DOCSLIB.ORG

Private Sector Participation in Water Infrastructure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Private Sector Participation in Water Infrastructure Private Sector OECD CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC ACTION Participation in Water Many countries have sought the involvement of the private sector to upgrade and develop their water and sanitation infrastructure and improve the efficiency of water systems. However, high Infrastructure capital intensity, large initial outlays, long pay-back periods, immobility of assets and low rates of return generate high risks. These factors, when combined with poor initial information and a weak OECD CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC ACTION investment environment, constitute important constraints on private sector participation in water and sanitation infrastructure. Infrastructure Water in Participation Sector Private Recognising this, the OECD has developed practical guidance, building on the OECD Principles for Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure, to help governments and other stakeholders to assess and manage the implications of involving private actors in the financing, development and management of water and sanitation infrastructure. The resulting OECD Checklist for Public Action provides a coherent catalogue of policy directions for consideration by governments, including appropriate allocation of roles, risks and responsibilities, framework conditions and contractual arrangements necessary to make the best of private sector participation and to harness more effectively the capacities of all stakeholders. OECD CHECKLIST PUBLIC FOR ACTION The full text of this book is available on line via these links: www.sourceoecd.org/development/9789264059214 www.sourceoecd.org/environment/9789264059214 www.sourceoecd.org/finance/9789264059214 Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: www.sourceoecd.org/9789264059214 SourceOECD is the OECD online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases. For more information about this award-winning service and free trials ask your librarian, or write to us at [email protected]. Co-distributed by IWA Publishing Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street, www.oecd.org/publishing London SW1H OQS, UK Telephone: +44 (0) 20 7654 5500 ISBN 978-92-64-05921-4 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7654 5555 E-mail: [email protected] 20 2009 03 1 P -:HSTCQE=UZ^WVY: www.iwapublishing.com Private Sector Participation in Water Infrastructure OECD CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC ACTION ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Also available in French under the title: Infrastructure en eau et secteur privé GUIDE DE L’OCDE POUR L’ACTION PUBLIQUE Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2009 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) [email protected]. FOREWORD Foreword Recognising the critical importance of infrastructure sectors, including water and sanitation, for growth and sustainable development, the OECD Council approved in March 2007 the OECD Principles for Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure. The Principles are intended to serve as a first step to help governments interested in involving the private sector in the development of infrastructure. The Principles offer a coherent catalogue of policy directions to be assessed as part of a development strategy in light of national circumstances and needs. They were developed in consultation with a broad group of experts from the public and private sector as well as with non- governmental organisations. They build on the lessons learned from the experiences of private sector participation in recent years. In response to the international community’s call for strengthened efforts to ensure adequate provision of water and sanitation services, the OECD launched a specific application of the Principles to the water and sanitation sector. The initiative constitutes one element of a major OECD cross-cutting programme on water policies for affordable services and sustainable resources management. It complements recommendations developed by the OECD on pricing and realistic financing strategies. The work involved the development of a guidance based on the Principles and building an information base of country experiences. The guidance is in the form of a checklist of the main specificities of the water and sanitation sector that bear on private sector participation and of the key policy issues for consideration by governments. It also provides a set of available tools and practices, building on recent country experiences. The focus is mainly on drinking water and sanitation infrastructure in developing and emerging economies where extending service coverage to all constitutes a major challenge, but builds on practices and tools from both OECD and non-OECD countries. The work was developed through regional consultations: in Africa, through the NEPAD-OECD Africa Investment Initiative Roundtable organised in Lusaka (Zambia) in November 2007; in Asia, through the joint OECD/Asian Development Bank expert meeting organised in Manila (Philippines) in March 2008; and in Latin America, through the joint OECD/Mexican Institute of Water Technology meeting organised in Cuernavaca (Mexico) in September 2008. The World Water Week held in August 2008 in Stockholm (Sweden) provided a further opportunity for consultation with civil society and the broader water expert community. In addition, the work contributed to the discussions in various fora held in 2008: the Viet Nam-Japan-OECD forum on Public-Private Partnerships in Hanoi (Viet Nam), the AFUR Water and Sanitation Sectoral Committee Workshop in Accra (Ghana), the World Water Congress in Montpellier (France) and the 2008 SPECA Economic Forum in Moscow (Russia). The material for this publication was prepared under the auspices of the OECD Investment Committee by Céline Kauffmann, economist in the Investment Division, headed by Pierre Poret, in the OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs. Other parts of the OECD Secretariat contributed inputs and comments, specifically the Environment Directorate (Brendan Gillespie, Monica Scatasta, Peter Borkey, Xavier Leflaive, Roberto Martin-Hurtado and Alexandre PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN WATER INFRASTRUCTURE: OECD CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC ACTION – ISBN 978-92-64-05921-4 – © OECD 2009 3 FOREWORD Martoussevitch). In the Investment Division, Cristina Tébar Less contributed to organising the regional consultation in Latin America, Lahra Liberti is the legal adviser and Pamela Duffin the communication officer. The regional analysis drew on research and statistical work carried out by Edouard Perard, Jenny Datoo and Veronica Herrera. 4 PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN WATER INFRASTRUCTURE: OECD CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC ACTION – ISBN 978-92-64-05921-4 – © OECD 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Executive Summary . 7 Introduction . 9 An evolving environment . 9 Why a checklist for public action? . 10 Chapter 1. Definitions, Trends and Concepts. 13 The private actors . 14 Modalities of participation and risk-sharing . 17 Providing a sound regulatory framework . 24 Chapter 2. Checklist for Public Action in the Water Sector . 33 Deciding on public or private provision of infrastructure services . 38 Enhancing the enabling institutional environment . 46 Goals, strategies and capacities at all levels . 54 Making the public-private co-operation work . 62 Encouraging responsible business conduct . 76 Chapter 3. Water at a Glance . 87 Water availability and access . 88 Operational performance of the water
Recommended publications
  • Water for People)

    Water for People)

    The Untapped Potential of Decentralized Solutions to Provide Safe, Sustainable Drinking Water at Large Scale The State of the Safe Water Enterprises Market January 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • This study builds on the existing knowledge and research of many water and sanitation experts and development professionals. The findings and analyses in the pages that follow would not have been possible without the inputs of individuals from over 20 organizations who shared data, insights, and perspectives. • The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the sponsors of this work – Aqua for All, Danone Communities, The Stone Family Foundation & Osprey Foundation and Conrad N. Hilton Foundation – for their valuable support and financing. • The authors would also like to thank the members of the project’s advisory committee. Specifically, we would like to acknowledge Sjef Ernes, Saskia Reus-Makkink, Arco van der Toorn and Christiaan Quellhorst from Aqua for All, Amaury de Roujoux, Vincent Robert, and France Goldzahl from Danone Communities, Chris Dunston and Andrea Jones from Hilton Foundation, Sarah Hedley from the Stone Family Foundation and Louis Boorstin from Osprey Foundation. Their generous contribution of time, direction, and energy has been vital to the success of this research. • We would also like to thank the entrepreneurs and innovators who are on the leading edge of developing the market for safe water enterprises (SWEs). Specifically we would like to acknowledge Jim Chu (dloHaiti), Francois Jaquenoud (1001 Fontaines), Malini Katta (Naandi), Kishan Nanavati (Spring Health), Galen Welsch (Jibu), Charles Nimako (Safe Water Network), Nandini Samajdar (Waterpoint), Hussain Naqi (Pharmagen), Maria Gomez (EcoAlberto), Barbara Ryl (Sunlight), Shoury Singareddy (Bala Vikasa), Anuj Sharma (Sarvajal) and Kate Harawa (Water For People).
  • World Bank and ADB's Role in Privatizing Water In

    World Bank and ADB's Role in Privatizing Water In

    World Bank and ADB’s Role in Privatizing Water in Asia By P. Raja Siregar /KAU- Indonesia Introduction An estimated 1.1 billion people in the world do not have access to safe water; 2.4 billion in the world do not have access to adequate sanitation. The poor, especially in developing countries, have suffered most from water shortages. In many developing countries, the majority of poor villages and urban slums are not yet served by the piped water system. Often, alternative water sources of the poor are polluted rivers, lakes and shallow hand-dug wells. Some are dependent on street vendors, which costs more than paying fees for piped water. Middle class consumers in many countries pay subsidized rates, becoming burdens to government and preventing the expansion of water infrastructure for the poor. The World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) themselves recognized that the poor suffers most from water shortage. The Bank also agrees there is need to take urgent action to conserve water and meet the water needs of various users. Extending access to clean water for the poor and improving water management has, in fact, been used as the main campaign of the World Bank and as the basis for ADB’s water policies. Unfortunately, these very water policies already spell more harm for the poor and forebode greater degradation of the world’s diminishing water resources. The World Bank’s water privatization policy The World Bank initiated water sector reforms aim primarily at privatizing water utilities and commercializing water resources. The water privatization policy of the World Bank articulated in a 1992 paper entitled “Improving Water Resources Management” proceeds from the belief that water availability at low or no cost is uneconomical and inefficient.
  • The Power of Pipes: Mapping Urban Water Inequities Through the Material Properties of Networked Water Infrastructures - the Case of Lilongwe, Malawi

    The Power of Pipes: Mapping Urban Water Inequities Through the Material Properties of Networked Water Infrastructures - the Case of Lilongwe, Malawi

    www.water-alternatives.org Volume 11 | Issue 2 Tiwale, S.; Rusca, M. And Zwarteveen, M. 2018. The power of pipes: Mapping urban water inequities through the material properties of networked water infrastructures - The case of Lilongwe, Malawi. Water Alternatives 11(2): 314-335 The Power of Pipes: Mapping Urban Water Inequities through the Material Properties of Networked Water Infrastructures - The Case of Lilongwe, Malawi Sachin Tiwale Centre for Water Policy, Regulation and Governance, School of Habitat Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India; [email protected]; [email protected] Maria Rusca Department of Geography, Kingʼs College London, London, UK; [email protected] Margreet Zwarteveen Integrated Water Systems and Water Governance Department, IHE Delft, Delft, The Netherlands; and Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; [email protected] ABSTRACT: Urban scholars have long proposed moving away from a conceptualisation of infrastructure as given and fixed material artefacts to replace it with one that makes it the very object of theorisation and explanation. Yet, very few studies have seriously investigated the role of infrastructure in co-shaping and mediating inequities. We use this paper to propose a way to engage with the technical intricacies of designing, operating and maintaining a water supply network, using these as an entry-point for describing, mapping and explaining differences and inequities in accessing water. The paper first proposes a methodological approach to systematically characterise and investigate material water flows in the water supply network. We then apply this approach to the case of water supply in Lilongwe, Malawi.
  • Elite Capture of Water Users Associations in Peri-Urban Lilongwe

    Elite Capture of Water Users Associations in Peri-Urban Lilongwe

    Original Article Adapting Generic Models through Bricolage: Elite Capture of Water Users Associations in Peri-urban Lilongwe Maria Ruscaa,b,*, Klaas Schwartza,b, Lejla Hadzovica and Rhodante Ahlersc aUNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, The Netherlands. bGovernance and Inclusive Development, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. cIndependent Researcher. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In the aspiration to upscale their activities in the global South, development aid agencies have a tendency to design and implement generic models. These are often associated with desired char- acteristics and principles, such as participation or inclusion of the poorest. However, in the dynamic environment in which models are implemented, the design characteristics and principles are mitigated, adapted or reinforced by context-specific socially embedded institutions through a process of bricolage. This process is driven and shaped by power relations and, as a consequence, development interventions tend to reproduce local power structures, and benefits derived from the projects are likely to be captured by elites to the detriment of others. Models thus carry the danger of reproducing and even increasing existing inequalities. Similarly, initial claims of participation or inclusion of the poorest often fail to materialize. We develop these arguments by focusing on the Water Users Association model in Lilongwe, Malawi. Dans le but d’améliorer leurs activités dans le Sud global, les agences de développement ont manifesté une tendance à concevoir et implémenter des modelés génériques. Souvent ces modèles sont associes a des principes et caractéristiques « souhaités », tels que la participation ou l’inclusion des plus pauvres.
  • Privatization of Water Desalination: the Need to Balance Governmental and Corporate Control in California

    Privatization of Water Desalination: the Need to Balance Governmental and Corporate Control in California

    The Global Business Law Review Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 3 5-1-2016 Privatization of Water Desalination: The Need to Balance Governmental and Corporate Control in California Melissa Lee Cleveland-Marshall College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/gblr Part of the Consumer Protection Law Commons, Energy and Utilities Law Commons, Natural Resources Law Commons, and the Water Law Commons How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Recommended Citation Melissa Lee, Privatization of Water Desalination: The Need to Balance Governmental and Corporate Control in California, 5 Global Bus. L. Rev. 23 (2016) available at https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/gblr/vol5/iss1/3 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at EngagedScholarship@CSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Global Business Law Review by an authorized editor of EngagedScholarship@CSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PRIVATIZATION OF WATER DESALINATION: THE NEED TO BALANCE GOVERNMENTAL AND CORPORATE CONTROL IN CALIFORNIA MELISSA LEE ABSTRACT This note argues that California has to create regulations that prevent complete privatization of desalinationfacilities andprotect the public's right to the water. This note provides a model that should be adopted by California in order to safeguard the water and community. There must be legislations and regulationsto answer important issues of water rights and distribution of the desalinated water. Israel has utilized and the technology of desalinationfor half a century and has laws pertainingto water andprivatization that can provide insight into what should be adopted by California.
  • Privatisation of Water

    Privatisation of Water

    Forthcoming in: International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice The Commodification and Exploitation of Fresh Water: Property, Human Rights and Green Criminology Hope Johnson, Nigel South and Reece Walters Abstract In recent years, both developing and industrialised societies have experienced riots and civil unrest over the corporate exploitation of fresh water. Water conflicts increase as water scarcity rises and the unsustainable use of fresh water will continue to have profound implications for sustainable development and the realisation of human rights. Rather than states adopting more costly water conservation strategies or implementing efficient water technologies, corporations are exploiting natural resources in what has been described as the “privatization of water”. By using legal doctrines, states and corporations construct fresh water sources as something that can be owned or leased. For some regions, the privatization of water has enabled corporations and corrupt states to exploit a fundamental human right. Arguing that such matters are of relevance to criminology, which should be concerned with fundamental environmental and human rights, this article adopts a green criminological perspective and draws upon Treadmill of Production theory. Keywords Green criminology, eco-crime, Treadmill of Production, bottled water, water governance, water privatization, water security Introduction ‘On 28 July 2010, through Resolution 64/292 , the United Nations General Assembly explicitly recognized the human right to water and sanitation and acknowledged that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to the realisation of all human rights.’ (United Nations, 2013). 1 Conflicts over fresh water, notably in arid regions such as the Middle East and Africa, have occurred for thousands of years (Barnaby, 2009; Pacific Institute, 2014).
  • The Dangers of Water Privatization: an Exploration of the Discriminatory Practices of Private Water Companies

    The Dangers of Water Privatization: an Exploration of the Discriminatory Practices of Private Water Companies

    THE DANGERS OF WATER PRIVATIZATION: AN EXPLORATION OF THE DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES OF PRIVATE WATER COMPANIES Elana Ramos* In a rural Midwestern hospital, a mother and father closely watch their three-month premature son; his parents watch in horror as the infant is resuscitated and kept alive by the help of a machine.1 The little boy makes it home, but not without a heart monitor and a lifetime of concerning health issues.2 Down the hall is a disabled mother who struggles to get by with onslaughts of blackouts, which have brought her to the hospital multiple times.3 Adding to her medical plate are her twelve-year-old daughter’s alarming symptoms: clumping hair loss and burning sensations in her eyes during showers.4 Across town, a three- year-old child lays in a dentist office to have all of his teeth removed. During a five-hour procedure under anesthesia, each one of his rotten teeth are removed to prevent the spread of multiple infections throughout his mouth.5 These families all call Flint, Michigan home; a city that has been ravaged by the effects of lead poisoning.6 On January 29th, 2016 the city announced that recent testing found twenty-six locations in the city with at least ten times the federal limit of lead.7 These problems are only the * Elana Ramos, Barry University School of Law, J.D. candidate May 2017. 1 John Counts, Faces of Flint: Eric Wilson, MLIVE, http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/page/faces_of_flint_eric_wilson.html. 2 Id. 3 John Counts, Faces of Flint: Rhonda Kelso, MLIVE, http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/page/faces_of_flint_rhonda_kelso.html.
  • Water Privitization : Causes and Consequences

    Water Privitization : Causes and Consequences

    Golden Research Thoughts Volume 2, Issue. 3, Sept 2012 Available online at www.aygrt.net ISSN:-2231-5063 ORIGINAL ARTICLE GRT Water Privitization : Causes And Consequences K. Naresh Kumar ·Research Scholar in Dept of Social Work from Osmania University. Ex Academic Consultant, Department of Social Work, Telangana University, Nizamabad. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Since water has been emerging central point in all spheres of development and social sector, similar response has also emerged from academic as well as developmental politics. Further, scarcity of fresh and clean water leads to emergence of new water business which targeted to reach nearly 2 billion consumers who are estimated as short of fresh water consumption. International markets were already proposed and pushed by world body like WTO to privatize water. Water privatization is a short hand for private sector participation in the provision of water services and sanitation, although more rarely it refers to privatization of water resources themselves. This paper examines causes, problems and role of civil society, especially, social workers and NGOs dealing with providing safe drinking water to common people in India. WATER PRIVATIZATION: Water privatization involves transferring of water control and/or water management services to private companies. The water management service may include collection, purification, distribution of water, and waste water treatment in a community. Traditionally this service has been provided by the local governmental infrastructure such as the municipality or local city council. The pro privatization lobby including water corporations, World Bank and IMF has aggressively campaigned for water privatization on the grounds that, while water subsidies promote wasteful practices, commoditization of water should allow market forces (supply and demand) to set the water tariff, which in turn will reduce water consumption and promote water conservation.
  • Water Land and Labour : the Impacts of Forced Privatization In

    Water Land and Labour : the Impacts of Forced Privatization In

    Halifax Initiative Coalition The Social Justice Committee Water, Land and Labour: The Impacts of Forced Privatization in Vulnerable Communities 153 Chapel St., Suite 104, Ottawa, ON, CANADA, K1N 1H5 Phone: (613)789-4447 Email: [email protected] Website: www.halifaxinitiative.org This report was written by Derek MacCuish of the Social Justice Committee on behalf of the Halifax Initiative Coalition with a contribution by Christopher Frankel and editorial assistance from Robin Round, Gord Walker and John Mihevc. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of all Halifax Initiative Coalition members. Any inaccuracies are the responsibility of the author. The Halifax Initiative Coalition gratefully acknowledges the generous financial support of the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4 The financial institutions and privatization as conditionality ............................... 7 - The World Bank .................................................................................................. 7 - The IMF ............................................................................................................... 8 - Debt relief and privatization - no choice for impoverished countries ................. 9 Water, land and labour: the social and environmental impacts of privatization 11 Water ...................................................................................................................11
  • General and Social Sector and Psus, Government of Maharashtra

    General and Social Sector and Psus, Government of Maharashtra

    Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on General & Social Sector and Public Sector Undertakings for the year ended 31 March 2019 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA Report No. 3 of the year 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Reference Paragraph Page No. Preface vii PART-A (GENERAL AND SOCIAL SECTOR) CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION About this Report 1.1 1 Audited Entity Profile 1.2 1 Authority for Audit 1.3 2 Organisational Structure of the Offices of the Principal 1.4 2 Accountant General (Audit)-I, Mumbai and the Accountant General (Audit)-II, Nagpur Planning and Conduct of Audit 1.5 3 Significant Audit Observations 1.6 3 Responsiveness of Government to Audit 1.7 6 CHAPTER II AUDIT OF TRANSACTIONS Soil and Water Conservation Department 2.1 9 Implementation of Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan Urban Development Department Mapping of underground utility services 2.2 19 Medical Education and Drugs Department Strengthening/upgradation of State Government 2.3 27 Medical Colleges for starting post graduate courses and creating post graduate seats Urban Development Department 2.4 38 Non-recovery of premium as per the lease agreement Urban Development Department Loss of revenue due to non-recovery of development 2.5 40 charges at enhanced rate Housing Department 2.6 42 Loss on purchase of land Housing Department 2.7 44 Undue benefit to a developer Tribal Development Department 2.8 46 Idle expenditure Tribal Development Department Blocking of funds under the scheme of supply of Oil 2.9 48 pumps and HDPE pipes to Tribal farmers Social Justice and Special Assistance Department 2.10 50 Irregular construction Public Health Department 2.11 52 Idle expenditure on establishment of Trauma Care Centre Higher and Technical Education Department Irregular release of excess amount of grant-in-aid to the 2.12 53 non-government technical institutes Report No.
  • Better Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor; Good Practice from Sub-Saharan Africa

    Better Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor; Good Practice from Sub-Saharan Africa

    Water Utility Partnership 05 BP 2642 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire FOR THE URBAN POOR AND SANITATION BETTER WATER Tel: +225 21 24 08 28/0813 Fax: +225 21 75 86 56/7 Email: [email protected] Website: www.wupafrica.org BETTER WATER Water and Sanitation Program 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 AND SANITATION United States Tel: +1 202 473 9785 Fax: +1 202 522 3313 Email: [email protected] Website: www.wsp.org FOR THE Produced by GHK International, London Layout by Lorie Karlin Designs, London URBAN POOR Cover photos by Hydroconseil and Mukami Kariuki Good Practice from sub-Saharan Africa Contributors: Mukami Kariuki Utility Partnership (Africa) Water Bernard Collignon Régis Taisne Bruno Valfrey Editor: ★ ★ ★ Janelle Plummer ★ ★ ★ ★ Water Utility Partnership for Capacity Building (WUP) AFRICA ★ ★ Renforcement des capacités partenariat eau et assainissement AFRIQUE ★ ★ ★ USD 15 ISBN 72-874-3730-0 BETTER WATER AND SANITATION FOR THE URBAN POOR Good Practice from sub-Saharan Africa ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Water Utility Partnership for Capacity Building (WUP) AFRICA Renforcement des capacités partenariat eau et assainissement AFRIQUE All rights reserved Printed in Kenya First Printing July 2003 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the European Communities, Water and Sanitation Program, Water Utility Partnership, or to any of their affiliated organisations. Neither the European Communities, Water and Sanitation Program or Water Utility Partnership guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication or accept responsibility for any consequence of their use. This document originates from a research project funded by the European Commission and the Water and Sanitation Program.
  • Towards Health Impact Assessment of Drinking-Water Privatization

    Towards Health Impact Assessment of Drinking-Water Privatization

    Special Theme – Health Impact Assessment Towards health impact assessment of drinking-water privatization — the example of waterborne carcinogens in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) Rainer Fehr,1 Odile Mekel,1 Martin Lacombe,1 & Ulrike Wolf 2 Abstract Worldwide there is a tendency towards deregulation in many policy sectors — this, for example, includes liberalization and privatization of drinking-water management. However, concerns about the negative impacts this might have on human health call for prospective health impact assessment (HIA) on the management of drinking-water. On the basis of an established generic 10-step HIA procedure and on risk assessment methodology, this paper aims to produce quantitative estimates concerning health effects from increased exposure to carcinogens in drinking-water. Using data from North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany, probabilistic estimates of excess lifetime cancer risk, as well as estimates of additional cases of cancer from increased carcinogen exposure levels are presented. The results show how exposure to contaminants that are strictly within current limits could increase cancer risks and case-loads substantially. On the basis of the current analysis, we suggest that with uniform increases in pollutant levels, a single chemical (arsenic) is responsible for a large fraction of expected additional risk. The study also illustrates the uncertainty involved in predicting the health impacts of changes in water quality. Future analysis should include additional carcinogens, non-cancer risks including those due to microbial contamination, and the impacts of system failures and of illegal action, which may be increasingly likely to occur under changed management arrangements. If, in spite of concerns, water is privatized, it is particularly important to provide adequate surveillance of water quality.