S 15278 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE October 18, 1995 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Are there Castro dictatorship; authorizing the embargo. It does set up a procedure any other Senators in the Chamber President to support democracy-build- whereby we make it more difficult for who desire to vote? ing efforts in Cuba and to help the vic- Castro’s Cuba to get funding through The yeas and nays resulted—yeas 98, tims of Castro’s repression; prohibiting the United Nations or the world finan- nays 0, as follows: financing to any person to finance cial organizations. The bill gives us the [Rollcall Vote No. 491 Leg.] transactions involving U.S. property ability to link our aid to Russia’s ac- YEAS—98 confiscated by the Cuban Government; tions as they relate to Cuba, both in Abraham Feingold Lott and ensuring that U.S. foreign aid to Russia’s trade relationship and in their Akaka Feinstein Lugar former Soviet states is not being used intelligence gathering. So I think the Ashcroft Ford Mack to subsidize Castro’s regime. Helms bill, as it now is before the Sen- Baucus Frist McCain Title II of the Libertad Act lays out ate, is an improvement on current law. Bennett Glenn McConnell Biden Gorton Mikulski a proactive strategy to support Cuba’s What remains of that bill does not do Bingaman Graham Moynihan transition to a democratically elected the job the original bill did. We are all Bond Gramm Murkowski government. The provisions of title II disappointed that we could not break Boxer Grams Murray Bradley Grassley include instructing the President to de- the filibuster on that bill. Nickles velop a plan for providing support to Yet, I am supportive of the remain- Breaux Gregg Nunn Brown Harkin Pell the Cuban people during a transition to ing Helms provisions. I want to see Bryan Hatch Pressler a democratically elected government. them adopted. I want to see us go to Bumpers Hatfield Pryor Burns Heflin This title also authorizes assistance to conference. I want to put title III back Reid Byrd Helms meet the emergency and basic humani- in the bill and bring it back to the Sen- Robb Campbell Hollings tarian needs of the Cuban people dur- ate and fight for its passage. I think it Chafee Hutchison Rockefeller Coats Inhofe Roth ing the transition period; and it gives would be a great tragedy for our coun- Cochran Inouye Santorum the President flexibility to suspend the try, it would be a great tragedy for ev- Cohen Jeffords Sarbanes economic embargo during a transition erything we stand for in the world, it Shelby Conrad Johnston and to terminate the embargo once a would be a great tragedy for the Cuban Coverdell Kassebaum Simon Craig Kempthorne Simpson democratically elected government is people, if we do not do everything in D’Amato Kennedy Smith in office in Cuba. our power to get rid of Fidel Castro. Daschle Kerrey Snowe Mr. President, the Libertad bill sends The original Helms-Burton bill was Specter DeWine Kerry an important step in the right direc- Dodd Kohl Stevens a clear message to the Cuban people, Dole Kyl Thomas and to other nations, that the United tion. I am for that bill. I intend to con- Domenici Lautenberg Thompson States will not do business with Cas- tinue to fight for it. I urge my col- Dorgan Leahy Thurmond tro’s dictatorship. leagues to support this measure today Exon Levin Warner Faircloth Lieberman Wellstone Mr. President, I strongly urge Sen- so that we can go to conference and get ators to support this legislation. I be- back the original bill. NOT VOTING—1 lieve that enactment of the Libertad I yield the floor. Moseley-Braun Act will help bring about Castro’s de- Mr. LIEBERMAN addressed the The PRESIDING OFFICER. On this parture from power, making Cuba free Chair. vote the yeas are 98, the nays are zero. and democratic. The people of Cuba de- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- Three-fifths of the Senators duly cho- serve freedom, and we must not desert ator from Connecticut. sen and sworn having voted in the af- them now. Mr. LIEBERMAN. I ask unanimous firmative, the motion is agreed to. Mr. President, I ask for the yeas and consent that I may be allowed to pro- The Chair announces that amend- nays. ceed as in morning business for up to 10 ment 2915 is nongermane and therefore The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a minutes. falls. sufficient second? The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there The Senator from North Carolina. There appears to be a sufficient sec- objection? Mr. HELMS. I thank the Chair. ond. Without objection, it is so ordered. Mr. LIEBERMAN. I thank the Chair. AMENDMENT NO. 2936 TO AMENDMENT NO. 2898 The yeas and nays were ordered. (Purpose: To strengthen international sanc- Mr. HELMS. I thank the Chair. f Mr. GRAMM addressed the Chair. tions against the Castro government in TRIBUTE TO THOMAS J. DODD Cuba, to develop a plan to support a transi- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- tion government leading to a democrat- ator from Texas. Mr. LIEBERMAN. Mr. President, I ically elected government in Cuba, and for Mr. GRAMM. Mr. President, I rise in want to speak with my colleagues other purposes) strong support of this legislation. Like today about a remarkable and really Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I lay be- many of our colleagues, I am pro- historic event that occurred in my fore the Senate amendment No. 2936 foundly disappointed that title III of State of Connecticut this past Sunday, which includes title I and title II of the this bill will be dropped today. I am October 15, when the University of Con- Libertad Act only. I ask it be stated. disappointed that we could not get the necticut dedicated the Thomas J. Dodd The PRESIDING OFFICER. The 60 votes we need to break a filibuster Research Center, associated with the clerk will report the amendment. by those who are not willing to tighten University of Connecticut library. It is The assistant legislative clerk read the noose tighter around Fidel Castro’s a center named, obviously, for the as follows: neck. great former Senator from the State of The Senator from North Carolina [Mr. It would be one of the great tragedies Connecticut, father of my colleague HELMS] proposes an amendment numbered of history if the tidal wave of freedom and dear friend, the current Senator 2936 to amendment No. 2898. that has covered the planet in the last CHRIS DODD. Mr. HELMS. I ask unanimous con- 5 years were allowed to subside before It was a spectacular day, a beautiful sent that further reading of the amend- it drowned Fidel Castro. fall day in Connecticut, but obviously ment be dispensed with. My basic objective here today, Mr. it was more than the weather that dis- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without President, is to pass the Helms bill and tinguished the day. objection, it is so ordered. go to conference, and then in con- What happened really was a fitting (The text of the amendment is print- ference bring back the title III provi- tribute, that will go on through the ed in today’s RECORD under ‘‘Amend- sions, the provisions which will deny years and decades ahead, to Senator ments Submitted.’’) Castro the ability to entice foreign pri- Tom Dodd and the remarkable record Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, title I of vate investment to prolong his life as of achievement that he built here in the Libertad Act strengthens sanctions dictator in Cuba which would prolong the U.S. Senate where he served from against the Castro government. Some the misery of the Cuban people. 1958 to 1970 and in the years before of the principal provisions of that title I believe that the bill that is now be- then. The events began with a dedica- include: urging the President to seek fore us is an improvement over our cur- tion at the library site itself and then an international embargo against the rent situation. It does strengthen the proceeded to the Gampel Pavilion October 18, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 15279 where it looked to me like 8,000 or 9,000 to study, to write and to be reminded idea of a permanent court of inter- people packed in to hear the President of the centerpiece of the career of Sen- national justice, a permanent court op- of the United States, President Clin- ator Tom Dodd, which was the struggle erating perhaps through the United Na- ton, deliver the first in a lecture series for human rights and justice through tions, emanating out of the United Na- that will emanate from the Thomas law and the need to continue to fight tions, which could stand as witness and Dodd Research Center, in this case spe- that battle. deterrent, as Senator Dodd did at Nur- cifically focused on the Nuremberg Mr. President, the day on Sunday emberg, to prosecute those who violate trials, 50 years after, because Senator was a day in which we dedicated a accepted rules of international justice Tom Dodd was a prosecutor there. building, but it was also a day in which and fairness. Mr. President, Tom Dodd, as Presi- I think Connecticut was struck and Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- dent Clinton said, spent his life in the riveted by what was happening to bring sent to have printed in the RECORD the service of his country. He trained as a the building about. It was truly an ex- text of President Clinton’s remarks at lawyer, served as an FBI agent, then as pression of devotion of a son to his fa- the University of Connecticut dedica- a lawyer for the U.S. Government. He ther, an expression of the love of CHRIS tion of the Thomas J. Dodd Research was, throughout his career, a great DODD and his brothers and sisters for Center on Sunday, as well as several fighter for freedom, for human rights. their father and their commitment to articles from the Connecticut press, And it is to the study of human rights honor his memory. As I had the oppor- the Hartford Courant in particular, that this research center will be com- tunity to say on Sunday in Connecti- about the life and service of Senator mitted. cut, as beautiful a fulfillment as I have Tom Dodd and what it means to each Senator Dodd fought the tyranny of ever seen of the Biblical command- of us today. racism as an attorney prosecuting civil ment, honor one’s father and mother, There being no objection, the mate- rights cases in the 1930’s, which was a and the Dodd family did it with dignity rial was ordered to be printed in the long time before most other Americans and with purpose befitting their father, RECORD, as follows: thought about the idea of civil rights. Tom Dodd, on Sunday in Connecticut. TRANSCRIPT OF PRESIDENT CLINTON’S RE- And throughout his time here in the But, of course, the truly significant MARKS AT DEDICATION OF THOMAS J. DODD Senate, and before in the House, he was way and the ongoing way in which my RESEARCH CENTER, OCTOBER 15, 1995 a great fighter against the tyranny of colleague from Connecticut and dear Thank you very much, President Hartley. communism, one of the great, prin- friend, CHRIS DODD, honors the memory Governor Rowland, Senator Lieberman, cipal, fervent anti-Communists of the of his father is by the extraordinary members of Congress, and distinguished cold war period who put us as a nation quality of his service in this body by United States senators and former senators on a course to understand that the cold his personal fight for human rights who have come today; Chairman Rome, throughout the world and at home, and members of the Diplomatic Corps; to all of war was not, as some historical revi- you who have done anything to make this sionists would have us believe, just a particularly at home for the rights of great day come to pass; to my friend and kind of tug of war between two great children, understanding and reminding former colleague, Governor O’Neill, and powers—the United States and Rus- each of us, as Senator CHRIS DODD has most of all, to Senator Dodd. Ambassador sia—but a conflict of ideas, a continu- so often on this floor, that a child who Dodd, and the Dodd family: I am delighted to ation of the struggle between good and is without adequate food, without ade- be here. evil, between freedom and tyranny. quate shelter, without adequate par- I have so many thoughts now. I can’t men- entage, without decent health care, tioning one—since President Hartley men- That is, in its way, the history of our tioned the day we had your magnificent species on this Earth. without safety and protection from women’s basketball team there, we also had Senator Tom Dodd understood that crime and abuse, suffers in that child’s the UCLA men’s team there. You may not the battle against communism, the way, as much as people who are forced remember who UCLA defeated for the na- cold war, was part of that struggle of to live under tyranny, and in that tional championship—(laughter)—but I do good against evil. sense, is deprived of human rights as remember that UCONN defeated the Univer- His passion for justice, his hatred of well. sity of Tennessee. And that made my life oppression, his understanding that It struck me, and I know my col- with Al Gore much more bearable. (Laugh- human rights began with the vision leagues on the floor, knowing and lov- ter.) So I was doubly pleased when UCONN won the national championship. (Applause.) ing Senator CHRIS DODD as I do, will that every individual is sacred because I also did not know until it was stated here God created that individual, his under- share the thought that I had on Sun- at the outset of this ceremony that no sit- standing that we had to strive to estab- day, which was, as we thought about ting President had the privilege of coming to lish the rule of law to protect human Nuremberg and we thought about the the University of Connecticut before, but rights and to promote justice was ex- Second World War and the films were they don’t know what they missed. I’m glad pressed magnificently, brilliantly in there of the Holocaust and the geno- to be the first, and I know I won’t be the his work as an executive trial counsel cide, that our colleague and friend, last. (Applause.) I also want to pay a special public tribute at the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal Senator CHRIS DODD, in his service, in to the Dodd family for their work on this en- after the war. his life, is the diametric opposite of the terprise, and for their devotion to each other A film was shown of some of Tom evils that were portrayed and lived and and the memory of Senator Thomas Dodd. If, Dodd’s appearances at the Nuremberg suffered through in the Second World as so many of us believe, this country rests trial. It was riveting. He was brilliant War; really a person without bias, a in the end upon its devotion to freedom and and compelling, and in that extraor- person of great warmth and compas- liberty and democracy, and upon the dinary human historic experience, sion, a person of openness to all and a strength of its families, you could hardly coming out of the devastation and law- person who really in his life carries on find a better example than the Dodd family, lessness of the Holocaust, established the legacy that his father left. not only for their devotion to liberty and de- It was a spectacular day which had mocracy, but also for their devotion to fam- the principle of justice through law. ily and to the memory of Senator Tom Dodd. Senator CHRIS DODD, who spoke that great meaning for the Dodd family, It has deeply moved all of us, and we thank day, reminded us that one of the re- which truly honored the memory of you for your example. (Applause.) markable achievements of the Nurem- Senator Thomas Dodd, which the * * * * * berg trial was not just those who were President graced with a magnificent guilty, who were convicted and se- speech, talking as the President did [From the Hartford (CT) Courant, Oct. 12, verely punished, but that three people about the record of Senator Tom Dodd, 1995] were actually acquitted at Nuremberg but also bringing it to bear on the acts FROM FATHER TO SON, DODD NAME PASSED and that, in its way, is a testament to of genocide that have occurred in the ALONG IN SENATE the rule of law and justice as well. former Yugoslavia, on the importance (By David Lightman) A beautiful building, 50,000 square of the war crimes tribunal that is now WASHINGTON.—It was not that Chris Dodd feet, a repository of historic papers, going on in The Hague directed to the didn’t love running the Stamford campaign Senator DODD’s and others—a living war crimes that have been committed for his father’s 1970 U.S. Senate bid. legacy that will go on from generation in the former Yugoslavia. And, finally, In fact, the task fit him. He was 26 and full to generation bringing scholars there the President expressed support for the of energy and ideas for his first formal brush S 15280 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE October 18, 1995 with elective politics. He loved people, loved Drew Pearson and Jack Anderson began the excitement his father’s work was gener- the political arena, loved everything about writing articles accusing Dodd of using cam- ating. it. paign money for personal expenses, Dodd Chris Dodd was a teenager when his father But the campaign was sputtering, and even asked the new committee to look into the was elected to the Senate in 1958. ‘‘He was a rookie could understand why. Three years complaints. working all the time, and at night he’d most earlier, Sen. Thomas Dodd, D-Conn., had be- The committee held hearings in the sum- likely be at some function or another.’’ Chris come only the seventh person in history to mer of 1966 and continued them the next Dodd said, ‘‘But when he’d come to the be censured by the U.S. Senate. And now the year. Dodd testified that money raised at house, you’d be aware of his arrival. Dogs censure—for improper use of campaign testimonial dinners were ‘‘to be spent at the would bark, people would get excited. He funds—hung like an anvil around the neck of discretion of the recipient.’’ In response to a may not have been home for dinner at 5:30, the candidate. complaint that he helped a Chicago public but bonds were forged in different ways.’’ Of course, what everyone, including young relations representative gain favor with the The younger Dodd liked the idea of going Dodd, could see coming, happened. And when West German government, Dodd said he was into politics, but it was not a burning ambi- the Election Day mauling was over, he drove simply an errand boy for the executive. tion. ‘‘I knew enough to know that was not back to the family’s Old Lyme home, The committee recommended he be cen- the kind of ambition you should have, that crushed. He thought he had let down the fa- sured on two counts—using campaign money becoming a member of Congress is some- ther he respected and loved so much. for personal expenses and billing trips to thing you don’t always control,’’ he said. But Daddy, as Chris Dodd called his father, both the Senate and to private organiza- Chris Dodd did not make the classic young was not scowling. ‘‘He poured a glass of Dew- tions. man’s political moves. He moved to North ar’s scotch,’’ recalled Chris Dodd, ‘‘and The Senate would not censure him on the Stonington, hardly a hotbed of Democratic thanked me for putting in the time.’’ second charge; it agreed to strike it, 51-45. activity. He joined a law firm that did not His father’s grace in defeat—rather than But it did vote 92-5 to censure him on the encourage people to run for office. And he his triumphs at the top—helped convince first charge, with only Sens. Abraham A. lived in a congressional district represented Chris Dodd that politics was an honorable Ribicoff, D-Conn.; John Tower, R-Texas; by Robert H. Steele Jr., a Republican who at profession. And the son, now Sen. Chris- Russell Long, D-La; Strom Thurmond, R- the time looked like he could hold the seat topher J. Dodd, D-Conn., has dedicated at S.C.; and Dodd himself opposing the resolu- until the 21st century. least part of his own career to ensuring that tion. Still, Chris Dodd ran for the House of Rep- his father is remembered as an honorable It was a stunning setback for a politician resentatives in 1974, an election held three politician. who just three years earlier was being seri- months after President Nixon resigned in the ‘‘Sometimes, I think almost everything ously considered by President Johnson for wake of the Watergate scandal. Even though Chris Dodd does down here is meant to vindi- the vice presidency. it was a good time for Democrats, ‘‘A lot of cate his father,’’ said Sen. Daniel K. Inouye, Chris Dodd received newspaper clippings, people told me I could never get elected with D-Hawaii, who served in the Senate with sent by family and friends, about his father’s the Dodd name,’’ Chris Dodd recalled. He did, both Dodds. ordeal, but he did not live through it di- of course, ‘‘and then people told me it was He has taken up some of the issues his fa- rectly. He did not have to endure the daily because of the Dodd name,’’ he said. ther held dear, such as foreign policy and batterings from Pearson and Anderson, or Inouye viewed the son as a man on a mis- children’s welfare. read about the march of Connecticut figures sion. He has kept his father’s memory alive in to the Ethics Committee in 1967 to testify Chris Dodd’s style, his choice of issues, his the Senate chambers. Chris Dodd sits behind about his father, or hear his father’s May 15, way of dealing with people is all meant to his father’s desk and keeps his father’s bar- 1967, radio speech to the people of Connecti- convey the idea that his father was a person rel-back, wood-and-leather chair in his of- cut in which he called his pending censure ‘‘a of honor and Chris is here to remind you of fice. A huge illuminated portrait of Thomas strange coming together of hateful and that, said Inouye and others. Dodd looks down on visitors to the office’s vengeful interests.’’ Though he was only 36 when he joined the conference room. ‘‘They may have been trying to shield me,’’ Senate in 1981, he quickly befrinded some of And he has worked quietly to rehabilitate Chris Dodd said of his family. ‘‘I was living his father’s colleagues, including Inouye and the Dodd name. The very presence of Chris in a vacuum.’’ Sens. Ernest F. Hollings, D-S.C.; Robert C. Dodd in the U.S. Senate is daily testimony By the time he returned to the United Byrd, D-W.Va; and Edward M. Kennedy, D- to the success of that effort. And Sunday’s States on Christmas Eve 1968, U.S. politics Mass. dedication of the Thomas J. Dodd Research involved other topics. And he didn’t forget one of his father’s few Center at the University of Connecticut is Despite the Senate’s resounding verdict, supporters during the censure vote. Chris his monument. Thomas Dodd continued to serve, maintain- Dodd was one of only three Democratic sen- The Dodd family helped raise over $1 mil- ators to back John Tower’s controversial lion for programs at the center, which will ing his seniority and chairmanship of the juvenvile delinquency subcommittee and and unsuccessful nomination as secretary of house the senior Dodd’s political papers, defense in 1989. along with other archival material. vice chairmanship of the internal security subcommittee. In 1968, he saw Congress pass ‘‘Their presence on the Senate floor is very The four-day conference that coincides similar,’’ said Inouye. ‘‘When I look at Chris with the center’s dedication will focus on the the gun control legislation he had cham- pioned for years, albelt a watered-down ver- Dodd and close my eyes, I can imagine Tom legacy of the Nuremberg trials. Thomas Dodd speaking.’’ Dodd’s year as a Nuremberg prosecutor was sion of what he had sought. He lost his seat in 1970, largely because of Kennedy also notices a similarity in how ‘‘the seminal event in my father’s profes- the two men put together legislation. Chris sional life,’’ Chris Dodd said. the censure. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr., then a U.S. representative from southwestern Con- Dodd makes a habit of visiting Connecticut ‘‘I had given thought over the years to high schools to talk to youngsters, particu- what would be a fitting memorial,’’ the necticut, won with 41 percent of the vote. Democrat Joseph Duffey got 34 percent, and larly about the problems of weapons in younger Dodd said. ‘‘We’d thought of a road schools. Then he returns to Washington and or a bridge or a park, but I didn’t like the Dodd was third with 24.5 percent. When Thomas Dodd died in May 1971, four uses anecdotes to help him push for a bill. idea of people driving over his name. Thomas Dodd would do the same kind of ‘‘This is a research center at the flagship months after leaving the Senate, the reha- bilitation of the Dodd name began in ear- thing. ‘‘He’d get in his car and, go around university in our state, just a few short Maryland and Virginia and go to gun shops,’’ miles from where he was raised. There’s a lot nest. Senators offered tributes on the floor. Sen. Kennedy recalled. ‘‘He would find out what of symbolism to it. My father would have was happening and then translate that into loved this,’’ he said. James Allen, D-Ala., recalled how, ‘‘He fought unceasingly against crime, juvenile legislation. SHIELDED FROM CENSURE delinquency and drug addiction.’’ Sen. James ‘‘When Tom Dodd or Chris Dodd wanted Chris Dodd said he has been able to main- Buckley, Conservative-N.Y., called him ‘‘an something, they were bulldogs,’’ Kennedy tain his love of politics, while many in his eminent analyst of Cold War strategy.’’ said. There are, however, important differences family have not, because he was not a wit- In February 1972, Ribicoff asked the Senate between the two. One of them is their rela- ness to his father’s humiliation. After grad- to give its unanimous consent to printing tionship with the Kennedys. uating from Providence College in 1966, the colleagues’ eulogies in a special book, a me- Chris Dodd is viewed as Kennedy’s best younger Dodd joined the Peace Corps and morial to Thomas Dodd. That book is avail- friend in the Senate. Thomas Dodd, on the went to the Dominican Republic. able today in the U.S. Senate library. He was there when his father became the other hand, was one of the few prominent first caught by an ethical system that was WINNING AS A DODD New England officeholders to endorse then- undergoing profound changes in the 1960s. But restoration of the Dodd name has Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson Stung by charges that Secretary of the Sen- come more from his son’s political success over then-Sen. John F. Kennedy in the 1960 ate Bobby Baker used his office to help his than his colleagues’ flowery words. battle for the Democratic presidential nomi- business, the Senate set up an Ethics Com- Thomas Dodd did not urge his children to nation. mittee in 1964. become involved in politics—‘‘We were never There are personality differences as well. The Dodd case would be its first mission. asked to pose for pictures,’’ recalled Chris ‘‘Tom Dodd was more reserved; Chris is more In February 1966, a month after columnists Dodd—but the son could not help notice all of a glad-hander,’’ said Thurmond, who was a October 18, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 15281 Democrat when Tom Dodd arrived in the By contrast, his son, though no rabid anti- But the letters to his wife show a man who Senate. war activist, came to oppose the Vietnam was at a crossroads at Nuremberg, bedeviled Hollings put it more bluntly. ‘‘Christopher War in 1968, and served in the U.S. Army Re- by doubts about his career and even his con- has a much more engaging personality,’’ he serve to avoid being sent to Vietnam. tinued participation in what he knew was a said. In the Senate, Chris Dodd opposed the historic trial. And Chris Dodd is much more of an insider Reagan administration’s efforts to provide Hopes of entering politics seemed to be than Thomas Dodd ever was. In 1963, the military aid to ‘‘freedom fighters’’ trying to slipping away. He told his wife in one pessi- elder Dodd blasted Senate Majority Leader unseat the democratically elected and so- mistic letter that the future belonged to the Mike Mansfield, D-Mont., on the Senate cialist government of Nicaragua. He pushed men who spent the war in uniform. Dodd had floor. hard for economic aid to address fundamen- been a federal prosecutor during the war. Chris Dodd, on the other hand, competed tal economic problems in the Caribbean and Dodd’s children long had viewed the letters for the job of Senate Democratic leader last Central America. as his private notes to their mother. She year and lost, even after a late start, by only But the son warned that the differences be- supported their father through his many tri- one vote. A month later, he became Presi- tween father and son should not be over- umphs and, in 1967, his censure by the Senate dent Clinton’s hand-picked choice as Demo- stated. They are of two different eras, but for misusing campaign funds. The Dodds died cratic National Committee general chair- share the same values and thoughts, he said. within 20 months of each other: Tom in May man. ‘‘I have a lot of affection and admiration 1971, months after losing his Senate seat; for my father,’’ said Chris Dodd. ‘‘I like the LIKING THE LINKAGE Grace in January 1973. tradition. I like the linkage.’’ ‘‘Many of them,’’ Chris Dodd said recently The father and son have taken up some of of his father’s Nuremberg letters, ‘‘are what the same issues. Chris Dodd likes to draw a [From the Hartford Courant, Oct. 8, 1995] I would consider to be love letters.’’ line between his father’s work in the 1930s TOM DODD’S LETTERS OPEN NEW WINDOW INTO They are full of tender references to ‘‘that with the National Youth Administration, a HISTORY day in St. Paul.’’ Tom Dodd and Grace Mur- Depression-era agency that helped children (By Mark Pazniokas) phy married May 19, 1934, in St. Paul, Minn., from poor families get education and em- where he was assigned as an FBI agent. A half-century ago, amid the rubble of a ployment training, and his own work today. Most are written by hand in a flowing vanquished Germany, the victorious Allies Chris Dodd chaired the Senate’s sub- script, in ink when available, in pencil when put Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against committee on children, families, drugs and necessary. They are conversations between peace and humanity. alcoholism until Republicans won the Senate the sometimes-crusty prosecutor and his in 1994. He remains the Senate’s leading The Reich’s unspeakable atrocities were laid bare in a dozen trials and hundreds of ‘‘dearest Grace.’’ voice on children’s issues, most recently ‘‘I am not conscious of proper grammatical convictions. But the Nuremberg trials had brokering a compromise to the welfare re- construction or of word choice or any for- an even more noble aspiration: to make form bill that will mean $8 billion in extra mality,’’ he told Grace. ‘‘I am on the sofa money for child-care programs during the international law a force for peace. Beginning today, The Courant will explore and I am talking to you and I’ll be darned if next five years. the meaning of the trials and their ambigu- I will pick my words like a parson preparing ‘‘I can see him moving bills like that,’’ said ous legacy in a four-part series. Next week, a sermon.’’ Chris Dodd. ‘‘I’d like to think he’d be more the University of Connecticut will com- FROM NORWICH TO LONDON supportive than not of what I do, very memorate the 50th anniversary by dedicat- Tom and Grace Dodd made their goodbyes proud.’’ ing the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center and before dawn at Union Station in Washington, In foreign policy, Chris Dodd was able to holding a conference on human rights and D.C., on July 27, 1946. Dodd had been re- see finished something his father had helped the rule of law. cruited from the U.S. attorney general’s start. Horror fills the yellowed letter, written staff for the United Nations War Crimes In 1950, Thomas Dodd, then a member of a long ago in a bombed out hotel. It is dated Commission. special American Bar Association commit- Aug. 14, 1945, the day after a wide-eyed ‘‘You made a memorable picture for me as tee, had urged members of the Senate For- Thomas J. Dodd arrived in Nuremberg, Ger- I gazed out the taxicab window until the eign Relations Committee to approve a trea- many, to prosecute the Nazis. dimness of the dawn light blotted your ty establishing penalties for genocide. Three months after V–E Day, the stench of loveliness out,’’ Dodd wrote her from Lon- Yet the Senate for years refused to ratify death still hung heavy in the summer air. An don, his first stop in Europe. the treaty, some senators fearing the U.S. estimated 20,000 dead lay entombed in the He one day would become a foreign policy sovereignty would be compromised. rubble of the old city, where legions had ral- expert, relied upon by Lyndon B. Johnson, The son battled hard for his father’s cause. lied for Hitler before the war. but in 1945 he was small-town Connecticut. In 1984, Chris Dodd, who like his father Half the population of 400,000 fled before He was born in Norwich and lived in Leb- served on the Senate Foreign Relations Com- the Americans took the city in April. Many anon, a part of the state that had more cows mittee, quoted on the Senate floor his fa- of those who stayed now slept in cellars, than people. ther’s words from two decades earlier: ‘‘For emerging each morning like mice to forage His letter from London is enthusiastic me, the genocide convention has a special in the dusty ruins. travelogue, full of details about his flight personal meaning because as executive trial ‘‘Grace, my dearest one,’’ Dodd wrote to aboard a military transport that counsel at Nuremberg I had spread before his wife, safe at home in Connecticut with hopscotched from Washington to Newfound- me, in nightmarish detail, the whole incred- their five children, the youngest being the land to Prestwick, Scotland, where he ible story of Nazi barbarism.’’ 14-month-old Christopher. ‘‘Here I am in the caught another flight to London. Two years later, as the Senate debated the dead city of Nuremberg.’’ Trans-Atlantic air travel was still a nov- treaty again, Sen. William Proxmire, D-Wis., So began an unbroken stream of letters elty, and Dodd stayed up most of the night recalled the senior Dodd’s commitment. that Tom Dodd, then a 38-year-old govern- chatting with a crewman, who regaled him ‘‘Tom Dodd, the father of Sen. Chris Dodd, ment lawyer abroad for the first time, would with tales of planes lost without a trace in contributed a special zeal to this effort,’’ he write daily from Nuremberg until sailing the North Atlantic. said. ‘‘It was his opinion that had it [the home in October 1946. At first light, Dodd wrote gratefully, ‘‘The treaty] been in existence when Hitler first The collection remained unseen outside sun came up beautifully about 4:30 a.m. Lon- came to power the tragic events of his re- the Dodd family until last month, when Sen. don time.’’ gime might have been prevented.’’ Christopher J. Dodd granted The Courant ac- Dodd had graduated from Yale Law School Finally, in 1986, as the Cold War wound cess for stories marking the 50th anniversary in 1933, an Irish-Catholic at a blue-blooded down, the Senate approved the treaty. of the first Nuremberg war-crimes trial. institution. He was president of the Yale Father and son, however, were not always Nuremberg was the real ‘‘trial of the cen- Democratic Club and organizer of ‘‘the Fly- in sync, particularly on foreign policy. tury,’’ a yearlong dissection of how the Nazis ing Wedge,’’ a cadre that passionately de- Thomas Dodd was a relentless anti-Com- murdered millions and pillaged a continent. fended Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. munist from his Nuremberg days. Though Twenty-one men stood trial before an un- He spent a year as an FBI agent, chasing representatives from the Soviet Union were precedented International Military Tribunal, John Dillinger through the Midwest; served part of the tribunal, his dealings with them which the four Allied powers created to mete for a time as director of the National Youth made him think they were capable of the out justice and compile an incontrovertible Administration in Connecticut; then tried same kinds of horrors as the Nazis. record of Nazi outrages. Architects of the civil rights cases for the Justice Depart- They are ‘‘probably doing this same sort of tribunal also had a higher hope: to set an ment. During the war, he prosecuted spies thing behind the Iron Curtain now,’’ he said international standard for judging war and profiteers. in his 1950 testimony, ‘‘Russia in its plan, as crimes. He cut an impressive figure. His hair, pre- I see it, wishes to influence people all over Tom Dodd returned home a hero from Nur- maturely going gray, was brushed straight the world.’’ emberg, poised for a political career that back. He had piercing eyes and thick, dark While many Democrats were urging the would make him a congressman, a senator eyebrows, a ringing speaking voice and the United States to pull troops out of Vietnam and a national figure opposed to com- same sarcastic wit later shown by Chris- in the late 1960s, Thomas Dodd remained munism, which he viewed as the moral topher, the son who would follow him onto staunchly behind the war effort. equivalent of Nazism. the national political stage. S 15282 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE October 18, 1995 In London, Dodd felt humbled by the war- chairman is to be commended. We will ‘‘(A) exports to the Government of Cuba on weary populace. go to conference and see what happens. terms that involve a grant, concessional ‘‘They stared at the cab from eyes that I Also, it is my hope tomorrow—I dis- price, guarantee, insurance, or subsidy; could not meet, attired in clothing that ‘‘(B) imports from the Government of Cuba cussed this briefly with Senator KERRY made me wince,’’ Dodd wrote. ‘‘I really feel at preferential tariff rates; ashamed when these people stare—for they from Massachusetts—that we could ‘‘(C) exchange arrangements that include recognize an American by the quality of his move to the State Department reorga- advance delivery of commodities, arrange- clothing.’’ nization bill. They indicate they will ments in which the Government of Cuba is Of course, he had seen nothing yet. In a few make an offer to Senator HELMS this not held accountable for unfulfilled exchange months, Dodd would be numb to the horror afternoon. contracts, and arrangements under which of war and complain about being bored by Mr. HELMS. That is correct. Cuba does not pay appropriate transpor- 1 tation, insurance, or finance costs; and the confession of a man who murdered 1 ⁄2 Mr. DOLE. If that is acceptable under million people at Auschwitz. ‘‘(D) the exchange, reduction, or forgive- a 4-hour time agreement, we can com- ness of Cuban government debt in return for The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- plete action on that, too. a grant by the Cuban government of an eq- ator’s time has expired. After the debate on the Simon uity interest in a property, investment, or Mr. LIEBERMAN. I thank the Chair, amendment, and anything else being operation of the Government of Cuba or of a and I yield the floor. done with reference to this, I think it Cuban national.’’. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ma- is my intention to recess so the Senate ‘‘(4) CUBAN GOVERNMENT.—(A) The term jority leader is recognized. Finance Committee can meet and com- Cuban government includes the government of any political subdivision of Cuba, and any f plete its work, because they may be agency or instrumentality of the Govern- going late into the evening. ment of Cuba. CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC Mr. HELMS addressed the Chair. ‘‘(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A), the SOLIDARITY [LIBERTAD] ACT OF The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- term ‘agency or instrumentality’ is used 1995 ator from North Carolina. within the meaning of section 1603(b) of title The Senate continued with the con- Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I thank 28, United States Code.’’. (d) FACILITIES AT LOURDES, CUBA.—(1) The sideration of the bill. the distinguished majority leader, and I share his regret that we had to go Congress expresses its strong disapproval of UNANIMOUS-CONSENT AGREEMENT the extension by Russia of credits equivalent Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, I have a through all of this. Sometimes it is ab- to $200,000,000 in support of the intelligence consent agreement which has been solutely essential that we do. I have no facility at Lourdes, Cuba, announced in No- cleared by both sides. hard feelings toward anybody about it. vember 1994. I ask unanimous consent that when I just wish we could have moved along (2) Section 498A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2295a) is amended by the Senate resumes H.R. 927, the fol- a little more rapidly. I appreciate all the help the majority leader has given. adding at the end the following new sub- lowing amendments be the only amend- section: ments in order postcloture: Helms AMENDMENT NO. 2930 TO AMENDMENT NO. 2936 ‘‘(d) REDUCTION IN ASSISTANCE FOR SUPPORT amendment No. 2936; Bradley amend- (Purpose: To make limited exceptions to re- OF INTELLIGENCE FACILITIES IN CUBA.—(1) ment No. 2930 or 2931; Dodd amendment strictions on assistance for the independ- Notwithstanding any other provision of law, No. 2906; Dodd amendment No. 2908; ent states of the former Soviet Union im- the President shall withhold from assistance posed by the bill) Simon amendment No. 2934. provided, on or after the date of enactment Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I send an of this subsection, for an independent state The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without amendment to the desk on behalf of of the former Soviet Union under this Act an objection, it is so ordered. Senator BRADLEY and ask for its imme- amount equal to the sum of assistance and Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, I ask unan- credits, if any, provided on or after such date imous consent that all listed amend- diate consideration. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The by such state in support of intelligence fa- ments be considered second-degree cilities in Cuba, including the intelligence clerk will report. facility at Lourdes, Cuba. amendments to Helms amendment No. The legislative clerk read as follows: 2936. ‘‘(2)(A) The President may waive the re- The Senator from North Carolina [Mr. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without quirement of paragraph (1) to withhold as- HELMS], for Mr. BRADLEY, proposes an sistance if the President certifies to the ap- objection, it is so ordered. amendment numbered 2930 to amendment propriate congressional committees that the ORDER OF PROCEDURE No. 2936. provision of such assistance is important to Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, let me in- Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I ask the national security of the United States, dicate we believe we can have debate unanimous consent that reading of the and, in the case of such a certification made on the Simon amendment yet this amendment be dispensed with. with respect to Russia, if the President cer- afternoon. I understand the Senator The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without tifies that the Russian Government has as- from North Carolina will offer an sured the United States Government that objection, it is so ordered. the Russian Government is not sharing intel- amendment which will be accepted on The amendment is as follows: ligence data collected at the Lourdes facility behalf of Senator BRADLEY. That will On page 14, strike line 1 and all that fol- with officials or agents of the Cuban Govern- leave the Helms amendment and the lows through line 14 on page 16 and insert in ment. two Dodd amendments. lieu thereof the following: ‘‘(B) At the time of a certification made We are hoping to start at 10:30 tomor- ‘‘(5) except for assistance under the second- with respect to Russia pursuant to subpara- row morning on the bill and recognize ary school exchange program administered graph (A), the President shall also submit to by the United States Information Agency, the appropriate congressional committees a Senator DODD, with, if there is not a for the government of any independent state time agreement, a short period of de- report describing the intelligence activities effective 30 days after the President has de- of Russia in Cuba, including the purposes for bate. We are trying to accommodate termined and certified to the appropriate which the Lourdes facility is used by the Senator DODD’s schedule, so I hope he congressional committees (and Congress has Russian Government and the extent to which will accommodate ours tomorrow. not enacted legislation disapproving the de- the Russian Government provides payment I want to congratulate the Senator termination within the 30-day period) that or government credits to the Cuban Govern- from North Carolina. I regret we were such government is providing assistance for, ment for the continued use of the Lourdes fa- one vote short, 59 to 36. So it was nec- or engaging in nonmarket based trade (as de- cility. fined in section 498(k)(3)) with, the Govern- essary, as the chairman has indicated, ‘‘(C) The report required by subparagraph ment of Cuba, or’’. (B) may be submitted in classified form. to delete title III. (2) Subsection (k) of section 498B of that ‘‘(D) For purposes of this paragraph, the It is the hope of everyone when we Act (22 U.S.C. 2295b(k)), is amended by add- term appropriate congressional committees, get into conference we can work out ing at the end the following: includes the Permanent Select Committee some consensus so we can come back ‘‘(3) NONMARKET BASED TRADE.—As used in on Intelligence of the House of Representa- with a conference report and pick up section 498A(b)(5), the term ‘nonmarket tives and the Select Committee on Intel- that additional vote and maybe more. based trade’ includes exports, imports, ex- ligence of the Senate. It seems to me there are good points changes, or other arrangements that are pro- ‘‘(3) The requirement of paragraph (1) to vided for goods and services (including oil to this bill. The strength of this bill withhold assistance shall not apply with re- and other petroleum products) on terms spect to— was title III, and we will revisit it. more favorable than those generally avail- ‘‘(A) assistance to meet urgent humani- There will be some version of it in the able in applicable markets or for comparable tarian needs, including disaster and refugee conference report. Again, I think the commodities, including— relief;