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WRA Species Report Family: Pinaceae Taxon: Pinus thunbergii Synonym: Pinus thunbergiana Franco Common Name: black pine Japanese black pine Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Patti Clifford Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Patti Clifford WRA Score 8 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 6/6/2012 Pinus thunbergii (Pinaceae) Page 1 of 7 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 8 Print Date: 6/6/2012 Pinus thunbergii (Pinaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence of domestication that reduces invasive traits. 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Has the species become naturalized where grown? NA] 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Does the species have weedy races? NA] 201 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet Program. Germplasm Resources Information habitat, then substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical"? 0- low] Native Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. distribution: Japan - Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku; South Korea. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl 202 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Quality of climate match data? 0 - low] Native distribution: Japan - Honshu, Program. Germplasm Resources Information Kyushu, Shikoku; South Korea. Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)?] "Pinus thunbergii grows CAB International, Wallingford, UK predominantly along the coasts of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu islands in Japan. It also occurs along the coast of southern Korea Republic. Its northern limit is at about 41°34´N, the southern limit is Takara island, south of Kyushu, at 29°N. It is the dominant pine species of the coastal lowland area, to about altitude 1,000 m." Climatic amplitude (estimates) - Altitude range: 0 - 500 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1030 - 1540 mm - Rainfall regime: summer - Mean annual temperature: 13 - 16ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 32 - 35ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: -12 - -3ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > -15ºC 203 2012. Dave's Garden. PlantFiles: Japanese black [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? pine, black pine - Pinus thunbergii. Dave's Yes] USDA Zone 5a: to -28.8 °C (-20 °F) Garden, USDA Zone 5b: to -26.1 °C (-15 °F) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/60103/ USDA Zone 6a: to -23.3 °C (-10 °F) USDA Zone 6b: to -20.5 °C (-5 °F) USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F) USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F) USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) 203 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] Cultivated in cities, China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, used for afforestation on mountain slopes; to 1400 m http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxon_id=200005368 204 2007. Randall, R.. Global Compendium of [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] No Weeds - Pinus thunbergii. evidence. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pinus_thunbergii/ 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK range? Yes] Planted in: United Kingdom; China; Japan; Korea; Canada; United States. 301 2003. Haysom, K.A./Murphy, S.T.. The status of [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] Naturalized in the United States in invasiveness of forest tree species outside their Virginia and Oregon. natual habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome ftp://ftp.fao.org/doc 302 2012. National Park Service. Nonnative species. [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Yes] Pinus thunbergii is considered to be http://www.nps.gov/fiis/naturescience/nonnativesp one of the most prominent invasive species on Fire Island National Seashore, ecies.htm New York. [no mention of control or impacts] 302 2012. USDA Forest Service. Weed of the Week - [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Yes] Reported invasive in New York. Pinus thunbergii. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds /japanese-black-pine.pdf Print Date: 6/6/2012 Pinus thunbergii (Pinaceae) Page 3 of 7 303 2007. Randall, R.. Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No] No evidence. Weeds - Pinus thunbergii. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pinus_thunbergii/ 304 2007. Randall, R.. Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No] No evidence of control or impacts in natural systems. Weeds - Pinus thunbergii. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pinus_thunbergii/ 305 1994. Richardson, D.M./Williams, P.A./Hobbs, [Congeneric weed? Yes] Pinus banksiana is invasive in New Zealand in scrub R.J.. Pine Invasions in the Southern Hemisphere: and open places on and near forest margins, shrublands, tussok grassland. At Determinants of Spread and Invadability. Journal least 16 Pinus species are invasive in the Southern hemisphere: P. banksia, P. of Biogeography. 21(5): 511-527. canariensis, P. contorta, P. elliottii, P. halepensis, P. muricata, P. nigra, P. patula, P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. roxburghii, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. taeda. 401 2012. Fu, L./Li,N./Elias, T.S./Mill, R.R.. Flora of [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Trees to 30 m tall; trunk to 2 m d.b.h. in China Vol. 4 Pinaceae. www.efloras.org, native range; bark dull gray when young, aging gray-black, rough and thick, scaly http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2 and decidous; crown broadly conical or umbrellalike; 1st-year branchlets pale &taxon_id=200005368 brown-yellow, glabrous; winter buds silvery white, cylindric-ellipsoid or cylindric, scales fringed at margin. Needles 2 per bundle, dull green, shiny, 6-12 cm × 0.5-2 mm, rigid, stomatal lines present on all surfaces, resin canals 6-11, median, base with persistent sheath, margin serrulate.
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