Family: Pinaceae Taxon: Pinus thunbergii

Synonym: Pinus thunbergiana Franco Common Name: black pine Japanese black pine

Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Patti Clifford Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Patti Clifford WRA Score 8 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n

102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1

103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1

201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y

204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n

205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y

301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n

402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0

403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n

404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1

405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n

406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0

407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n

408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0

409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n

410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y

411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n

Print Date: 6/6/2012 Pinus thunbergii (Pinaceae) Page 1 of 7 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0

501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n

502 Grass y=1, n=0 n

503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n

504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n

601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n

602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y

603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y

604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1

605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n

606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n

607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y

703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n

704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y

705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1

706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n

707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n

708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n

801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y

802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1

803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1

804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y

805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1

Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 8

Print Date: 6/6/2012 Pinus thunbergii (Pinaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence of domestication that reduces invasive traits. 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Has the species become naturalized where grown? NA]

103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Does the species have weedy races? NA]

201 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet Program. Germplasm Resources Information habitat, then substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical"? 0- low] Native Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. distribution: Japan - Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku; South Korea. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl 202 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Quality of climate match data? 0 - low] Native distribution: Japan - Honshu, Program. Germplasm Resources Information Kyushu, Shikoku; South Korea. Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)?] "Pinus thunbergii grows CAB International, Wallingford, UK predominantly along the coasts of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu islands in Japan. It also occurs along the coast of southern Korea Republic. Its northern limit is at about 41°34´N, the southern limit is Takara island, south of Kyushu, at 29°N. It is the dominant pine species of the coastal lowland area, to about altitude 1,000 m." Climatic amplitude (estimates) - Altitude range: 0 - 500 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1030 - 1540 mm - Rainfall regime: summer - Mean annual temperature: 13 - 16ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 32 - 35ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: -12 - -3ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > -15ºC 203 2012. Dave's Garden. PlantFiles: Japanese black [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? pine, black pine - Pinus thunbergii. Dave's Yes] USDA Zone 5a: to -28.8 °C (-20 °F) Garden, USDA Zone 5b: to -26.1 °C (-15 °F) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/60103/ USDA Zone 6a: to -23.3 °C (-10 °F) USDA Zone 6b: to -20.5 °C (-5 °F) USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F) USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F) USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) 203 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] Cultivated in cities, China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, used for afforestation on mountain slopes; to 1400 m http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxon_id=200005368 204 2007. Randall, R.. Global Compendium of [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] No Weeds - Pinus thunbergii. evidence. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pinus_thunbergii/ 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK range? Yes] Planted in: United Kingdom; China; Japan; Korea; Canada; United States. 301 2003. Haysom, K.A./Murphy, S.T.. The status of [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] Naturalized in the United States in invasiveness of forest tree species outside their Virginia and Oregon. natual habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome ftp://ftp.fao.org/doc 302 2012. National Park Service. Nonnative species. [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Yes] Pinus thunbergii is considered to be http://www.nps.gov/fiis/naturescience/nonnativesp one of the most prominent invasive species on Fire Island National Seashore, ecies.htm New York. [no mention of control or impacts] 302 2012. USDA Forest Service. Weed of the Week - [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Yes] Reported invasive in New York. Pinus thunbergii. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds /japanese-black-pine.pdf

Print Date: 6/6/2012 Pinus thunbergii (Pinaceae) Page 3 of 7 303 2007. Randall, R.. Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No] No evidence. Weeds - Pinus thunbergii. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pinus_thunbergii/ 304 2007. Randall, R.. Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No] No evidence of control or impacts in natural systems. Weeds - Pinus thunbergii. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pinus_thunbergii/ 305 1994. Richardson, D.M./Williams, P.A./Hobbs, [Congeneric weed? Yes] Pinus banksiana is invasive in New Zealand in scrub R.J.. Pine Invasions in the Southern Hemisphere: and open places on and near forest margins, shrublands, tussok grassland. At Determinants of Spread and Invadability. Journal least 16 Pinus species are invasive in the Southern hemisphere: P. banksia, P. of Biogeography. 21(5): 511-527. canariensis, P. contorta, P. elliottii, P. halepensis, P. muricata, P. nigra, P. patula, P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. roxburghii, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. taeda. 401 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Trees to 30 m tall; trunk to 2 m d.b.h. in China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, native range; bark dull gray when young, aging gray-black, rough and thick, scaly http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 and decidous; crown broadly conical or umbrellalike; 1st-year branchlets pale &taxon_id=200005368 brown-yellow, glabrous; winter buds silvery white, cylindric-ellipsoid or cylindric, scales fringed at margin. Needles 2 per bundle, dull green, shiny, 6-12 cm × 0.5-2 mm, rigid, stomatal lines present on all surfaces, resin canals 6-11, median, base with persistent sheath, margin serrulate. Seed cones solitary or 2 or 3 together, shortly pedunculate, brown, conical-ovoid or ovoid, 4-6 × 3-4 cm, deciduous." 402 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Allelopathic? Unknown]

403 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Parasitic? No] Pinaceae. China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxon_id=200005368 404 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Unpalatable to grazing animals? Unknown]

405 2012. National Center for Biotechnology [Toxic to animals? No] No evidence of toxicity. Information. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez 405 2012. Specialized Information Services, U.S. [Toxic to animals? No] No evidence of toxicity. National Library of Medicine. TOXNET toxicology data network [online database]. National Institutes of Health, http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ 406 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Host for recognized pests and pathogens?] Pests recorded CAB International, Wallingford, UK Insects: Ceroplastes rubens (red wax scale) Dendroctonus terebrans (beetle, black turpentine) Dendrolimus punctatus (Masson pine caterpillar) Dendrolimus tabulaeformis (Chinese pine caterpillar) Matsucoccus resinosae (red pine scale) Matsucoccus thunbergianae Monochamus alternatus (Japanese pine sawyer) Monochamus saltuarius (Japanese pine sawyer) Neodiprion sertifer (European pine sawfly) Pineus pini (pine woolly aphid) Thecodiplosis japonensis (pine needle gall midge) Tomicus minor (lesser pine shoot beetle) Tomicus piniperda (common pine shoot beetle)

Nematodes: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wilt nematode) Trichodorus (stubby root nematodes)

Fungus diseases: Armillaria mellea (armillaria root rot) Cronartium quercuum (pine-oak rust) Gibberella circinata (pitch canker) Gremmeniella abietina (Brunchorstia disease) Leptographium procerum (white pine root decline) Mycosphaerella dearnessii (brown spot needle blight) Mycosphaerella gibsonii (needle blight of pine) Mycosphaerella pini (Dothistroma blight) Sirococcus conigenus (sirococcus blight of conifers) Sphaeropsis sapinea (Sphaeropsis blight)

Print Date: 6/6/2012 Pinus thunbergii (Pinaceae) Page 4 of 7 407 2012. National Center for Biotechnology [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? No] No evidence of allergies or Information. PubMed. toxicity. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez 407 2012. Specialized Information Services, U.S. [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? No] No evidence of allergies or National Library of Medicine. TOXNET toxicology toxicity. data network [online database]. National Institutes of Health, http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ 408 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems? Unknown]

409 2004. Kasel, S.. Restoration of former pine [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle?] "Germination of self plantations in Australia: a review of critical sown Pinus thunbergii in coastal forest of Japan was independent of canopy ecosystem processes. School of Forest and openness, however seedlings older than one year were absent from unthinned Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne, stands suggesting seedlings subsequently died without additional light. There Creswick, Victoria were significant increases in seedling establishment and growth with increasing http://www.forestscience.unimelb.edu.au/people/s canopy openness. Seedlings required a minimum canopy openness of >30% in taff/sabine order to survive and develop into seedlings with>40% canopy openness required to develop into saplings." 409 2012. Dave's Garden. PlantFiles: Japanese black [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? No] Full sun. pine, black pine - Pinus thunbergii. Dave's Garden, http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/60103/ 409 2012. USDA National Resources Conservation [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? No] Poor shade Service. Plant fact sheet - Japanese black pine tolerance. Pinus thunbergii Parl.. United States Department of Agriculture, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pith2.pdf 410 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic CAB International, Wallingford, UK island)? Yes] "Pinus thunbergii grows on a wide variety of soils, generally under adverse conditions. In Japan and Korea, it typically occurs in slightly acid, loamy to sandy soils. It tolerates moderately well-drained soils." 410 2012. USDA National Resources Conservation [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic Service. Plant fact sheet - Japanese black pine island)? Yes] Pinus thunbergii will grow on a wide variety of soils under adverse Pinus thunbergii Parl.. United States Department conditions. Medium fertility, slightly acid, loamy to sandy soils. of Agriculture, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pith2.pdf 411 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Climbing or smothering growth habit? No] Trees to 30 m tall. China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxon_id=200005368 412 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Forms dense thickets? Unknown]

501 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Aquatic? No] Terrestrial; tree. China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxon_id=200005368 502 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Grass? No] Pinaceae. China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxon_id=200005368 503 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Nitrogen fixing woody plant? No] Pinaceae. CAB International, Wallingford, UK 504 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, tubers)? No] Tree; woody. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxon_id=200005368 601 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat? No]

602 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Produces viable seed? Yes] "This species is easily grown from seed and CAB International, Wallingford, UK transplants well. Fresh seeds require no pre-sowing stratification." 602 2012. USDA National Resources Conservation [Produces viable seed? Yes] Grown in nurseries from seed. Service. Plant fact sheet - Japanese black pine Pinus thunbergii Parl.. United States Department of Agriculture, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pith2.pdf

Print Date: 6/6/2012 Pinus thunbergii (Pinaceae) Page 5 of 7 603 1985. Kondo, K./Segawa, M./Yata, T.. [Hybridizes naturally? Yes] "The natural occurrence of hybridization between Hybridization of Pinus densiflora and Pinus Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii was investigated in 64 samples sites in pine thunbergii accelerated by human interference in forests in the environs of Hiroshima City, Japan. The appearance frequencies of natural pine fores vegetation in Hiroshima Japan. P. densiflora, P. thunbergii and their hybrids were 64.4, 8.6 and 27.0%, Phyton. 45: 45-54. respectively. Hybrid frequencies of more than 50% were shown in seven sites and were always(a) in formerly fire-destroyed areas or(b) close to residential areas developed in the last 30 yr and reclaimed lands of the former P. thunbergii habitats near the coastline as far back as the 1600s." 604 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Self-compatible or apomictic? Unknown]

605 2009. Williams, C.G.. Conifer reproductive [Requires specialist pollinators? No] Wind pollinated. biology. Springer, New York 606 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation? No] Propagate by seed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK 606 2012. USDA National Resources Conservation [Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation? No] Propagate by seed. Service. Plant fact sheet - Japanese black pine Pinus thunbergii Parl.. United States Department of Agriculture, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pith2.pdf 607 1948. Forest Service - U.S. Department of [Minimum generative time (years)? 3+] Commercial seed-bearing age 6 years. Agriculture. Woody-plant seed manual No.654. United States Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. http://books.google.com/books?id=kdfwAAAAMA AJ&pg=PA9&dq=Pinus+thunbergii+%2B+%22see d+dispersal%22&source=gbs_t 607 2012. USDA National Resources Conservation [Minimum generative time (years)? >3] After 4 or 5 years cones are produced. Service. Plant fact sheet - Japanese black pine Pinus thunbergii Parl.. United States Department of Agriculture, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pith2.pdf 701 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)? Unknown] 702 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Propagules dispersed intentionally by people? Yes] Planted in: United Kingdom; CAB International, Wallingford, UK China; Japan; Korea; Canada; United States. 702 2012. USDA National Resources Conservation [Propagules dispersed intentionally by people? Yes] Planted along the Northeast Service. Plant fact sheet - Japanese black pine shores of the United States. Pinus thunbergii Parl.. United States Department of Agriculture, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pith2.pdf 703 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant? No] No evidence.

704 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Propagules adapted to wind dispersal? Yes] Winged seeds. China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxon_id=200005368 706 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "Seed cones solitary or 2 or 3 together, shortly China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, pedunculate, brown, conical-ovoid or ovoid, 4-6 × 3-4 cm, deciduous. Seed http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 scales ovate-elliptic; apophyses slightly swollen, obviously cross keeled; umbo &taxon_id=200005368 slightly concave, apex blunt. Seeds obovoid-ellipsoid, 5-7 × 2-3.5 mm; wing gray- brown, 1-1.1 cm." 707 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)? No] "Seed cones solitary or China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, 2 or 3 together, shortly pedunculate, brown, conical-ovoid or ovoid, 4-6 × 3-4 cm, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 deciduous. Seed scales ovate-elliptic; apophyses slightly swollen, obviously cross &taxon_id=200005368 keeled; umbo slightly concave, apex blunt. Seeds obovoid-ellipsoid, 5-7 × 2-3.5 mm; wing gray-brown, 1-1.1 cm." [no means of external attachment] 708 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Propagules survive passage through the gut? No] "Seed cones solitary or 2 or 3 China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, together, shortly pedunculate, brown, conical-ovoid or ovoid, 4-6 × 3-4 cm, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 deciduous. Seed scales ovate-elliptic; apophyses slightly swollen, obviously cross &taxon_id=200005368 keeled; umbo slightly concave, apex blunt. Seeds obovoid-ellipsoid, 5-7 × 2-3.5 mm; wing gray-brown, 1-1.1 cm." [unlikely to be eaten]

Print Date: 6/6/2012 Pinus thunbergii (Pinaceae) Page 6 of 7 801 2012. USDA National Resources Conservation [Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)? Yes] Fruiting and seed production are Service. Plant fact sheet - Japanese black pine usually prolific. There are 34,000 seeds per pound. Pinus thunbergii Parl.. United States Department of Agriculture, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pith2.pdf 802 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)?] "Fresh seeds CAB International, Wallingford, UK require no pre-sowing stratification. No loss of viability occurs in seeds when stored in sealed containers at room temperature for 2 years; however, storage for longer periods (seed moisture content about 5%) was detrimental to seed viability. Stratification for a short period (6 weeks) at 4°C improves germination rate of stored seed." Seed storage orthodox. 802 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)?] Unknown]

803 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Well controlled by herbicides? Unknown]

804 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire? Yes] Ability to coppice; CAB International, Wallingford, UK pollard. 805 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)? Unknown]

Print Date: 6/6/2012 Pinus thunbergii (Pinaceae) Page 7 of 7 Summary of Risk Traits

High Risk

• Broad environmental tolerance • Naturalized in Oregon and Virginia • Invasive in New York • Numerous species in the Pinus genus are invasive • Grows in a wide range of soil types • Can hybridize naturally with other Pinus species • Wind dispersed seed • Prolific seed producer • Able to coppice after pruning

Low Risk

• Temperate zone species • Doesn’t have spines • Is not a parasitic plant • Not toxic to humans or animals • Is not shade tolerant • Does not fix nitrogen