(2020), 17(2): 191-205 pISSN: 0216 – 0439 eISSN: 2540 – 9689 http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/JPHKA Akreditasi Kemenristekdikti Nomor 21/E/KPT/2018

GROWTH EVALUATION OF RED MERANTI SPECIES IN RESTORATION AREA OF GUNUNG DAHU RESEARCH FOREST, BOGOR (Evaluasi Pertumbuhan Jenis Meranti Merah di Areal Restorasi Hutan Gunung Dahu, Bogor)

Eggy Nugraha Ariansyah1*, Prijanto Pamoengkas1, Rizki Ary Fambayun2, and Henti Hendalastuti Rachmat2 1Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16001, (0251) 8622642 2Forest Research and Development Center, Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor 16610 (0251) 8334314

Article info: ABSTRACT Keywords: The use of local species for revegetation activities is expected to accelerate the natural Gunung Dahu, regeneration to increase the biodiversity in restoration efforts of disturbed areas. This growth, study used several parameters to observe the growth of 20-years old stand S. pinanga pinanga, and S. platyclados, including diameter, total tree height, Mean Annual Increment (MAI), Shorea platyclados % of fruiting trees, Leaf Area Index (LAI), altitude, and slope. The study results were analyzed using one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Duncan test with a 95% Article history: confidence level. The results showed that S. platyclados significantly had a higher Received: diameter (32.7 cm), height (19.1 m), and mean volume (0.43 m3) compared to S. pinanga. 15 September 2020; The growth of S. platyclados, which locally known as meranti bukit is strongly supported Revised: by conditions in Gunung Dahu Research Forest, which has an altitude of about 800 m.asl. 12 November 2020; On the other hand, S. pinanga, as lowland species, showed lower growth compared to S. Accepted: platyclados. 17 November 2020

I. INTRODUCTION exploitation and utilization, which may Meranti is a commercial tree species risk their natural occurrence in the future. widely known with its various commercial Reducing population size, increasing names. One of them is Shorea red meranti. inbreeding rate, and lowering genetic It has a high economic value in global diversity are among the threats that may trade since the commercialization of alter the species' existence. natural forest in the 1970s was begun In their natural habitat, S. (Sukendro & Sugiarto, 2012; Juniarti, platyclados grows at an altitude ranging Herawatiningsih, & Burhanuddin, 2017; from 700–1,300 masl and sometimes Chotimah, Wasis, & Rachmat, 2020). grows at the bottom of the mountain Shorea pinanga and Shorea platyclados valley, starting from 200 masl. In comparison, S. pinanga grows best at were grouped into Shorea red meranti based on their timber characteristic. Its ridges below 700 m asl (Cao, Gailing, timber has multiple purposes, and the seed Siregar, Siregar, & Finkeldey, 2009; Ng, of S. pinanga is also known for the source Lee, Lee, Tnah, & Ng, 2013; Hardiwinoto of tengkawang or illipe nut et al., 2016). The Shorea species' natural (Purwaningsih, 2004; Wardani & Susilo, habitat has been facing serious problems, 2017). Both species' high economic values including forest fires, encroachment, and have been triggered by massive illegal loggings (Fiani, 2014). According to the International Union for

Editor: Asep Hidayat, S.Hut., M.Agr, Ph.D Author correspondence: Eggy Nugraha Ariansyah* (E-mail: [email protected]) Author contribution: ENA: field data collection, data tabulation, data analysis, writing and editing manuscript; PP, RAF, and HHR: research design, data analysis, writing and editing manuscript. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2020.17.2.191-205 ©JPHKA - 2018 is Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license

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Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Shorea purpose have not gained much attention. pinanga was listed as Least Concern (LC), Therefore, previous revegetation efforts while Shorea platyclados was listed as were incorporated into more exotic Endangered (EN) (Ashton, 1998; species. This study aimed to assess the Robiansyah et al., 2019). The growth performance of two red meranti was generated by the species having different habitat niche in assessment result for the risk of a Gunung Dahu Research Forest as a population decline of at least 50% in the landscape revegetation effort conducted last ten years. Population decline without by the Center of Forest Research and any effort in conservation activities could Development. end in extinction status. Forest conversion and exploitation II. METHODOLOGY were among the significant causes for population declining in many Shorea A. Research Time and Location species (Cao et al., 2009), including S. This study was conducted at platyclados and S. pinanga. Following Gunung Dahu Research Forest (GDRF) in their high risk of extinction, native species Bogor, West Java. GDRF have a 2,500– for rehabilitation programs have gained 2,700 mm/year rainfall, which located more popularity today. Selecting the best between 106° 34'00" –106° 35'30'' E and local species with high economic value as 06° 36'30" –06° 37'00'' S. a candidate for the degraded land GDRF has a mountainous topography revegetation effort is in line with with an altitude ranging from 550 - 800 improving land productivity and masl with a red-yellow latosol soil type. conserving native genetic resources. Local At the beginning of the restoration, the species' use will increase the success rate landscape was dominated by shrubs, e.g., of revegetation activity since local species ferns, melastomas, and bamboos. Only a are more adaptive to their environment. few trees remain at the site, which Hopefully, it will ensure the genetic consisted of several old pinus stands integrity of the species (Nugroho & (Subiakto, Rachmat, & Sakai, 2016). Yassir, 2017). Compared to the potentially Plots were chosen using a purposive invasive exotic species, utilizing and sampling method on S. pinanga planting planting local species will bring more site at plots 5 and 24, while S. platyclados benefit to the ecosystem sustainability at plot 4 and 15. Planting distance for each (Simmons, Hallett, Sonti, Auyeung, & Lu, plot was 4 m x 4 m. The plot location for 2016; Lu et al., 2017; Sattler, Raedig, both species is shown in Figure 1. Hebner, & Wesenberg, 2018; Anggana, Cahyono, & Lastiantoro, 2019; B. Tools and Material Ratanapongsai, 2020). The tools used in this study were a The utilization of native and local map, phi band, haga hypsometer, plastic species for revegetation could restore the bag, thumbtack, sketch board, measuring ecosystem environments near its original tape, soil drill, clinometer, tally sheet, condition. Revegetation using local Global Positioning System (GPS), SLR species has been established successfully camera, Fisheye lens, hoe, ruler, camera, in Kalimantan and several mining sites label, writing tools, and a laptop equipped across Indonesia (Lampela, Jauhiainen, with Hemiview 2.1 software, Statistical Sarkkola, & Vasander, 2017; Setyowati, Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 25, Amala & Aini, 2017; Sasmita, Komara, & Microsoft Office 2010, and Microsoft Purba, 2020). However, S. platyclados Excel 2010. Materials used in this study and S. pinanga for the revegetation were S. platyclados and S. pinanga stands.

192 Growth performance of Shorea red meranti (Ariansyah, E. N., Pamoengkas, P., Fambayun, R. A., and Rachmat, H. H.)

Figure 1. Research Location in Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor

C. Research Method 3. Leaf Area Index (LAI) 1. Diameter, Total Tree Height, and LAI data were obtained by taking a Number of Fruiting Trees/Fruiting picture using a Fisheye lens with a Tree Count hemispherical canopy photograph Tree diameter measured at breast technique. Pictures were taken on each height of 1.30 m above ground using a phi plot in five different spots. band, while tree height was measured using a haga hypsometer (Widiyatno, D. Data analysis Soekotjo, Naiem, Hardiwinoto, & The analysis of variance (ANOVA) Purnomo, 2011). Mean Annual Increment at the 5% level was applied to observe the (MAI) was measured using the equation variation between plots. Further analysis D H MAI D = and MAI H = ; in which D = using Duncan multiple range test at 5% T T level was performed if there was a diameter at breast height (cm), H = total significant difference in observed height (m), and T = tree age (years old) variables (Mattjik & Sumertajaya, 2002). (Prodan, 1968). Data regarding numbers Afterward, data distributions were of fruiting trees were obtained from direct performed by using boxplot analysis to observation in the field. The fruiting tree show diameter and total height percentage was the division between the distribution. fruiting tree's number and the total potential number of mother trees in the experimental plot. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Diameter Growth of S. pinanga 2. Altitude and Slope and S. platyclados Altitude data were taken from GPS The revegetation success is by tagging a position based on observation characterized by several categories, one of plots' location, taken at five spots for every them is an increase in area coverage by observation. Meanwhile, slope data were vegetation that also showed the success of obtained with a clinometer. Slope data restoring its ecosystem environment were obtained from five spots for each (Filho, Costa, Sousa, & Junqueira, 2013; observation, which data then categorized Lee, Seo, Seo, Joong, & Kim, 2013; into five classes consisted of flat (0-8 %), Adams, 2015; Correa, Teza, Balduino, & gentle slope (8-15 %), slightly steep (15- Baptista, 2018). Growth parameters that 25 %), steep (25-45 %), and very steep (≥ were observed in this study were diameter 45 %) (Syah & Hariyanto, 2013). and total tree height. Diameter growth of

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S. pinanga and S. platyclados are average diameter value of 24.9 cm. This presented in Table 1. value was lower than S. platyclados that Table 1 shows the average diameter yields an average diameter of 34.0 cm but of S. pinanga and S. platyclados were higher than S. pinanga that diameter value significantly different according to was averaging at 22.0 cm. Duncan's result at a 5% level. The largest Mean Annual Increment (MAI) average diameter was observed at Spt (04) value or highest diameter increment also stand measured at 34.0 cm, while the least showed a significantly different result diameter average was observed at Spn between S. platyclados and S. pinanga (24) stand, which measured at 20.0 cm. stands according to Duncan test results at This result indicated a faster diameter a 5% level. Results also showed that S. growth of S. platyclados stands compared platyclados has a respectably rapid to S. pinanga. A similar result was also growth. The highest MAI value was observed in maximum diameter, as the observed in S. platyclados stand at plot maximum diameter in S. platyclados was numbers 04 and 15, with each MAI value higher compared to S. pinanga. measured at 1.6 cm/year, while S. pinanga Higher average diameter S. stand had a lower MAI value measured at platyclados indicated a better adaptation 1.0 and 1.1 cm/year. and higher compatibility of this species Based on the classification from with the habitat in highlands of about 800 Mindawati & Tiryana (2002), S. masl. S. platyclados grows at an altitude platyclados growth was categorized as ranging from 700–1,300 masl and very fast (increment > 1.4 cm/year) while sometimes grows at the bottom of the S. pinanga was categorized as normal mountain valley, starting from 200 masl. (increment = 0.79 – 1.19 cm/year). This S. platyclados can be found in the Malay showed that the average MAI of S. Peninsula at an altitude of 300–1,200 platyclados stands were higher than S. mdpl with optimal growing altitude pinanga. MAI value of S. platyclados at ranging from 750–1,000 masl. On the Spt (15) and Spt (04) showed an contrary, S. pinanga grows better at its insignificant difference, similar results habitat in the ridge below 700 masl. It shown in S. pinanga stands at Spn (24) and explains its lower growth than S. Spn (05). Diameter increment of S. platyclados (Cao et al., 2009; Ng et al., platyclados in this study was much lower 2013; Hardiwinoto et al., 2016). compared to Widiyatno, Soekotjo, Naiem, A study conducted by Subiakto et al. Purnomo, & Setiyanto (2014) conducted (2016) in Gunung Dahu Research Forest in Logged Over Area (LOA), which MAI revealed S. leprosula growth at 17 years of reached 2.56 cm/year at 6.5 years of age. age, with a spacing of 4 m x 4 m yields an

Table 1. Diameter growth of S. pinanga and S. platyclados Diameter (cm) No. Stands Age ∑ sample MAI Min Max Average (m/year) 1 Spt (04) 21 69 10.1 63.7 34.0a 1.6a 2 Spt (15) 20 107 11.1 66.9 32.7a 1.6a 3 Spn (05) 21 62 10.8 38.2 22.0b 1.0b 4 Spn (24) 19 151 10.0 39.4 20.0b 1.1b Remarks: Spt= S. platyclados, Spn= S. pinanga, number in parenthesis shows plot number; number followed by the same letters shows the result is not significantly different at the level of 0.05

194 Growth performance of Shorea red meranti (Ariansyah, E. N., Pamoengkas, P., Fambayun, R. A., and Rachmat, H. H.)

Another study by Widiyatno et al. of S. platyclados. Regarding the marginal (2011) with the same species of S. condition of habitat characteristic for S. platyclados at five years of age Logged pinanga, the species has shown good Over Area (LOA) had an average diameter growth performance, marked by its of 9.06 cm and MAI of 1.94 cm/year. This vegetative growth performance and MAI value is higher compared to the result reproductive capabilities. Both species gained from our study. The differences in have shown their fruiting abilities at a MAI value are assumed to be caused by different scale of intensities. Thus, both stands age difference at the observation species are prospective to be planted and time, which creates variations at the developed for various uses outside their growing phase. S. platyclados at the age of natural habitat because of their high 5 and 6.5 years yielded a higher increment, tolerance characteristics to different which presumably still underwent a growing habitat. (Cao et al., 2009; juvenile period, characterized by its fast- Atmoko, Arifin, & Priyono, 2010; Ng et growing increment (Pamoengkas, 2006). al., 2013; Hardiwinoto et al., 2016; The use of selected superior planting Wardani & Susilo, 2017). stocks as required by intensive silviculture applied in the unit management of the B. Total Height Growth of S. pinanga study site may be one of the causes and S. platyclados underlying the differences. growth is a transformation In their natural habitat, S. process in plant life, which increased both platyclados were found in clumped in numbers and dimensions. The increase distribution on steep slopes of 10-45%, at may go upward (height) or lateral the altitude 300-1,200 masl but has (diameter), which all would affect yield optimum growth at an altitude of 750- (Hardjana & Suastati, 2014). Total height 1,000 masl, yellow-red podzolic soil, 27 – growth is presented in Table 2. 32 oC with moisture content range at 20 – Table 2 shows a significant 7-% and soil pH 5.9 – 6.8. In comparison, difference between the total height of all S. pinanga grows best at ridges below 700 stands based on the Duncan test results at m asl. The similar habitat characteristics a 5% level. The highest value on total of Gunung Dahu to that its natural habitat height average was found at Spt (15) of S. platyclados provide a supportive measured at 19.1 m, while the lowest environment for the optimum growth of S. observed on Spn (05) measured at 14.0 m. platyclados at the study site. However, for The total height average of S. platyclados S. pinanga, the habitat characteristics of is higher compared to S. pinanga. Gunung Dahu is less supportive than that

Table 2. Total height growth of S. pinanga and S. platyclados Total height (m) No. Stands Age ∑ sample MAI Min Max Average (m/year) 1 Spt (15) 20 107 6.5 31.0 19.1a 1.0a 2 Spt (04) 21 69 8.5 25.0 18.0b 0.9b 3 Spn (24) 19 151 9.0 25.0 16.5c 0.9b 4 Spn (05) 21 62 7.0 20.4 14.0d 0.7c Remarks: Spt= S. platyclados, Spn= S. pinanga, number in parenthesis shows plot number; number followed by the same letters shows the result is not significantly different at the level of 0.05

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The higher diameter and total height Results of total height MAI of S. value of S. platyclados are presumably platyclados yields lower compared from related to habitat compatibility. S. the result of a prior study published by platyclados is capable of living in the Widiyatno et al. (2011) in former Logged highlands of up to 300–1,500 masl with Over Area (LOA), which recorded total the best altitude range for optimal growth height MAI of S. platyclados at the age of at 750 – 1,000 masl (Symington, 2004; five years reached 1.55 m/year. Similarly, Sasaki, 2008). Different from S. Widiyatno et al. (2014) obtained a result platyclados, S. pinanga prefers a habitat of the total MAI value of S. platyclados under 700 masl (Sidiyaksa 2015; that reached 1.33 m/year. Those stands Hardiwinoto et al., 2016). were categorized in the juvenile period, Growth of S. platyclados at plots 15 which was characterized by their rapid and 04 showed the best results compared increment growth (Pamoengkas, 2006). to S. pinanga at plots 24 and 05. This data was supported by a previously published C. Volume Of S. pinanga and S. study by Rachmat, Lisnawati, Fambayun, platyclados Stands Denny, & Bintoro (2019), which stated Results of direct measurement from that S. platyclados has the best growth the trees' census at each stand are performance with the highest volume presented in Table 3. According to Table valuation. 3, the average volume of S. pinanga stand Total height MAI also showed a was significantly different from S. significant difference according to the platyclados by Duncan's results at a 5% Duncan test result at a 5% level. The level. The highest average volume was highest MAI value was observed on plot observed at Spt (04), which yield 0.43 m3, Spt (15) with an increment of 1.0 m/year, while the lowest volume was observed at while the lowest was found at Spn (05) Spn (24), which averaged at 0.20 m3. This with an increment of 0.7 m/year. MAI on shows that S. platyclados stand has a more Spt (04) and Spn (24) showed no significant potential volume than S. significant difference. The height pinanga. Similar to the total volume yield, increment or MAI shows similar results at the total volume of S. platyclados stand 0.9 m/year, eventhough the average total found in Spt (15) was higher compared to height yields significantly different in S. pinanga stand, which was measured at results. 46.18 m3.

Table 3. Stand volume of S. pinanga and S. platyclados Volume per Total Number of Survival rate Mean No. Stands hectare* volume individuals (%) volume* (m3) (m3/ha) (m3) 1 Spt (15) 107 6.11 0.43a 16.49 46.18 2 Spt (04) 69 6.90 0.42a 18.60 29.22 3 Spn (24) 151 12.71 0.20b 15.87 30.15 4 Spn (05) 62 7.09 0.16b 7.19 10.07 Remarks: Spt= S. platyclados, Spn= S. pinanga, number in parenthesis shows plot number; number followed by the same letters shows the result is not significantly different at the level of 0.05. *= the calculated mean volume and total volume are for S. pinanga and S. platyclados.

196 Growth performance of Shorea red meranti (Ariansyah, E. N., Pamoengkas, P., Fambayun, R. A., and Rachmat, H. H.)

In general, there were differences in periodical roguing until optimum species survival rate compared to previous studies density is achieved at a particular time in the same location (Setiadi & Leksono, (Rocha et al., 2016; Subiakto et al., 2016; 2014; Subiakto et al., 2016). Several Simic, Gendvilas, O'Reilly, Nieuwenhuis, factors underlying the different results & Harte, 2017) could be maintenance intensity, plot Another factor that potentially condition at the start of the planting affects the survival rate was the distance period, plant spacing, and camp distance. from the camp, which directly connected Based on the primary interview with the with monitoring and growth evaluation field manager involved in the restoration intensity. The observation plot that is activities since the beginning of GDRF located far and difficult to access from development, no intensive maintenances camp will have more constraints for performed on the observation plots. There intensive evaluation and monitoring. The were no activities of weeding and availability of limited field personnel will fertilizing, while replanting was put the nearer plot to have easier conducted based on planting stock monitoring and evaluation, giving more availability. The initial condition of advantages than those which far from the observation plots was dominated by camp. Nearer plots to camp mean easier bushes growing at more than 1.5 meters in access both in terms of plot security and height. Row clearing was used when growth monitoring. Besides, the planting the stocks. Thus Shorea seedlings accessibility at the beginning of research were faced high survival competition with forest development was difficult. Main the growing pressure of nearby bushes that roads that connect the site with the nearest increases the possibility of high mortality town were still comprised of heavily at the start of the planting period. In such damaged stone roads that hinder the competition, juveniles could not easily monitoring activities, especially for compete with bushes and weeds. Another several remote plots. Accessibility was study conducted by Rachmat & Subiakto started to improve seven to eight years ago (2019) reported the high mortality of gradually. meranti seedlings. In their study, high mortality rates at the start of the planting D. Distribution of S. pinanga and S. period of meranti and other peat swamp platyclados Diameter species were reported high at the early A deeper understanding of stand restoration activity in Tasik Besar Serkap structure may be overlooked by of Riau Sumatra. Other studies also understanding its diameter distribution. showed that high mortality in the early According to Pamoengkas & Prayogi period of planting in rehabilitated land (2011), stand structure can be represented using Dipterocarp species (Daisuke, by age distribution, diameter class, or Tanaka, Jawa, Ikuo, & Katsutoshi 2013; crown class. Widiyatno et al., 2014; Tuck et al., 2016). Based on Figure 2 Spt (15) and Spt The dense planting distance affected (04) stand have a higher box position ' survivability, resulting in a high compared to Spn (24) and Spn (05) stands. survival percentage at the early periods This showed that Spt (15) and Spt (04) compared to vast planting distance. It is stands had more growth stage at diameter why the general scheme of monoculture ±20-40 cm, while Spn (24) and Spn (05) forest employs a dense planting distance at stands had more growth stage at diameter the start of their cycle followed by ±15-25 cm.

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Figure 2. Boxplot diagram of S. pinanga and S. platyclados diameter distribution

Spt (15) and Spt (04) stands have a E. Total Height Distribution of S. more extended box size compared to Spn pinanga and S. platyclados (24) and Spn (05). Box length showed the The distribution data total height for distribution or variation/diversity of data S. pinanga and S. platyclados in this study (Junaidi, 2014). Spt (15) and Spt (04) had were presented as boxplot in Figure 3. relatively similar diameter diversity, while According to Figure 3, Spt (15) and Spt the diameter diversity of those stands are (04) stands have a higher box position higher compared to Spn (24) and Spn (05) compared to Spn (24) and Spn (05). This stands. means that Spt (15) and Spt (04) stands The distribution of diameter data on had more growth stage at a total height of all stands was considered an abnormal ±15-22 m, while Spn (24) and Spn (05) distribution, indicating the diameter's had more growth stage at the total height uneven distribution. The high variation of of ±13-20 m. Spt (15), Spt (05) and Spn diameter data reflected the significant (24) stands have a similar box, and that difference among individual's growth. was more extended than Spn (05). This This may be caused by the presence of data showed that the three stands have survival competition between individuals relatively similar total height diversity, in obtaining nutrients, water, and light. which is higher than Spn (05). The competitions between plants were That boxplot diagram also showed very high those making the number of abnormal data distribution in all total small-diameter plants were available in height for all stands. Abnormal data numerous sizes (Nambiar & Sands, 2011; distribution of total height data was also Caine & Dybzinski, 2013; Looney, presumably caused by competition D'Amato, Fraver, Palik, & Reinikainen, between individuals. The presence of 2016). Considering the condition, support competition between individuals to obtain on tree growth can be achieved by water and nutrients will reduce the number practicing silvicultural treatment is a need of individuals who survive on each to perform (e.i horizontal/vertical growing stage (Bowman, Brienen, Gloor, roguing) to ensure more growing spaces Phillips, & Prior, 2013; Putra, 2015; Erkan and maximize the light intensity & Aydin, 2016). (Pamoengkas & Prasetia, 2014; Siswadi, Umroni, Pamungkas, & Manurung, 2015; Panjaitan, 2016).

198 Growth performance of Shorea red meranti (Ariansyah, E. N., Pamoengkas, P., Fambayun, R. A., and Rachmat, H. H.)

Figure 3. Boxplot diagram of S. pinanga and S. platyclados total height distribution

F. Growth Supporting Factors of S. may also be caused by differences in seed- pinanga and S. platyclados source mother tree availability, Assessment on growth indicator for reproduction capabilities, dispersions, and both S. platyclados and S. pinanga also be environmental adaptability (Gunawan, represented through several factors such Basuni, Indrawan, Prasetyo, & Soedjito, as stand density, Leaf Area Index (LAI), 2011; Mawazin & Suhaendi, 2012; and the percentage of fruiting trees as Heriyanto, 2017; Pertiwi, Safitri, & shown in Table 4. Other species were also Azahro, 2019). found in all plots, such as bamboo At the time of observation, S. (Bambuseae sp.), kayu afrika (Maesopsis pinanga stand has a higher percentage of eminii), pine (Pinus merkusii), pasang fruiting trees compared to S. platyclados (Quercus sundaica) and puspa (Schima stand. The highest percentage of fruiting wallichii). Spn (24) has the highest density trees were observed at Spn (05) and Spn value compared to the others. This could (24) stands, which measured at 75.8% and be due to species adaptation that resulted 68.2%, while the lowest percentage of in a lower individual mortality rate. fruiting trees were found at Spt (04), Variation in density value of each species which measured at 14.7%.

Table 4. Result of stands density, LAI, S. pinanga and S. platyclados fruiting

Stands density Species density LAI (Leaf Area Fruiting tree No. Stands (ind/ha) (ind/ha) Index) percentage* (%) 1 Spn (24) 79.5 411 1.4 68.2 2 Spn (05) 38.2 282 1.0 75.8 3 Spt (15) 44.3 291 1.5 34.6 4 Spt (04) 43.1 354 1.3 14.7 Remarks: Spt= S. platyclados, Spn= S. pinanga, number in parenthesis shows the number of plot; *During observation

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The primary interview with the field (Figure 4A), indicated by its denser manager determined that S. platyclados canopy cover. bear fruits almost every year for more than Canopy cover in Spn (05) was these ten consecutive years. However, the shown to be more sparse compared to the fruiting intensity varied from only a few condition observed in Spt (04), which trees to mass fruiting trees. Unlike S. resulted in a lower LAI value in Spn (05) platyclados, S. pinanga has only been and Spt (04). Canopy cover of S. recorded four times fruiting and, at the platyclados stands has a higher density, time of observation, was the only record compared to S. pinanga stands, caused by that the species experiencing mass the wider crown shape of S. platyclados fruiting. Shorea species generally flowers supported with its greater tree density. every 4-7 years in which S. pinanga tends to flower during July – September and IV. CONCLUSION bears fruits in December – March. Shorea platyclados had a greater Meanwhile, S. platyclados tend to flower diameter and total height growth and also in April – July (Tata, Wibawa, & Joshi, significantly different from that of Shorea 2010). Based on previous observation and pinanga. The highest growth of S. study conducted by Soekotjo (2009); platyclados was found on plot 15, with an Fitriasari (2011); and Winarni, Kurniasari, average diameter and a total height of 32.7 Hartiningsih, Nusalawo, & Sakuntaladewi cm and 19.1 m, respectively. The average (2016). Genus Shorea can bear fruits after diameter and total height increment (MAI) reaching six years old, and species from were measured at 1.6 cm/year and 1.0 the family have been m/year, respectively. Highland areas such well known for its irregular fruiting time. as Gunung Dahu (up to 800 masl) According to Table 4, it is supported hill species' growth as S. determined that LAI has a different value platyclados known as meranti bukit. on each stand. The highest LAI value was S. platyclados is suitable to be found at Spt (15), while the lowest LAI planted in the altitude's highland area was found at Spn (05). A higher LAI value ranging from 800-1,500 masl, while S. usually means a denser canopy cover pinanga is known as lowland species that within the stand. Based on the study can be planted below 700 masl. However, conducted by Setiawan (2006), higher both species showed good vegetative and LAI indicated a more significant solar reproductive growth capabilities in the radiation that can be intercepted for plant Gunung Dahu forest, making them use. prospective species to be planted and Figure 4 showed a series of photos established for various uses outside their to illustrate the comparison of the canopy natural habitat. Frequent evaluation of cover of all stands. All stands have a growth parameters and the fruiting season varying canopy cover according to their is essential to understand their growth and LAI value. Spt (15) (Figure 4B), has a productivity rate. greater LAI value compared to Spn (24)

A B C D

Figure 4. Canopy cover condition of S. pinanga plot 24, LAI 1.4 (A), S. platyclados plot 15, LAI 1.5 (B), S. pinanga plot 05, LAI 1.0 (C), S. pinanga plot 04, LAI 1.3 (D).

200 Growth performance of Shorea red meranti (Ariansyah, E. N., Pamoengkas, P., Fambayun, R. A., and Rachmat, H. H.)

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