Effects of In-Stream Mining on Channel Stability

ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION REPORT NUMBER: FHWA-AZ89-250 EFFECTS OF IN-STREAM MINING ON CHANNEL STABILITY Volume II - Final Report Prepared by: Dr. Ruh-Ming LI George K Cotton Michael E. Zeller Dr. Daryl 8. Simons Patricia 0. Deschamps Simons, LI and Associates, Inc. 4600 South Mill Avenue Tempe, Arizona 85282 June 1989 Prepared for: Arizona Department of Transportation 206 South 17th Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85007 In cooperation with U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Arizona Department of Transportation or the Federal Highways Administration. This =eport does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Trade or manufacturer's names which may appear herein are cited only because they are considered essential to the objectives of the report. The U.S. Government and the State of Arizona do not endorse products or manufacturers. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Reciplenrs Catatlog No. FHWA-AZ89-250, II 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date June, 1989 EFFECTS OF IN-STREAM MINING ON CHANNEL STABILITY 6. Performing Organization Code Final Report 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Dr. Ruh-Ming Li, George K. Cotton, Michael E. Zeller, Daryl B. Simons, and Patricia Q. Deschamps 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work. Unit No. Simons, Li & Associates, Inc. 4600 South Mill Avenue, Suite 280 11. Contact or Grant No. Tempe, Arizona.85282 - HPR-PL-1(31 )Item 250 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Covered ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF 1RANSPORTAT10N Final, Aug. 1986-June 1989 206 S. 17TH AVENUE 14. Sponsoring Agency Code PHOENIX, ARIZONA 85007 15. Supplementary Notes Prepared In cooperation with th• U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration 16. Abstract This report presents a comprehensive treatment of the technical and non-technical issues related to the impacts of in-stream sand and gravel mining upon the stability of river systems in Arizona. All major categories are addressed, including such areas as: regulatory practices, structural hazards, economic value, social and environmental f-actors, statewide classification of streams, review of methodologies, mitigation measures, engineering parameters, long-term procedures, short-term procedures, river response simulation procedure, case histories, justification for regulation, implemen- tation plan, and recommendation for further monitoring and data collection. The physical processes associated with sand and gravel minir.g and the impacts of sand and gravel mining on the streams, rivers, and riverine structures are documented. The concepts, theory, and experience of the team have been incorporated in this report in the form of written material and mathematical models. Methods have been formulated and presented for evaluating both short-term and long-term response of sand and gravel mining on river behavior, bridges, and associated river control structures. The necessity for sand and gravel mining, the impacts of sand and gravel mining, regulatory procedures adopted by other states, the short- and long-term interests of the sand and gravel mining industry, and recognition of Lhe fact that the sand and gravel mining industry is vital to the well-being of the State of Arizona all contribute to the justification for regulation. The final section of the study deals with the strategy and formulation of legislative action that could be implemented to better control sand and gravel mining in the State of Arizona. 23. Regist . - -• Executive Summary, Volume I "°''~~ ~ Appendices, Volume Ill ffl'"..,•~~'li .. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement ,~l~i Sand and gravel mining, channel stability, Document Is available to the ~ ~ ~-z.o-81: ... sediment transport, river mechanics. U.S. public through the ~ .....~·/ National Technical Information .... Service, Springfield, Virginia ~.,,,. 22161 19. Security Classification (of this report) 20. Security Classification (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 211 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared as part of project HPR-PL-1-31 Item 250 - "Effects of In-stream Mining on Channel stability." The research was conducted by Simons, Li & Associates, Inc., (SLA), for the Arizona Transportation Research Center (ATRC) , Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The Principal Investigator was Dr. Ruh-Ming Li. Under his guidance and direction, the Co-Principal Investigators, Mr. George K. Cotton and Mr. Michael E. Zeller, managed the technical effort in accordance with the scope-of-work. The principals of the study were fortunate to be assisted by Dr. Daryl Simons of Simons & Associates, in review of their technical efforts and his assistance in formulating study findings. The SLA project team worked long and hard over the duration of this project to compile data, to develop improved modeling tools, and to formulate new analysis procedures. We wish to acknowledge the members of the SLA project team for their individual contributions to this study: Ms. Patricia Deschamps, Mr. Robert Smolinsky, Ms. Lan-Yin Li, Mr. Jeff Minch, Mr. Mark Noble, Mr. Jay Meacham and Mrs. Kris Wells. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of the Project Task Force and the Project Committee for providing valuable input and guidance. The Task Force Chairman was Mr. Ron Brechler of the Arizona Department of Transportation. The Task Force and Project Committee included representatives of the Arizona Department of Transportation, Arizona Rock Product Association, the Flood Control District of Maricopa County, the Pima county Department of Transportation & Flood Control District, the city of Phoenix, the Arizona Department of Water Resources, and the U.S. Geological Survey. We wish to thank the staff of the Arizona Transportation Research Center under the direction of Mr. Frank Mccullagh, and particularly the efforts of Mr. Ottozawa Chatupron, in the assistance throughout this project. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENTATION PAGE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • • • . ii LIST OF FIGURES •• V LIST OF TABLES . vi LIST OF CHARTS •••• vii LIST OF EXHIBITS ••• vii LIST OF APPENDICES •• vii FOREWORD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 I • INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 II. REVIEW OF LEGISIATION & REGULATORY PRACTICES RELATED TO IN-STREAM MINING • • • • • • • • • 6 2.1 Introduction .•..••.••.• 6 2.2 Federal Programs ••••...•• . 6 2.2.1 General .••.••. • . • 6 2.2.2 Corps of Engineers Policies and Guidelines •.••...• 7 2.2.3 F§deral Emergency Management Agency Policies and Guidelines . .•••• 9 2.3 Regulation in California. •.•••• 9 2.4 Regulation in Other States .••• 14 2.5 Regulation in Arizona •...•. 17 III. STRUCTURE HAZARD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 3.1 Existing Bridge Structures Crossing Waterways 20 3.2 Flood Damage to Existing Bridge structures. 22 3. 3 Transportation Planning • • • • • • • • . • • . 22 IV. ECONOMIC VALlJE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27 4.1 Resource Identification •••••••••••• 27 4.2 Market Potential •••••••••.•.. 31 4.2.1 Regional Demand. • • •.•••••• 33 4.2.1.1 Past Sand & Gravel Production • 33 4.2.1.2 Construction Activity ..• 36 4.2.2 Projected Sand and Gravel Production 40 4.3 Market Value. • • • • • • • • • . • • • •• 42 4.3.1 Transportation Costs • • • •.• 44 4. 3. 2 Employment • • • • • • • • • • • . 44 4.3.3 Taxes and Fees Paid ••.•••••.•. 47 v. SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS • • • 48 5 .1 Land Use Conflicts • • • • • • • . 48 5.2 Proximity to Wildlife Habitat •••• 48 5.3 Noise. Dust. and Visual Pollution • • • •. 49 VI. STATEWIDE CLASSIFICATION OF RIVER REACHES. • .. 51 VII. REVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES FOR SAND AND GRAVEL MINING IMPACT ANALYSIS • • • • • . • . • • • . • 54 7. 1 General . • • 54 7.2 Methods Using Field Measurements .••.••.• 54 7. 3 Physical Model Study . • . • • • • • • • • • 55 7.4 Analytical Methods Developed for Alluvial River S.tudies . · . · . · . 55 iii TABLE OF C.'ONTENTS (continued) 7.4.1 sediment Transport Technology •••••• 55 7.4.2 Computer Models for River Response Simulations .•••••••••••••. 57 7.4.3 The Three-Level Approach ••.•.••• 59 7.5 Procedures for Developing Sand and Gravel Mining Regulations . • • . • • • 60 7.5.1 The "Red-Line" Procedure .•.• 60 7.5.2 u,s. Army Corps of Engineers sand and Gravel Mining Guidelines •••••••. 61 VIII. MITIGATION MEASURES . ••....... 63 8.1 Structural Measures ••••••••••.••• 63 0.1.1 Grade-control structures •••• 63 0.1.2 Flow-control structures ••••••••. 67 8.2 Non-structural Measures • • • • • • ••. 68 0.2.1 Buffer Zones • • • • . • • • • • • 68 8. 2. 2 Operation Standards • • • • • • • • . 68 8.3 Conclusions • • • • • ••••••••••• 69 IX. ENGINEERING PARAMETERS ...... 70 x. LONG-TERM PROCEDURE. .. 72 10. 1 Database • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 72 10.2 Data Analysis •••••••••• 72 10.3 Verification ••.••••••• 77 10.4 Procedure. • • • • • ••• 79 10.5 Limitations •••.••••••. 84 10. 6 Example • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . 85 XI. SHORT-TERM PROCEDURE •. 87 11.1 Model Description. • • • • • .••• 87 11.2 Verification • • • • .• 88 11.3 Data Synthesis ..•••••••.•••••• 96 11.4 overview of Short-Term Scour Processes •••. 96 11.s Procedure •••• • • • • •

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