DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Africa's Emerging Urban Water Challenges

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Africa's Emerging Urban Water Challenges Public Disclosure Authorized June 2012 THE FUTURE OF WATER IN AFRICAN Public Disclosure Authorized CITIES: WHY WASTE WATER? Michael Jacobsen Michael Webster Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy (eds.) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized THE FUTURE OF WATER IN AFRICAN CITIES: WHY WASTE WATER? Michael Jacobsen Michael Webster Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy (eds.) APPROVING MANAGER Julia Bucknall, Sector Manager, TWIWA Jonathan Kamkwalala, Sector Manager, AFTWR Alexander Bakalian, Acting Sector Manager, AFTUW CONTACT INFORMATION This paper is available online at http://www.worldbank.org/water. The authors can be contacted through the Water Help Desk at [email protected]. DISCLAIMER This volume is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. © 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / International Development Association or The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... viii FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................ xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................. xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ xv Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 Africa’s Emerging Urban Water Challenges.......................................................................................... 2 1.1 Africa’s rapid urbanization brings opportunities and threats ......................................................... 2 1.2 African cities struggle to provide access to water and sanitation to their current population ....... 6 1.3 Water demand increases even faster than population growth .................................................... 11 1.4 Water supply depends on the quantity and quality of water in the catchment ............................ 11 1.5 Poor drainage and flooding are a growing problem .................................................................... 14 1.6 These challenges are exacerbated by climate variability, flooding, and uncertainty about the future ........................................................................................................................................... 15 1.7 Secondary cities are equally at risk but even less equipped to manage complexity .................. 19 1.8 Solving the urban water challenge is essential to achieve growth and to reduce poverty ......... 20 1.9 Lack of data complicates finding solutions .................................................................................. 21 1.10 The current way in which we view urban water systems might hinder our ability to respond to future challenges......................................................................................................................... 22 2. An Integrated Perspective to Urban Water Management .................................................................. 23 1.1 IUWM has a history of knowledge and good practice ................................................................. 23 1.2 The urban water cycle is one system .......................................................................................... 24 1.3 The urban water cycle is closely linked to the watershed ........................................................... 25 1.4 Water should be managed across institutions ............................................................................ 25 1.5 All players should be part of the process .................................................................................... 28 1.6 Water should be fit for purpose ................................................................................................... 29 1.7 Diverse sources provide better water security ............................................................................ 30 1.8 Urban groundwater: sustaining water security and increasing water treatment potential .......... 31 1.9 Innovative technologies can play a role ...................................................................................... 33 1.10 Wastewater might be valuable .................................................................................................... 34 1.11 Adaptive systems work best to cope with uncertainty ................................................................ 36 Assessing Water Management Challenges and Capacities in African Cities ..................................... 38 1.12 Knowledge and attitudes to urban water management are more evolved than its practice in Africa ........................................................................................................................................... 38 1.13 Reducing complexity to two dimensions: IUWM capacities and challenges index. .................... 40 ii 1.14 You cannot manage what you do not measure: a city dashboard as a starting point for dialogue .................................................................................................................................................... 44 1.15 The spatial dimensions of a growing city matter to water management ..................................... 47 1.16 Urban water management will be impacted by climate change .................................................. 48 In-Depth Analysis of Water Management Challenges in Selected Cities ............................................ 51 1.17 Nairobi: dealing with the gap between supply and demand ....................................................... 51 1.18 Mbale: a time limited window of opportunity ............................................................................... 57 1.19 Arua: can decentralized solutions postpone a very large infrastructure project? ....................... 62 1.20 Douala: addressing sanitation, flooding, and waste management ............................................ 70 1.21 Participation of stakeholders in IUWM: experience from our case studies ................................. 72 Making IUWM Work in African Cities ...................................................................................................... 75 1.22 5.1 Increase use of IUWM in project planning and design in Africa ........................................... 75 1.23 5.2 Better understand institutional requirements and implications of IUWM .............................. 76 1.24 Implement pilot projects to demonstrate IUWM in practice ........................................................ 78 1.25 Promote a learning alliance for IUWM ........................................................................................ 78 1.26 Flowing water in fluid cities: IUWM in expanding African cities .................................................. 81 References ................................................................................................................................................. 82 Annex 1. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Survey Methodology……….…………………………..93 Annex 2. Diagnostic of Water Management for 31 Cities in Africa……………………………………..103 Annex 3. Indicators for the 31 Cities Diagnostic…………………….…………………………………….117 Annex 4. Methodology for Urban Extent Maps……………………………………………………….……121 iii Tables Table 1.1. Slum population as a share of urban population in Africa and the world .................................... 4 Table 1.2. Urban population with access to water supply and sanitation 2000 and 2010 (in thousands) .... 7 Table 1.3. Annual average capital expenditure for African utilities ............................................................... 8 Table 1.4. Africa’s urban population, number of cities, and percent of urban population ........................... 19 Table 1.5. Estimated cost of droughts, floods, and water resource degradation in Kenya ........................ 21 Table 3.1. Cities, water, and climate change in 2050: an indicator approach to understanding the risk for 31 cities ......................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Water for People)
    The Untapped Potential of Decentralized Solutions to Provide Safe, Sustainable Drinking Water at Large Scale The State of the Safe Water Enterprises Market January 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • This study builds on the existing knowledge and research of many water and sanitation experts and development professionals. The findings and analyses in the pages that follow would not have been possible without the inputs of individuals from over 20 organizations who shared data, insights, and perspectives. • The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the sponsors of this work – Aqua for All, Danone Communities, The Stone Family Foundation & Osprey Foundation and Conrad N. Hilton Foundation – for their valuable support and financing. • The authors would also like to thank the members of the project’s advisory committee. Specifically, we would like to acknowledge Sjef Ernes, Saskia Reus-Makkink, Arco van der Toorn and Christiaan Quellhorst from Aqua for All, Amaury de Roujoux, Vincent Robert, and France Goldzahl from Danone Communities, Chris Dunston and Andrea Jones from Hilton Foundation, Sarah Hedley from the Stone Family Foundation and Louis Boorstin from Osprey Foundation. Their generous contribution of time, direction, and energy has been vital to the success of this research. • We would also like to thank the entrepreneurs and innovators who are on the leading edge of developing the market for safe water enterprises (SWEs). Specifically we would like to acknowledge Jim Chu (dloHaiti), Francois Jaquenoud (1001 Fontaines), Malini Katta (Naandi), Kishan Nanavati (Spring Health), Galen Welsch (Jibu), Charles Nimako (Safe Water Network), Nandini Samajdar (Waterpoint), Hussain Naqi (Pharmagen), Maria Gomez (EcoAlberto), Barbara Ryl (Sunlight), Shoury Singareddy (Bala Vikasa), Anuj Sharma (Sarvajal) and Kate Harawa (Water For People).
    [Show full text]
  • Xwiki Enterprise 8.4.4 Developer Guide - Xwiki Rendering Macros in Java Xwiki Enterprise 8.4.4 Developer Guide - Xwiki Rendering Macros in Java
    XWiki Enterprise 8.4.4 Developer Guide - XWiki Rendering Macros in Java XWiki Enterprise 8.4.4 Developer Guide - XWiki Rendering Macros in Java Table of Contents Page 2 XWiki Enterprise 8.4.4 Developer Guide - XWiki Rendering Macros in Java • XWiki Rendering Macros in Java • Box Macro • Cache Macro • Chart Macro • Children Macro • Code Macro • Comment Macro • Container Macro • Content Macro • Context Macro • Dashboard Macro • Display Macro • Document Tree Macro • Error Message Macro • Footnote Macro • Formula Macro • Gallery Macro • Groovy Macro • HTML Macro • ID Macro • Include Macro • Information Message Macro • Office Macro • Put Footnotes Macro • Python Macro • RSS Macro • Script Macro • Success Macro Message • Table of Contents Macro • Translation Macro • User Avatar Java Macro • Velocity Macro • Warning Message Macro XWiki Rendering Macros in Java Overview XWiki Rendering Macros in Java are created using the XWiki Rendering architecture and Java. In order to implement a Java macro you will need to write 2 classes: • One that representing the allowed parameters, including mandatory parameters, default values, parameter descriptions. An instance of this class will be automatically populated when the user calls the macro in wiki syntax. • Another one that is the macro itself and implements the Macro interface. The XWiki Rendering Architecture can be summarized by the image below: The Parser parses a text input like "xwiki/2.0" syntax or HTML and generates an XDOM object. This object is an Abstract Syntax Tree which represents the input into structured blocks. The Renderer takes an XDOM as input and generates an output like "xwiki/2.0" syntax, XHTML or PDF. The Transformation takes an XDOM as input and generates a modified one.
    [Show full text]
  • Wikis in Libraries Matthew M
    Wikis in Libraries Matthew M. Bejune Wikis have recently been adopted to support a variety of a type of Web site that allows the visitors to add, collaborative activities within libraries. This article and remove, edit, and change some content, typically with­ out the need for registration. It also allows for linking its companion wiki, LibraryWikis (http://librarywikis. among any number of pages. This ease of interaction pbwiki.com/), seek to document the phenomenon of wikis and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for mass in libraries. This subject is considered within the frame- collaborative authoring. work of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). Wikis have been around since the mid­1990s, though it The author identified thirty-three library wikis and is only recently that they have become ubiquitous. In 1995, Ward Cunningham launched the first wiki, WikiWikiWeb developed a classification schema with four categories: (1) (http://c2.com/cgi/wiki), which is still active today, to collaboration among libraries (45.7 percent); (2) collabo- facilitate the exchange of ideas among computer program­ ration among library staff (31.4 percent); (3) collabora- mers (Wikipedia 2007b). The launch of WikiWikiWeb was tion among library staff and patrons (14.3 percent); and a departure from the existing model of Web communica­ tion ,where there was a clear divide between authors and (4) collaboration among patrons (8.6 percent). Examples readers. WikiWikiWeb elevated the status of readers, if of library wikis are presented within the article, as is a they so chose, to that of content writers and editors. This discussion for why wikis are primarily utilized within model proved popular, and the wiki technology used on categories I and II and not within categories III and IV.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Pipes: Mapping Urban Water Inequities Through the Material Properties of Networked Water Infrastructures - the Case of Lilongwe, Malawi
    www.water-alternatives.org Volume 11 | Issue 2 Tiwale, S.; Rusca, M. And Zwarteveen, M. 2018. The power of pipes: Mapping urban water inequities through the material properties of networked water infrastructures - The case of Lilongwe, Malawi. Water Alternatives 11(2): 314-335 The Power of Pipes: Mapping Urban Water Inequities through the Material Properties of Networked Water Infrastructures - The Case of Lilongwe, Malawi Sachin Tiwale Centre for Water Policy, Regulation and Governance, School of Habitat Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India; [email protected]; [email protected] Maria Rusca Department of Geography, Kingʼs College London, London, UK; [email protected] Margreet Zwarteveen Integrated Water Systems and Water Governance Department, IHE Delft, Delft, The Netherlands; and Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; [email protected] ABSTRACT: Urban scholars have long proposed moving away from a conceptualisation of infrastructure as given and fixed material artefacts to replace it with one that makes it the very object of theorisation and explanation. Yet, very few studies have seriously investigated the role of infrastructure in co-shaping and mediating inequities. We use this paper to propose a way to engage with the technical intricacies of designing, operating and maintaining a water supply network, using these as an entry-point for describing, mapping and explaining differences and inequities in accessing water. The paper first proposes a methodological approach to systematically characterise and investigate material water flows in the water supply network. We then apply this approach to the case of water supply in Lilongwe, Malawi.
    [Show full text]
  • Elite Capture of Water Users Associations in Peri-Urban Lilongwe
    Original Article Adapting Generic Models through Bricolage: Elite Capture of Water Users Associations in Peri-urban Lilongwe Maria Ruscaa,b,*, Klaas Schwartza,b, Lejla Hadzovica and Rhodante Ahlersc aUNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, The Netherlands. bGovernance and Inclusive Development, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. cIndependent Researcher. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In the aspiration to upscale their activities in the global South, development aid agencies have a tendency to design and implement generic models. These are often associated with desired char- acteristics and principles, such as participation or inclusion of the poorest. However, in the dynamic environment in which models are implemented, the design characteristics and principles are mitigated, adapted or reinforced by context-specific socially embedded institutions through a process of bricolage. This process is driven and shaped by power relations and, as a consequence, development interventions tend to reproduce local power structures, and benefits derived from the projects are likely to be captured by elites to the detriment of others. Models thus carry the danger of reproducing and even increasing existing inequalities. Similarly, initial claims of participation or inclusion of the poorest often fail to materialize. We develop these arguments by focusing on the Water Users Association model in Lilongwe, Malawi. Dans le but d’améliorer leurs activités dans le Sud global, les agences de développement ont manifesté une tendance à concevoir et implémenter des modelés génériques. Souvent ces modèles sont associes a des principes et caractéristiques « souhaités », tels que la participation ou l’inclusion des plus pauvres.
    [Show full text]
  • Wikis in Companies
    CONSULTING WIKIS IN COMPANIES Collect, use and expand your knowledge. /WIKI HOW COMPANIES CAN BENEFIT FROM EVERY EMPLOYEE’S KNOWLEDGE WHY DO COMPANIES NEED WIKIS? Your intranet contains lots of information – but just how quickly can your employees find this information? And how quickly can they modify data? How much time do they spend dealing with e-mail messages popping up, and how efficient is their preparation for meetings and projects? How uncomplicated can new employees access important process knowledge? How much know-how at your company is unstructured or even unmapped? “IN 2009, IT IS PREDICTED THAT AT LEAST 50% OF ALL COMPANIES WILL BE UTILIZING Many intranets lack editorial dynamism and “up-to-dateness”. Information can sometimes become outdated extremely quickly, partially because employees – due to lacking aesthetics or complicated administration procedures – do not participate. The daily flood of e-mail WIKIS AS A VITAL INSTRUMENT is also inefficient and is an obstacle for companies: Often enough, information goes missing, or employees are confronted with information that is irrelevant. In addition, information becomes spread about, stored unused in mailboxes and various databanks that may be accessed only FOR COLLABORATION.” by a few employees. This inefficient form of communication and know-how management slows down companies, WILL YOU BE ONE OF THEM? leads to knowledge loss, and wastes resources. This is why companies need wikis. A wiki allows professional, systematic and uncomplicated knowledge management; it also allows Society for Information Management’s Advanced Practices employees to communicate actively and efficiently regarding the topics of the day. With a wiki, the entire know-how of a company can be mapped, actively used, and organically expanded.
    [Show full text]
  • Confluence Import Process
    Importing data in an Open Source Wiki FOSDEM'21 Online by Ludovic Dubost, XWiki SAS 2 Who am I ? XWiki & XWiki SAS Ludovic Dubost Creator of XWiki & Founder of CryptPad XWiki SAS All Open Source 16 years of Open Source business Why use a Wiki and XWiki ? Improved Knowledge sharing and organization of information Information is easier to create and organize than in Office files (Microsoft Sharepoint) XWiki is a prime Open Source alternative to Atlassian Confluence 4 Why importing ? Even when users want to go for Open Source, the transition process is a key difficulty A Wiki works much better with data in it, to help users understand the value of the Wiki concept public domain image by j4p4n 5 Types of Imports Office files Sources of data are multiple A database Another wiki (Confluence, MediaWiki, GitHub wiki,) HTML Source Available Methods Manual Wiki syntax Manual / Coding conversion & Office file import Script using APIs of XWiki XWiki Batch Import including Office batch import Filter streams & Confluence, MediaWiki, DokuWiki, GitHub Tools Wiki Filters The Manual Way Wiki syntax conversion Office File Importing Manual Tools Wiki & HTML Syntax Importing 1. Install and/or activate additional syntaxes in XWiki image from Tobie Langel 9 Manual Tools: Wiki & HTML Syntax Importing 2. Copy paste HTML or Wiki Syntax from an outside source 3. Create XWiki document using the source syntax 4. Copy paste the content in it 10 Manual Tools: Wiki & HTML Syntax Importing 5. Edit, change to XWiki syntax and accept the conversion 11 Manual Tools: Wiki & HTML Syntax Importing HTML can also be copy-pasted in the Wysiwyg editor 12 Manual Tools: Office Import Uses LibreOffice server to convert to HTML then to XWiki syntax.
    [Show full text]
  • Which Wiki for Which Uses
    Which wiki for which uses There are over 120 Wiki software available to set up a wiki plateform. Those listed below are the 13 more popular (by alphabetic order) wiki engines as listed on http://wikimatrix.org on the 16th of March 2012. The software license decides on what conditions a certain software may be used. Among other things, the software license decide conditions to run, study the code, modify the code and redistribute copies or modified copies of the software. Wiki software are available either hosted on a wiki farm or downloadable to be installed locally. Wiki software Reference Languages Wikifarm Technology Licence Main audience Additional notes name organization available available very frequently met in corporate environment. Arguably the most widely deployed wiki software in the entreprise market. A zero- Confluence Atlassian Java proprietary 11 confluence entreprise cost license program is available for non-profit organizations and open source projects aimed at small companies’ documentation needs. It works on plain DokuWiki several companies Php GPL2 50 small companies text files and thus needs no database. DrupalWiki Kontextwork.de Php GPL2+ 12 entreprise DrupalWiki is intended for enterprise use Entreprise wiki. Foswiki is a wiki + structured data + Foswiki community Perl GPL2 22 entreprise programmable pages education, public Wikimedia Php with backend MediaWiki is probably the best known wiki software as it is the MediaWiki GPLv2+ >300 wikia and many hostingservice, companies private Foundation and others database one used by Wikipedia. May support very large communities knowledge-based site MindTouchTCS MindTouch Inc. Php proprietary 26 SamePage partly opensource and partly proprietary extensions Jürgen Hermann & Python with flat tech savy MoinMoin GPL2 10+ ourproject.org Rather intended for small to middle size workgroup.
    [Show full text]
  • Documentation De Xwiki Enterprise
    Documentation de XWiki Enterprise Raluca Andreea Moisa 2012/07/04 14:44 DocXE35Fr - Documentation de XWiki Enterprise Table des matières Vue d'ensemble des pages et des espaces .................................................................................................................................. 9 Foire aux questions .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Création et édition des pages ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Fonctionnalités avancées des pages ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Collaboration au sein des pages ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Le management des espaces ............................................................................................................................................... 10 Créer une page wiki ................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Le menu "créer" .................................................................................................................................................................... 10
    [Show full text]
  • Main Page 1 Main Page
    Main Page 1 Main Page FLOSSMETRICS/ OpenTTT guides FLOSS (Free/Libre open source software) is one of the most important trends in IT since the advent of the PC and commodity software, but despite the potential impact on European firms, its adoption is still hampered by limited knowledge, especially among SMEs that could potentially benefit the most from it. This guide (developed in the context of the FLOSSMETRICS and OpenTTT projects) present a set of guidelines and suggestions for the adoption of open source software within SMEs, using a ladder model that will guide companies from the initial selection and adoption of FLOSS within the IT infrastructure up to the creation of suitable business models based on open source software. The guide is split into an introduction to FLOSS and a catalog of open source applications, selected to fulfill the requests that were gathered in the interviews and audit in the OpenTTT project. The application areas are infrastructural software (ranging from network and system management to security), ERP and CRM applications, groupware, document management, content management systems (CMS), VoIP, graphics/CAD/GIS systems, desktop applications, engineering and manufacturing, vertical business applications and eLearning. This is the third edition of the guide; the guide is distributed under a CC-attribution-sharealike 3.0 license. The author is Carlo Daffara ([email protected]). The complete guide in PDF format is avalaible here [1] Free/ Libre Open Source Software catalog Software: a guide for SMEs • Software Catalog Introduction • SME Guide Introduction • 1. What's Free/Libre/Open Source Software? • Security • 2. Ten myths about free/libre open source software • Data protection and recovery • 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Sector Participation in Water Infrastructure
    Private Sector Participation in Water Infrastructure Private Sector OECD CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC ACTION Participation in Water Many countries have sought the involvement of the private sector to upgrade and develop their water and sanitation infrastructure and improve the efficiency of water systems. However, high Infrastructure capital intensity, large initial outlays, long pay-back periods, immobility of assets and low rates of return generate high risks. These factors, when combined with poor initial information and a weak OECD CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC ACTION investment environment, constitute important constraints on private sector participation in water and sanitation infrastructure. Infrastructure Water in Participation Sector Private Recognising this, the OECD has developed practical guidance, building on the OECD Principles for Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure, to help governments and other stakeholders to assess and manage the implications of involving private actors in the financing, development and management of water and sanitation infrastructure. The resulting OECD Checklist for Public Action provides a coherent catalogue of policy directions for consideration by governments, including appropriate allocation of roles, risks and responsibilities, framework conditions and contractual arrangements necessary to make the best of private sector participation and to harness more effectively the capacities of all stakeholders. OECD CHECKLIST PUBLIC FOR ACTION The full text of this book is available on line via these links: www.sourceoecd.org/development/9789264059214 www.sourceoecd.org/environment/9789264059214 www.sourceoecd.org/finance/9789264059214 Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: www.sourceoecd.org/9789264059214 SourceOECD is the OECD online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases. For more information about this award-winning service and free trials ask your librarian, or write to us at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Wiki? Tutorial 1 for New Wikieducators
    What is a Wiki? Tutorial 1 for new WikiEducators wikieducator.org book - Generated using the open source mwlib toolkit - see http://code.pediapress.com for more information 2 Introducing a Wiki Objectives In this tutorial we will: • provide an overview of what wikis are, • and show some examples of their different uses. • discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using wikis to develop content • describe the main features of WikiEducator What is a Wiki? The name "Wiki" was chosen by Ward Cunningham - - the creator of the first Wiki. It is a shortened form of "wiki- wiki", the Hawaiian word for quick. A wiki is a web site that is generally editable by anyone with a computer, a web browser, and an internet connection. Wikis use a quick and easy syntax to allow users to apply formatting to text and create links between pages. This simple formatting syntax means that authors no longer need to learn the complexities of HTML to create content on the web. The main strength of a wiki is that it gives people the ability to work collaboratively on the same document. The only software you need is an Wiki wiki sign outside Honolulu International Internet browser. Consequently, wikis are used Airport. (Image courtesy of A. Barataz) for a variety of purposes. If you make a mistake, it's easy to revert back to an earlier version of the document. All content sourced from WikiEducator.org and is licensed under CC-BY-SA or CC-BY where specified. 3 Examples of Wikis The largest and most talked about Wiki on the Internet is Wikipedia[1] Wikipedia is, for the most part, editable by anyone in the world with a computer and an internet connection and, at the time of this writing, contained over 1,500,000 pages.
    [Show full text]