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CONIFERS OFTEN USED for BONSAI in NORTH AMERICA We Have Consulted the Plant List and Some Regional Floras to Verify Correct Scientific Names

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CONIFERS OFTEN USED for BONSAI in NORTH AMERICA We Have Consulted the Plant List and Some Regional Floras to Verify Correct Scientific Names CONIFERS OFTEN USED FOR BONSAI IN NORTH AMERICA We have consulted The Plant List and some regional floras to verify correct scientific names. For detailed information on individual conifer species, including photographs, we recommend that you go to conifers.org. Trees are evergreen unless otherwise noted. Species that are native in North America are green. COMMON NAME(s) LATIN NAME (Genus) COMMENTS Firs Abies Firs have flattened needles arranged in more or less flattened rows along opposite sides of twigs. Mature seed cones are upright, appearing somewhat like fat candles on the uppermost tree branches. When the cones are mature, they disintegrate. Firs are widespread inhabitants of cooler areas of the North Temperate Zone. They prefer cool to cold, acid, continually moist soil and high light intensity. These requirements mean that they rarely are successful long-term bonsai subjects. True Cedars Cedrus Depending on which source you consult, there are three to five species in this genus. Atlas Cedar, Cedrus atlantica, is the only species usually used for bonsai, and plants with silvery-bluish needles (‘Glauca’ or “Blue Atlas”) are favored. This species is native in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco and Algeria. False Cypresses Chamaecyparis Chamaecyparis obtusa ‘Nana’, Dwarf Hinoki Cypress, is a selection of Hinoki Cypress which is native to Japan and Taiwan. It is a common bonsai subject. Chamaecyparis thyoides, Atlantic White Cedar, is sometimes used for bonsai. In nature, it grows in acid Southeastern acidic coastal plain bogs. Sawara Cypress, C. pisifera, is a Japanese species occasionally used for bonsai. Members of this genus have flattened, scale-leaves. Japanese Cedar Cryptomeria Cryptomeria japonica is the only species in the genus. It is native to moist mountain forests throughout the main island of Japan (Shikoku). Wild populations in many areas have been become very small, but there are significant areas in northern and western Shikoku where the populations are doing very well. Several dwarf varieties are in propagation; probably the most common one in bonsai culture is ‘Tansu’. Leaves are scale-like. True Cypresses Cupressus Members of this widespread and diverse genus often occur in scattered, isolated and variable populations, so there isn’t complete agreement about how many species there are. Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica), one of the most varia- ble species, is native in southern Arizona and New Mexico and northern Mexico. It is sometimes grown as a bonsai. Cupressus nootkatensis, Alaska Cedar or Alaska Yellow Cypress grows in moist forests from southeast Alaska to the Cascade Range. It is sometimes collected from wild populations and trained as bonsai. These two species require very different approaches to their culture, and it is difficult to grow them far from their native habitats. There is a tortuous history involving the scientific name for Alaska Cedar, which you can access by following this link. (Note the synonyms there.) A few rare Cupressus species native in California are sometimes grown as bonsai in that region. Junipers Juniperus Junipers are tough, drought-tolerant conifers that require abundant sunshine. They are very popular bonsai subjects. The most common juniper bonsai are cultivated selections of Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis, especially var. sargentii, var. foemina and ‘San Jose’), Dwarf Japanese Garden Juniper (Juniperus procumbens ‘Nana’) is probably the most commonly used bonsai subject for beginners in North America, but many are soon lost to overwatering and spider mite infestations. Several native junipers native to the western U.S., including Rocky Mountain Juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), California Juniper (Juniperus californica), Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) and Sierra Juniper (Juniperus grandis) are often grown as bonsai from wild-collected plants in the far west U.S. East of there in semidesert and desert regions, other species (including J. deppeana, Alligator Juniper; J. monosperma, One- seed Juniper; J. osteosperma, Utah Juniper) are favored. Common juniper, Juniperus communis, native in northern North America, is often used for bonsai in that region. Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is easily obtained from wild sources in the eastern U.S. and works well as bonsai in group plantings, but is difficult to train into esthetically pleasing designs as a single tree. Some junipers grown in more humid eastern environments are susceptible to several serious fungal diseases. Hot and dry conditions encourage spider mite infestations on many junipers. Larches and Tamaracks Larix Members of this genus are deciduous, needle-bearing trees. Most of the needles are on short spur branches. Various species occur on all of the northern continents. Some species’ ranges extend to the limits of tree growth in mountains and the Arctic. The most adaptable species for bonsai is Larix decidua (European Larch), although it is seldom used in North America. The range of Larix laricina (Tamarack) extends from the Mari- time Provinces to the Yukon and central Alaska, southward to Minnesota and northern West Virginia. Its most common habitats are acidic bogs and muskegs where the soil is cool and continually moist, winter temperatures are low and there is more sun than shade. This species is widely used for bonsai. Larix occidentalis, Western Larch or Western Tamarack naturally grows on mountain slopes in the Cascades, Blue Mountains and central Rockies. It is gaining popularity among bonsai growers in that region. Larix kaempferi, Japanese Larch, native in northeastern China and Japan, is sometimes used for bonsai in eastern North America. Dawn Redwood Metasequoia Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Dawn Redwood, is the only species, although there are fossils of other species. This deciduous conifer sheds its youngest twigs and needles in the fall. Although it withstands cold weather well, it is best adapted to warm and wet temperate conditions and acid soil. Abundant water is advised during the growing season. It is a popular bonsai subject, but must be pruned and repotted frequently, or it will soon outgrow any container. It is frequently grown as miniature groves and forests. Dawn redwood needles are opposite each other on the twigs, unlike Bald Cypresses (Taxodium) which have alternately-arranged needles. Spruces Picea Spruces are widespread in cooler parts of the Northern Hemi- sphere. They are common in mountains and northern boreal (spruce-fir) forests. They require cool, moist soil and often are associated with acid soils. They are typically thought of as being shade-intolerant. However, in nature they sometimes exist for many years and grow extremely slowly when supplied with minimal sunlight. Needles are borne singly on twigs. Almost all spruces have sharp-pointed needles that are 4-angled in cross-section (you can roll the needles between your thumb and forefinger). (Exceptions are Sitka, Brewer and Serbian spruces; their needles are flattened-triangular in cross-section). Unlike hemlocks (Tsuga), the upper tips of spruce trees are erect, not drooping. (Other technical differences between spruces and hemlocks are summarized here.) Among the most commonly used spruces used for bonsai are the ‘Nidiformis’ and ‘Little Gem’ cultivars of Norway Spruce (Picea abies). Among native species, various forms of White Spruce (Picea glauca) are used frequently. (‘Conica’ is a useful cultivar for bonsai; synonyms include P. albertiana ‘Conica’ and Dwarf Alberta Spruce. Unfortunately, these cultivars are very suscepti- ble to spider mite infestations.). A closely related variety of White Spruce, Black Hills Spruce (Picea glauca var. densata) is a good bonsai subject that is gaining in popularity. Other native species used as bonsai include Red (Picea rubens), Engelmann (Picea engelmannii) , Black (Picea mariana) and Sitka (Picea sitchensis, including its cultivar ‘Papoose’) spruces. Collected Colorado Spruces (Picea pungens) are used as bonsai, mostly in the western U.S, even though the foliage from many populations often is more coarse than most other native spruces. Landscape plantings of Colorado Spruce in the East are almost always attacked by Cytospora Canker, which is incurable. Because it is difficult to succeed long-term and time-consuming to grow young spruces to maturity in containers, most native spruce bonsai are collected from wild populations. Overall, Picea jezoensis, Ezo Spruce, is probably the most desirable spruce species for bonsai; it has extremely short needles. However, Ezo Spruces are now extremely rare in North America because of well justified import restrictions and the fact that few people in the U.S. are even trying to propagate them. Pines Pinus Pines are evergreen trees with needles that occur in bundles of 2 to 5 (rarely 1 needle to a bundle). Each bundle of needles is actually a short stem. When it is young and the new needles are immature, the main stem on which the needle bundles occur is called a candle. Most pines prefer acid, well drained soil and abundant sunshine. Plants native to the Orient commonly used as bonsai include Japanese Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii), Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) and Japanese White Pine (Pinus parviflora). Mugo (Pinus mugo) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) are Euro- pean or Eurasian pines often used for bonsai in North America. North American pine species often usedare Ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa), Shore and Lodgepole (Pinus contorta), Jack (Pinus banksiana), Limber (Pinus flexilis), Virginia (Pinus virginiana),
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