Trends in Water Privatization
The Post-Recession Economy and the Fight for Public Water in the United States About Food & Water Watch
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Executive Summary *VUMYVU[LK^P[OKH\U[PUNI\KNL[ZOVY[MHSSZMVSSV^PUN[OLYLJLU[LJVUVTPJKV^U[\YU]HYPV\ZJP[PLZHUK[V^UZHJYVZZ[OL JV\U[Y`OH]LJVUZPKLYLKJHZOPUNV\[[OLPY^H[LY\[PSP[PLZ[VNLULYH[LYL]LU\L)\[YH[OLY[OHULHZLÄZJHSWYLZZ\YLZ[OLZHSLVY SLHZLVM^H[LYHZZL[Z^V\SKSPRLS`M\Y[OLY^LHRLUHSVJHSP[`»ZSVUN[LYTÄUHUJPHSOLHS[OHUKZHKKSLJVUZ\TLYZ^P[OKLI[
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Many cities and towns explored sales and long-term concessions of their water and sewer systems since 2008. ;OLYL^LYLÄ]L[PTLZHZTHU`WYVZWLJ[P]LKLHSZPUHZ[OLYL^LYLJVTWSL[LK[YHUZHJ[PVUZPUH[`WPJHS`LHYV]LY [OLWYL]PV\Z[^VKLJHKLZ
Prospective privatizations, if actualized, would affect an unprecedented number of people.;OL[`WPJHS^H[LYZ`Z[LT W\[MVY^HYKMVYWYP]H[PaH[PVUPUZLY]LKHYV\UK [PTLZTVYLWLVWSL[OHU[OLH]LYHNLZ`Z[LTZVSKV]LY[OLSHZ[ [^VKLJHKLZ
Budget constraints drove the surge in potential privatization deals7YL]PV\ZS`[OLULLKMVYL_WLUZP]LPTWYV]LTLU[Z [V^H[LYPUMYHZ[Y\J[\YL^HZ[OLTHPUMHJ[VYPUHT\UPJPWHSP[`»ZKLJPZPVU[VZLSSVYSLHZLP[Z^H[LYZ`Z[LT:PUJL ZL]LYHSJP[PLZOH]LJVUZPKLYLKWYP]H[PaPUN^LSSTHPU[HPULK^H[LYZ`Z[LTZ[VZOVYL\W^LHRI\KNL[Z
Possible sales and concessions were clustered around the Rust Belt(S[OV\NO[OLZ\YNLPUPU[LYLZ[^HZHUH[PVU^PKL WOLUVTLUVUWYVZWLJ[P]LKLHSZ^LYLJVUJLU[YH[LKPU[OL9\Z[)LS[^OLYLJP[PLZ^LYLOP[WHY[PJ\SHYS`OHYKI`[OL YLJLZZPVU
Strong public opposition hindered privatization7\ISPJYLZPZ[HUJL[O^HY[LKH[SLHZ[ WVZZPISLZHSLZHUKJVUJLZ ZPVUZMYVT [VHUKZLLTLKSPRLS`[VISVJRTHU`TVYLWYVZWLJ[P]LKLHSZ0UMHJ[KLZWP[LUL^H[[LU[PVUVU [OLPKLH[OLU\TILYVMZHSLZHUKJVUJLZZPVUZJVTWSL[LKLHJO`LHYYLTHPULKZTHSS
Problems with Sales and Concessions They saddle consumers with debt.;OLM\UKPUN[OH[HJP[`YLJLP]LZI`ZLSSPUNVYSLHZPUNP[Z^H[LYZ`Z[LTPZLMMLJ[P]LS`HU L_WLUZP]LSVHU[OH[H^H[LYJVTWHU`^PSSYLJV]LYMYVTJVUZ\TLYZ[OYV\NO^H[LYIPSSZ(-VVK >H[LY>H[JOHUHS`ZPZLZ[P TH[LK[OH[[OL[`WPJHSPU[LYLZ[YH[LVU[OPZSVHU^V\SKILWLYJLU[;OPZPZ WLYJLU[TVYLL_WLUZP]L[OHUW\ISPJÄUHUJPUN [OYV\NOH[`WPJHST\UPJPWHSYL]LU\LIVUK
They result in high water rates.(YL]PL^VM[OLSHYNLZ[ZHSLZHUKJVUJLZZPVUZZ\Y]L`LKPU[OPZYLWVY[MV\UK[OH[^H[LYYH[LZ PUJYLHZLKVUH]LYHNLI` WLYJLU[H`LHYHM[LYWYP]H[PaH[PVU
Solutions Many communities have saved money with public operation.7\ISPJVWLYH[PVUVM^H[LYHUKZL^LYZLY]PJLZH]LYHNLKWLY JLU[JOLHWLY[OHUWYP]H[LVWLYH[PVUIHZLKVUH-VVK >H[LY>H[JOYL]PL^VM SVJHSNV]LYUTLU[Z[OH[Z[VWWLKJVU[YHJ[ PUNHUKIYV\NO[^H[LYZ`Z[LTZPUOV\ZL
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In 2010, the mayor of Indianapolis [OLSHZ[[^VKLJHKLZ pushed through the sale of the city’s water and sewer systems to Citizens Energy Group, a nonprofit public (ZVM6J[VILY[OLZLWVZZPISLKLHSZ^LYLPU]HYPV\Z trust, to generate $425 million in funds for other city Z[HNLZVM[OLWYP]H[PaH[PVUWYVJLZZ9PSL`0UKMVYL_HTWSL infrastructure improvements. Citizens Energy ex- OHKHSYLHK`ZPNULKHJVU[YHJ[[VZLSSP[Z^H[LYZ`Z[LT[V pected to eliminate two dozen or so customer-service (TLYPJHU>H[LYHUKH^HP[LKZ[H[LHWWYV]HS10^OPSL*OPJHNV jobs after the state approved the purchase.12 ^HZVUS`Y\TVYLK[VILJVUZPKLYPUNHSLHZL11 s Newark. In 2010, the city council dismissed the may- or’s plan to sell the city’s water system to an inde- Number of Publicly Owned Water and Sewer pendent municipal water authority and funnel funding System s Sold or Leased to Private Companies from the authority to balance the city’s budget. The (1991 to October 2010) city had considered several versions of this plan for 39 nearly a decade and public opposition stopped each 40 one in its tracks.13 Completed Privatizations 35 Prospective Privatizations (pending) s Cincinnati. In 2010, the city manager sought to con- vert the city’s water system into a new independent 30 regional water district to generate funding for other 25 infrastructure projects. Numerous community groups, including the local chapter of the NAACP, organized 20 19 to require public approval before any such transac- tion could occur.14 15 12 12 11 These arrangements avoid many of the financial pitfalls 10 9 9 10 8 8 involved in sales to private, for-profit companies because 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 nonprofit utilities can issue tax-exempt debt and do not 5 3 have to raise rates to make a profit for stockholders. 1 2 0 2 Nonetheless, the deals can result in a loss of local con- trol. Because the public often does not elect the board 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 members that oversee the nonprofit operations, the board can be less accountable than a city council. 5V[L!5V[JVTWYLOLUZP]L"ZLL(WWLUKPJLZ(HUK)MVYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVU 2 Food & Water Watch Table 1. Findings from Food & Water Watch’s Investigation into Possible Sales and Concessions of 200 Publicly Owned Water and Sewer System s in the United States Privatization Status 7YP]H[PaLK 7LUKPUN :[VWWLK9LQLJ[LK 6J[VILY 6J[VILY 6J[VILY ;V[HS 5\TILYVM:`Z[LTZ (]LYHNL7VW\SH[PVU:LY]LK)`,HJO:`Z[LT ;V[HS7VW\SH[PVU:LY]LK)`,]LY`:`Z[LT 9HUNLVM:`Z[LT:PaLZ7VW\SH[PVU:LY]LK [V [V [V [V :LL(WWLUKPJLZ(HUK)MVYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVU Trend 2: Prospective sales and concessions, H]LYHNLZPaLVM[OL^H[LYZ`Z[LTZWVZLKMVYWYP]H[PaH[PVUPU if actualized, would affect an unprecedented number of people. -VVK >H[LY>H[JO»ZHUHS`ZPZMV\UK[OH[HZVMJP[PLZ Trend 3: Budget shortfalls drove the surge in HUK[V^UZOHKJVUZPKLYLKZLSSPUNVYSLHZPUN^H[LYZ`Z[LTZ prospective water system sales and concessions. [OH[H]LYHNLK [PTLZSHYNLY[OHU[OL[`WPJHSZ`Z[LTZVSKVY -VY[OLSHZ[[^VKLJHKLZT\UPJPWHSP[PLZ\Z\HSS`ZVSK[OLPY SLHZLKV]LY[OLWYL]PV\Z[^VKLJHKLZ(S[OV\NOIV[OSHYNL ^H[LYZ`Z[LTZILJH\ZL[OL`JV\SKUV[HMMVYK[OLPTWYV]L JP[PLZHUKZTHSS[V^UZJVUZPKLYLK^H[LYWYP]H[PaH[PVU[OLH] TLU[ZULJLZZHY`[VJVTWS`^P[O^H[LYX\HSP[`YLN\SH[PVUZ15 LYHNLZ`Z[LTMHJPUN[OLH\J[PVUISVJRPUZLY]LKULHYS` ;OLÄZJHSJYPZPZHKKLKHUL^HUNSLVU[OPZ>OPSLPUMYHZ[Y\J WLVWSLZLL;HISL [\YLULLKZZ[PSSWSH`LKHYVSLPUTHU`ZP[\H[PVUZZPUJL I\KNL[KLÄJP[ZILJHTL[OLWYPTHY`YLHZVU[OH[THU`JP[PLZ 5VTHQVYJP[`OHZZVSKP[Z^H[LYZ`Z[LT[VHWYP]H[LJVTWHU` 16 PU[OLSHZ[[^VKLJHKLZ+\YPUN[OH[[PTLTVZ[ZHSLZHUK JVUZPKLYLKZLSSPUNVYSLHZPUN[OLPY^H[LYZ`Z[LTZ JVUJLZZPVUZPU]VS]LKZTHSS^H[LYZ`Z[LTZZLY]PUNHUH]LYHNL VMVUS` WLVWSL;OLSHYNLZ[KLHS^HZ[OLJVUJLZZPVU VM,SPaHIL[O51»Z^H[LYZ`Z[LT[V(TLYPJHU>H[LYPU ;OH[Z`Z[LTZLY]LKWLVWSL;OH[»ZSLZZ[OHUOHSM[OL Average Population Size of Water Systems Facing Privatization, by Status Total Population Served by Water and Sewer 282,779 Systems Facing Privatization, by Status 11,028,394 96,004 6,284 1,632,065 904,894 Completed Pending Stopped Privatizations Privatizations Privatizations (1991-Oct. 2010) (as of Oct. 2010) (2008-Oct. 2010) Completed Pending Stopped ;OLH]LYHNLWVW\SH[PVUZLY]LKI`W\ISPJS`V^ULK^H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ[OH[ Privatizations Privatizations Privatizations ^LYLZVSKVYSLHZLK[VWYP]H[LJVTWHUPLZMYVT [VHUKI`W\ISPJS`V^ULK (1991-Oct. 2010) (as of Oct. 2010) (2008-Oct. 2010) Z`Z[LTZJVUZPKLYLKMVYZHSLVYSLHZLMYVT [V6J[VILY:LL(WWLUKPJLZ( HUK)MVYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVU 3 Trends in Water Privatization: The Post-Recession Economy and the Fight for Public Water in the United States (-VVK >H[LY>H[JOYL]PL^VMÄ]LSHYNLJP[PLZZOV^LK[OH[ I\KNL[ZOVY[MHSSZ^LYL[OLWYPTHY`PTWL[\ZMVYWYP]H[PaH[PVU WSHUZ-YVT5HZZH\*V\U[`5@[V:HU1VZL*HSPMSVJHS NV]LYUTLU[ZZ\NNLZ[LKZLSSPUNVYSLHZPUN^H[LYHZZL[Z[VYHPZL TVUL`[VOLSWÄSST\S[PTPSSPVUKVSSHYOVSLZPU[OLPYI\KNL[ ZLL;HISL :L]LYHSJP[PLZÅVH[LK[OLPKLHVMH\J[PVUPUNVMM[OLPY^H[LY Z`Z[LTZUV[ILJH\ZL[OLZ`Z[LTZ^LYLI\YKLUZVYSPHIPSP[PLZ I\[ILJH\ZL[OL`^LYL]HS\HISLHZZL[Z[OH[JV\SKML[JOHOPNO WYPJL)LJH\ZLVMÄZJHSJOHSSLUNLZL]LU^LSSY\UZ`Z[LTZPU L_JLSSLU[JVUKP[PVUMHJLKWVZZPISLWYP]H[PaH[PVU Table 2: The Budget Deficits of Five Cities That Considered Selling or Leasing Their Water Systems Projected City Proposition )\KNL[+LÄJP[ 4PS^H\RLL *VUJLZZPVUVM4PS^H\RLL>H[LY TPSSPVU >PZ >VYRZ[VNLULYH[L TPSSPVUH`LHY 5HZZH\ *VUJLZZPVUVM^HZ[L^H[LYZ`Z[LT[V TPSSPVU *V\U[`5@ NLULYH[L TPSSPVUH`LHY (ZHSLVYSLHZLVMH^H[LYZ`Z[LTOV^L]LY[YHUZMLYZLT :HSLVYJVUJLZZPVUVMT\UPJPWHS WSV`LLZ[V[OLWYP]H[LZLJ[VYHUKYLK\JLZ[OLU\TILYVM ^H[LYZ`Z[LT^OPJOJV\SK¸NLULYH[L TPSSPVUZVMKVSSHYZVMYL]LU\LMVY[OL LTWSV`LLZWH`PUNPU[VHW\ISPJYL[PYLTLU[WSHU(ZHYLZ\S[ :HU1VZL *P[`¹HJJVYKPUN[V[OLTH`VY»ZI\KNL[ TPSSPVU WYP]H[PaH[PVUJV\SK\UKLYTPULW\ISPJWLUZPVUZPU[OLSVUN *HSPM HKKYLZZ [LYT;OPZ^HZHJVUJLYUPU*PUJPUUH[P^OLYL[OLJP[`JVU :HSLVM^H[LYHZZL[ZZLY]PUNV\[S`PUN TPSSPVU ZPKLYLK[\YUPUNP[Z^H[LY\[PSP[`PU[VHUPUKLWLUKLU[YLNPVUHS ;YLU[VU51 JVTT\UP[PLZMVY TPSSPVU KPZ[YPJ[26 *VUJLZZPVUVM^H[LYHUKZL^LY TPSSPVU ;\SZH6RSH Z`Z[LTZ[VNLULYH[LYL]LU\L Trend 4: Sales and concessions of water systems are concentrated in the Rust Belt. (S[OV\NOJP[PLZUH[PVU^PKLJVUZPKLYLKWYP]H[PaPUN[OLPY^H[LY 7LUZPVUM\UKZMHJ[VYPU7YP]H[PaH[PVUJV\SK^LHRLUWLUZPVU HUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZTHU`WYVZWLJ[P]LKLHSZ^LYLMV\UKPU M\UKZ [OL9\Z[)LS[;OLZLJP[PLZ^LYLOP[OHYKI`[OLYLJLZZPVUHZ (ML^JP[PLZJVUZPKLYLKWYP]H[PaPUN[OLPY^H[LYZ`Z[LTZ[V WLUZPVUM\UKZKPTPUPZOLKPU]HS\L[H_YL]LU\LZMLSSHUKQVIZ VMMZL[SVZZLZ[V[OLPYWLUZPVUM\UKZJH\ZLKI`[OLYLJLZZPVU ^LYLSVZ[PU[OLHPSPUNTHU\MHJ[\YPUNHUKH\[VPUK\Z[YPLZ 7\ISPJWLUZPVUZOV^L]LY^LYLUV[HTHPUYLHZVUMVYSVJHS 3VJHSNV]LYUTLU[ZPU[OLYLNPVUHSZVYLJVNUPaLK[OL]HS\LVM I\KNL[KLÄJP[ZVU[OL^OVSL*VU[YPI\[PVUZ[VW\ISPJYL[PYL [OLPY^H[LYYLZV\YJLZ27>OPSLTHU`WHY[ZVM[OLJV\U[Y`^LYL TLU[WSHUZJVUZ[P[\[LKHTLYL WLYJLU[VMZ[H[LHUKSVJHS ^H[LYZ[YLZZLK[OL.YLH[3HRLZZ[H[LZ^LYL^H[LYYPJO=LVSPH I\KNL[ZPU HUK^LYLWYVQLJ[LK[VYLTHPUHYLSH[P]LS` ,U]PYVUULTLU[[OL^VYSK»ZSHYNLZ[^H[LYJVTWHU`YLSVJH[LK ZTHSSMYHJ[PVUVMSVJHSZWLUKPUN[OYV\NO24 P[Z5VY[O(TLYPJHUOLHKX\HY[LYZ[V*OPJHNVPU 28 It 5VUL[OLSLZZ\UKLYM\UKLKWLUZPVUZ^LYLHZLYPV\ZJVUJLYU TH`OH]LWVZP[PVULKP[ZLSMZ[YH[LNPJHSS`MVYJVUJLZZPVUZPU[OL MVYHJV\WSLVMSVJHSP[PLZPUJS\KPUN7P[[ZI\YNO0UHZ[\K` YLNPVU VMSHYNLJP[PLZUH[PVU^PKL[OL7OPSHKLSWOPH9LZLHYJO 7LUUZ`S]HUPHHUK5L^1LYZL`PUWHY[PJ\SHYOH]LZLLUTHU` 0UP[PH[P]LMV\UK[OH[7P[[ZI\YNO»ZWLUZPVUM\UK^HZPU[OL ZHSLZHUKJVUJLZZPVUZV]LY[OL`LHYZHUKTHU`WVZZPISL ^VYZ[JVUKP[PVU0[JV\SKM\UKVUS`HIV\[H[OPYKWLYJLU[ WYP]H[PaH[PVUZZPUJL ;OH[JV\SKILILJH\ZL[OYLLVM[OL VMP[ZJVTTP[TLU[Z0UMLHYPUNHZ[H[L[HRLV]LYVM[OL SHYNLZ[^H[LYJVTWHUPLZOH]L[OLPYOLHKX\HY[LYZ[OLYL!(X\H WLUZPVUZ`Z[LT[OLJP[`JVUZPKLYLKWYP]H[PaPUNP[Z^H[LYHUK (TLYPJHPU)`YU4H^Y7H"(TLYPJHU>H[LYPU=VVYOLLZ ZL^LYH\[OVYP[`HTVUNV[OLYPKLHZ25 51"HUK 4 Food & Water Watch Possible Sales and Concessions of Publicly Owned Water and Sewer Systems to Private Companies from 2008 to 2010 (Status as of October 2010) Map by Mary Grant, Food & Water Watch. Trend 5: Possible sales and concessions face 0U*OPJHNVJVTT\UP[`NYV\WZILNHUVYNHUPaPUNW\ISPJ strong public opposition. MVY\TZHUKL]LU[Z[VWYL]LU[[OLWYP]H[PaH[PVUVM[OLPY^H[LY +LZWP[LPUJYLHZLKH[[LU[PVUVU^H[LYZ`Z[LTZHSLZHUKJVU Z`Z[LTZVVUHM[LY[OLY\TVYVMHWVZZPISLSLHZLÄYZ[Z\YMHJLK JLZZPVUZ[OLU\TILYVM[YHUZHJ[PVUZJVTWSL[LKLHJO`LHY PU7\ISPJ>VYRZ-PUHUJPUN;OPZLHYS`HJ[P]P[`TH`OH]L YLTHPULKZTHSSWYVIHIS`ILJH\ZLVMW\ISPJVWWVZP[PVU WYL]LU[LK[OLPKLHMYVTNHPUPUN[YHJ[PVUI\[[OLJVTT\UP[` -YVT [VJVUZ\TLYZHUKLSLJ[LKVMÄJPHSZZ[VWWLK YLTHPULK]PNPSHU[[OYV\NOV\[ILJH\ZL[OLJP[`OHK`L[ 31 H[SLHZ[ WVZZPISLKLHSZ9LZPZ[HUJL^HZWYVUV\UJLKPUJP[ [VVMÄJPHSS`Y\SLV\[[OLPKLH 6[OLYJP[PLZZOV\SKL_WLJ[ PLZIV[OSHYNLHUKZTHSS ZPTPSHYS`HYKLU[W\ISPJWYV[LZ[[VNYLL[HU`WSHU[VZLSSVY SLHZL[OLPY^H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ 7\ISPJVWWVZP[PVU[V^H[LYWYP]H[PaH[PVUZLLTLK\USPRLS`[V ^HULHUKHZHYLZ\S[P[ZOV\SKWYL]LU[THU`PMUV[TVZ[ WYVZWLJ[P]LZHSLZHUKJVUJLZZPVUZ0UHHY[PJSLPU7\ISPJ >VYRZ-PUHUJPUNH[YHKLW\ISPJH[PVUPUK\Z[Y`HUHS`Z[ZJHSSLK [OPZWVSP[PJHSYLZPZ[HUJL[VWYP]H[PaH[PVU¸WV[LU[¹HUKH¸MVYTP KHISLVIZ[HJSL[VT\UPJPWHSP[PLZSVVRPUN[VL_WSVYLHZHSLVM [OLPY^H[LYHZZL[Z[VHWYP]H[LJVTWHU`¹30 5 Trends in Water Privatization: The Post-Recession Economy and the Fight for Public Water in the United States The Consequences of Sales and Change in Household Water Bills Following Concessions Privatization: The Typical Annual Residential Water Bill Before and After Privatization for the *VUZ\TLYZVWWVZLKZLSSPUNVMM[OLPY^H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ 10 Largest Sales and Concessions Surveyed MVYNVVKYLHZVUZ7YP]H[PaH[PVUJVTLZH[HJVZ[HUKVM[LU YLZ\S[ZPUYH[LPUJYLHZLZ^OPJOJV\SKTHRL^H[LYZLY]PJL\U Bensalem, Pa. $104.76 HMMVYKHISLMVYTHU`JVTT\UP[`TLTILYZ-VYTHU`WLVWSL 1999-2010 $563.40 [OLSVZZVMSVJHSW\ISPJJVU[YVSV]LYZ\JOH]P[HSYLZV\YJLPZ HU\UZL[[SPUNWYVWVZP[PVU Bristol, Pa. $119.52 1996-2010 $644.67 Coatesville, Pa.* $480.08 An Irresponsible Fiscal Approach 2001-2010 $887.86 :LSSPUNH^H[LYZ`Z[LT[VIHSHUJL[OLI\KNL[MHPSZ[VHKKYLZZ East Palo Alto, Calif. $164.45 [OL\UKLYS`PUNÄZJHSWYVISLTZ[OH[JYLH[LK[OLKLÄJP[PU[OL 2001-2010 $317.21 ÄYZ[WSHJLHUKPUTHU`JHZLZP[JHUM\Y[OLY^LHRLUHJP[`»Z ÄZJHSZP[\H[PVUI`YLTV]PUNHZV\YJLVMYL]LU\L0U[OL Edison, N.J. $191.16 1997-2010 $506.90 ÄUHUJPHSYLJV]LY`WSHUMVY9LHKPUN7HÄUHUJPHSJVUZ\S [HU[ZL_WSHPULK¸;OPZL_JOHUNLVMHUU\HSYLJ\YYPUNYL]LU\L Elizabeth, N.J. $228.00 1998-2010 Z[YLHTZVYZPNUPÄJHU[JHWP[HSHZZL[ZMVYVUL[PTLVWLYH[PUN $506.90 I\KNL[ZVS\[PVUZPZHÄUHUJPHSº^VYZ[WYHJ[PJL»^OPJOPZPU Fairbanks, Alaska* $543.30 WHY[YLZWVUZPISLMVY[OL*P[`»ZJ\YYLU[ÄUHUJPHSZP[\H[PVU¹ 32 1997-2010 $1,197.08 Florissant, Mo. $183.62 :[LWOLU.VSKZTP[O[OLMVYTLYTH`VYVM0UKPHUHWVSPZHUK 2002-2010 $288.07 J\YYLU[KLW\[`TH`VYVM5L^@VYR*P[`PZHTHQVYWYP]H[P aH[PVUWYVWVULU[HUKOLYLQLJ[Z[OLPKLHVMSLHZPUNW\ISPJ Hawthorne, Calif. $323.52 1996-2010 HZZL[Z[VIHSHUJLI\KNL[Z¸4VUL[PaPUNHJHWP[HSPU]LZ[TLU[ $738.54 HZHVUL[PTL^H`[VJSVZLHI\KNL[KLÄJP[PZHIHKPKLH¹OL Media Borough, Pa. $232.00 ZHPKPU1\S`33 1995-2010 $772.14 ;VTHRLTH[[LYZ^VYZLT\JOSPRL^OLUHWLYZVUZLSSZHU 0 $200 $400 $600 $800 $1000 $1200 P[LTH[HWH^UZOVWHJP[`PZ\USPRLS`[VILHISL[VJHZOV\[ *Includes water and sewer service [OLM\SS]HS\LVMP[Z^H[LYZ`Z[LT;OLJVUZ\S[HU[ZMVY9LHKPUN UV[LK[OPZHZ^LSS!¸;OLJ\YYLU[THYRL[MVY[YHUZMLYVMHZZL[ZPZ Before Privatization [OL^LHRLZ[PU`LHYZ"[OPZ^V\SKILHWHY[PJ\SHYS`IHK[PTL[V After Privatization (as of August 2010) ZLSS¹34;OLW\YJOHZLWYPJLVYJVUJLZZPVUMLLSPRLS`^V\SKIL T\JOSLZZ[OHU[OLHJ[\HS]HS\LVM[OLZ`Z[LT WH`TLU[ZI`\ZPUNT\UPJPWHSIVUKÄUHUJPUNPUZ[LHKVMWYP Sticking Consumers with an Expensive Loan ]H[LÄUHUJPUN[OYV\NOHZHSLVYJVUJLZZPVU 0UHZHSLVYJVUJLZZPVUKLHSHSVJHSNV]LYUTLU[»ZVIQLJ[P]L 5VLMÄJPLUJ`NHPUZ^P[OWYP]H[PaH[PVU0UNLULYHSWYP]H[PaH PZ\Z\HSS`[VVI[HPUHZPaHISL\WMYVU[WH`TLU[·LP[OLY[OL [PVUPZ\USPRLS`[VLUOHUJLLMÄJPLUJ`VYJ\[[OLJVZ[VMVWLY W\YJOHZLWYPJLVYJVUJLZZPVUMLL·MYVT[OLJVTWHU`[OH[ H[PUN^H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ4VZ[WLLYYL]PL^LKZ[\KPLZ [HRLZV]LY[OL^H[LYVYZL^LYZ`Z[LT7\ISPJVMÄJPHSZ[V\[[OPZ OH]LMV\UK[OH[[OLYLPZUVZPNUPÄJHU[KPMMLYLUJLPULMÄJPLUJ` PUJVTL^OLU[Y`PUN[VZ^H`W\ISPJVWPUPVUI\[[OL`VM[LU IL[^LLUW\ISPJS`V^ULKHUKWYP]H[LS`V^ULK^H[LY\[PSP[PLZ MHPS[VW\ISPJPaL[OH[[OPZPUÅ\_VMJHZOPZUV[MYLLTVUL`0[PZ 9LZLHYJOLYZJVUQLJ[\YLK[OH[[OPZJV\SKILILJH\ZLVM[OL HSVHU35·HUKHUL_WLUZP]LVULH[[OH[ SHJRVMJVTWL[P[PVUPU[OL^H[LYZLJ[VY"HML^SHYNLJVTWH 37 (UHUHS`ZPZI`-VVK >H[LY>H[JOÄUKZ[OH[H[`WPJHS UPLZKVTPUH[L[OLTHYRL[ 9LNHYKSLZZVM[OLYLHZVU^P[O WYP]H[L^H[LY\[PSP[`^V\SKJOHYNLHUPU[LYLZ[YH[LVMHIV\[ LMÄJPLUJ`NHPUZ\USPRLS`H^H[LYJVTWHU`T\Z[YLJV]LYP[Z WLYJLU[VU[OPZSVHUZLL(WWLUKP_*4\UPJPWHSIVUKZ PU]LZ[TLU[HUKWYVÄ[I`J\[[PUNZLY]PJLZHUKOPRPUNYH[LZ HYLHT\JOJOLHWLY^H`[VÄUHUJLHWYVQLJ[0U[OLÄYZ[ OHSMVM[OLH]LYHNLT\UPJPWHSYL]LU\LIVUKOHKHU High Rates PU[LYLZ[YH[LVMHYV\UK WLYJLU[366]LYH`LHYSVHU[OL >H[LYJVTWHUPLZHYLHI\ZPULZZUV[HJOHYP[`"[OL`L_WLJ[ W\ISPJ[`WPJHSS`^V\SKZH]L JLU[ZVUL]LY`KVSSHYPUKLI[ [VYLJV]LY[OLPYPU]LZ[TLU[[OYV\NOYH[LPUJYLHZLZ(JVT WHU`VMÄJPHS[VSKZ[H[LYLN\SH[VYZHZT\JOH[H4PK(TLYPJH 6 Food & Water Watch 9LN\SH[VY`*VUMLYLUJL0UOPZWYLZLU[H[PVU4PRL/VMMTHU [OLZLUPVYTHUHNLYVMÄUHUJPHSL]HS\H[PVUHUKHUHS`ZPZH[ (TLYPJHU>H[LYL_WSHPULK[OH[HI\`LYVMH^H[LYZ`Z[LTPZ ¸UV[^PSSPUN[VTHRLBHUDPU]LZ[TLU[[OH[P[^PSSUV[ILHISL [VYLJV]LYPUYH[LZ¹38 -VVK >H[LY>H[JOYL]PL^LK[OLSHYNLZ[Z\Y]L`LKZHSLZ HUKJVUJLZZPVUZHUKMV\UK[OH[OV\ZLOVSK^H[LYYH[LZPU JYLHZLKI`HUH]LYHNLVM WLYJLU[H`LHYV]LYHUH]LYHNL VM`LHYZMVSSV^PUNWYP]H[PaH[PVU,HJO`LHY^H[LYJVT WHUPLZOPRLK[OL[`WPJHSHUU\HSOV\ZLOVSK^H[LYIPSSI`HU H]LYHNLVM VY HM[LYHKQ\Z[PUNMVYPUÅH[PVUZLL;HISL Water rates are a growing problem in Coatesville, Pa. 0U*VH[LZ]PSSLHZ[Y\NNSPUNZ[LLSJP[`PUZV\[OLHZ[LYU 7LUUZ`S]HUPHZVHYPUN^H[LYIPSSZOH]LSLM[YLZPKLU[ZX\LZ[PVU PUN[OLZV\UKULZZVM[OLZHSLVM[OLPYKYPURPUN^H[LY Q\TWLK WLYJLU[ZPUJL[OLZ`Z[LTZ^LYLZVSK;OL[`WPJHS HUK^HZ[L^H[LYZ`Z[LTZ[V(TLYPJHU>H[LY;OLJP[`ZH^[OL HUU\HSOV\ZLOVSK^H[LYHUKZL^LYIPSSOHZNYV^UMYVT ZHSLHZH^H`[VNLULYH[LWLYWL[\HSM\UKPUNMVYJP[`ZLY]PJLZ HKQ\Z[LKMVYPUÅH[PVUPU[V PU50 I`PU]LZ[PUN[OLWYVJLLKZVM[OLZHSLZVTL TPSSPVU 0U(TLYPJHU>H[LYWYVWVZLKH WLYJLU[PUJYLHZL PU[VH[Y\Z[M\UK;V\NOLJVUVTPJ[PTLZHUKJP[`ZWLUKPUN PUZL^LYYH[LZ;OLJP[`ZH^[OPZHZL_JLZZP]LHUKI\KNL[LK OV^L]LYOH]LKYHPULK[OL[Y\Z[M\UKI`[^V[OPYKZSLH]PUN MVYSLNHSZ\WWVY[[VÄNO[P[51;OLJVTWHU`JSHPTLK VUS` TPSSPVUHZVM(\N\Z[49 [VULLK[OLOPRL[VYLJV\W[OLJVZ[VMI\PSKPUNHUL^^HZ[L (Z[OLJVTT\UP[`»ZÄUHUJPHSZP[\H[PVUKL[LYPVYH[LK[OL^H[LY ^H[LY[YLH[TLU[MHJPSP[`I\[JVUZ\TLYZHUKJVTT\UP[`VYNH Z`Z[LT»ZUL^WYP]H[LV^ULYW\YZ\LKHNNYLZZP]LYH[LPU UPaH[PVUZKPZHNYLLKHUKHJJ\ZLK[OLJVTWHU`VMV]LYI\PSK JYLHZLZ,]LU[OV\NO[OLJVTWHU`HNYLLK[VMYLLaLYH[LZMVY PUN[OLWSHU[PUVYKLY[VIVVZ[P[ZWYVÄ[Z52([[OL[PTL[OL [OLÄYZ[[OYLL`LHYZYLZPKLU[PHS^H[LYHUKZL^LYYH[LZOH]L WSHU[HSSLNLKS`^HZVWLYH[PUNH[VUS`OHSMP[ZJHWHJP[` Table 3: Increase in the Annual Water Bill of a Typical Household after Privatization for the 10 Largest Sales and Concessions Surveyed (Including wastewater charges, where applicable) Years 5V[HKQ\Z[LKMVYPUÅH[PVUUVTPUHSKVSSHYZ 0UÅH[PVUHKQ\Z[LK(\N\Z[KVSSHYZ Elapsed (]N(UU\HS Since Total Increase in Total Percent (]N(UU\HS Total Increase in Percent Percent Municipality Sale (UU\HS)PSS Increase Percent Increase (UU\HS)PSS Increase Increase )LUZHSLT7H 11 )YPZ[VS7H *VH[LZ]PSSL7H ,HZ[7HSV(S[V*HSPM ,KPZVU51 ,SPaHIL[O51 -HPYIHURZ(SHZRH -SVYPZZHU[4V /H^[OVYUL*HSPM 4LKPH)VYV\NO7H (]LYHNL 12 $385.24 188% 15% $301.76 116% 10% 5V[LZ!;OLZLHYL[OLSHYNLZ[ZHSLZHUKJVUJLZZPVUZI`WVW\SH[PVUZLY]LKV\[VM[OLKLHSZJVTWPSLKI`-VVK >H[LY>H[JO;OLIPSSZHYLIHZLK VUYH[LZJOHYNLK[VNLULYHSZLY]PJLYLZPKLU[PHSJ\Z[VTLYZHZVM(\N\Z[HUKHYLJHSJ\SH[LK\ZPUN[OLZHTLOV\ZLOVSK]VS\TL[YPJ\ZHNL^P[OPU JVTT\UP[PLZV]LY[PTL0UÅH[PVUIHZLKVU*VUZ\TLY7YPJL0UKL_ZLHZVUHSS`HKQ\Z[LK(\N\Z[:LL(WWLUKPJLZ(HUK+MVYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVU 7 Trends in Water Privatization: The Post-Recession Economy and the Fight for Public Water in the United States 0U6J[VILY[OLJP[`ZL[[SLK^P[O[OLJVTWHU`ILNY\KN HYYHUNLTLU[ZJHUMHJPSP[H[LZWYH^S59-VYL_HTWSL[OL PUNS`HNYLLPUN[VHWYVWVZLKWOHZLKPUYH[LPUJYLHZL[OH[ )YHUK`^PUL*VUZLY]HUJ`ILSPL]LK[OH[(TLYPJHU>H[LY»ZL_ ^V\SKIYPUN[OL[`WPJHSHUU\HSZL^LYIPSSMYVT PU WHUZPVUVMH[YLH[TLU[WSHU[PU*VH[LZ]PSSL7H^V\SKPUK\JL [V PU53>H[LYZLY]PJLPZILJVTPUN\UHMMVYKHISL \U^HU[LKKL]LSVWTLU[60)LJH\ZLSV^KLUZP[`KL]LSVWTLU[Z 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Cost Implications of Selling the San PU[OLZLJHZLZSVJHSNV]LYUTLU[ZT\Z[W\YZ\LSLUN[O`LTP Jose Municipal Water System Based on a 1996 ULU[KVTHPUWYVJLLKPUNZ[VYLJSHPTW\ISPJJVU[YVS 9 Trends in Water Privatization: The Post-Recession Economy and the Fight for Public Water in the United States ;OLJP[`HSZVJVTWHYLK[OLTHUHNLTLU[WSHUVM[OLJP[`»Z 7YP]H[PaH[PVU^HZU»[^VY[OP[0U5V]LTILY [OLJP[` ,U]PYVUTLU[HS:LY]PJLZ+LWHY[TLU[[V[OLJVTWHU`»Z[^V JV\UJPSY\SLKV\[H\J[PVUPUNVMM[OL^H[LYZ`Z[LTVW[PUN YLZWVUZP]LWYVWVZHSZ^OPJO^LYLMVY[OLTHUHNLTLU[I\[ PUZ[LHK[VW\YZ\L[YHUZMLYYPUN^H[LYYL]LU\LKPYLJ[S`[V[OL UV[[OLSLHZLVM[OLZ`Z[LT0[MV\UK[OH[WYP]H[LVWLYH[PVU JP[`»ZNLULYHSM\UK82 PUJS\KPUN[YHUZHJ[PVUJVZ[Z^V\SKOH]LJVZ[ TPSSPVU [V TPSSPVUWLYJLU[[VWLYJLU[TVYL[OHUW\ISPJ VWLYH[PVUV]LY`LHYZ80 Another Nationwide Phenomenon: Saving Money with Public Operation ;OLJP[`OHKSP[[SLYLHZVU[VILSPL]L[OH[[OLLJVUVTPJZVM SLHZPUNP[Z^H[LYZ`Z[LTOHKJOHUNLKZ\IZ[HU[PHSS`V]LY[OL -VYZVTLJP[PLZ[OLÄZJHSJYPZPZ[YPNNLYLK[OLILNPUUPUNVM SHZ[KLJHKL-VYL_HTWSL[OL:HU1VZL>H[LY*VTWHU`HKTP[ ^H[LYWYP]H[PaH[PVUHUKMVYV[OLYZP[ZLUK-YVT,]HUZ]PSSL [LKPUP[ZSL[[LYVMPU[LYLZ[[OH[PMP[^LYL[VI\`[OLT\ 0UK[V*H]L*YLLR(YPaSVJHSNV]LYUTLU[ZHJYVZZ[OL UPJPWHS^H[LYZ`Z[LTP[^V\SKPUJYLHZL[OLJP[`»Z^H[LYYH[LZ JV\U[Y`L_P[LKWYP]H[LJVU[YHJ[ZHUKIYV\NO[^H[LYZLY]PJLZ V]LYZL]LYHS`LHYZ[V[OLSL]LSP[JOHYNLZP[ZV[OLYJ\Z[VTLYZ0U PUOV\ZL[VZH]LTPSSPVUZVMKVSSHYZ>P[OSVJHSÄUHUJLZPU [OLJVTWHU`JOHYNLK WLYJLU[TVYL[OHU[OLJP[`81 KPYLZ[YHP[Z[OLZLT\UPJPWHSP[PLZKLJPKLK[VJ\[V\[[OL^HZ[L M\SZWLUKPUNHZZVJPH[LK^P[OWYP]H[LS`Y\U^H[LYZ`Z[LTZ Table 5. Cost Savings With Public Operation of Water and Sewer Systems: A Survey of 18 Local Governments Years Last Private Operator Location Privatized 7HYLU[*VTWHU` System Private Cost Savings )PKKLMVYK4HPUL 640*/4/PSS >HZ[L^H[LY[YLH[TLU[WSHU[ *H]L*YLLR(YPa a (TLYPJHU>H[LY >H[LYZ`Z[LT +\YOHT*V\U[`5* *VTIPULK^H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ -HPYÄLSK:\PZ\U:L^LY+PZ[YPJ[ *HSPM *VTIPULKIV[O[YLH[TLU[WSHU[Z 3HTWHZHZ;L_HZ 640*/4/PSS >H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ 3LHUKLY;L_HZ :V\[O^LZ[>H[LY >H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ 3PILY[`4V f 640*/4/PSS >H[LY[YLH[TLU[WSHU[ 5VY[O(KHTZ4HZZ 6»-HSSVU4V (SSPHUJL>H[LY >H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ 7L[HS\TH*HSPM =LVSPH >H[LYYLJ`JSPUNWSHU[ d :PV\_*P[`0V^H (TLYPJHU>H[LY >HZ[L^H[LY[YLH[TLU[WSHU[ :RHULH[LSLZ5@ :L]LYU;YLU[ >HZ[L^H[LY[YLH[TLU[WSHU[ :\YWYPZL(YPa (TLYPJHU>H[LY >H[LYZ`Z[LT e >LII*P[`4V 640*/4/PSS *LU[LY*YLLR^HZ[L^H[LY[YLH[TLU[WSHU[ (]LYHNL 21% 5V[LZ H;OLJP[`W\YJOHZLKH^H[LYZ`Z[LTMYVTHWYP]H[LJVTWHU`PU HUKHUV[OLYZ`Z[LTPU "[OLUP[JVU[YHJ[LKV\[[OLZLY]PJL[VHUV[OLYWYP]H[LJVTWHU` I:H]PUNZIHZLKVUL_WLJ[LKPUJYLHZLKWYP]H[LWYVÄ[SL]LSVM WLYJLU["ZH]PUNZV]LY JVU[YHJ[I\KNL[LZ[PTH[LK[VILWLYJLU[ J:H]PUNZLZ[PTH[LK[VILIL[^LLU WLYJLU[HUK WLYJLU[ H`LHY"JVUZLY]H[P]LLZ[PTH[L^HZ\ZLK K,Z[PTH[LKZH]PUNZV]LY[OLÄYZ[[OYLL`LHYZ L:H]PUNZV]LY[OLÄYZ[Ä]L`LHYZ M,_WLJ[LK[VLUKPU 10 Food & Water Watch 7\ISPJVWLYH[PVUVM^H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZH]LYHNLK Conclusions WLYJLU[JOLHWLY[OHUWYP]H[LVWLYH[PVUHJJVYKPUN[VH-VVK >H[LY>H[JOYL]PL^VM SVJHSNV]LYUTLU[Z[OH[LUKLK +LZWP[LYLJLU[H[[LU[PVUZHSLZHUKJVUJLZZPVUZVMT\UPJP JVU[YHJ[Z^P[OWYP]H[LVWLYH[VYZZPUJL ZLL[HISL WHS^H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ[VWYP]H[LJVTWHUPLZYLTHPU -VY:PV\_*P[`6»-HSSVU7L[HS\THHUK-HPYÄLSK:\PZ\U[OL PUMYLX\LU[PU[OL 11 Trends in Water Privatization: The Post-Recession Economy and the Fight for Public Water in the United States Appendix A: Completed Sales and Concessions of Municipal Water Systems -VVK >H[LY>H[JOJVTWPSLKKH[HHIV\[ZHSLZHUKJVUJLZ 5V[LZHIV\[[OLWVW\SH[PVUÄN\YLZ ZPVUZVMW\ISPJS`V^ULK^H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ[VWYP]H[L ;OLWVW\SH[PVUZLY]LK^HZ[OL[V[HSU\TILYVMWLVWSLZLY]LK MVYWYVÄ[JVTWHUPLZ(S[OV\NOJVTWYLOLUZP]LPUMVYTH[PVUPZ I`[OL^H[LYZ`Z[LTH[[OL[PTLVMWYP]H[PaH[PVUL_JLW[^OLU UV[H]HPSHISL[OPZSPZ[HPTLK[VILL_[LUZP]L0[PUJS\KLZZHSLZ JVU[LTWVYHULV\ZÄN\YLZ^LYL\UH]HPSHISL-VVK >H[LY MYVT[V^UZJP[PLZJV\U[PLZHUKW\ISPJ^H[LYKPZ[YPJ[Z >H[JO\ZLK[OL,U]PYVUTLU[HS7YV[LJ[PVU(NLUJ`»Z:HML +YPURPUN>H[LY0UMVYTH[PVU:`Z[LT[VÄUK[OLWVW\SH[PVU 0UMVYTH[PVU^HZJVTWPSLKWYPTHYPS`MYVT[OLZLZV\YJLZ! ZPaLVMHU\TILYVMKYPURPUN^H[LYZ`Z[LTZ Municipal Water and Sewer Systems Sold or Leased to Private Companies from 1991 to 2010 Most Recenta Private 6^ULYWHYLU[ Population Year Seller State System JVTWHU` Type Served (ILYKLLU 51 >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL )\JOHUHU*V\U[`7\ISPJ>H[LY :\WWS`+PZ[YPJ[5V 46 >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL 4LUKOHT 51 >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL 12 Food & Water Watch Municipal Water and Sewer Systems Sold or Leased to Private Companies from 1991 to 2010 Most Recenta Private 6^ULYWHYLU[ Population Year Seller State System JVTWHU` Type Served ;V^UZLUK;V^UVM +, >H[LYZ`Z[LT (Y[LZPHU9LZV\YJLZ :HSL >PUÄLSK;V^UVM >= >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL (UZ[LK;V^UVM >= >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL )YPZ[VS)VYV\NO 7( )YPZ[VS)VYV\NO(\[OVYP[`^H[LYZ`Z[LT (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL )\MMHSV >= >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL /H[IVYV)VYV\NO 7( /H[IVYV)VYV\NO(\[OVYP[`^H[LYZ`Z[LT (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL *HSPMVYUPH>H[LY /H^[OVYUL *( >H[LYZ`Z[LT :LY]PJL.YV\W *VUJLZZPVU /V^LSS;V^UZOPW 51 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:HSL 3L*SHPYL 0( >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL 3VNHU*V\U[`7\ISPJ:LY]PJL +PZ[YPJ[ >= :OHYWSLZ^H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL 3HZ7HSTHZ9HUJO4VU[LYL`*V\U[`:LY]PJL(YLH 4VU[LYL`*V\U[` *( ZL^LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL *HYTLS=HSSL`*V\U[`:HUP[H[PVU+PZ[YPJ[ZL^LY 4VU[LYL`*V\U[` *( Z`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL *O\HSHY>H[LY*V\U[`ZLY]PJLHYLH ^H[LY 4VU[LYL`*V\U[` *( Z`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL 3HN\UH:LJH9HUJO7HZHKLYH*V\U[`ZLY]PJLHYLH 4VU[LYL`*V\U[` *( ZL^LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL 14 Food & Water Watch Municipal Water and Sewer Systems Sold or Leased to Private Companies from 1991 to 2010 Most Recenta Private 6^ULYWHYLU[ Population Year Seller State System JVTWHU` Type Served 9HSWO3HUL>H[LY"*V\U[`ZLY]PJLHYLH ^H[LY 4VU[LYL`*V\U[` *( Z`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL 66 :HUK`9PKNL 7( :HUK`9PKNL>H[LY(\[OVYP[`^H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL >LZ[+LJH[\Y 7( >LZ[+LJH[\Y(\[OVYP[`^H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL +\UL(JYLZ;V^U 05 >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL :H\ULTPU=PSSHNL 03 >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL :SPNV)VYV\NO 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(TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL :LHZPKL/LPNO[Z)VYV\NO 51 7LSPJHU0ZSHUK^H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL )HSK^PU*V\U[` :\TTLYKHSL;V^U (3 :L^LYZ`Z[LT :L^LY:LY]PJL33* :HSL :\U9P]LY;LYYHJL=PSSHNL 03 >H[LYZ`Z[LT (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL *SHYPVU)VYV\NO 7( *SHYPVU(YLH(\[OVYP[`ZL^LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL *SH`Z]PSSL+VULNHS1VPU[4\UPJPWHS (\[OVYP[` 7( >H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL -H`L[[L]PSSL >= >H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL 1LMMLYZVU*P[` 46 5VY[O1LMMLYZVU^H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL :OLSI`*V\U[`.V]LYUTLU[HS<[PSP[` :LY]PJLZ*VYWVYH[PVU (3 9P]LY]PL^ZL^LYZ`Z[LT :V\[O^LZ[>H[LY :HSL :V\[O=PULTVU[ (3 :L^LYZ`Z[LT 0U[LNYH>H[LY :HSL (T^LSS;V^UZOPW 7( (T^LSS;V^UZOPW>H[LY(\[OVYP[`^H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL (YI\JRSL7\ISPJ:LY]PJL+PZ[YPJ[ >= >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL ([OLUZ;V^UZOPW 7( >H[LYZ`Z[LT (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL )VNNZ;V^UZOPW 7( )VNNZ;V^UZOPWT\UPJPWHSH\[OVYP[`^H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL 2YH[aLY]PSSL 7( 2YH[aLY]PSSL4\UPJPWHS(\[OVYP[`^H[LYZ`Z[LT (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL 3V^LY*VSVYHKV9P]LY(\[OVYP[` ;? /HYWLY>H[LY:`Z[LTPU.PSSLZWPL*V\U[` (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL 3V^LY*VSVYHKV9P]LY(\[OVYP[` ;? 3VUKVU>H[LY:`Z[LTPU2PTISL*V\U[` (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL :H_VUI\YN)VYV\NO 7( :H_VUI\YN(YLH(\[OVYP[`^H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL :L^LYHNL+PZ[YPJ[5V 3( :L^LYZ`Z[LTPU:[;HTTHU`7HYPZO <[PSP[PLZ0UJ :HSL >HSSHJL[VU 7( >HSSJL[VU4\UPJPWHS(\[OVYP[`^H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL >H]LSHUK;V^U 05 >H]LSHUK>H[LY<[PSP[` (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL >LZ[4HUOLPT;V^UZOPW 7( >H[LYZ`Z[LT @VYR>H[LY*VTWHU` :HSL )SVVTZI\Y` 51 >H[LYZ`Z[LT (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL 4HYPVU/LPNO[Z*VUZLY]HUJ` +PZ[YPJ[ 05 >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL a 4LX\VUIV\NO[IHJRP[Z^H[LYZ`Z[LTPU 15 Trends in Water Privatization: The Post-Recession Economy and the Fight for Public Water in the United States Appendix B: Prospective Sales and Concessions of Municipal Water Systems ;OLILSV^SPZ[PUJS\KLZWVZZPISLZHSLZHUKJVUJLZZPVUZVM YLQLJ[LKVYPUKLÄUP[LS`[HISLKWYP]H[PaH[PVUWSHUZHZVM W\ISPJS`V^ULK^H[LYVYZL^LYZ`Z[LTZMYVT [V0[ 6J[VILY7YVZWLJ[P]LKLHSZHYLSPZ[LKHZ¸HJ[P]L¹PM ^HZJVTWPSLKMYVTUL^ZYLWVY[ZJVYWVYH[LÄSPUNZHUKSVJHS [OL`^LYLUV[JVTWSL[LK[OL[YHUZHJ[PVUOHKUV[JSVZLKVY NV]LYUTLU[^LIZP[LZ0[WYLKVTPUH[LS`PUJS\KLZW\ISPJPaLK L_WYLZZS`Z[VWWLKILMVYL[OLLUKVM6J[VILY WYVWVZHSZVMMLYZZ\NNLZ[PVUZHUKZWLJ\SH[PVUZI`JVTT\ UP[`TLTILYZT\UPJPWHSP[PLZHUKJVYWVYH[PVUZ ;OLSPZ[PZUV[JVTWYLOLUZP]L-VYL_HTWSLPU (TLYPJHU>H[LYJSHPTLK[VILPU[HSRZ^P[O KPMMLYLU[T\ ;OLSPZ[JVU[HPUZ WVZZPISLWYP]H[PaH[PVUZ VM^OPJO UPJPWHSP[PLZHUKV[OLYLU[P[PLZHUK(X\H(TLYPJHJSHPTLK[V HYLWLUKPUNM\Y[OLYHJ[PVUHUK VM^OPJO^LYLZ[VWWLK ILPU[HSRZ[VI\`Z`Z[LTZ247 7YVZWLJ[P]LKLHSZHYLSPZ[LKHZ¸Z[VWWLK¹PM[OLT\UPJPWHSP[` 7VZZPISL:HSLZHUK*VUJLZZPVUZVM4\UPJPWHS>H[LYHUK:L^LY:`Z[LTZHZVM6J[VILY Status Possible Buyer/ Year Status Seller State System Lessee, If Named Type Population (J[P]L (ILYKLLU 6/ >H[LYZ`Z[LT :HSL :[VWWLK (RYVU 6/ :L^LYZ`Z[LT *VUJLZZPVU (J[P]L (\_]HZZL 46 >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL )L_HY4L[YVWVSP[HU :HU1VZL>H[LY (J[P]L >H[LY+PZ[YPJ[ ;? >H[LYZ`Z[LTZPU*VTHS*V\U[` *VTWHU` :HSL :[VWWLK *HYIVUKHSL 03 >H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ :HSL 4LHKV^]PL^7PUL/PSSZ/HIV\Y]PL^9V\[L ^H[LYZ`Z[LTZ"4LHKV^]PL^/PNOSHUKZ*OLYY`/PSS (J[P]L *LJPS*V\U[` 4+ /HIV\Y]PL^ZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ (Y[LZPHU>H[LY :HSL (J[P]L *OPJHNV 03 >H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ *VUJLZZPVU (X\H>HZ[L^H[LY 4HUHNLTLU[ (TLYPJHU>H[LY (J[P]L *VUZOVOVJRLU 7( :L^LYZ`Z[LT Works :HSL (J[P]L *YV[OLYZ]PSSL 05 >H[LYZ`Z[LT (TLYPJHU>H[LY :HSL (J[P]L +L[YVP[ 40 >H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZ ,P[OLY :[VWWLK ,HZ[/LTWÄLSK 7( >H[LYZ`Z[LT (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL :[VWWLK -HYTPUN[VU 7( >H[LYZ`Z[LT (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL (J[P]L -HPYÄLSK 51 :L^LYZ`Z[LT (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL *HSPMVYUPH>H[LY (J[P]L -YLZUV*V\U[` *( 8\HPS3HRL*V\U[`:LY]PJL(YLH ^H[LYZ`Z[LT :LY]PJL*VTWHU` :HSL :[VWWLK .SV\JLZ[LY 4( >H[LYZ`Z[LT 16 Food & Water Watch 7VZZPISL:HSLZHUK*VUJLZZPVUZVM4\UPJPWHS>H[LYHUK:L^LY:`Z[LTZHZVM6J[VILY Status Possible Buyer/ Year Status Seller State System Lessee, If Named Type Population (TLYPJHU>H[LY :[VWWLK 4V\U[1L^L[[ 7( >H[LYZ`Z[LT (X\H(TLYPJH :HSL 17 Trends in Water Privatization: The Post-Recession Economy and the Fight for Public Water in the United States Appendix C: The Interest Rate on a Loan from a Typical Investor-Owned Water Utility 0U[OPZHUHS`ZPZ-VVK >H[JOKL[LYTPULK[OH[H[`WPJHS ;OLJVZ[VMÄUHUJPUNHU`WYVQLJ[RUV^UHZ[OLJVZ[VM PU]LZ[VYV^ULK^H[LY\[PSP[`^V\SKJOHYNLHIV\[WLYJLU[ JHWP[HSPZ[OLJVZ[VM[OLKLI[WS\Z[OLYL[\YUVU[OLLX\P[`304 PU[LYLZ[VUP[ZWH`TLU[[VHSVJHSNV]LYUTLU[;OPZPU[LYLZ[ ;OLYLPZUVZPUNSLJVYYLJ[^H`[VKL[LYTPULJHWP[HSJVZ[ZWHY YH[LYLÅLJ[Z[OLJVTWHU`»ZVWWVY[\UP[`JVZ[VMW\[[PUNJHWP[HS [PJ\SHYS`[OLYL[\YUVULX\P[`305I\[[OPZHUHS`ZPZ\ZLZPUK\Z[Y` PU[V[OL\WMYVU[WH`TLU[PUZ[LHKVMHUV[OLYWYVQLJ[-VYH H]LYHNLZ[VLZ[PTH[LH[`WPJHSZJLUHYPV+L[HPSLKKLZJYPW[PVUZ WYVQLJ[[VTHRLZLUZL[OLJVTWHU`»ZJVZ[VMJHWP[HST\Z[UV[ VM[OLZLLZ[PTH[LZHYLPUJS\KLKPU[OLILSV^[HISL L_JLLKP[ZYL[\YUVUJHWP[HS Estimated Cost of Capital of Private Water Utilities in the United States 3VUN;LYT+LI[ KLI[! LX\P[` ;OLJHWP[HSZ[Y\J[\YLYLWYLZLU[Z[OLZOHYLVM[OLWYVQLJ[[OH[PZKLI[IVUKZHUKV[OLYSVHUZVYLX\P[`Z[VJR [V,X\P[`9H[PV HUKYL[HPULKLHYUPUNZ;OLH]LYHNLJHWP[HSZ[Y\J[\YLPU[OL<:PU]LZ[VYV^ULK^H[LY\[PSP[`PUK\Z[Y`PZHIV\[ WLYJLU[KLI[HUK WLYJLU[LX\P[` *VZ[VMKLI[ ;OLJVZ[VMKLI[PZ[OLH]LYHNLPU[LYLZ[YH[LVUHJVTWHU`»ZV\[Z[HUKPUNIVUKZHUKSVHUZ ;OLKHPS`H]LYHNL PU[LYLZ[YH[LVUHWYP]H[L\[PSP[`IVUK^HZ WLYJLU[PU ;OLUL^KLI[PZZ\HUJLYH[LZVM(TLYPJHU >H[LY[OLSHYNLZ[<:^H[LY\[PSP[`^LYL WLYJLU[[V WLYJLU[PU 9L[\YUVULX\P[` ;OLYL[\YUVULX\P[`PZ[OLWYVÄ[[OH[[OLV^ULYZVM[OLJVTWHU`YLJLP]L;OL^H[LY\[PSP[`PUK\Z[Y`»ZKLZPYLK ILUJOTHYRYL[\YUVULX\P[`HUKP[ZH]LYHNLYL[\YUHYLHYV\UKWLYJLU[ 0UJVTL[H_LZ ;OLJVZ[VMWYP]H[LÄUHUJPUNPUJS\KLZ[OLHKKLKJVZ[VM[H_LZ[OH[H^H[LYJVYWVYH[PVUOHZ[VWH`VUP[Z LHYUPUNZ[OLYL[\YUVULX\P[`HUKWHZZLZVU[V^H[LY\ZLYZ;OLJVTWVZP[LMLKLYHSHUKZ[H[LPUJVTL [H_YH[LPZ WLYJLU[:[H[LZVUH]LYHNLSL]`HUPUJVTL[H_VM WLYJLU[VUJVYWVYH[PVUZPU[OLOPNOLZ[ PUJVTLIYHJRL[HUK[OLMLKLYHSPUJVTL[H_YH[LPZ WLYJLU[MVYSHYNLJVYWVYH[PVUZ Calculation of the Typical 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>H[LY>H[JOJVTWPSLKZHSLZHUKJVUJLZZPVUZ HUKUVYH[LZJOLK\SLJV\SKILSVJH[LK-VY[OH[YLHZVU[OL VMT\UPJPWHS^H[LYHUKZL^LYZ`Z[LTZZPUJL :LL ZHTL]VS\TL[YPJ\ZHNL^HZUV[\ZLKMVYHSS[OLJP[PLZ (WWLUKP_(;OLZLHYL[OLSHYNLZ[I`WVW\SH[PVUZLY]LK (UU\HSOV\ZLOVSKIPSSZ^LYLJHSJ\SH[LKIHZLKVUZHTL ;OL[`WPJHSHUU\HSOV\ZLOVSKIPSS^HZJHSJ\SH[LKIHZLK HUU\HS]VS\TL[YPJ\ZHNL^P[OPUJVTT\UP[PLZV]LY[PTL0U VUHUHZZ\TLKHUU\HS\ZHNLVM NHSSVUZ\USLZZ[OL [OPZ^H`[OLJOHUNLPUOV\ZLOVSKIPSSZPZK\L[VJOHUNLZPU ZV\YJLKVJ\TLU[ZZWLJPÄLKHKPMMLYLU[H]LYHNL]VS\TL[YPJ WYPJLZYH[OLY[OHUJOHUNLZPUOV\ZLOVSK^H[LY\ZL \ZHNL0UZVTLJHZLZUL^ZYLWVY[ZWYV]PKLK[OL[`WPJHSIPSS Ten Largest Known Sales and Concessions from 1991 to October 2010, by Population Type of Year Typical annual household City State Current Parent Company :`Z[LTZ7YP]H[PaLK Privatization Privatized \ZHNLNHSSVUZ )LUZHSLT 7LUUZ`S]HUPH (X\H(TLYPJH +YPURPUN>H[LY :HSL )YPZ[VS 7LUUZ`S]HUPH (X\H(TLYPJH +YPURPUN>H[LY :HSL +YPURPUN>H[LYHUK *VH[LZ]PSSL 7LUUZ`S]HUPH (TLYPJHU>H[LY :L^LY :HSL ,HZ[7HSV(S[V *HSPMVYUPH 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