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Introduction of Domestic Reindeer Into Alaska

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TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT ON WITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS, SHELDON JACKSON, LL. D., GENERAL AGENT OF EDUCATION IN ALASKA. 19 0 2. In the Senate of the United States, December 16, 190%. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Interior be directed to transmit to the Senate the report of Dr. Sheldon Jackson upon “The introduc¬ tion of domestic reindeer into the district of Alaska” for 1902, with map and illustrations. Attest: Charles G. Bennett, Secretary\ [Indorsement.] Department of the Interior, December 18, 190%. Respectfully referred to the Commissioner of Education for imme¬ diate report with return of this paper. E. A. Hitchcock, Secretary. 2 LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of the Interior, Washington, January 3, 1903. Sir: I am in receipt of Senate resolution of the 16tli ultimo, that the Secretary of the Interior be directed to transmit to the Senate the report of Dr. Sheldon Jackson upon “The introduction of domestic reindeer into the district of Alaska” for 1902, with map and illustrations. i In response thereto, I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of a letter from the Commissioner of Education, together with the report indicated in the foregoing resolution. Very respectfully, E. A. Hitchcock, Secretary. The President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Washington, I). C., January 1903. Sir: 1 have the honor to acknowledge, by reference from you, a | copy of a resolution adopted by the Senate of the United States on I December 16, 1902, “directing the Secretary of the Interior to trans¬ mit to the Senate the report of Dr. Sheldon Jackson upon the intro- 1 duction of domestic reindeer into the district of Alaska for 1902, with map and illustrations.” In compliance with said resolution I have the honor to forward the | report of the United States general agent of education in Alaska on i the subject and covering the period named. It will be seen by this report that there are at present reindeer herds ! distributed to nine stations located all the way from Point Barrow, which by land is 700 miles northeast of Bering Strait, to the Moravian I settlement, Bethel, which by land is 600 miles to the southeast of Bering Strait, and it is especially good news that the present document reports the number of fawns born last spring and still living in the herd as 1,654. This fact settles beyond a doubt the question of the successful introduction of reindeer into Alaska. We shall be able from the herds 3 4 LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. already there to .stock the remaining missionary settlements with reindeer. One of these missionary settlements, that of the Congregational mission of Cape Prince of Wales, which received a loan of 118 deer in 1894, has at present more than 1,000 reindeer. It is hoped in time that each missionary settlement will have a heard of at least 5,000 reindeer. The question next of interest after the question whether the reindeer I can he brought safe to Alaska and successful^ raised there has been, I all along, whether the native Eskimo people can make good herders and teamsters. This question has been settled in the affirmative. It I requires a high order of skill in both these lines to utilize the possi¬ bilities of this wonderful animal. I have collected from the reports of superintendents the following items of interest with regard to ;j certain remarkable types of apprentices, and have added an item or two with regard to the Laplander herdsmen, as follows: At Point Barrow Tokpuk has been found so attentive and efficient in the care of the herd that Dr. Marsh has made him chief herder. Although among the herders at that station are two who received instructions at the Teller Station for five years, Tokpuk, without any training except what he has had in connection with the herd since its arrival from Point Barrow, has become the main assistant of the superintendent, who has promoted him as above mentioned, and has asked permission to pay him one or two extra deer a year. He also speaks of a young Eskimo herder, Segevan, who has made such prog- , ress in his English education as to be able to keep the log book, or daily record of events pertaining to the herd. At Cape Prince of Wales I notice that when an occasion like the driving of a herd from Cape Prince of Wales to the Friends mission at Kotzebue was on hand, Mr. Lopp selected Ootenna, Keok, and Kivyearzruk as his three most experienced Eskimo drivers to go with the herd. These same young men took part in the celebrated drive of the herd from Cape Prince of Wales to Point Barrow, in 1898, for the relief of the ice-imprisoned whalers. These young men have respectively 192, 175, and 166 deer of their own, and have been self- supporting for three years past. At Gambell (St. Lawrence Island) Dr. Campbell reports the special efficiency of Sepilla, to whom he also intrusted the keeping of the log book of the herd in English. At Teller, Tautook, Kozetuk, and Serawlook seem to be the promi¬ nent drivers. They were selected, on account of their efficiency, to accompany the herd from Teller to Cape Prince of Wales that was being sent to the Friends Mission at Kotzebue; also to accompany the herd from Teller to Golofnin that was being sent to the Eaton Station. The same men had charge of reindeer that the Mission hired out to LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. 5 miners for transporting freight. Tautook, the first on the list, has a herd of his own of 143 deer. He also was one of the few that were selected by Lieutenant Jarvis and the Mission to accompany the herd in 1898 to Point Barrow. At Eaton Station prominence seems to have been attained as drivers by Okitkon and Tatpan. Tatpan assisted in driving the herd for the Roman Catholics from Eaton to Nulato, and Okitkon made several trips in charge of deer transporting supplies for miners. Both of these Eskimo however, are among those that have been under training for the longest period and have herds of their own, Tatpan’s numbering 105 head and Okitkon’s 93. Among the Laplanders, first and foremost as driver stands Nils Klemetsen. He was the man selected by Dr. Gambell, superintendent of the herds, for very difficult undertakings during the last three years. He had charge of the herds sent to the Friends between Teller and Cape Prince of Wales, and charge of the herd between Teller and Eaton stations, also of the herd sent from Eaton Station to the Mora¬ vians on the Kuskokwim River. He will also have charge this winter of the transportation and driving of a herd from Teller to Eaton, and a second herd from Eaton to the Kuskokwim River. If Dr. Gambell had remained in charge of the herds he expected to retain Nils Klemet- son as his foreman. Nils Klemetson this winter takes a loan of 100 head of deer for himself and expects to settle down in charge of his own herd and the herd of the Swedish Evangelical Mission at Golofnin. He is a very important man for us to have in that country, as we can call upon him for any emergency or upon any occasion requiring special ability and tact. Another excellent Laplander is Ole Olsen Bahr, who is in charge of the several herds at the Eaton Station. Dr. Gambell, in his report, speaks well of the efficiency of Per Larsen Anti, who is in charge of the herd on St. Lawrence Island. A third excellent Laplander is Nils Persen Bals, for the past three years in charge of the Moravian herds. He expects, however, to leave our employ this coming summer, taking the savings of his salary and purchasing a farm in the State of Washington. But of course we desire to keep him in Alaska. Very respectfully your obedient servant, W. T. Harris, Commissioner. The Secretary of tiie Interior. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Action of United States Senate. 2 Action of the Secretary of the Interior. 2 Letter of transmittal, Commissioner of Education to Secretary of the Interior. 3 Letter of transmittal, Secretary of the Interior to the United States Senate.... 3 Annual report of Dr. Sheldon Jackson. 11 Personnel. 11 Point Barrow reindeer herd.;... 12 Kotzebue reindeer herd. 12 Cape Prince of Wales reindeer herd. 13 Gambell reindeer herd (St. Lawrence Island). 13 Teller reindeer station. 14 Golofnin reindeer herd. 15 Eaton reindeer herd. 15 Nulato reindeer herd. 15 Kuskokwim reindeer herd. 15 Purchase of reindeer. 16 Inspection of reindeer. 16 Tabulated statement of reindeer in Alaska. 17 Increase from 1892 to 1902 . 18 Table of herds loaned by the Government. 19 Congressional appropriations from 1894 to 1903. 19 Expenditure of reindeer fund, 1901-1902. 19 Cruise of Dr. William Hamilton. 20 Reindeer transportation. 22 Reindeer mail route. 22 Transfer of herds. 23 Reindeer and missions. 24 Cooperation of Treasury, State, and War Departments. 24 Itinerary of the general agent of education in Alaska. 25 APPENDIX. Request to Secretary of the Treasury for the transportation of the agents of the Bureau of Education on the revenue cutters. 33 Letter of instructions to assistant agent of education in Alaska. 34 Letter of instructions to general agent of education in Alaska. 34 Request to Secretary of the Treasury for transportation for general agent on revenue cutter Thetis. 35 Secretary of the Treasury grants permission for the general agent to travel on the revenue cutter Thetis.
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