The Cambridge Illustrated History of Surgery Harold Ellis Index More Information

Home , Omentopexy

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-72033-5 - The Cambridge Illustrated History of Surgery Harold Ellis Index More information

Index

Note: page numbers in italics refer to ﬁgures and tables.

Abbe, Robert 94 obstruction due to post-operative adhesions 112 abdominal injuries perforated peptic ulcer 106–8 penetrating 140–2 ruptured ectopic pregnancy 110–12 small intestine excision 141 ruptured spleen 109–10 warfare 136–7, 139–42, 140 visceroptosis 112–13 Abdominal Operations (Moynihan) 108, 113 adhesions, post-operative 112 Abel, J. J. 242 adrenalectomy 178–9 abortion, Hippocrates’ writings 19 Aesculapius (god of Physic) 119, 120 abscesses Aetiology, Concept and Prevention of Puerperal Fever Albucasis’ drainage technique 25 (Semmelweiss) 83 anal 30–1 Aetius of Amida (Byzantine physician) 24 Ancient Egypt 10 arterial ligation 229–30 appendix 104–6 Age of Enlightenment 46 cerebral 116 air filtering 164 China 13 Albee, Frederick 164 empyema 212 Albee graft 164 extradural 56 Albright, Fuller 208 Lister’s use of Penicillium 149 Albucasis (Arabian physician) 25, 25, 196 Ludwig’s angina 29 alcohol, anaesthesia 73 lung 214, 216, 224 Alexander the Great 19 Mesopotamia 7 Alexandria (Egypt) 19, 20 perianal 30–1 Algeria, trephination 6 Pott’s disease of the spine 56 ambulances tuberculous 160 American Civil War 134 Achilles 126 flying 131, 131, 133 Achilles tendon division 159 World War I 131, 131, 133, 137 achondroplasia 10, 11 America, 18th century 61–2 acoustic neuroma 119 American Civil War 134–6 acromegaly 58 Ammonius of Alexandria 180 acupuncture, China 12, 12 amputations 43 acute abdomen 104–13 16th century 128 appendicitis 104–6 American Civil War 136 intussusception 108–9 arm 52

255

256 Index

amputations (cont.) splint use 151 below-knee 128 urinary catheterisation 114 bleeding management 128–9 Ancient Greece 16–20 breast tumours 165, 166 bladder stone 180 compound fractures 153 lithotomy 180 forefoot 48 medical schools 16 hip joint disarticulation 70, 71, 71 Ancient Rome 20 Larrey’s method 132 breast cancer description 165 leg 52 lithotomy 180 mortality 136 aneurysms 229–30 at shoulder 132 abdominal 250–1 warfare injuries 131, 132–3 brachial artery ligation 24 amulets 9 circle of Willis 119 Amussat, Jean 114 fusiform 231 Amyand, Claudius 105 ligation 68–70, 70 anaesthesia 73–82 Lowe’s treatise 41 American Civil War 134 reconstruction 230 caesarean section 122 repair 233, 250–1 dental extractions 73, 77, 78 saccular 230 ether 73–81 see also aortic aneurysm surgery local 81 angina pectoris 221 lung resection 215 angiography 233 mastectomy 172 angioplasty 236, 250–1 nitrous oxide 73, 81 Anglo-Saxon writings, fractures 151 plastic surgery 146 ankle, fracture dislocations 57, 153 anal abscesses 30–1 anthrax bacilli 149 Anathomia (Mundinus) 26, 28 antibiotics 148–50 anatomy anticoagulants 233 Pare´’s work 35–6 antiseptic surgery 82–9 Renaissance 32–4 caesarean section 122 Vesalius 32–4 fracture reduction 153–5 On the Anatomy of the Breast (Cooper) 67–8 mastectomy 172 The Anatomy of the Human Body (Cheselden) 54 tuberculous wrist joint excisions 159 Anatomy of the Thymus Gland (Cooper) 67–8 anus anatomy texts abscesses 30–1 Anathomia (Mundinus) 26, 28 imperforate 102 On the Anatomy of the Breast (Cooper) 67–8 aorta The Anatomy of the Human Body coarctation 218, 218–19 (Cheselden) 54 ligation 68, 68–70, 70 De Humani Corpora Fabrica (Vesalius) 33, 34 aortic aneurysm surgery 234–6 Ancient Egypt 8 grafts 235 achondroplasia 11 resection 236 bladder stone 180, 189 aorto-iliac graft 235 chest wounds 210 Apologie and Treatise Containing the Trips Made in circumcision 3, 3–4, 10 Divers Places (Pare´) 36 embalming 10 appendicitis 104–6 kyphosis 11 Murphy sequence 232–3 poliomyelitis 10 appendicostomy 100

Index 257

appendix Trojan Wars 126 abscess drainage 105 Bannister, Thomas 38 inflammation 105–6 barber–surgeons removal 105 companies 37, 38–9 Arabian medicine 24–5 see also Company of Barber–Surgeons; Guild of lithotomy 180 Barber–Surgeons Archives of Surgery (Hutchinson) 109 Barnard, Christian 247 Aristotle 19 Baronio, Giuseppi 238, 239 arm Basedow, Karl von 204 amputation 52 Basedow’s disease 204 fracture 10, 42 Battle, William 112 Armamentarium Chirurgicum (Scultetus) 42–3, 165 Beatson, George 178–9 arrow, extraction 23 Beaulieu, Jaques (Fre`re Jaques) 182–5 arterial surgery 229–36 Beck, Claude 227 aortic aneurysm 234–6 Belfield, William 114 endovascular 236 Bell, Benjamin 59, 170 end-to-end suture 233 Bell, Charles 129 reconstructive 230 Bichat, Xavier 49 suturing 240 Bigelow, W. G. 225 arteries bile duct stones 94 grafts 233–4, 234, 235 biliary system, grafting for liver transplant 246 ligation 87–8, 125, 144, 229–30 Billingham, Rupert 244 reconstruction from warfare wounds 144 Billroth, Theodor 94–7, 96, 97, 98, 251 stenosis 250–1 thyroid surgery 197, 200 arthroscopes 164 Biondi, Domenico 214 Aselli, Gaspare 44, 45 birth, Ancient Roman techniques 20 aseptic surgery 88–91, 112 birth stool 20 fracture fixation 156 Bjork, Viking 227 joint prostheses 164 blackwater fever 18 Askanazy, Max 208 bladder stone surgery 180 Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Franco’s 36 Ireland 108 perineal lithotomy 180–6 Australian Aborigines, splint use 151 suprapubic lithotomy 187–9 Avicenna 22–3 transurethral lithotrity 189–94 axillary lymph nodes bladder stones breast cancer involvement 174 Ancient Egypt 180, 189 mastectomy 170 Ancient Greece 180 azathioprine 245 ancient specimen 181 crushing 115, 190–1 Babylon 7 incidence 191–3, 192 bacteria, discovery 82 Blalock, Alfred 219–20 Bailey, Charles 228, 229 Blalock–Taussig operations 219–20, 236 Bakey, Michael de 228 bleeding 24, 25 Ballance, Charles Alfred 110, 110 Block, M. H. 214 Ballance’s sign 110 blood see circulation of blood balloon catheter 233, 250–1 blood banks 147, 148 bandages 125 blood donors 145, 147 application method of Hippocrates 17 blood loss, warfare injuries 144–5

258 Index

blood transfusion 145, 148 non-surgical treatments 169 clotting 145 oo¨phorectomy 178–9 blood vessels prognosis 174 anastomosis 240–1, 241 radical surgery 170, 172, 172 grafting for heart transplant 247 radiotherapy 176–7 grafting for liver transplant 246 radium needles 177, 178 suturing 240–1 skin defect healing 174 synthetic conduits 250 staging 174 see also arterial surgery; arteries; varicose veins; super-radical mastectomy 176, 176 vein grafts surgical mortality 172 Bloodgood, Joseph 173 Breasted, James 9 Blundell, James 121, 144–5, 144 Britain Bobbs, John Stough 92–3, 93 18th century 53–61 bodies, preservation 10 Age of Enlightenment 46–7 Boer War 136–7 British Journal of Surgery (journal) 108 Boerhaave, Hermann 50, 193 British Medical Journal (journal) 154 Bo¨hler, Lorenz 156–7 broad ligament, tying 111 Bologna medical school (Italy) 26 Broca, Paul 5 Hugh of Lucca 26–7 Brock, Russell 223–4, 224 Mundinus 27–8 Brooke, Bryan 100–1 William of Salacet 27 Brooke spout ileostomy 101 bone disease 1 Brown, John Young 100 Paget’s 172 Brunton, Thomas Lauder 221 splints 153 Bryant, Thomas 112 see also tuberculosis Bu¨lau, Gotthard von 212 bone grafts 146, 164 Burnet, Frank Macfarlane 244 bone-setters 153, 158 Byrne, Charles, skeleton of 58, 59 Bonnet, Johann 187 Byzantium 24 brachial artery ligation for aneurysm 24 arterial ligation 229–30 brain foreign body removal 142 cachexia strumipriva 202 haemostasis 117–18 caesarean section 43, 119–24 injuries 142 classical 122 radiology 119 with hysterectomy 122–3 suction debridement of wound 142 lower segment 123, 123–4 traumatic injury 118 origins 119 tumours 116, 117 primitive communities 119–20, 121 wounds 130, 142 Cairns, Hugh 118 see also head injury Calcar, John Stephen (Flemish artist) 33 breast cysts, blue-domed 173 Calne, Roy 245, 246, 247, 248, 251 breast tumours 165–79 Cancer of the Breast and its Operative Treatment advanced disease 178–9 (Handley) 175 amputation 165, 166 cancer permeation hypothesis 175–6 area to be removed 175 cancer surgery 253 axillary lymph node removal 170 cannonball injuries 125–6 cancer cell dissemination 173 Capek, Karel 252 cancer spread 175–6 carbolic acid 85–7 lymphatic spread 169–70, 172–3 spray 90

Index 259

wound irrigation 136 Certaine Works of Chirurgerie (Gale) 129 cardiac massage 156 Chain, Ernst 149 cardiac surgery 216–29 Charaka (Indian surgeon) 114 artificial heart valves 226 Charnley, John, joint replacement surgery 90, 162, 164 beating heart 220–4 Chauliac, Guy de 28, 29–30, 196, 210 coronary artery disease 227–9 Cheselden, William 42, 53, 53–5 foreign bodies 223 lithotomy 185–6, 188–9, 189 hypothermia 224–5, 247 chest drains, underwater 212, 212–13 intracardiac 226 chest wounds 210 open heart 224–9, 226 Ancient Egypt 210 valvular disease 221–4 closure 211 Carel, Alexis 233 Crimean War 211 Caroline of Ansbach (Queen Caroline of England) 60, 60–1 Napoleonic Wars 211 carotid aneurysm 230 suturing 210 Carpue, Joseph 14, 14 World War I 211 Carrel, Alexis 221, 228, 233 Cheyne–Stokes respiration 18 heart transplantation 247 childbed fever see puerperal fever kidney transplantation 240–2 childrens’ ward, orthopaedic 161, 161 marriage 240 chimney sweep’s cancer 56 vascular surgery 241 China 10 Carrel patch 241, 241 acupuncture 12, 12 Carrel–Dakin wound irrigation method 144, 144 bladder stones 191 cartilage cell implants 253 gunpowder invention 125 Cases of Lithotrity (Heurteloup) 190 iodine deficiency 195 castration, eunuchs in China 12 moxibustion 12 Casualty Clearing Stations 138–9, 139, 143, 149 urinary catheterisation 114 cataract 14 Chirurgerie (Lowe) 41 Celsus’ technique 20 Chirurgia (Theodoric) 27 Hindu technique 14 Chirurgia Magna (de Chauliac) 30 lens extraction 133 Chirurgie (de Mondeville) 29 catheterisation, urinary retention 114 chloroform 81, 81 Caucasus, trephination 5–6 American Civil War 134 cautery cholecystectomy 93–4 amputations 128–9 laparoscopic 250 breast tumour removal 165, 166 NOTES technique 250 electric 116 Petit’s description 47–8 goitre treatment 196 vaginal route 250 thigh wound 127 cholecystography 213 wounds 125 cholecystostomy 93 wounds with gunpowder 126, 127, 128 Chopart, Franc¸ois 48 Celsus, Aulus Cornelius 20, 151 Church, impact during Renaissance 22 arterial ligation 229 circle of Willis aneurysm 119 breast cancer description 165 circulation of blood empyema 212 Galen’s writing 21 goitre 195, 196 William Harvey 21, 31–2, 44, 44 lithotomy 180–1 circumcision cerebral abscess 116 Ancient Egypt 10 Ce´renvelle, Edouard de 213 Civiale, Jean 63, 190, 190

260 Index

Clark, Timothy 44–5 corticosteroids, ulcerative colitis treatment 100 Clark, Wilfred Le Gros 99 cortisone replacement therapy 178–9 clavicle, fracture 49 Cosmas and Damian 237, 238 clostridial organisms 137 Cowper, William 42, 42 Clowes, William 40, 40 Crafoord, Clarence 218–19 club foot 159 cranial nerves coarctation of the aorta 218, 218–19 Galen’s description 21 cochlear implants 250 trigeminal neuralgia 117 colectomy 101, 156 cretinism 200, 202 Colle`ge de Chirurgie (France) 46 goitre 198 colon treatment 200 anastomosis 102 Crile, George 195, 204–5 cancer 102 Crimean War 133–4, 135 diverticula 99, 99–100 chest wounds 211 perforation 140 Crump, J. A. 5 resection 101, 102 Cruveilhier, Jean 99–100 robotic mouse 252 cuneiform writing 7 colostomy cupping 24, 25 permanent 104 Curie, Marie 177, 179 transverse 101 Curling, Thomas Blizzard 200 Company of Barbers 37 Cuschieri, Alfred 250 Company of Barber–Surgeons 37, 37 Cushing, Harvey 117–18, 118, 142–4, 143, 173 Cheselden 53–4 opinion of Halsted 175 Douglas 188 cutaneous spots, pigmented 109, 109 England 37 Cutler, Elliott 221–2 Gale as Master 129 cyclopropane 81 Hall of 38 cyclosporin 245, 247 Lind 42 cystosarcoma phylloides 166, 166 Company of Surgeons 54 cystoscope 116, 116, 249 A Compendious Practice of the Art of Surgery (Vigo) 126 cysts, blue-domed of breast 173 Constantinus Africanus 22–3 Czerny, Vincenz 102, 104 constipation 156 On the Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever (Holmes) 82 da Vinci, Leonardo 32, 32 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) 242 dacron 234 Cooley, Denton 247 Dahl-Iverson, Erling 176 Cooper, Astley 66–70, 67, 71 Dameshek, W. 245 arterial ligation 230 Dandy, Walter 118, 118–19 bladder stone removal 190 Dark Ages 22 femoral fractures 157–8 Arabian medicine 24–5 mastectomy procedure 170 Byzantium 24 thyroid gland 195 southern Italy 22–3 vascular surgery 68–70, 88 Davey, Humphrey 73 corneal grafts 237 Davies, Hugh Morriston 216 coronary artery 221 Davies, Thomas 212 angioplasty 236 De Wall–Lillehei bubble oxygenator 225, 226 bypass 228–9, 229 Delpech, Jaques–Mathieu 159 disease 227–9 dental surgery see teeth endarterectomy 228, 236 Denys, Jean Baptiste 144

Index 261

Derbyshire neck 195 ligation 218, 218 Desault, Pierre-Joseph 48, 48–9 patent 217–18, 218 thyroidectomy 196 Dunant J. H. 134 dialysis dung, umbilical cord dressing 1 artificial kidneys 243 duodenal ulcer, perforated 107–8 intermittent 242 duodenum, mobilisation 197 machines 242–3 Dupuytren, Guillaume 196 peritoneal 242 Duval, Pierre 223 diathermy 117–18 Dionis, Pierre 43 Ebers, George 9 Diseases of the Stomach (Moynihan & Robson) 107 Ebers papyrus 9, 9 dislocations 151–8 L’E´cole de Chirurgie (Paris) 46 Algeria 6 E´cole de Sante´ (Paris) 49 Ancient Egypt 10 ectopic pregnancy, ruptured 110–12 Ancient Greece 17 Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal (journal) 71 Ancient Rome 20 Edinburgh Medical Journal (journal) 63 ankle 57, 153 Edwards, Lowell 227 jaw 10, 10 Edwards, Robert 250 shoulder 17, 18, 151, 153, 197 Ehrlich, Paul 148 dissection 26 electromagnet, foreign body removal 142 Ancient Egypt 19 Elliot-Smith, Grafton 151 Mundinus 26, 28, 32 embalming, Ancient Egypt 10 obtaining bodies 54 embolectomy 233 public 26 embryology 19, 32, 44 Renaissance 26 Empedocles, humoral theory 16 Salerno medical school 22, 26 empyema 211 Vesalius 21, 33 drainage 212 diverticula of the colon 99, 99–100 rib resection 212 Dixon, Frank 245 treatment 212–13 doctor–patient relationship, Hippocrates’ writings 18–19 underwater drainage 212, 212–13 dog, experimental surgery endarterectomy 228, 233, 236 aorta ligation 68 endocrine system 204 kidney transplantation 240, 241, 246 endoscopes 249 splenectomy 44 endoscopic surgery, remote 252 Domagk, Gerhardt 148 endotracheal tube 215, 215 Donally, Mary 120, 120 endovascular surgery 236 donor organs 237, 248, 250 Enlargement of the Thyroid Gland in Connections with Dos Santos, Joao Sid 233 Enlargement or Palpitation of the Heart (Parry) 203 Dos Santos, Reynaldo 233 enteric fever, Boer War 136 Douglas, James 187–8 epidural analgesia 82 Dran, Henri Le 169–70 Erasistratos (Egyptian surgeon) 19–20 dressings 125 Ericson, John 251 antiseptic for wound management 136 erysipelas 137 mastectomy 168 ether 73–81, 77, 79 warfare wounds 127–8 American Civil War 134 Dublin Medical Press 63 inhaler 76 Dubost, Charles 228, 234, 235, 236 plaque commemorating first operation under 78 ductus arteriosus Ether Dome 75, 76

262 Index

ethics 19 carbolic acid antisepsis 85–7 Ethiopia, goitre 195 clavicle 49 Euphrates, river 7 compound 85–7, 87, 137, 151, 153–5, 157 euthanasia, Hippocrates’ writings 19, 19 external fixation 157, 157 Excellent Treatise of Wounds Made with Gunshot healing 85 (Gale) 39 infection 153 exophthalmos 203, 203, 203–4 intramedullary nails 157 extracardiac surgery 217, 217–20 jaw 146 extradural analgesia 82 mortality 137 extradural haemorrhage 109 olecranon 154, 154–5 eyes patella 154 corneal grafts 237 penis 25 protrusion 203, 203, 203–4 plates 156–7 see also cataract Pott’s 57, 153 reduction 156–7 Fallot, Etienne-Louis 219 screw fixation 155–6, 157 Fallot’s tetralogy 219–20, 219, 223–4 see also splints/splinting Fe´lix, Charles Franc¸ois 43 Fractures and Dislocations (Cooper) 67–8 femoral artery France angioplasty 236 18th century 46–9 ligation 58–9 French School of Surgery 43 obstruction 234 Italian connections 28–9 repair 231, 232, 240 Franco, Pierre 36, 187 femur, prostheses 158 Franco–Prussian War 136 femur fractures 139, 157–8 Franklin, Benjamin 193–4 compound 137, 139, 139, 153 Fredet, Pierre 98 of head 158 French School of Surgery 43 of neck 158 Fre`re Jaques 182–5, 184, 185 fibreoptic instruments 116, 249–50 Freyer, Peter 114, 114–16 lithotrity 191 Freyer prostatectomy 115 orthopaedic 164 Fu Hsi, Emperor of China 10–11 Field Surgical Unit 149 Fuller, Eugene 114 Fine, Pierre 101 finger joint prostheses 164 Gale, Thomas 39, 39, 129 fingers, pedicled skin flap 239 Galen 20, 20–1 Finney, J.M.T. 173 thyroid gland 195 First World War see World War I Vesalius’ corrections 34 fistula in ano 30, 31, 30–1 gall bladder, radiological imaging 213 Fe´lix’ method 43 gall stone surgery 92, 253 Fitz, Reginald 105–6, 106 see also cholecystectomy flaps see skin ﬂaps Ganter, G. 242 Fleming, Alexander 149 gas gangrene 137, 138 Florey, Howard 149 Gask, George 211 Fogarty, Thomas 233 gastrectomy 94–7, 97, 98 Forlanini, Carlos 213 gastric cancer 94–6, 98 Fox, Lawrence 203 gastric surgery 94–9 fractures 151–8 Gedroitz, Vera 137 arm 10, 42 General System of Surgery (Heister) 51, 196, 212

Index 263

genu valgum/varum 161–4, 162 gynaecology Germany, 18th century 50–3 fibreoptic systems 250 Geudel, Arthur 215 visceroptosis 113 Gibbon, John 225 see also ectopic pregnancy, ruptured; ovariotomy Gilford, Hastings 107 Gillies, Harold Delf 146, 239 Habershon, Samuel 99–100 Glasgow Medical Journal 63 haemorrhage Gley, Euge`ne 208 caesarean section 123 gloves, surgical 90–1, 90 extradural 109 Gluck, Themistokles 164, 215–16 ligatures 36 Goh, Peter 252 placenta praevia 122–3 goitre 195, 198 rupture ectopic pregnancy 111 stealing 204–5 secondary with septic wounds 137 surgery 196 warfare 125 Switzerland 195, 196, 198 haemorrhoids, treatment 18 thyroidectomy 199 haemostasis 108 gonorrhoea 59 diathermy 117–18 Gordon, Alexander 82 Hale-White, William 201 Goretex 234, 235 halothane 81 Gowers, William 117 Halsted, William 90–1, 81, 172, 173, 174–5 grafting see arteries, grafts; skin grafts parathyroid glands 208 Graham, Evarts 212–13, 213, 216 radical mastectomy 174 Graves, Robert 203–4 thyroid surgery 200 Graves’ disease 204 Hancock, Henry 105 gravitator 145 Handley, W. Sampson 175, 175–6 Great Doctors of the Nineteenth Century handwashing 83 (Hale-White) 201 Hannurabi, King of Mesopotamia 7, 8, 8 Groenvelt, Jan 187 Hardy, James 247 Gross, Robert 217–18, 219, 224 Harington, John 23 Gross, Samuel 114, 196–7 Harken, Dwight 223, 227 Gruntzig, Andreas 236 Harrison, Hartwell 244–5, 245 Guild of Barber–Surgeons Hartmann, Henri 223 Amsterdam 39 Harvey, William 21, 31–2, 44, 44 England 37 Hawarden, Mr. 120–1 France 28, 29, 39 Hawes, William 46 Gull, William 200–1 head injury gunpowder invention 125–30 compound 142 gunshot wounds 39, 40, 125–6 orbito-frontal 142 femoral artery repair 232, 240 trephination 5, 6, 17 high-velocity missiles 137 warfare wounds 130, 142 small intestine 140 healers, primitive 1 small intestine excision 141 heart spleen 140 palpitations 203, 203–4 Guthrie, Charles 233, 240–1, 247 transplantation 247, 247 Guthrie, George James 133, 133, 211 see also cardiac surgery Guyon, Felix 238 heart pump 225 Guy’s Hospital (London) 46, 67 heart valves Gordon Museum 56, 68 artificial 226, 227

264 Index

heart valves (cont.) hormones 204 disease 221–3, 223–4 Horsley, Victor 117, 117, 202 hinge 227 hostels, established by monks 22 tilting disc 227 Hoˆtel Dieu (Lyon) 22 heart–lung transplantation 247, 251 Hoˆtel Dieu (Paris) 23, 35, 183–4 Heidenhain, Lothar 172–3 Hua Tuo (Chinese surgeon) 12, 13 Heineke, Walter 102 castration technique 12 Heister, Lorenz 50–3, 51, 104–5 Huangt Ti, Emperor of China 10–11 empyema drainage 212 Hufnagel, Charles 226–7 goitre 196 Huggins, Charles 178–9 mastectomy 166, 166–9, 169 Hugh of Lucca 26–7 helmets, steel 142, 142 humane societies 46–7 heparin 233 De Humani Corpora Fabrica (Vesalius) 33, 33, 34, 34 herbal remedies, Chinese medicine 12 Hume, David 244 hernia humoral theory of Empedocles 16 scrotal 105 Humphry, Murray 189 stangulated 52–3 Hundred Years War 30 umbilical 60–1 Hunter, John 56–9, 57 Hernia (Cooper) 67–8 military service 129 Herophilos (Egyptian surgeon) 19–20 popliteal aneurysm 230 Heurteloup, Charles Louis Stanislas 190, 192 Shippen’s work with 61–2 Heusner, Ludwig 106–7 teeth transplantation 237 Heusser, H. 242 Hunterian Museum (Royal College of Hibbs, Russell 164 Surgeons) 58, 59 Highmore, Nathaniel 32 Hutchinson, Jonathan 108, 108–9 Hilden, Wilhelm Fabry von 165 hygiene, handwashing 83 Hilton, John 160, 160–1 hyperthryoidism 203–7 Hindu surgeons hypnotism 73 lithotomy 180, 181 hypothermia for cardiac surgery 224–5, 247 nose replacement 237 hypothyroidism 200–3 hip joint hysterectomy 121 disarticulation 70, 71, 71 after caesarean section 122–3 dislocation 151 pinning 157–8 ileo-anal anastomosis with pouch 101 prostheses 158, 158, 162, 164 ileorectal anastomosis 101 tuberculosis 160 ileostomy 100–1, 101 Hippocrates 16–19, 17, 151 iliac aneurysm 230 breast cancer description 165 iliac artery, angioplasty 236 empyema 211, 212 Illustrations of Diseases of the Breast (Cooper) 67–8 Hippocratic facies 17 Imhotep (vizier to King Zoser of Egypt) 8, 8–9 Hippocratic Oath 19, 180 immobilisation, bone and joint tuberculosis 161 Hippocratic succussion 211 immunological rejection 237, 242, 243–4 Hirschsprung, Harald 98 irradiation 245 hoarseness, thyroid gland radical surgery 199–200 immunosuppressive drugs 247 Holland, Eardley 123–4 azathioprine 245 Hollier, Thomas 193 cyclosporin 245, 247 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 79, 82 6-mercaptopurine 245 Hopkins, Harold 249 incisions, Kocher’s 198

Index 265

India 13 joints bladder stones 191 cartilage cell implants 253 goitre 195 excision of diseased 159 lithotomy 180, 181 prostheses 158, 164, 250 nose replacement 237 Jones, Robert 153 urinary catheterisation 114 Judet, Jean and Robert 164 infection Juvenal 195 chemical drugs 148 clinical appearance described by Hippocrates 17 Kalloo, Anthony 250 fractures 153 Keith, Arthur 100 World War I 242 Kendall, Edward 203 infectious disease, spread 82 Kerr, Munro 123–4 infirmaries, established by monks 22 Key, Einar 233 inflammation, appendix 105–6 key-hole surgery 63 information dissemination 63 Keynes, Geoffrey 145, 177, 178 injuries kidney(s) inflicted by man upon man 1, 2 artificial 242–3, 243 treatments 1–2, 2, 3 nephrectomy 113–14 instruments see surgical instruments kidney transplantation 239–42, 244 intestine allografts 240 adhesions 228 dog 240, 241, 246 transplantation 248 harvesting from donor 250 see also colon; large intestine; small intestine identical twins 244–5, 245 intubation, naso-tracheal 146 immunological barrier 245 intussusception 108–9 Kirklin, John 225–6 cutaneous pigment spots with intestinal knee joint polyps 109 arthroscopy 164 iodine administration genu valgum/varum 161–4, 162 post-thyroidectomy 205 patella fracture 154 radioactive 206 prostheses 163, 164 iodine deficiency 195 splinting 161 irradiation, immunological rejection 245 tuberculosis 161 islets of Langerhans, transplantation 248 knee-capping 150 Italy Koch, Robert 213 18th century 49–50 Koch pouch 101 southern 22–3 Kocher, Theodor 103, 196, 197, 197–8, 200 incisions 198 Jaboulay, Mathieu 240 thyroidectomy 201, 202 jaw Kocherisation of the duodenum 197 dislocation 10 Kolesov, Vasilii 228–9 fractures 146 Kolff, Willem 242–3 reconstruction 146 Korean War 234 Jefferson, Geoffrey 233 dialysis 243 Jeghers, Harold 109 Kraske, Paul 103 Jews, ancient, circumcision 3–4 Kunlin, Jean 233–4 Johansson, Sven 157–8 Ku¨ntscher, Gerhard 157 John of Arderne (English surgeon) 30, 30–1 Kuss, Rene´ 244 joint replacement surgery 90, 164 kyphosis, Ancient Egypt 11

266 Index

Lambotte, Albin 155 Liston, Robert 71, 72, 78–9, 79 laminar flow tent, joint replacement breast cancer management 170 surgery 90 Lithotomia Douglassiana (Douglas) 187 The Lancet (journal) 63, 71, 151, 221, 249 lithotomy Landsteiner, Karl 145 incision 185 Lane, William Arbuthnot 110, 155, 155–7, 221 instruments 182, 183 empyema drainage 212 lateral 186 Lanfranchi (Lanfranc), Guido 28, 28–9 perineal 180–6 Langenbuch, Carl Johann 93, 93–4, 250 suprapubic 187–9 laparoscopy 249–50, 251 lithotomy position 181, 182, 183, 185 laparotomy, ovarian tumour 63–5, 65–6 lithotrite 63, 115, 192 large intestine 99–101 lithotrity cancer 101–2 instruments 190, 190–1, 191, 192 Paul’s tube 102 transurethral 189–94 see also colon; rectum Little, William John 159–60 Larrey, Dominique Jean 131, 130–3, 152 Little’s disease 159 chest wounds 211, 217 liver transplantation 246, 246–7 extracardiac surgery 217 Lizars, John 65 laser ablation of tumours 250 Lockhart-Mummery, J. P. 103–4 laudanum, anaesthesia 73 Long, Crawford 73–4 Lectures on Surgical Pathology (Paget) 171–2 Lowe, Peter 40, 40–1 Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Surgery Lower, Richard 144, 217 (Cooper) 170 Ludwig’s angina 29 leeches 25 lung(s) leg collapse 210 amputation 52 hilum 215, 216 varicose ulcer 37 tuberculosis 213 lemon juice, scurvy cure 41–2 lung surgery 210–16 Lett, Hugh 178–9 lobectomy 215–16 Lewis, John 225 low-pressure chamber 215 ligation, ductus arteriosus 218 resection 214–16, 216 ligatures anaesthesia 215 amputations 128–9 technical problems 215 arterial 87–8, 125, 144, 229–30 transplantation 247 for haemorrhage 36, 128–9 lymph nodes, dissection in mastectomy sloughing 137 170, 173 wound management 136 lymphatics 44, 45 Lillehei, Walton 225, 248 breast cancer spread 169–70, 172–3 limbs, severed 239 Lisfranc, Jaques 103 McBurney, Charles 106 Lister, Joseph 72, 84–9, 85 McBurney’s point 106 antiseptic technique 159 McCormack, William 136–7 compound fracture cases 87, 153–5, 154 McDowell, Ephraim 63, 63–6 mastectomy procedure 172 house 64 Penicillium identiﬁcation 149 memorial 66 statue 89 Macewen, William 89–90, 116, 161, 161–4 sterilisation of instruments 89 pneumonectomy 215 war wound management 136 McGill, Arthur Fergusson 114

Index 267

McKee, George 157–8 Mesopotamia 7–8 Mackenzie, Hector 203 medicine 7–8 McWhirter, Robert 176–7, 177 The Method of Treating Wounds Made by Firearms (Pare´) 36 Magill, Ivan 146, 215 Meyer, Willy 173, 173 malaria 82 microscopy 82 Hippocrates’ description 18 Middlesex Hospital (London) 46 Malpighi, Marcello 32, 44 midwifery 120 Mandl, Felix 208–9 Mikulicz, Johannes von 91, 97, 102 mandrake, anaesthesia 73 Miles, Ernest 104, 104 Mareschal, Georges 46–7 Millin, Terence 116 Margottini, Mario 176 Miscellanea Curiosa Medicophysica (journal) 44–5 Marian operation 181–2 missiles, high-velocity 137 Marianus Sanctus 181–2 mitral valve stenosis 221–3 mastectomy see breast tumours rheumatic fever 224 Matas, Rudolph 70, 215, 230, 230 mitral valvotomy 222, 223 Mathijsen, Antonius 152 Mondeville, Henri de 29, 165, 210 maxillary sinus 32 Mondino de Luzzi (Italian physician) see Mundinus Mayo, Charles 195, 204, 205, 206 Moniz, Antonio 233 Mayo, William (Jnr) 195, 205, 206, 206 Monroe, John 217 Mayo, William Worrall (Snr) 206 Morgagni, Giovanni 49, 92 Mayo Clinic 206–7 Morgan, John 62 Medawar, Peter 243–4 Morison, James Rutherford 100 mediastinal flutter 212 Morse, Thomas Herbert 107 Medical, Chirurgical and Anatomical Cases and Morton, Thomas 105–6 Observations (Heister) 51 Morton, William Thomas Green 73, 74, 74–7, 77, 79, 80 medical ethics 19 Mosny, Ernest 233 medical journals 63 Mouret, Philippe 250 see also named journals moxibustion 12 medical schools Moxon, Walter 100 18th century 46 Moynihan, Berkeley 94, 107, 107–8, 113, 114 Alexandria 19, 20 Muhe, Erich 250 Ancient Greece 16 Mundinus (Italian physician) 27–8, 32 Bologna 26–7, 27–8 Murphy, John B. 106, 231, 231–3, 240 Dublin 203 Murphy button 232 Edinburgh 72 Murphy’s sequence 106, 232–3 Helmstadt 51 Murray, George Redmayne 203 Mayo Clinic 206 Murray, Joseph 244, 244–5, 245 Padua 49–50 muscles, computerised stimulation 250 Paris 46 music, Billroth’s interest 98 Philadelphia 57, 62 musketball injuries 125–6 Salerno 22, 23 myocardial revascularisation 227–8 Spain 25 myxoedema 201, 202 Vienna 96 operative 202, 202 De Re Medicina (Celsus) 165 treatment 203 Memoirs of Military Surgery (Larrey) 131 6-mercaptopurine 245 Napoleon Bonaparte 194 Merrill, John 245, 245 Napoleonic Wars 130–3, 152 Mesmer, Anton 73 chest wounds 211

268 Index

naso-tracheal intubation 146 orthopaedics 151 natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery bent tree trunk logo 152 (NOTES) 250 childrens’ ward 161, 161 Nepal 195 dislocations 151–8, 153 nephrectomy 113–14 elective 158–64 neurosurgery 116–19 military 139 New Guinea, trephination 5 surgical correction of deformities 161–4 New Health Society 156–7 see also dislocations; fractures Nightingale, Florence 133–4 O’Shaughnessy, Lawrence 227–8, 228 nipple, Paget’s disease 172 Osler, William 100 nitrous oxide 73, 81 osteitis fibrosis cystica 208 Nitze, Max 116, 249 osteosynthesis 156–7 nose reconstruction 14, 237–8, 239 osteotomy 162, 161–4 ostoearthritis, knee joint 163 O’Brian the Irish giant 58, 59 ovarian surgery 112 Observations on the Structure and Diseases of the Testis ovariotomy 63–5, 64, 65–6, 112 (Cooper) 67–8 obstruction due to post-operative obstetrics adhesions 112 anaesthesia 80–1 Owen, Richard 207, 207 puerperal fever 82–3 see also caesarean section Paget, James 171, 171–2 olecranon fractures 154–5, 154 Paget’s disease Olsen, Douglas 250 of bone 172 omentopexy 227–8 of the nipple 172 omentum, adhesions 228 of the penis 172 oo¨phorectomy 178–9 Pancoast, Joseph 170, 170, 171 The Operative Story of Goitre (Halsted) 200 pancreas transplantation 248 Operative Surgery (Kocher) 197–8 papyri, medical 9–10 The Operative Surgery of the Eye (Guthrie) 133 parathyroid glands 199–200, 207, 207–9 opium, anaesthesia 73 tumours 208 Ord, William Miller 201 paratyphoid 136 organ transplantation 237 Pare´, Ambroise 35–6, 36, 127 corneal grafts 237 arterial ligation 229 donors 237, 248, 250 chest wounds 210 heart 247 empyema treatment 212 heart–lung 247, 251 trauma surgery 210 immunological rejection 237, 242, 243–4, 245 warfare wound management 126–9 immunology 243–5 Parham, F. W. 215 intestine 248 Parkes-Weber, Frederick 109 kidneys 239–42 Parrozzani 221 liver 246–7 Parry, Caleb Hillier 203 multiple organs 248, 251 Parry, John 110–11 pancreas 248 Pasteur, Louis 83–5, 84 teeth 237 anthrax bacilli 149 xenotransplantation 248 experiment with broth 84 see also skin ﬂaps; skin grafts patella, fracture 154 Oribasius (Byzantine physician) 24 patent ductus arteriosus 217–18, 218 L’Orthomorphie (Delpech) 159 Patey, David 177

Index 269

Pathological Anatomy (Wilks & Moxon) 100 poliomyelitis Paul, Frank Thomas 102–3 Ancient Egypt 10 Paul of Aegina (Paulus Aeginata; Byzantine orthopaedic childrens’ ward 161 physician) 24, 92 poor people, maltreatment 39 Paul–Mikulicz operation 102, 103 popliteal artery Paul’s tube 102 aneurysm 58–9, 230, 233 Peán, Jules 94, 95, 98, 110 graft 234 Pecquet, Jean 44 Porro, Eduardo 122–3 pectoralis minor muscle removal 173 Porro’s operation 122–3 penicillin 148–50 The Positronic Man (Asimov & Silverberg) 251–2 Peninsular War 15 post-mortem examinations 26, 50, 83 penis gall stones 92 fracture 25 gallbladder 93 Paget’s disease 172 Napoleon 194 peptic ulcer, perforated 106–8 Pott, Percivall 55, 55–6, 153, 160 Pepys, Samuel 193 Potts, Willis 220 Percy, Pierre François 130 Pott’s disease of the spine 56, 160 pericarditis, constrictive 217 Pott’s fracture 57, 153 peritoneal dialysis 242 Pott’s puffy tumour 56 Petit, Jean-Louis 47, 47–8, 92 pregnancy, ruptured ectopic 110–12 mastectomy procedure 170 The Principles and Practice of Medicine Peutz, John 109 (Osler) 100 Peyronie, François de la 46–7 Pring, Daniel 102 phrenic nerve crushing 213 Pringle, James Hogarth 233 Physick, Philip Synge 62, 62 proctology, John of Arderne 30–1 Pillore of Rouen 101 Prontosil Rubra 148 les pinces de Peán 98 prostatectomy 114–16, 115 pinch grafts 238 Prunires, Dr. 4–5 Pinel, Phillipe 46 ptosis Pirogoff, Nikolai 134 of stomach 113 placenta praevia, haemorrhage 122–3 see also visceroptosis plaster casts 146, 147 ptosis corsets 113 plaster of Paris 146, 152 puerperal fever 82–3 plastic surgery 14, 14 pulmonary valve stenosis 223–4 Susruta 14 pulse Tagliacozzi 36–7, 237–8 Chinese medicine 12 World War I 145–6 femoral artery repair 231 see also skin flaps; skin grafts measurement 31 Platter, Felix 200 pump oxygenator 247 Plummer, Henry 205 De Wall–Lillehei bubble oxygenator 225, 226 pneumonectomy pyaemia 137 dissection 216 pyloric stenosis 98–9 lung cancer 216 pyloromyotomy 99 technical problems 215 pylothorax see empyema tuberculosis 214, 215 pneumoperitoneum 213 radiology pneumothorax 210 intra-cerebral pathology 119 artificial 213 see also X-rays

270 Index

radiotherapy World War II 147–8 early breast cancer 177, 179 Royal College of Surgeons of England 54 post-mastectomy 176–7 Royal Hospital, Chelsea (London) 54–5, 189 radium needles 177, 178 Royal Infirmary, Glasgow 86 Ramstedt, Conrad 98–9, 99 Rudbeck, Olaf 44 Ranby, John 61 RUR (play) 252 Ranby Cup 61 Russo–Japanese War 137 De Re Medicina (Celsus) 20 Ruysch, Frederik 204 Recklinghausen, Friedrich von 208 Rydigier, Ludwig 94, 95, 98 rectum cancer 103–4 Sabiston, David 228 combined abdominal and perineal operation 104 St Bartholomew’s (London) 22, 38, 42 perineal resection 103–4 St George’s Hospital (London) 46 sacral resection 103 St Thomas’s Hospital, Nightingale School recurrent laryngeal nerve 199–200 of Nursing 134 Red Cross Salerno medical school (Italy) 22, 23 blood donors 147 Salvarsan 148 formation 134 Sanctus, Marianus 181–2 Reddick, Edward 250 Sanderson, John Burdon 148–9 Regimen Sanitatis (poem) 23 Sandstro¨m, Yvar 207 regimental aid post, World War I 137 Sanger, Max 122, 123 Rehn, Ludwig 204, 217, 220–1 Santorio Santorio (Sanctorius; Italian professor of Renaissance 22, 25–32 medicine) 31, 44 anatomy 32–4 saphenous vein bypass graft 234 renal stones 208 Sauerbruch, Ferdinand 213, 215 resuscitation 156 scalp, haemostasis 117–18 Reverdin, Auguste 201 Scarpa, Antonio 49, 49–50, 50 Reverdin, Jacques-Louis 201, 201–2, 238 Schiff, Moritz 201, 203 Reybard, Jean Francis 102 Schmeiden, Viktor 217 Rhazes (Arabian physician) 22–3, 25, 152 Schultes, Johannes (Scultetus) 42–3, 165 rheumatic fever, mitral valve stenosis 224 Schwartz, R. 245 rib resection, empyema drainage 212 scrotal cancer 56 Riegner, Oskar 110 scrotal hernia 105 Rienhoff, William 216 scurvy, cure 41–2, 42 Robinson, James 77 Scutari Hospital (Crimea) 135 robotics 251–2, 252 second set phenomenon 243–4 mouse 252 Second World War see World War II Robson, Arthur Mayo 94, 107 Sellors, Thomas Holmes 223 Roentgen, Wilhelm 112, 155, 155, 249 Semmelweiss, Ignaz 82–3, 83 Romanis, Franciscus de 181–2 Semon, Felix 202 Rosin, David 250 Servetus, Michael (Spanish anatomist) 34 Ross, Donald 227 setons, goitre treatment 196 Rovsing, Thorkild 113 Several Chirurgical Treatises (Wiseman) 130 Rowbotham, Stanley 146, 215 Shakespeare, William 119, 195 Rowntree, L. G. 242 shell wounds 138 Royal Academy of Surgery (France) 46–7 Shen Nung, Emperor of China 10–11 Royal Army Medical Corps Shippen, William 61–2 World War I 137 shirt tails for grafts 234, 235

Index 271

shoulder Pott’s disease 56, 160 arthroscopy 164 spleen avulsion 55 bullet wound 140 dislocation 17, 18, 151, 153, 197 ruptured 109–10 Shu, Emperor of China 10–11 splenectomy 110, 110 Shumway, Norman 247 dog 44 Simpson, James Young 80, 80–1, 112 suicide attempt 45 On the Sites and Causes of Diseases splints/splinting 125, 139, 151–3 (Morgagni) 49 Ancient Egyptians 151 skeleton decalcification with cyst formation 208 Anglo-Saxons 151 skin flaps Australian Aborigines 151 nose replacement 14, 237–8, 239 club foot 159 pedicle 146, 239 deformity correction 158 scalp defect closure 142 femur compound fracture 139 Tagliacozzi’s operation 37 materials 151–2 Yonge’s operation 41 plaster 152 skin grafts 237–9 Romans 151 autografting 239 tuberculosis of hip 160, 161 mastectomy 173, 173–4 tuberculosis of knee 161 pinch grafts 238 see also Thomas splint skull stapling gun 104 compound injuries 142 Starling, Ernest 204 haemostasis 117–18 Starr, Albert 227 see also head injury; trephination Starr–Edwards valves 227 small intestine Starzl, Thomas 246–7 excision 141 stealing the goitre 204–5 obstruction due to post-operative steam sterilisation 89–90 adhesions 112 Steptoe, Patrick 250 perforation 140 sterilisation of instruments 89–90 warfare injuries 140 stomach Smellie, William 120, 121 cancer 94–6, 98 Smith, Edwin 9 ptosis 113 Smith, Elliot 180 resection 94–6, 94–7, 97, 98 Smith papyrus 9, 9–10, 210 surgery 94–9 Smith-Peterson, Marius 157–8 streptomycin 161 Snow, John 80–1 Stromeyer, George Friedrich 159 Soranus of Ephesus 20 subdural haematoma 116 Souttar, Henry Sessions 222, 222–3 succussion 211 Spain, Arabian medicine 25 sulphasalazine 100 Spanish Civil War 146–7 sulphonamides 148 sulphonamide use 148 Sumeria 7 spastic diplegia (Little’s disease) 159 supraspinatus syndrome 164 Spencer Wells, Thomas 98, 112 surgeon–anatomists 35 Spencer Wells forceps 98 16th century 35–41 spinal analgesia 82 17th century 41 spinal cord tumour 117 18th century 46–62 spine 19th century 62–72 fusion 164 Vesalius 32

272 Index

surgeons tabes dorsalis, facies 109 Hippocrates’ advice 17 Tabulae Anatomicae Sex (Vesalius) 33 predictions of future 251–2 Tagliacozzi, Gaspare 36–7, 237–8, 239 shirt tails 234, 235 Tait, Robert Lawson 88–9, 94, 105–6, 111, 111–12 The Surgeon’s Mate (Woodall) 41 Porro’s operation 122–3 On the Surgery of Mutilations by Grafting Taoism 11 (Tagliacozzi) 36–7 Taussig, Helen 219–20 surgical instruments see also Blalock–Taussig operations aseptic surgery 156 Taylor, Gordon Gordon 140–2, 141 cystoscope 116, 116, 249 technological innovation 249–51 empyema drainage 212 teeth fibreoptic 116, 164, 191, 249–50 anaesthesia for extraction 73, 77, 78 lithotomy 182, 183 Hutchinson’s 109 lithotrity 190, 190–1, 191, 192 transplantation 237 orthopaedic 161–4 Telling, Maxwell 99, 100 robotic 251–2, 252 tenotomy 159 Spencer Wells forceps 98 terrorist incidents 150, 150 sterilisation 89–90 compound fractures 157 trilabe 190, 190, 191 tetanus surgical operations, remote 252, 252 neonatal 1 Susruta (Indian surgeon) 13 prophylaxis 139 cataract surgery 14 World War I 137 lithotomy 181 tetany nose replacement 14, 237 parathyroid removal 208 plastic surgery 14 thyroid surgery 200 urinary catheterisation 114 Theodoric (Dominican friar) 26–7, 27, 82, 210 sutures/suturing thermometer beating heart surgery 221 Galileo’s design 31 blood vessels 240–1 Sanctorius’ use 44 caesarean section 123 Thiersch, Carl 238–9 chest wounds 210 thiouracil 206 delayed primary 138, 138 Thomas, Hugh Owen 152, 152–3, 153, 161 fusiform aneurysms 231 Thomas, T. G. 123–4 purse-string 103 Thomas splint 139, 139, 153, 160 Swinton, Alan Campbell 249 Thompson, Henry 185, 186, 192 Switzerland thoracoplasty 213 cretinism 200 thoracoscopy 249–50 goitre 195, 196, 198 Thornton, J. Knowsley 94 sword, extraction 30 Thudichum, John 92 Sydenham, Thomas 100, 193 thyroid extract, cretinism treatment 200 Sylvius, Jacobus 32–3 thyroid gland 195 Syme, James 71, 71–2, 159 enlargement 195 Symon, Gustav 113–14 radical surgery 199–200 syphilis 59 surgery 196–200 congenital 109 tissue transplantation after thyroidectomy 203 Salvarsan 148 thyroidectomy 196 treatment 40 goitre 199 System of Surgery (Gross) 196–7 for hyperthyroidism 204–5

Index 273

hypothyroidism 201, 202 lung 213 thyroid tissue transplantation 203 orthopaedic childrens’ ward 161 thyrotoxicosis 204 pneumonectomy 214, 215 Tigris, river 7 Pott’s disease of the spine 56, 160 toenail, infected ingrowing 53 pulmonary 214 tonsillectomy sanatorium 214 Arabian medicine 25 surgery 253 Byzantium 24 Tuffier, Theodore 214 Celsus’ technique 20 Turkey, bladder stones 191 tracheostomy 24 Turner, B. B. 242 Trajan’s Column (Rome) 21 twins, kidney transplantation 244–5, 245 transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) 116 typhoid 136 A Treasure for the Englishman Containing the Anatomie of Man’s Body (Vicary) 38 Udwadia, Tehempton 250 Treatise of the Diseases of Bones (Petit) 47 ulcerative colitis 100–1 A Treatise of the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether Ullmann, Emerich 240 (Robinson) 77 umbilical cord dressing, dung 1 A Treatise of the Scurvy (Lind) 42 umbilical hernia 60–1 Treatise on Dislocations and Fractures (Cooper) 157–8 Ungar, Ernst 240 Treatise on Gunshot Wounds (Guthrie) 133 United States, goitre 195, 204 Treatise on Hernias (Franco) 36 Urban, Jerry 176, 176 A Treatise on the Diseases of the Breast and Mammary urinary catheterisation 114 Region (Velpeau) 169 urinary retention 114 Treatise on the Excision of Diseased Joints urological surgery 113–16 (Syme) 159 Treatise on the High Operation for the Stone vaccine, typhoid/paratyphoid 44 (Cheselden) 188 van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni 82 Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery varicose ulcer 37 (Smellie) 120 varicose veins 20, 21 Treatises on Fistula in Ano, Haemorrhoids and Clysters vascular surgery (John of Arderne) 30 Cooper 68–70 Trendelenburg, Friedrich 110 end-to-end 241 trepanation 4 see also blood vessels trephination 4–6 Vassale, Giulio 208 head injury 5–6, 17 Vedas, Indian medical writings 13 technique 5, 4 vein grafts 227, 233–4, 234 Treves, Frederick 106, 107 Velpeau, Alfred 169 trigeminal neuralgia 117 ventriculography 119 trilabe 190, 191 Vesalius, Andreas 32–4, 33 Trojan Wars 126 circulation of blood 21 Trueta, Joseph 146–7, 147 dissection 33 Tubbs, Oswald 218 thyroid gland 195 tuberculosis Vicary, Thomas 37, 37–8 bacillus discovery 213 Vigo, Giovanni da 126 hip joint 160, 161 Vineberg, Arthur 228 immobilisation of bones and joints 161 Virchow, Rudolph 207 of knee 161 visceroptosis 112–13, 113 limb amputation 159 Volkmann, Richard von 172–3

274 Index

von Recklinghausen disease of bone 208 infection control 242 Voronoy, Yu 240 skin flaps for reconstruction 239 women’s role 138–9, 139 Waksman, Selman 161 wound healing 242 Wall, Richard de 225 World War II 147–50 Walters, Ralph 215 cardiac surgery developments 223–4 Wangensteen, Owen 176 wound(s) warfare 125 abdominal gunshot 136–7, 139–42 American Civil War 134–6 Carrel–Dakin irrigation method 144, 144 ancient Peruvians 5 closure 138 Boer War 136–7 excision 139 Crimean War 133–4 high-velocity missiles 137 foreign body removal from heart 223 immobilisation with plaster casts 146 Franco–Prussian War 136 infection control 82 gunpowder invention 125–30 infections 82, 144 Hundred Years War 30 irrigation 144, 144 Korean War 234, 243 management 126–9 Napoleonic Wars 130–3, 152 mortality 136 Peninsular War 15 septic 137 Russo–Japanese War 137 surgical 82 Spanish Civil War 146–7 treatment 1–2 see also World War I; World War II warfare 125–6, 126–9, 136 Warren, John Collins 62, 75, 77 see also chest wounds; gunshot wounds Weber, Wilhelm 98 wound healing Weir, Robert 100 immobilisation with plaster casts 146, 147 Welch, C. Stuart 246 mastectomy 173, 174 Wells, Horace 73 skin grafts after mastectomy 173 Wells, Thomas Spencer 112 Theodoric’s writing 26–7 Welsh, David 208 World War I 242 Werder, H. 242 woundman 125, 126 Westminster Hospital (London) 46, 47 On Wounds and Injuries of the Chest (Guthrie) 211 Wharton, Thomas 195 Wray, Edward 135 Whitby, Lionel 147–8 Wren, Christopher 144 White, Charles 82 Wright, Almroth 136 Wiles, Philip 164 Wilks, Samuel 100 xenotransplantation 248 William of Salacet 27 X-rays 112–13, 116, 155, 249 Wiseman, Richard 129, 129–30 osteoarthritis knee joint 163 Wo¨ffler, Anton 96 women, World War I 138–9, 139 Yao, Emperor of China 10–11 Woodall, John 41–2 Yin and Yang 11, 12 World War I 137–46, 153 Yonge, James 41 ambulances 131, 131, 133, 137 Young, Hugh 115–16 chest wounds 211 Yu, Emperor of China 10–11