2.2 Arguments for and against the moraic theory

5.2.2.1 Onset/Coda asymmetry

5.2.2.2 Geminates

5.2.2.3 Moraic consistency

ŋɡ

ŋɡ ŋɡ

ŋɡ

5.2.3 A new look at length contrasts

5.3 Conclusions and issues for further research

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