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Conservation of Dipterocarpaceae in Peninsular Malaysia

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Conservation of Dipterocarpaceae in Peninsular Malaysia Journal of Tropical Forest Science 12(3): 593 - 615 CONSERVATION OF DIPTEROCARPACEAE IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA San wYe Lenn Ye g Guam Sa n& Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur Recived September 1999 SAW, L. G. & SAM, Y. Y. 2000. Conservation of Dipterocarpaceae in Peninsular Malaysia. Peninsulan I r Malaysia famile ,th y Dipterocarpaceae comprise species7 15 s . Bein mose gth t important timber family in Malaysian forestry, the family should be the subject of greater scrutin relation yi specieo nt s conservation. However theio t e r ubiquitou,du s presencn i e the Malaysian forests, the spesies are often assumed not to be threatened. Examination of distributioe th n pattern dipterocarpe th f so Peninsulan si r Malaysia indicated that ove% r57 e specieoth f s have distribution patterns restricte specifio dt c zones withi e Peninsulanth . Ther e als dipterocar0 ear o3 p species thae endemiar t Peninsulao t c r Malaysiae Th . conservation strateg famile th r discusseds yi fo . Keywords: Conservation - Dipterocarpaceae - distribution SAW, L. G. & SAM, Y. Y. 2000. Pemuliharaan Dipterocarpaceae di Semenanjung Malaysia. Di Semenanjung Malaysia terdapat 157 spesies dalam famili Dipterocarpaceae yang merupakan kumpulan kayu balak yang terpentin i dalagd m huta i negarnd a ini. Dengan itu, aspek pemuliharaan spesies kumpulan tersebut sepatutnya mendapat perhatian yang teliti. Walau bagaimanapun, pokok-pokok dipterokarpa jarang dianggap terancam kerana taburannya yang melua i dalasd m hutan Malaysia. Pemeriksaa atae nk s corak taburannyi ad Semenanjung Malaysia menunjukka daripadany% n57 a mempunyai taburan yang terhad pada zon-zon tertentu sahaja. Antaranya spesie0 3 , s dipterokarpa adalah endemik kepada Semenanjung Malaysia. Strategi pemuliharaan famili dipterokarpa turut dibincangkan. Introduction The family Dipterocarpaceae is the most important timber family in the lowland forests of Malaysia. They form the dominant trees in the forests and may comprise over 30% of the basal area of the trees in the lowland and hill forests or close to or over 40% of the emergents (Manokaran & Swaine 1994). Ecologically, they form the main structure and support for the other life forms that develop in the complex rain forest ecosystems theio t e r dominancDu . theid ean r good wood working properties, they are featured strongly in the timber trade. For example in 1997, the dipterocarps contributed 38.2% (2.8 million cubic metrese tota productiog th lo f l o ) r nfo Peninsular Malaysia (Anonymous 1997). paste Inth , conservatio dipterocarpe importann th a f t no no s tse wa issuth s ea family is seen as common and it has been assumed that none of the species are in anyway threatened. However, changing land-use patterns, increasing demands on forestry resources and Malaysian commitment to sustainable utilisation of the forest resources now require that the whole issue of the conservation of all species be looked into. This is particularly so for the members from the family Dipterocarpaceae. 593 4 59 Journal of Tropical Forest Science5 61 12(3) - 3 :59 Threats Over the last few decades in Peninsular Malaysia, land development schemes have see lose lowlane f mucnth so th f ho d fores t agriculturae areath o st l sectore th t A . tur f thino s century lane th df o are, ovePeninsula% n ai 90 r r Malaysi coveres awa d with native forest. After gaining independence, one of the main resources that fuelled national development was the conversion of the forest land to agriculture, particularly rubber and subsequently oil palm cultivation. By 1960 there was still over 70% of the land area under natural forest cover. The massive land development schemes started late th e n 1960i d 1970ssan . This tren lose f seeforess th di so n ni t cover ovee th r period n 197i ; 0 onl 60.9. yc % forested land remaine 1980y b d , dan 49.4 % (Forest Statistics Peninsular Malaysia 1979-1985) stabilisew . no Thi 44.5. s c st ha d a %199n i 7 (Anonymous 1997 lan e moss a )th df to mor e suitabl agriculturo et alreads eha y been taken ,mor e leavinth ew marginagno l hilllande mountainsd th san n si protected ,an d area Nationan si l Park Wildlifd san e Sanctuaries lowlane th e los f so Th . d areao st agriculture also see shife forestrsf th o t y activitie hillse th .o s t Furthermore , increasing deman risind dan g timber pricemarkee th n si greateta alse ose r utilisation morf o e timber species resultin almosn gi dipterocarl tal p species being currentlye useth n di timber trade. Harvesting of the forest in the hills also results in a greater degree of damage in the hills where often natural regeneration is poor (Yong 1990). Such combination of factors is depleting stocks of dipterocarps in logged-over forests. Ultimately, all production forest areas will be logged, if no special attempt is made to allocate conservation or protected areas. Up to 1992, only about 29% remain unlogged in the Permanent Forest Estate in Peninsular Malaysia (Chin et al. 1997). In ascertaining the conservation of any group of plants, some basic information will be necessary for the task. Amongst them are the understanding of population levels (stocking), distribution (where the found)e yar somd an , e basic understanding of their reproductive biology (breeding systems and dispersal strategies) and genetic make-up (genetic variation withi betweed nan n populations). With such information know thein i r natural range conservatioe ,th n statu then assessese ca n b d accurately. Such informatio alss ni o necessary when subsequentl wane y w develo o t p conservation action and strategies on threatened taxa. At the very minimum, the distribution patterns and stocking must be clearly understood. Understanding the reproduction biology and the genetic make-up of a threatened taxon would further help to understand what would constitute viable breeding populations thasustain ca t e nth continual existence of a particular taxon. However, very often such information is availablnot mosefor t taxa hav thi.We e in s paper limite discussiodthe populationto n levels and distribution patterns only. Distributio f dipterocarno p specie Peninsulan si r Malaysia Althoug e dipterocarphth e mosth te dominanar s tlowlane treeth f so d forestf o s Peninsular Malaysia, not all species are evenly distributed throughout the country. In general, plant distribution limitee s ar numbe a y d b obviou o factorsf tw o r e s Th . factors that are maintaining their present distributions are climate and soil or edaphic influences. These two factors are discussed briefly below but the plant distribution e todawese t e historicaresulmainls yi th ne f e o t yth l interactions between climate 5 59 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5 61 12(3) - 3 :59 changes, soils, geological change naturad san l selectio geologicae th n ni l pasd an t recent human activity. Although this is not obvious, these interactions of many thousands of years in the past have resulted in the ecological framework that is found r forestinou s today. Climatic factors This is the most important demarcation for plant distribution. For Peninsular Malaysia maio tw , n influences determin climate e countryeth th r efo e . th First s i t i , amount and pattern of rainfall. The vast majority of dipterocarps are confined to areas wher e meath e n annual rainfall exceed abous i d stan evenl200m 0m y distributed throughout the year. Most parts of Peninsular Malaysia fall within this category. The presence of even a short but regular dry season in northwest Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis and Langkawi) which hardly exceeds a month has a profound influence on both the number and kinds of species present (Ashton 1982). Here, the mainly dominant Red Meranti group of Shorea which dominate most of the lowland forest further sout replaces hi abundance th y dWhite b th f eo Meranti group especially . hypochra S . roxburghiiS d an gerutud an , Parashorea stellata (Wyatt-Smith 1963, Whitmore 1984). e seconTh climatis di c changes resulting from increasing elevatio mountainsn no . Symington (1943) has very carefully depicted the distribution of dipterocarps along elevation gradients in Peninsular Malaysia. The majority of the dipterocarps are restricted in distribution within the lowland dipterocarp to the hill dipterocarp forests elevationbelom 0 w83 . Beyond that elevation, ther markea s ei d decrease th n ei number of dipterocarp species. At this upper limit of distribution of the dipterocarps, the forest is characterised by Shorea platyclados. Other dipterocarps found here in limited members includ . ciliata,eS submontana,. S . maxima, S specie w fe . ovataa S s d an f Hopea,o Dipterocarpus d Vatica.an dipterocar o N founs pi d beyond 130 elevatio0m n where the montane forests develop. Edaphic factors Thi s beesha n comprehensively summarise Wyatt-Smity db h (1963) e majoTh . r edaphic factor determininn i s e distributiogth e dipterocarpth f no s away froe mth more normal mineral soils includ peae eth t swamp freshwated san r swamps, heath soils, limestone hill, riparian fringes and beach (strand) soils. No dipterocarp is found in the mangrove swamp. General patterns Abov environmentae eth l factors that determine habitat limit specier sfo s distribution, the distribution patterns of taxa can also be examined in their natural range within these environmenta ldipterocarps e limitsth r Fo . have ,w e listed them intbroao otw d categories, the widespread species and species with restricted distribution. On a global level, species tharestrictee ar t thein di r distributio Peninsulan ni r Malaysi e alsaar o liste thin di s paper. Thes termee ear d endemic taxa. 6 59 Journal of Tropical Forest Science5 61 12(3) - 3 :59 The general distribution patterns of the species are further examined for their rarity in Peninsular Malaysia.
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