DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of Northern Uganda Christopher Gerald Dolan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case of Northern Uganda Christopher Gerald Dolan Understanding War and Its Continuation: The Case of Northern Uganda Christopher Gerald Dolan Development Studies Institute London School of Economics & Political Science University of London Submitted for the degree of PhD 2005 Abstract This thesis addresses the question of why, when almost everyone says they wish it would end, suffering such as that in northern Uganda continues. I argue that, contrary to popular presentations, the situation is not primarily one of war between the Lord’s Resistance Army and the Government of Uganda, but instead a form of mass torture, which I call Social Torture. The principal victims are the population within the ‘war zone’, particularly in ‘protected villages’ for the internally displaced, where tactics and symptoms typical of torture, including violation, dread, disorientation, dependency, debilitation and humiliation, are widespread. The most visible perpetrators are the Government and LRA, but a range of less visible actors are also involved, not least donor governments, multi-lateral organisations, academics, churches and NGOs. In many instances these can be regarded as complicit bystanders; like doctors in a torture situation, they appear to be there to ease the suffering of victims, but in reality they enable the process to be prolonged by keeping the victim alive for further abuse. This serves a number of inter- linked economic, political and psychological functions for perpetrators and bystanders alike, and is underpinned by psychological and discursive processes of justification, most importantly the idea that this situation is first and foremost a ‘war’ between the LRA and the Government. In short, in a situation such as northern Uganda, means and ends are inverted: rather than torture being a tactic with which to prosecute war, here war is the guise under which Social Torture is perpetrated. War continues because Social Torture is not addressed. Given that those who in principle have the most power to do so are implicated in Social Torture themselves, the focus has to shift from the intentions of visible perpetrators to the responsibilities of a far wider range of actors. 2 Acknowledgements There is no way to adequately acknowledge the multiple ways in which different people at different times have contributed to this work over its long gestation, and not all of them can or would wish to be named. This includes many people in the ‘protected villages’ who welcomed me, a researcher, with the words ‘go and tell people out there what is happening to us here’. With this piece I am trying to discharge the task you gave me. Among those who can be (and I hope will also wish to be) named, I would include all my colleagues in ACORD Gulu at the time, not least Rosalba Oywa for her moral and practical support, Sunday Abwola for our work with the military, Andrew Olweny for guiding me around Kitgum district, and Christopher Ojera for suggesting that we hold the 1999 conference on research findings in Gulu rather than anywhere else. The Hon. Omwony Ojok I thank both for a number of lengthy conversations and for galvanising numerous people to attend the conference and thereby raise it to another level than that foreseen. For bringing their personal skills, analyses and suggestions to bear on our data collection and methodologies I am indebted to: Latim William, David Okiya, David Okello, Anna Okwir, Odoch Athii, Stella Atim, Jude Ogik, Ongwech Otim Patrick, Kinyera Fred, Alice Jean Ochola, Oola Timothy, Oola Ben, Okwera Santo, Oringa Robert, Opio James, Obol Alex Okot, Oyera Martin Leko, and the late Odoko Amida Martin of Odek. Most particularly, for helping to put the show on the road and keep it running both when I was there and when I was absent, I have only praise and admiration for my colleague and friend, Komakech Charles Okot. For saving my life when malaria was just about to take it in June 1998, I can never say enough thanks to the late Dr Matthew Lukwiya of Lacor Hospital, and similarly to Okello Vincent, who looked after me unstintingly throughout that period. For spending ten days telling me his experiences in the LRA, I shall always remember and respect the late Yakobo Engena. To Father Carlos who has the courage to speak out my thanks also. For back-stopping me from London throughout the fieldwork, many thanks to Judy el Bushra, who subsequently also took the time to read through rough drafts and discuss even rougher ideas. In this regard Niki Kandirikirira and Jeff Handmaker also deserve special mention; nobody does it better. Others who provided ongoing support and encouragement throughout include Judith Large, Barbara Harrell-Bond, Effie Voutira, Faisa Loyaan, Ian Swartz, Shamani Shikwambi and my brother Phil Dolan. Tim Allen provided numerous insights, challenges and suggestions and opened my eyes to a wide range of literature, for which I am deeply thankful, as I am to Thi Minh Ngo for both moral and practical support. Last but by no means least, David Keen has stayed with this project for the long haul and has been, in the deepest sense, an intellectual inspiration to me. 3 Table of Contents 1Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables, Charts & Diagrams......................................................................................... 10 List of Illustrations................................................................................................................... 11 List of Acronyms...................................................................................................................... 13 Map of ‘Protected Villages’ in which fieldwork was conducted ...................................... 15 Chapter 1 - Introduction ......................................................................................................... 16 The Mainstream Discourse of today’s wars..................................................................... 17 Building Blocks of a Counter-narrative............................................................................ 20 Impacts.............................................................................................................................. 26 Actors ................................................................................................................................ 27 Benefits and Functions.................................................................................................... 29 Justifications..................................................................................................................... 30 Elaborating a model of Social Torture .............................................................................. 31 Overview of the thesis ........................................................................................................ 37 Chapter 2: The Research Process ........................................................................................... 42 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 42 Institutional setting.............................................................................................................. 43 Contextual Challenges ........................................................................................................ 44 Conceptual challenges ........................................................................................................ 46 Horizontal segmentation or vertical linkages? ........................................................... 47 Acknowledging Peoples’ Agency ................................................................................. 48 Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................................ 49 Methods adopted................................................................................................................. 50 Composition of the research team ................................................................................ 50 In-depth key informant interviews............................................................................... 54 Audio-visual data............................................................................................................ 56 Media Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 57 4 Research integrated with programming – the use of focus groups ......................... 58 Dealing with findings ..................................................................................................... 59 Discussion and Conclusions .............................................................................................. 62 Subjectivity and Objectivity........................................................................................... 65 Chapter 3 - An overview of the situation in northern Uganda ......................................... 67 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 67 The build-up to war .......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Malaba-Elegul/Nimule
    Northern Corridor Stakeholders Survey September 2013 of Eldoret – Malaba – Elegu/Nimule – Juba Transit Section and South Sudan Consultative Mission The Permanent Secretariat of the Transit Transport Coordination Authority of the Northern Corridor P.O. Box 34068-80118 Mombasa-Kenya Tel: +254 414 470 735 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ttcanc.org Acknowledgements The Permanent Secretariat of the Transit Transport Coordination Authority of the Northern Corridor (NC-TTCA) would like to acknowledge all the public and private sector stakeholders for their contributions towards this survey. We thank the stakeholders consulted for their warm welcome, invaluable insights, information and time. Once again the Secretariat takes this opportunity to thank the Stakeholders who comprised the Survey Team namely; Kenya Revenue Authority, Kenya Ports Authority, Office de Gestion du Fret Multimodal DRC, Kenya National Police Service, South Sudan Chamber of Commerce, Uganda Private Sector Business Representative Mombasa, Kenya International Warehousing and Forwarders Association and the Kenya Transporters Association. Lastly we would like to appreciate the stakeholders who lent a helping hand to the Secretariat in organizing the meetings at the transit nodes during the survey. The Secretariat remains open to correct any errors of fact or interpretation in this document. i Glossary Acronyms: ASYCUDA Automated System for Customs Data C/Agent Customs Agent or Clearing Agent CBTA Cross Border Traders Association CIF Cost Insurance and Freight CFS Container
    [Show full text]
  • Erin's Guide to Gulu
    Edited 10/2019 GHCE Global Health Clinical Elective 2020 GUIDE TO YOUR CLINICAL ELECTIVE IN Gulu, UGANDA Disclaimer: This booklet is provided as a service to UW students going to Gulu, Uganda, based on feedback from previous students. The Global Health Resource Center is not responsible for any inaccuracies or errors in the booklet's contents. Students should use their own common sense and good judgment when traveling, and obtain information from a variety of reliable sources. Please conduct your own research to ensure a safe and satisfactory experience. TABLE OF CONTENTS Contact Information 3 Entry Requirements 5 Country Overview 6 Packing Tips 8 Money 13 Communication 13 Travel to/from Gulu 14 Phrases 16 Food 16 Budgeting 17 Fun 17 Health and Safety Considerations 18 How not to make an ass of yourself 19 Map 21 Cultural Adjustment 24 Guidelines for the Management of Body Fluid Exposure 26 2 CONTACT INFORMATION - U.S. Name Address Telephone Email or Website UW In case of emergency: +1-206-632-0153 www.washington.edu/glob International 1. Notify someone in country (24-hr hotline) alaffairs/emergency/ Emergency # 2. Notify CISI (see below) 3. Call 24-hr hotline [email protected] 4. May call Scott/McKenna [email protected] GHCE Director(s) Dr. Scott +206-473-0392 [email protected] McClelland (Scott, cell) [email protected] 001-254-731- Dr. McKenna 490115 (Scott, Eastment Kenya) GHRC Director Daren Wade Harris Hydraulics +1-206-685-7418 [email protected] (office) Building, Room [email protected] #315 +1-206-685-8519 [email protected] 1510 San Juan (fax) Road Seattle, WA 98195 Insurance CISI 24/7 call center [email protected] available at 888-331- nce.com 8310 (toll-free) or 240-330-1414 (accepts Collect calls) Hall Health Anne Terry, 315 E.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Inclusive Business Models (IBM) for Leveraging Investments and Development in Acholi Sub-Region
    Development of Inclusive Business Models (IBM) for leveraging investments and development in Acholi sub-region Funded by: December 2017 Acknowledgements The authors of this report John Jagwe Ph.D. and Christopher Burke wish to express special thanks to Ms. Susan Toolit Alobo, Martina O’Donaghue and Ian Dolan of Trócaire for the support and feedback rendered in executing this assignment. The authors are also thankful to the respondents interviewed during the course of the research and to the Joint Acholi Sub- Regional Leaders Forum (JASLF) for the constructive inputs made to this work and the Democratic Governance Facility (DGF) for the support necessary to make this research and report possible. ii JASLF/Trócaire – Farmgain IBMs December 2017 Acknowledgement of Authors This report was authored by Dr. John Jagwe and Mr. Christopher Burke of Farmgain Africa Ltd for Trócaire Uganda as part of the overall research project on customary land practices in Acholi iii JASLF/Trócaire – Farmgain IBMs December 2017 Acronyms AAU Amatheon Agri Uganda ACE Area Co-operative Enterprises AVO Assistant Veterinary Officer BAT British America Tobacco DFID Department for International Development FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCV Flue Cured Virgina ha Hectare HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IBM Inclusive Business Model IFAD International Foundation for Agricultural Development IFC International Financial Co-operation Mt Metric tons NUAC Northern Uganda Agricultural Centre NUTEC Northern Uganda
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Health
    UGANDA PROTECTORATE Annual Report of the MINISTRY OF HEALTH For the Year from 1st July, 1960 to 30th June, 1961 Published by Command of His Excellency the Governor CONTENTS Page I. ... ... General ... Review ... 1 Staff ... ... ... ... ... 3 ... ... Visitors ... ... ... 4 ... ... Finance ... ... ... 4 II. Vital ... ... Statistics ... ... 5 III. Public Health— A. General ... ... ... ... 7 B. Food and nutrition ... ... ... 7 C. Communicable diseases ... ... ... 8 (1) Arthropod-borne diseases ... ... 8 (2) Helminthic diseases ... ... ... 10 (3) Direct infections ... ... ... 11 D. Health education ... ... ... 16 E. ... Maternal and child welfare ... 17 F. School hygiene ... ... ... ... 18 G. Environmental hygiene ... ... ... 18 H. Health and welfare of employed persons ... 21 I. International and port hygiene ... ... 21 J. Health of prisoners ... ... ... 22 K. African local governments and municipalities 23 L. Relations with the Buganda Government ... 23 M. Statutory boards and committees ... ... 23 N. Registration of professional persons ... 24 IV. Curative Services— A. Hospitals ... ... ... ... 24 B. Rural medical and health services ... ... 31 C. Ambulances and transport ... ... 33 á UGANDA PROTECTORATE MINISTRY OF HEALTH Annual Report For the year from 1st July, 1960 to 30th June, 1961 I.—GENERAL REVIEW The last report for the Ministry of Health was for an 18-month period. This report, for the first time, coincides with the Government financial year. 2. From the financial point of view the year has again been one of considerable difficulty since, as a result of the Economy Commission Report, it was necessary to restrict the money available for recurrent expenditure to the same level as the previous year. Although an additional sum was available to cover normal increases in salaries, the general effect was that many economies had to in all be made grades of staff; some important vacancies could not be filled, and expansion was out of the question.
    [Show full text]
  • The Project for Community Development for Promoting Return and Resettlement of Idp in Northern Uganda
    OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER AMURU DISTRICT/ NWOYA DISTRICT THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA THE PROJECT FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FOR PROMOTING RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT OF IDP IN NORTHERN UGANDA FINAL REPORT MARCH 2011 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY NTC INTERNATINAL CO., LTD. EID JR 11-048 Uganda Amuru Location Map of Amuru and Nwoya Districts Location Map of the Target Sites PHOTOs Urgent Pilot Project Amuru District: Multipurpose Hall Outside View Inside View Handing over Ceremony (December 21 2010) Amuru District: Water Supply System Installation of Solar Panel Water Storage facility (For solar powered submersible pump) (30,000lt water tank) i Amuru District: Staff house Staff House Local Dance Team at Handing over Ceremony (1 Block has 2 units) (October 27 2010) Pabbo Sub County: Public Hall Outside view of public hall Handing over Ceremony (December 14 2010) ii Pab Sub County: Staff house Staff House Outside View of Staff House (1 Block has 2 units) (4 Block) Pab Sub County: Water Supply System Installed Solar Panel and Pump House Training on the operation of the system Water Storage Facility Public Tap Stand (40,000lt water tank) (5 stands; 4tap per stand) iii Pilot Project Pilot Project in Pabbo Sub-County Type A model: Improvement of Technical School Project Joint inspection with District Engineer & Outside view of the Workshop District Education Officer Type B Model: Pukwany Village Improvement of Access Road Project River Crossing After the Project Before the Project (No crossing facilities) (Pipe Culver) Road Rehabilitation Before
    [Show full text]
  • Lord's Resistance Army
    Lord’s Resistance Army Key Terms and People People Acana, Rwot David Onen: The paramount chief of the Acholi people, an ethnic group from northern Uganda and southern Sudan, and one of the primary targets of LRA violence in northern Uganda. Bigombe, Betty: Former Uganda government minister and a chief mediator in peace negotiations between the Ugandan government and the LRA in 2004-2005. Chissano, Joaquim: Appointed as Special Envoy of the United Nations Secretary-General to Northern Uganda and Southern Sudan in 2006; now that the internationally-mediated negotiations Joseph Kony, “ultimate commander” of the with the LRA have stalled, Chissano’s role as Special Envoy in the process is unclear. Lord’s Resistance Army/ photo courtesy of Radio France International, taken in the spring of 2008 during the failed Juba Kabila, Joseph: President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Peace Talks. Kony, Joseph: Leader of the LRA. Kony is a self-proclaimed messiah who led the brutal, mystical LRA movement in its rebellion against the Ugandan gov- ernment for over two decades. A war criminal wanted by the International Criminal Court, Kony remains the “ultimate commander” of the LRA, and he determines who lives and dies within the rebel group as they continue their predations today throughout central Africa. Lakwena, Alice Auma: Leader of the Holy Spirit Mobile Forces, a northern based rebel group that fought against the Ugandan government in the late 1980s. Some of the followers of this movement were later recruited into the LRA by Joseph Kony. Lukwiya, Raska: One of the LRA commanders indicted by the ICC in 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 76 Uganda 03/10/2004
    Uganda Page 1 of 76 THE SCARS OF DEATH Children Abducted by the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda Human Rights Watch / Africa Human Rights Watch Children's Rights Project Human Rights Watch New York · Washington · London · Brussels Copyright © September 1997 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-56432-221-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-74724 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is based on research in Uganda from late May to early June of 1997. The research was conducted by Rosa Ehrenreich, a consultant for the Human Rights Watch Children's Rights Project, and by Yodon Thonden, counsel for the Children's Rights Project. The report was written by Rosa Ehrenreich, and edited by Yodon Thonden and Lois Whitman, the director of the Children's Rights Project. Peter Takirambudde, the director of Human Rights Watch's Africa Division, and Joanne Mariner, associate counsel for Human Rights Watch, provided additional comments on the manuscript. Linda Shipley, associate to the Children's Rights Project, provided invaluable production assistance. This report would not have been possible without the assistance of the UNICEF office in Uganda. In particular, we wish to thank Kathleen Cravero, Ponsiano Ochero, Leila Pakkala, and Keith Wright in Kampala, and George Ogol and Moses Ongaria in Gulu. We are also grateful to Professor Semakula Kiwanuka, the Ugandan permanent representative to the United Nations, and to the many Ugandan government officials who facilitated our mission, including Lieutenant Bantariza Shaban, the public relations liasion officer for the Fourth Division of the Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF), Colonel James Kazini, Commander of the UPDF Fourth Division, and J.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Uganda Nutrition Survey in IDP Camps Gulu District, Northern
    Northern Uganda Nutrition Survey in IDP Camps Gulu District, Northern Uganda Action Against Hunger (ACF-USA) June 2005 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACF-USA would like to acknowledge the help and support from the following people, without whom this survey would not have been conducted. Thanks to OFDA for their financial support in conducting the survey. Thanks to the District Department of Health Services (DDHS) for their agreement to let us conduct the survey and for their support of our activities within the District. Thanks to all the Camp Leaders, Zonal Leaders, and selected camp representatives who assisted us in the task of data collection. Thanks to the survey teams who worked diligently and professionally for many hours in the hot sun. Last and not least, thanks to the mothers and children, and their families who were kind enough to co- operate with the survey teams, answer personal questions and give up their time to assist us. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 6 I.1 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................................. 6 I.2 RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................. 6 I.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Free Mover Clinical Clerkships
    FREE MOVER CLINICAL CLERKSHIPS Students interested in spending a clerkship activity abroad without participating in the Erasmus+ programs can enroll as Free-Movers (Fee-paying Visiting Students or Independent Students or Contract Students) at some foreign University hospitals where they can attend clinical rotations. The Free-Mover Clinical Clerkship Period is an optional part of the medical course and as such must be accounted for. Students not willing to participate still have to attend clinical rotations at the University of Milan. The Clerkship abroad represents a mutual contract between Supervisor and Student and is subject to supervision by the Faculty. In this document, there is the list of possible destinations and university hospitals in which the clinical clerkship period can be performed. For some of the destinations, students are advised to clearly declare their student status, as they may be allowed to participate only as observers and not and interns. 1 AFRICA Egypt Ethiopia Benin Botswana IvoryCoast Ghana Cameroon Kenya Libya Morocco Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Zambia Senegal Sudan SouthAfrica Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zimbabwe ASIA China India Indonesia Japan Cambodia Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Philippines Singapore SriLanka SouthKorea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam 2 THE MIDDLE EAST Bahrain Iran Israel Jordan Qatar Lebanon Oman Palestine SaudiArabia Syria United Arab Emirates OCEANIA Australia Adelaide Canberra Melbourne Newcastle NewSouthWales Perth Queensland Sydney Tasmania New Zealand EUROPE Belgium Bosnia-Herzigowina Bulgaria Denmark
    [Show full text]
  • The Charcoal Grey Market in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan (2021)
    COMMODITY REPORT BLACK GOLD The charcoal grey market in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan SIMONE HAYSOM I MICHAEL McLAGGAN JULIUS KAKA I LUCY MODI I KEN OPALA MARCH 2021 BLACK GOLD The charcoal grey market in Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan ww Simone Haysom I Michael McLaggan Julius Kaka I Lucy Modi I Ken Opala March 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank everyone who gave their time to be interviewed for this study. They would like to extend particular thanks to Dr Catherine Nabukalu, at the University of Pennsylvania, and Bryan Adkins, at UNEP, for playing an invaluable role in correcting our misperceptions and deepening our analysis. We would also like to thank Nhial Tiitmamer, at the Sudd Institute, for providing us with additional interviews and information from South Sudan at short notice. Finally, we thank Alex Goodwin for excel- lent editing. Interviews were conducted in South Sudan, Uganda and Kenya between February 2020 and November 2020. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Simone Haysom is a senior analyst at the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GI-TOC), with expertise in urban development, corruption and organized crime, and over a decade of experience conducting qualitative fieldwork in challenging environments. She is currently an associate of the Oceanic Humanities for the Global South research project based at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. Ken Opala is the GI-TOC analyst for Kenya. He previously worked at Nation Media Group as deputy investigative editor and as editor-in-chief at the Nairobi Law Monthly. He has won several journalistic awards in his career.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Life Histories to Explore Gendered Experiences of Conflict in Gulu District, Northern Uganda: Implications for Post-Conflict Health Reconstruction
    South African Review of Sociology ISSN: 2152-8586 (Print) 2072-1978 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rssr20 Using life histories to explore gendered experiences of conflict in Gulu District, northern Uganda: Implications for post-conflict health reconstruction Sarah N. Ssali & Sally Theobald To cite this article: Sarah N. Ssali & Sally Theobald (2016) Using life histories to explore gendered experiences of conflict in Gulu District, northern Uganda: Implications for post- conflict health reconstruction, South African Review of Sociology, 47:1, 81-98, DOI: 10.1080/21528586.2015.1132634 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2015.1132634 © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Unisa Published online: 24 Mar 2016. Press and Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Submit your article to this journal Article views: 145 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 8 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rssr20 USING LIFE HISTORIES TO EXPLORE GENDERED EXPERIENCES OF CONFLICT IN GULU DISTRICT, NORTHERN UGANDA: IMPLICATIONS FOR POST-CONFLICT HEALTH RECONSTRUCTION Sarah N. Ssali School of Women and Gender Studies Makerere University [email protected]; [email protected] Sally Theobald Department of International Public Health Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine [email protected] ABSTRACT The dearth of knowledge about what life was like for different women and men, communities and institutions during conflict has caused many post-conflict developers to undertake reconstruction using standardised models that may not always reflect the realities of the affected populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Karuma Dam EIA Report Part 2
    KARUMA HPP(600MW)_________________________________________________ EIPL CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa, bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. Uganda has a total landmass of 241,000 sq. km, 18 percent of which is covered by freshwater bodies. Lying astride the equator, Uganda offers exceptional diversity, combining some of the best features of Africa, including the source of the River Nile(the second longest river in the World) and Lake Victoria(the second largest fresh water lake in the World). The country’s geographical diversity is great. In the East, it overlaps the tropical Savannah and in the West, African rain-forest zones lies. Moreover, there are many existing contrasting physical features, ranging from extensive plains with undulating hills to snow-capped mountains, waterfalls, meandering rivers and spectacular flora and fauna. The country is endowed with abundant renewable energy resources. These include plentiful biomass supplies, extensive hydrological resources, favorable solar conditions and large quantities of biomass residues from agricultural production, among others. With about 43,942 km 2 of wetlands and open water (18% of total area), Uganda is considered fairly well endowed with water resources. Major water bodies include lakes Victoria, Kyoga, Albert, George and Edward while major rivers include the Nile, Ruizi, Katonga, Kafu, Mpologoma and Aswa. Almost the whole of Uganda lies within the Nile basin, which is shared by 10 countries. Favorable atmospheric conditions and mighty river provides abundant hydropower potential estimated at about 2,000 MW mainly along River Nile that can be developed to supply isolated areas or feed into the national grid.
    [Show full text]