FEBRUARY 2 0 0 1 Inside

5 Making Peace

6 Seeking Partner- ship with Russia Vol. VII, No. 2 7 Building a Stable UN I T E D STAT E S IN S T I T U T E O F PE A C E ■ WA S H I N G T O N , DC Balkans

8 Korean Peninsula

9 Securing Peace in Northeast Passing the Baton Asia 1 0 New Board Members C h a l l e n ges of 1 2 Lone Ranger No More

1 4 SAMUEL BERGER S t at e c raft for the New Five Easy Pieces

1 5 CONDOLEEZZA A d m i n i s t rat i o n RICE Forging Foreign Policy Foreign policy experts address the most 1 7 Globalization of important foreign policy issues likely to face the new Freedom administration at a recent U.S. Institute of Peace conference. Clockwise from top: Samuel Berger, Con- doleezza Rice, and the “Orga- nizing for National Secu- rity” panel. 2 Passing the Baton Continued from page 1 he Council and the role of the assistant to the presi- dent for national security affairs need to undergo significant changes if we are to deal more effectively with a rapidly changing world, says , f o r m e r national security adviser to presi- dents Ford and Bush. Further- more, notes Anthony Lake, for- Top: Patrick mer national security adviser to Cronin. Below: President Clinton, with globaliza- Brent Scowcroft tion have come increased con- cerns over new security issues such as transnational terrorism, the proliferation of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruc- tion, and interdependent economies, among other matters. Research and Studies Program, “Our task is to understand how organized the conference, with these issues are . . . more and help from program assistants more deeply integrated with the Donna Ramsey Marshall and classical, diplomatic geopolitical Christina Zechman. The meet- issues” of foreign policy and ing featured addresses by Samuel national security, Lake says. The Berger, national security adviser need to break down conceptual to President Clinton, and Con- barriers extends even to the dis- doleezza Rice, then national tinction between foreign policy security adviser–designate for and domestic issues, he adds. incoming president George W. Scowcroft and Lake discussed Bush. (For excerpts from their ing the full text of the speeches by “Organizing for National Security talks, see pages 14 and 15.) Berger and Rice. The entire con- Policy” at a U.S. Institute of The conference summarized ference has been archived in audio Peace conference on January 17 and built on the Institute’s and video formats on the Insti- along with panelists Robert E. research and policy development tute’s web site at www.usip.org. Rubin, former secretary of the work in an effort to share insights treasury, and Charles G. Boyd, gained on new approaches to Role of the National executive director of the National international conflict management Security Adviser Security Study Group, otherwise with the new administration. Five known as the Hart-Rudman panels of distinguished experts, The national security adviser, Commission. David Abshire, including senior officials of the unlike members of the president’s president of the Center for the outgoing and incoming adminis- cabinet who are department Study of the Presidency, moderat- trations, addressed the most heads, has no responsibilities ed the discussion. The day-long important foreign policy and other than to advise the president, conference, “Passing the Baton: national security issues likely to Scowcroft explained. The national Challenges of Statecraft for the face the new administration. At security adviser serves an integra- New Administration,” was held in the close of the conference, a tive role, coordinating diplomatic, support of the presidential transi- reception was held to recognize military, and related information tion in Washington, D.C. Berger for his service to the coun- to provide the president with a Institute president Richard H. try and to welcome Rice (see page comprehensive view of vital issues. Solomon and Patrick Cronin, 20). The Institute will publish a Because he or she is in daily touch director of the Institute’s report on the conference, includ- with the president, the national 3

crises, formerly the jurisdiction of Clockwise from the president or cabinet members. top left: Robert Rubin, Anthony International Economic Lake, Charles Challenges Boyd, and David Abshire. Globalization has also increased the impact of international eco- nomics on foreign policy and national security issues. The Hart- Rudman Commission, charged by Congress to reassess how the should provide for its national security in the 21st century, has concluded that eco- nomics have become a component of national security “at least equal to the diplomatic or military com- ponents,” said Boyd, a member of the commission. “We’re not struc- tured in such a way as to give recognition to that fact nor to integrate all the processes that that kind of decision implies.” Therefore, the Hart-Rudman Commission has called for a mod- ification of the National Security Act of 1947, which created the current structure (the National security adviser has to fairly repre- Security Council, the Department sent the views of cabinet mem- Peace Watch (ISSN 1080-9864) is pub- of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of lished six times a year by the United States bers, who see the president less Staff, and the Central Intelligence Institute of Peace, an independent, nonpar- tisan federal institution created by Congress often. Lake added that the nation- Agency). The recommended to promote research, education, and train- al security adviser “can and must change would establish the secre- ing on the peaceful resolution of interna- tional conflicts. The views expressed herein help to define central purposes tary of the treasury as a statutory do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute or its board of directors. and clear priorities and make sure member of the National Security To receive Peace Watch, write to the Edi- that those priorities and purposes Council, eliminating the National tor, Peace Watch, United States Institute of Peace, 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200, are brought to every policy discus- Economic Council (NEC), inte- Washington, DC 20036-3011. For general information call 202-457-1700, fax 202- sion the president has.” grating the NEC international 429-6063, e-mail: [email protected], The national security adviser staff with the NSC staff, and the or check our web site: www.usip.org. also is in daily touch with coun- domestic staff with the Domestic President: Richard H. Solomon terparts in other countries, Lake Policy Council. “There is no need Executive Vice President: Harriet Hentges Publications Director: Dan Snodderly pointed out, in part because inter- for a new National Security Act,” Editor: Cynthia Roderick nationally power is gravitating Boyd said. “We need to change Production Manager: Marie Marr Photo Credits: Staff, Bill Fitz-Patrick increasingly toward prime minis- the one we have.” Board of Directors ters at the expense of foreign min- In addition to integrating eco- Chairman: Chester A. Crocker. Vice Chair- isters. With the communications nomics into security policy, the man: Seymour Martin Lipset. Members: Betty F. Bumpers, Holly J. Burkhalter, revolution and increased media salient challenges facing the new Zalmay Khalilzad, Marc E. Leland, Mora L. McLean, María Otero, Barbara W. Snelling, demands for information, it is also administration are severalfold, Shibley Telhami, Harriet Zimmerman. inevitable that the national securi- Rubin said. These include the Members ex officio: Paul G. Gaffney II, National Defense University; Colin L. ty adviser is called upon increas- need to (1) continue to promote Powell, Department of State; Donald H. Rumsfeld, Department of Defense; Richard ingly for public explanations of trade liberalization and open mar- H. Solomon, Institute president (nonvoting). foreign policy initiatives during See Passing the Baton, page 4 4 Passing the Baton Continued from page 3 rights, and labor (see page 17); a “Taiwan Policy Review”; and “The United States and Coercive Diplomacy.” Publications by conference par- ticipants and/or their organiza- tions focusing on national security issues include: Six Nightmares: Real Threats in a Dangerous World and How America Can Meet Them (2000), by Anthony Lake, avail- able through your local bookstore; Two Proposals to the President: (1) Achieving Strategic Consensus: A Six-Step Reappraisal for Strategic Assessment and (2) A Strategic Reor- ganization and Renewal, a v a i l a b l e from the Center for the Study of the Presidency; and three reports Above: Chester kets, which includes getting fast- astated by war. This requires “an from the Hart-Rudman Commis- Crocker hands track legislation or some effective intricate melding of different sion entitled (1) New World Com- a baton alternative to it; (2) counter the agencies and different pieces of ing: American Security in the 21st memento to exceedingly dangerous backlash their budgets,” Scowcroft noted. Century, (2) Seeking a National Condoleezza against globalization, not only in Who should oversee this? By Strategy: A Concert for Preserving Rice as Max this country but also around the default, the Office of Manage- Security and Promoting Freedom, Kampelman world; (3) increase foreign aid to ment and Budget, which allocates and (3) Road Map for National and Sen. Tom developing nations, which now financial resources within the gov- Security: Imperative for Change, Harkin look on. account for 35–40 percent of our ernment, has become “one of the available online at www.nssg.gov. exports, and support the World major policymaking agencies in Bank and other international our country,” Scowcroft said. He financial organizations such as the concluded that it is time for the A Policy Brief for the International Monetary Fund; and NSC to take charge and make the (4) help Russia and other nations policy decisions affecting resource New Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n transitioning from communism. allocations when they relate to The Board of Directors of the U.S. Future international financial interagency activities. Institute of Peace delivered a poli- crises are virtually inevitable, Panelists concluded that the cy brief to the Bush administration Rubin added. To the extent possi- roles of the national security and Congress entitled Policy Sup- ble, we should develop prevention adviser and the National Security port in International Conflict Pre- measures. We should also pro- Council have been evolving over vention and Management. T h e mote a strong dollar and continue time, in part in relation to the document illustrates how the Insti- tute can assist the new administra- to reform the global financial leadership style of the president tion with respect to three geo- architecture. and in part to major changes in graphic conflicts—the Balkans, the the character of international rela- Korean Peninsula, and the Middle Office of Management tions. They will need to adapt fur- East—and three instruments of and Budget ther to the rapidly evolving peacemaking—civil-military plan- ning, transitional justice, and facil- changes in the world as the Cold itated dialogue. In the post– world, a War era recedes. The Institute, with its compre- variety of agencies are involved in Recent Institute events on hensive knowledge base, also can foreign policy that never were related topics have included a offer help to the government in before, Scowcroft said. For exam- Current Issues Briefing with many other areas. The document is available ple, many federal agencies are Harold Hongju Koh, who was online only at: www.usip.org/pubs/ involved in rehabilitating a region then outgoing assistant secretary s p e c i a l p r o j e c t s / t r a n s i t i o n _ m e m o . such as Kosovo that has been dev- of state for democracy, human h t m l . 5 Making Peace, Making Peace Stick

lobal and regional security president of Marc E. Leland and today depend on the lead- Associates, an investment advis- Gership and actions of a lim- ory firm, moderated the discus- ited number of nations and orga- sion. nizations, which might be called Crocker noted that the new “security exporters,” says Chester threats to peace, and efforts at A. Crocker, former assistant sec- conflict management, are accom- retary of state for African affairs panied by a profusion of indepen- and James R. Schlesinger profes- dent actors—individuals and non- sor of strategic studies at George- governmental and international town University. Very few nations organizations—thus diminishing are capable of organizing the the role and influence of govern- leadership that is required to deal with today’s challenges to peace and security, which have changed significantly in recent years. “Peacemakers need to remain involved through- Instead of the traditional geo- out the implementation phase. Those who are political struggles, peacemakers best placed to lead are those who have the inter- today struggle with problems such as state collapse, warlordism, est, the commitment, and the staying power to international criminal networks, care about the final result, and that means and the diffusion of weapons, among others, he said. Further- making the necessary resources available.” more, “these old and new threats —Chester Crocker can intermingle, increasing their potential impact and making an ments over peacemaking process- when our interests are affected; Top, left to effective response much more dif- es. The new actors have not been (2) when our relevance to the right: Allen ficult.” elected and are not part of any conflict is clear and strong; (3) Weinstein and Crocker discussed “Making government, but know how to when our role is welcomed or Peter Ackerman. Peace; Making It Stick” with two influence public opinion. The irresistible; and (4) when it is Left: Marc other panelists at the U.S. Insti- result is a decline in discipline in likely that we can develop serious Leland. tute of Peace conference “Passing peacemaking processes, leading to traction, serious leverage. “When the Baton: Challenges of State- “a kind of natural incoherence those conditions do not exist, we craft for the New Administra- which is both exciting and amaz- should let others lead, and we tion,” held on January 17. (See the ing to behold,” Crocker said. In should back others when they story on page 1.) Other panelists this changed environment, peace- lead,” Crocker said. included Allen Weinstein, presi- makers also have to take into Numerous peacemaking tools dent of the Center for Democracy account that countries have differ- are available to the United States and former Institute board mem- ent capacities to solve their own in its internatonal peacemaking ber, and Peter Ackerman, chair- problems. Finally, he cautioned, a role, including our unique intelli- man of the board of overseers at failure to respond to a conflict gence assets, global diplomatic Tufts University’s Fletcher School creates a vacuum that will reach and communications capa- of Law and Diplomacy and co- inevitably be filled in one way or bility, and proven capacity to author of Strategic Nonviolent another, “so inaction has conse- organize and sustain effective Conflict: The Dynamics of People quences, just as does action.” coalitions. Additionally, the Power in the Twentieth Century The United States should lead United States provides leadership (1994). Marc E. Leland, a mem- in peacemaking efforts when the in peacemaking based on “our ber of the Institute’s board and following factors are present: (1) See Making Peace, page 16 6 Seeking Partnership with Ru s s i a

Nurturing the bilateral relationship between the United States and Russia is one of the key foreign policy challenges facing the new administration.

ussia’s behavior toward Administration,” held in Wash- casus generally. The United Chechnya presents a contin- ington, D.C., on January 17. (See States needs to make clear that Ruing challenge to the most the story on page 1.) “the right way is to live and let basic international norms and val- Talbott said the United States live and respect their sovereignty.” ues—including human rights and needs to give strong support for The U.S. relationship with Top: Sergey the way a government should Russian reform, both domestically Russia is important because Rus- Rogov. treat its citizens, says Strobe Tal- and in its relations with the sia is a major Eurasian power, it Below, left to bott, deputy secretary of state in Newly Independent States (NIS). possesses weapons of mass right: Strobe the Clinton administration. It It is not yet clear whether Russia destruction, and any instability in Talbott, Stephen also presents a challenge “to the will continue to evolve toward a Russia would have a negative Hadley, and very viability, not to mention genuinely pluralistic society, Tal- spillover effect on neighboring Paula Dobrian- acceptability, of Russia as a demo- bott said. “Russia is objectively a countries, said panelist Paula J. sky. cratic, multiethnic state that diversified country in every con- Dobriansky, vice president and director of the Washington office of the Council on Foreign Rela- tions. The United States needs to secure Russian cooperation on a range of key defense policy issues including nuclear nonprolifera- tion and the transition toward a more stable defense and strategic environment. The United States also needs Russian cooperation on a range of foreign policy issues where we have shared interests such as combating terrorism and dealing with regional hot spots, as in . And while help- deserves integration into the ceivable respect: ethnicity, lan- ing to promote positive political, international community.” guage, religion, and political pre- democratic, and economic trends Talbott and two other panelists disposition.” But the question in Russia, the United States needs discussed relations with Russia at remains whether it will make a to avoid being heavy-handed and a recent U.S. Institute of Peace virtue of that diversity by translat- understand that change will not conference. Stephen J. Hadley, a ing it into responsive government occur overnight. member of the Institute’s board of institutions or return to the con- The new administration needs directors before becoming deputy cept of a more homogenized state to be realistic about the differ- national security adviser in the controlled from above. In Russia’s ences that exist between the two Bush administration, moderated policy toward the NIS, there have countries and to recognize that the Russia panel discussion at the been “ominous trends,” particular- those differences need not poison event, “Passing the Baton: Chal- ly with regard to Georgia, but also the overall relationship if we lenges of Statecraft for the New in Central Asia and the Transcau- search for common ground, 7

Dobriansky concluded. While Russia is no longer a superpower and probably never Building a Stable Balkans will be a superpower in the sense that the Soviet Union was, Russia does remain a major international The United States needs to stay player, noted panelist Sergey the course in the Balkans, though Rogov, director of the Institute of U.S.A. and Canada Studies in some revision of its presence will Moscow. The greatest problem in likely make sense in the future. U.S.-Russian relations stems from the failure of both countries to develop a strategy for building a here is no question that NATO eventual- strategic partnership, he said. ly should reduce the number of its forces Instead, the United States has Tin the Balkans. However, United States focused on enlarging Western security interests in Europe require sustaining institutions such as NATO. some military presence—including some Because Russia doesn’t belong to American military forces—in the region for NATO, “Russia has been margin- some time into the future, says Walter B. Slo- alized, reduced in status.” Indeed, combe, under secretary of defense for policy in the United States has generally the Clinton administration. behaved unilaterally toward Rus- Slocombe, Morton Abramowitz, senior fellow sia in a number of areas, present- at the Century Foundation, and Richard N. ing it with faits accomplis, Rogov Perle, a resident fellow at the American Enter- said. “We ended the Cold War 10 prise Institute for Public Policy Research, dis- years ago ourselves, . . . [we do cussed “Building a Stable Balkans” at a recent not want] to be treated like a U.S. Institute of Peace conference. Executive vice defeated nation.” president Harriet Hentges moderated the panel Rogov said that a realistic discussion at the event, “Passing the Baton: Chal- strategic partnership between the lenges of Statecraft for the New Administration,” two countries should include held in Washington, D.C., on January 17. (See three components: (1) a definition the story on page 1.) of common interests, (2) a mech- Slocombe said that while some of the work needed to stabilize the anism by which the two countries Balkans can be shifted to nonmilitary agencies and organizations, it Clockwise from can make common decisions, that would be a mistake to set as an objective the complete withdrawal of top left: is, some form of institutionaliza- U.S. military forces. “Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Balkans experience gen- Harriet Hentges, tion of the partnership, and (3) a erally underscore that the military is a necessary instrument—both as a Walter mechanism for implementing threat and as the ultimate instrument of policy—in dealing with truly Slocombe, decisions. intractable and deep-seated conflicts.” Richard Perle, The failure to create such a Abramowitz noted that although the situation in the Balkans has and Morton partnership in the 1990s resulted improved, most notably with Slobodan Milosevic out of power in Ser- Abramowitz. in extreme fragmentation of U.S.- bia, “a number of very neuralgic problems remain that could be a source Russian relations, with each issue of violence,” including the unresolved status of Kosovo. The problems treated separately and no concern are long-term, progress is likely to be slow and uneven, while govern- for the impact it would have on ments, the people, and Congress have short time horizons, he said. larger, long-term strategic goals. While relegating the Balkans to second-class diplomatic consideration Russia is dealing with a host of may diminish short-term domestic political problems or convince us we complex internal problems, not are tough in getting our international priorities straight, it also risks the least being a burdensome for- wasting a huge investment in the region, and ultimately may pose a eign debt that threatens to under- great danger for the cohesion of the transatlantic alliance. As a result, mine the economy, Rogov said. “U.S. credibility could go south,” Abramowitz said. “The only success- But in time, “Russia will come ful exit strategy . . . remains alliance success, and that’s a long way off. See Russia, page 16 See Balkans, page 19 8 The Korean Peninsula: N ext Steps

The Bush administration needs to work closely with Japan and South Korea to resolve critical security problems posed by North Korea’s nuclear weapons capabilities and its long-range missiles, says former secretary of defense William Perry.

he United States between North and South, held with South Korean came perilously president Kim Dae Jung. While peace and reunifica- Tclose to war with tion are not “just around the corner,” Perry recom- North Korea in 1994, mended three main measures the Bush administra- when intelligence tion might adopt to help stabilize relations between revealed that North the North and South, promote regional security, and Korea was about to advance reconciliation on the peninsula. acquire weapons- 1. Sustain robust consultation with our allies Japan grade plutonium for and the Republic of Korea (ROK) on North Korea policy, its reactors at Yong- and move immediately to appoint an experienced high- byon, says William J. level American as the focal point for policy coordination. Perry, secretary of It will not be easy to sustain consultation and cooper- defense at the time. ation among the three countries because they have Perry reviewed war significantly different interests and priorities. The William Perry contingency plans ROK has a strong emotional commitment to event- with top U.S. military ual national reunification, and hopes in the short run leaders, and President Clinton was ready to order the for more family visits among North and South Kore- reinforcement of South Korea when word came that an families separated since the end of the Korean Kim Il Sung, then head of North Korea, had agreed War. Japan has a strong commitment to the return of to freeze work at the facility. Had there been a war, Japanese citizens kidnapped by North Korea more “there would have been an allied victory, but there than a decade ago and pragmatic security reasons for also would have been high casualties on all sides,” wanting a nuclear-free peninsula. The United States, Perry said. He discussed the history of recent U.S. as the guarantor of security on the peninsula and in relations with North Korea and “Paths to Peace on Northeast Asia, wants a peninsula free of nuclear the Korean Peninsula” at the U.S. Institute of Peace weapons and long-range missiles. The United States conference “Passing the Baton: Challenges of State- also wants confidence-building measures established craft for the New Administration,” held on January that will eventually allow it to reduce conventional 17. (See the story on page 1.) U.S. military forces along the demilitarized zone A second crisis occurred in August 1998 when the (DMZ), which separates the North and South. In North tested over Japan a three-stage missile capable spite of these different interests, “cooperation is key of carrying nuclear warheads. As a result of the crisis, to our goal of achieving long-term stability and Clinton appointed Perry to conduct a detailed review peace, not just in Korea but in the region,” Perry said. of U.S. policy toward the North. When Perry issued 2. Work closely with the ROK to support initiatives his recommendations, the North agreed not to and economic exchanges with the North. The North and launch any further missiles while negotiations with South can take many actions to reduce tensions and Washington proceed. build trust. But the real payoff of North-South Last year saw North Korea dramatically open to meetings will be the establishment of meaningful the outside world, including a historic first summit economic cooperation in which South Korean 9 Securing Peace in Northeast Asia he United States can manage Tand preserve its strategic pri- macy in Northeast Asia by solidi- fying its alliances in the region and by encouraging Russia and China to join in consolidating today’s generally favorable politi- cal and territorial status quo, says Michael Armacost, f o r m e r to Japan and presi- companies will play a major role. For this to happen, dent of the Brookings Institution. the North must get rid of regulations that “harass” Armacost discussed “Securing foreign businesses. North and South must cooperate Peace in Northeast Asia” on a in rebuilding desperately needed infrastructure in panel with J. Stapleton Roy, former ambas- North Korea: the transportation and telecommuni- sador to China and Indonesia, former assis- cations networks and the energy grid. Such econom- tant secretary of state for intelligence and ic cooperation would not only help the North Kore- research, and former member of the board of an people but also likely exert a strong stabilizing the U.S. Institute of Peace, and William J. influence in the North and thus on the peninsula P e r r y , former secretary of defense. (See the generally. story on page 8.) The panel was one of five at 3. Prioritize dealing with security problems posed by the Institute’s “Passing the Baton” conference, North Korea’s nuclear missiles, other weapons of mass held on January 17. (See the story on page 1.) destruction, and conventional forces, in that order. First, Regarding China, Roy noted that, for the sustain the 1994 Agreed Framework, in which the new administration to be effective in its deal- United States—in partnership with its allies—agreed ings with Beijing, it must talk “sensibly” about to provide North Korea with fuel and proliferation- China to both Congress and the American public. In J. Stapleton resistant light-water nuclear reactors in exchange for doing so, it should avoid simplistic characterizations Roy (top) and termination of the North’s nuclear weapons pro- of the relationship like “partners” or “enemies.” And Michael Arma- gram. Then make every effort to seal an agreement it should avoid making relations with China contin- cost. by which North Korea would comply with the Mis- gent upon particular changes inside that country. sile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), which Indeed, the United States risks losing control of its would effectively stop the production, deployment, own policy if it makes its own actions contingent and export of medium- to long-range missiles. “Such upon China taking specified actions first. “China an agreement is within reach, but not yet in our will change,” Roy said, “but at its own pace.” pocket,” Perry said. Armacost discussed in detail the necessity for Assuming success on the nuclear weapons and the United States to restructure and solidify its missile issues, the United States should then move to “critical” alliance with Japan. Prospects for the con- eliminate North Korea’s chemical and biological tinued peace and stability of the Asia-Pacific region weapons programs. Finally, if progress is made in the are greatly enhanced when the two giants—the above areas, the United States could consider confi- United States and Japan—cooperate, he said. dence-building measures that would allow it to He concluded that the Bush administration can reduce “the dangerous and expensive” number of readily maintain a favorable status quo in Northeast ground troops on both sides of the DMZ. Perry Asia “if they conduct themselves with clarity of pur- concluded that such a reduction—which should take pose, attentiveness to our close friends, a certain full account of U.S. responsibilities for ROK security humility when it comes to providing advice to for- as well as regional stability—could create the envi- mer foes, and a readiness to continue shouldering ronment for, at last, a real and permanent peace on the burden of common goods that are required to the peninsula. augment any security or political community.” 10 UU.. SS.. IINN SS TT II TT UU TT EE OO FF PPEE AACC EE

We l c o m e s

he U.S. Institute of Peace recently welcomed ten new Board Biographies members to its board of directors, including three new ex officio members. New board members BETTY F. BUMPERS is founder include Betty F. Bumpers, Holly J. Burkhalter, and president of Peace Links, Marc E. Leland, Esq., Mora L. McLean, Esq., Washington, D.C., organized María Otero, Barbara W. Snelling, and Shibley in 1982 to involve mainstream, Telhami; the three new ex officio board members grassroots citizens in activities are Vice Admiral Paul G. Gaffney II, president of that promote alternatives to the National Defense University, who has already violence. During her husband’s Above, left to served on the board for several months, Secretary of tenure as governor of Arkansas, right: Betty State Colin L. Powell, and Secretary of Defense Bumpers was the leader of Bumpers, Bar- Donald H. Rumsfeld. Powell and Rumsfeld will a successful immunization program for children, bara Snelling, serve as statutorily identified members unless each later adopted by governors’ wives from other states, Supreme Court designates someone from his agency to serve. including Rosalynn Carter. In 1991, Bumpers and Justice Stephen Congress also reconfirmed two serving board Carter founded Every Child by Two to promote Breyer, Holly members: Seymour Martin Lipset, Hazel professor early childhood immunization. Bumpers has received Burkhalter, Sey- of public policy at George Mason University, and many awards, including the Distinguished Citizen mour Martin Harriet Zimmerman, vice president of the Ameri- Award from the National Peace Foundation and Lipset, Shibley can Israel Public Affairs Committee. Institute presi- the Woman Who Makes a Difference Award from Telhami, and dent Richard H. Solomon continues as a nonvoting the International Woman’s Forum in Boston. A Marc Leland. member of the board. former art teacher, Bumpers studied at Iowa State Justice Breyer At its first meeting on January 18, the board voted University, the University of Arkansas, and the visited the Insti- unanimously to extend the term as chair of Chester Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. She holds honorary tute in January A. Crocker, James R. Schlesinger professor of strate- doctorate of law degrees from Hendrix College and to swear in the gic studies at ’s School of the University of Arkansas and an honorary doctor six board Foreign Service. The board also voted unanimously of humane letters from the University of Mass- members. to appoint Lipset as the new vice chair. achusetts. 11 HOLLY J. BURKHALTER has general counsel to the Peace Corps and Action in served as advocacy director of 1970–72. Leland was a faculty fellow in foreign and Physicians for Human Rights comparative law at Harvard Law School in 1968–70 in Washington, D.C., since and a Ford Foundation fellow at the Institute of 1997. The organization special- Comparative Law in Paris in 1963–64. He holds a izes in medical, scientific, and bachelor’s from , a master’s from forensic investigations of viola- St. John’s College at Oxford, and a J.D. from the tions of internationally recog- University of California at Berkeley Law School. nized human rights. In 1983–97, she was advocacy director of Human Rights MORA L. MCLEAN, Esq., is Watch and director of its Washington office. She is a president of the -America member of the Council on Foreign Relations and Institute (AAI), , N.Y., serves on the advisory committees of Mental Disabil- a 45-year-old nonprofit organiza- ity Rights International and the International Justice tion working on Africa-America Mission. She holds a bachelor’s degree from Iowa relations. AAI fosters develop- State University. ment in Africa through education and training, promotes education- PA U L G. GA F F N E Y I I , a vice al and cultural exchange, informs admiral in the U.S. Navy, is policy dialogue, and promotes mutually beneficial president of the National trade investment ties between Americans and Defense University (NDU) in Africans. Previously, McLean served as deputy direc- Washington, D.C., and an ex tor for Africa and Middle East programs at the Ford officio member of the board. Foundation. She spent five years in the foundation’s Prior to assuming his duties at office in Lagos, Nigeria, first as assistant representa- NDU, Gaffney served as chief tive for West Africa and then as representative. of naval research with additional McLean holds a bachelor’s degree in African studies duties as director of test and evaluation and technology from Wesleyan University and a J.D. from Columbia requirements in the office of the chief of naval opera- University School of Law. tions and deputy commandant (science and technolo- gy), headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. Gaffney’s career MARÍA OTERO is president spans three decades and includes duty at sea, overseas, and CEO of ACCION and ashore in executive and command positions. International, Somerville, Gaffney is a 1968 graduate of the U.S. Naval Mass., a nonprofit umbrella Academy. He received a master’s in ocean engineer- organization for a network of ing from Catholic University and an MBA from microlending institutions that Jacksonville University. His awards include the Dis- fight poverty in the Americas tinguished Service Medal, Defense Superior Service by making loans to poor and Medal, Legion of Merit (four awards), Bronze Star low-income people. She joined (with “V”), and the Naval War College’s J. William ACCION in 1986 as director of its microlending Middendorf Prize for Strategic Research. program in Honduras and served as executive vice president in 1992–2000. She has served as an adviser MARC E. LELAND, Esq., is to the World Bank’s Consultative Group to Assist president of Marc E. Leland & the Poorest and is chair of the MicroFinance Associates, Arlington, Va., an Network and chair of the board of directors of the investment management firm. Inter-American Foundation. Otero is the author of In 1981–84, he served as assis- numerous monographs and articles and co-editor tant secretary of the treasury for of The New World of Microenterprise Finance (1994). international affairs. In A native of La Paz, Bolivia, Otero holds a mas- 1978–81, he was a partner in ter’s in literature from the University of Maryland the law firm of Proskauer, and a master’s in economic development and inter- Rose, Goetz & Mendelsohn in London, and in national studies from Johns Hopkins University’s 1972–74, a partner in Cerf, Robinson & Leland. He School for Advanced International Studies. was senior adviser to the Mutual Balanced Force Reductions Negotiations in Vienna in 1976–78, and See New Board, page 13 12 Lone Ranger No More

by Chester A. Crocker and Richard H. Solomon

much a matter of changing the way we use our political and economic influence as it is of fund- ing for the State Department. Our diplomats need to be trained as conflict managers and mobi- Richard he United States needs to develop new lized to lead and coordinate action with key allies. Solomon (left) approaches to international conflict manage- The goals are to keep conflicts from getting out of and Chester Tment and peacebuilding that take full advantage control in fragile regions, to mount sustained Crocker. of its global diplomatic reach, expertise and credibili- mediation initiatives, and to use concerted pres- ty in peacemaking, and unrivaled capacity to build sure (as well as incentives) on troubled societies and sustain winning coalitions. and brutal regimes. President Bush did open some doors on these issues in his major foreign policy statements during ■ Refurbish our alliances and international and region- the fall. In stressing the need for “humility” in our al organizations. If there is to be peace in East dealings with the world, he recognized the need to Asia, we need active and supportive allies in Japan build effective international coalitions. And in assert- and Korea, and a cooperative China. In Europe, ing that we cannot be the world’s “911,” he implicitly post–Cold War security requires a vital NATO pointed the way toward greater reliance on our politi- firmly linked to the United States and a Russia cal and economic strengths and the need to bolster that sees us as a supporter of its reemergence as a conflict management efforts by various international responsible world power. In Africa, humanitarian and regional organizations. In short, “Lone crises require effective coalitions and international Rangerism” won’t do the job. organizations if we are not to repeat the shameful What is required for an effective restructuring of performance in Rwanda. our diplomatic and defense policies? ■ Restructure our military. While high-tech weapon- ■ Keep political action and diplomacy at the forefront of ry can create a more effective and efficient foreign policy. U.S. diplomacy has been impover- defense, our national fascination with technology ished in recent years by a failure to invest in and distracts us from the need to put military capabili- sustain a first-class Foreign Service. This is as ties in the service of a national security and for- 13 New Board Members Continued from page 11 BARBARA W. SNELLING of Shelburne, Vermont, is a state senator for the Chittenden dis- eign policy strategy. Our advanced weaponry is trict of Vermont. She served as so advanced that we are in danger of making our Vermont’s lieutenant governor alliances obsolete, because our allies’ communi- in 1992–96. Formerly, she was cations and weapons systems can’t operate with president and owner of ours. Our military deals uneasily with the Snelling and Kolb, Inc., a firm requirements of peace operations, humanitarian that consulted to not-for-profit disasters, the drug war, cyber-war, and terrorists corporations. Before that, she was vice president for with weapons of mass destruction. The major development and external affairs at the University of investments required for missile defense and Vermont. She also has served on Vermont’s State other advanced weapons platforms must be Board of Education and the Vermont Alcohol and meshed with these more imminent security Drug Rehabilitation Commission, and as chair of threats; and the military services will not take the Shelburne School Board, president of United easily to restructuring, retraining, and retooling. Way of Chittenden County, founding member of the Vermont Community Foundation, trustee of ■ Collect intelligence intelligently. In today’s world, Radcliffe College, and chair of the Chittenden Cor- high-quality intelligence is more critical than poration. ever. Narco-terrorism, proliferation of weapons Snelling received a bachelor’s degree (magna cum of mass destruction, and effective diplomacy and laude) from Radcliffe College and was elected to Phi political action require us to exploit human intel- Beta Kappa. She also received an honorary doctor of ligence and sound analysis, as well as open- public service degree from Norwich University. source materials via the Internet, just as fully as we do technical intelligence. Only the United SHIBLEY TELHAMI holds the States has the potential to strengthen the opera- Anwar Sadat chair for peace tions of allies and international organizations and development at the Uni- with information resources. versity of Maryland. Telhami, a scholar of international com- Developing a broad strategic concept that will munal conflict, political and pull together the uses of these elements of our economic development, and national power—and in the process build the public the demographic aspects of and congressional support required to sustain and international politics, teaches fund them—is likely to be as much of a challenge as in the university’s Department of Government and institutional reform and tactical policy innovations. Politics. Before joining the faculty, Telhami taught But without these innovations in our diplomacy and at Cornell University and served as director of its defenses, we are likely to fight the wrong battles and Near Eastern Studies Program. He has been a guest dissipate our resources. And we might very well find scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center and a fellow ourselves fighting or negotiating alone. The new at the Council on Foreign Relations, and is currently administration has the opportunity and the respon- a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institu- sibility to recast our dealings with the world. tion. He is the author of numerous articles and sev- eral books on international politics and Middle East- Chester A. Crocker is Schlesinger professor of strategic ern affairs. studies at Georgetown University and board chairman Telhami served as adviser to the U.S. delegation of the U.S. Institute of Peace. Richard H. Solomon is to the during the Iraq-Kuwait crisis president of the Institute. This article was excerpted in 1990–91, and was on the staff of U.S. Representa- from an op-ed published in the Washington Post on tive Lee Hamilton. Telhami received his doctorate January 17. in political science at the University of California at Berkeley. 14

■ Tell our partners in the hemisphere that we want to finish negotiations on a Free Trade Area of the ‘ F i ve Easy Pieces’ for Americas by 2003, so it can enter into force by 2005. ■ In preparing your first budget, signal the world that our contributions to win the fight against the Next Ad m i n i s t r a- global poverty will continue to rise. ■ Finally, seize the chance to work with Russia to t i o n reduce nuclear arsenals without abandoning negoti- ated agreements. One good way would be to move with the Congress to repeal legislation that prevents by Samuel us from going below the START I level of 6,000 warheads while we bring START II into force and Berger, negotiate much lower levels in START III. National The overriding reality for the new team will remain that U.S. leadership, in cooperation with our Security friends and allies, is essential to a more secure, peace- Adviser to ful, and prosperous world. Our extraordinary strength is a blessing. But it President comes with a responsibility to carry our weight, instead of merely throwing it around. That means Clinton meeting our responsibilities to alliances like NATO and institutions like the UN. It means shaping treaties from the inside, as President Clinton recently did with the International Criminal Court, instead of packing up our marbles and going home. Other- wise, we will find the world resisting our power instead of respecting it. There is a difference between power and Top: Samuel The following has been excerpted from a keynote authority. Power is the Berger address by Berger at the U.S. Institute of Peace ability to compel by force conference “Passing the Baton: Challenges of State- and sanctions, and there Right: Sen. craft for the New Administration.” (See the story on page 1.) are times we must use it, Joseph Biden for there will always be introducing he new administration takes the reins of interests and values worth Berger. a country at the zenith of its power, with the fighting for. Authority is the ability to lead, and we Twind at its back, and clear objectives to steer depend on it for almost everything we try to achieve. toward. And there are several steps it could take Our authority is built on qualities very different from immediately, both to seize the opportunities so plainly our power: on the attractiveness of our values, on the ahead, and to signal the world that there will be no force of our example, on the credibility of our com- fundamental shift in America’s purpose as it reviews mitments, and on our willingness to listen to and our global role. stand by others. Let me respectfully mention just a few. You might In the last eight years, I believe President Clinton’s call them “five easy pieces” for the next administration: most fundamental achievement is that he steered ■ Give our European allies a clear sign that there America into a new era of globalization in a way that will be no change in our commitment to NATO, enhanced not only our power but our authority in the its missions, and its next round of expansion. world. I have been proud to be part of this journey. I ■ Make clear to our allies in Asia that we will can promise you this: as the new administration explore the opportunity presented by North builds on that achievement, nobody will work harder Korea’s emergence from isolation. than its predecessors to turn common goals to reality. 15 Forging Foreign Po l i c y for a New Age by , National Security Adviser to President George W. Bush

Excerpted from an address by Rice at the U.S. Institute of Peace conference “Passing the Baton: Challenges of Statecraft for the New Administration.” (See the story on page 1.)

he National Security Council (NSC) system was created by the National Security Act of 1947 to Thelp unite the departments and agencies of the government to prepare for the dangers of total war. . . . But the world has changed considerbly since then. What we need today is an NSC system that unites the government to prepare, not for total war but for the total spectrum of policy instruments we can use when military power is not appropriate. We’ve gotten ourselves into a quite bipolar discussion: We either intervene militarily or we’re isolationist and we don’t intervene at all. In fact, there are a whole host of instruments in between that need to be fine-tuned for the times when military power is clearly not appropri- ate. In 1947 the challenge was to tame the clashing interests of the State, War, and Navy Departments. In 2001 the challenge is to unite the far-flung con- cerns of all the agencies that are working across our real and virtual borders, from the Department of Defense to the Public Health Service, from the administrator of NASA to the Federal Communica- people “toe the line.” Instead, the challenge and the Clockwise from tions Commission. great opportunity is to sense the possibilities of this top left: Let me comment then on how I see my own role new era and to make connections, to work as a team Condoleezza as assistant to the president for national security affairs toward an American foreign policy that is coherent Rice, Rita in this complex world. These many agencies have to and successful. We can no longer afford stovepipes. Hauser, who perform in concert, striving toward a common pur- When we talk about America’s commitments with introduced pose. Precisely because our policies now involve so our European allies, we should think about how our Rice, and Rice many players, we have to have a clearly written sheet common ideals help us to see ways to work together talking with of music—you may know I’m a musician, so pardon on issues of the new economy without being mired in conference par- the reference—so that everyone knows what tune to problems of the past. . . . When we think about the ticipants after play. The National Security Council system with the new dangers of transnational terrorism, we must her speech. president at its top is the instrument we use. Now, it’s make the connections between law enforcement and not my job to make See Rice, page 1 8 16 international peacemaker. Look- port. Methods of noncooperation Making Pe a c e ing back over the last century, he include strikes, boycotts, resigna- Continued from page 5 offered the following lessons tions, and civil disobedience. learned. Some conflicts simply Direct actions include sit-ins, special reputation as peacemakers, end, with no negotiated settle- nonviolent sabotage, and block- which is based on our expertise,” ment, such as the Cold War. Not ades. Crocker said. “There is no coun- all peace negotiations involve the For such methods to work, try in the world with higher U.S. government. All peace nego- Ackerman said, other elements standing as peacemakers than this tiations with which the United need to be in place to increase the country.” States becomes involved are not possibility of success, including: Crocker offered the new equally important to U.S. national (1) a unified leadership commit- administration the following rec- security. “Getting to yes” on terms ted to a nonviolent strategy; (2) ommendations in its role as acceptable to the United States objectives that will engage all ele- peacemaker: to listen more and may not always be possible in the ments of society; (3) a strategy for preach less, to share the credit as short term, in which case a situa- striking at the vulnerable spots of well as the burdens, to let others tion of no agreement may be far the adversary; (4) the capacity to lead when appropriate and back preferable to getting a flawed one. deal with the effects of new acts Peace negotiations rarely respect of repression and terror; and (5) electoral or any other presidential defections to the challengers by timetables; they can last for the military, police, or other insti- Most individuals who become involved in non- decades. And finally, Weinstein tutions that otherwise would keep violent resistance do so not because they have a cautioned, beware the law of the oppressor in power. unintended consequences. The Ackerman stressed that most moral commitment to nonviolence, but because unintended consequence of an individuals who become involved it is the best or the only tool available at the American withdrawal from the in nonviolent resistance do so not Balkans or the implementation of because they have a moral com- time. Will nonviolent resistance always the National Missile Defense sys- mitment to nonviolence, but succeed? “The answer,” Ackerman concluded, tem, he said, may be heightened because it is the best or the only discord in NATO, leading per- tool available at the time. Will “is a resounding yes!” haps to the first “peace” negotia- nonviolent resistance always suc- tions the Bush administration will ceed? “The answer,” Ackerman them to the hilt, and to realize have to undertake. concluded, “is a resounding yes!” that peacemaking is not unlike Ackerman discussed bringing warfighting: it is an ongoing, change to governments and around-the-clock job. Once peace authorities that are themselves Ru s s i a has been reached, the challenge sources of conflict—not through Continued from page 7 then is to make peace stick. The violent uprisings or international implementation phase is at least intervention, but through non- back,” Rogov concluded. “The as important as the negotiation official, nonviolent means. He question is whether Russia will stage leading up to the settlement. cited as examples Poland’s Soli- come back as a major player who “Peacemakers need to be involved darity movement and the eco- is a reliable partner, who shares throughout the implementation nomic boycott by blacks of white your main values and is connect- phase,” Crocker concluded. South African businesses in the ed to your institutions, or as a “Those who are best placed to Eastern Cape region. great power that believes it was lead are those who have the inter- A strategic nonviolent conflict mistreated, that sees the new est, the commitment, and the is a well-planned, orchestrated world order as detrimental to its staying power to care about the deployment of such tools as national security interests, and final result, and that means mak- protests, refusals to cooperate, and that will therefore try to under- ing the necessary resources avail- direct action aimed specifically mine this new world order. I able.” against repressive leaders or insti- hope we will choose the more Weinstein echoed some of the tutions, Ackerman said. Protests optimistic scenario.” same themes, emphasizing that might include petitions, parades, the United States should act care- walkouts, and mass demonstra- fully and selectively in its role as tions that strengthen popular sup- 17 The Globalization of Fr e e d o m

The United States needs to develop a sustained commitment to the promotion of democracy, rule of law, and human rights globally, says Harold Hongju Koh.

ne of the most astonishing policies conveyed through diplo- revolutions of our time is macy and backed by force, and if Onot the globalization of necessary, force backed by diplo- commerce or communications, macy, as applied in Kosovo and but the globalization of democra- East Timor. His office also cy, which is the globalization of worked to build atrocity preven- human freedom, says H a r o l d tion networks focused on looming Hongju Koh, assistant secretary hot spots such as Burundi and of state for democracy, human other areas on the African conti- rights, and labor in the Clinton nent. administration. The number of Democracy itself serves as a countries with stated commit- strong deterrent to human rights ments to self-governance and abuses. Therefore, his office in democracy has nearly quadrupled conjunction with the secretary of since 1974, standing now at more state sought to promote democra- than 120, he said. Koh discussed cy by: (1) raising global con- the ways in which his office pro- sciousness about the ascendance keep that community mobilized. Harold Hongju moted democracy and human of democracies and their role in His office worked to achieve Koh rights at a U.S. Institute of Peace preventing human rights abuses; sustained mobilization in the Current Issues Briefing held on (2) working to establish democra- following labor areas: in the old December 13. The event was cy itself and democratic gover- economy, by promoting human- organized by the Institute’s nance as a human right; (3) iden- rights- compatible security Human Rights Implementation tifying “democracy priority” arrangements in the extractive Project under the direction of pro- countries to which the U.S. gov- sector; in the new economy, by gram officer Debra Liang- ernment devotes a higher degree promoting partnerships with F e n t o n . of diplomatic and assistance internet companies, service Koh noted that the pressures resources; the Department of providers, and technology of his office are so great that any- State chose four countries: providers to promote human one holding his position is left Colombia, Indonesia, Nigeria, rights; and in support of anti- with “remarkably little time to and Ukraine; (4) developing sweatshop initiatives, by finding think, strategize, and develop and strategies for combating democra- common ground between Con- maintain a vision.” To handle the tic backsliding in countries such gress, nongovernmental organiza- pressures, Koh developed a set of as Fiji, Haiti, Pakistan, and Peru; tions (NGOs), labor unions, and principles to guide him in dealing and (5) developing with the U.S. corporate entities. with issues that come “over the Agency for International Devel- Koh concluded that “We transom” daily. These principles opment and the U.S. Information ought to be able to move on a included a commitment to pur- Agency coordinated strategies for broad range of human rights and poseful engagement with ongoing building the rule of law and relat- democracy issues as a country in a abuses, and preventing future ed institutions in countries having sustained bipartisan and institu- abuses through a combination of a particular need, such as Bosnia, tional way—good governance, preventive diplomacy, democracy East Timor, and Kosovo. rule of law, child labor, democracy promotion, and the building of Finally, Koh noted that there promotion, atrocities prevention, partnerships internationally. is a community of concern around human rights.” Koh noted that the most obvi- democracy, human rights, and ous prevention tool is creation of labor issues. The challenge is to 18 S h ortTakes

Right: Leaders of South Korean nongovernmen- tal organiza- tions learn prac- tical conflict resolution skills at a seminar in Seoul taught by program officer Barbara Wien.

Korean Women's Association United. Wien Conflict Resolution for South Korean NGOs designed the training program to help civil society leaders gain experience in facilitating difficult Fifteen leaders of South Korean organizations devot- encounters and in teaching conflict resolution to ed to peace, democracy, gender equity, and human members of their own coalitions. During discussion, rights gained practical experience in conflict resolu- one participant said that Koreans generally are not tion techniques at a seminar taught by Institute pro- interested in conflict resolution and that he had been gram officer Barbara Wien on December 17–19, skeptical himself, but after the training he under- 2000, in Seoul. The American Friends Service Com- stood how to apply the principles in his work and in mittee (Quakers) sponsored the training as part of a Korean society generally. 16-month program in cooperation with three Korean Participants in the training said they will apply partner organizations: Women Making Peace, the the conflict resolution skills gained at the workshop Korean National Congress for Reunification, and the not only within their own groups, but also in dealing with complex issues of Korean relations with Japan and China, rapprochement with the North, internal R i c e conflicts with North Korean immigrants living in Seoul, relations with the U.S. military, and ongoing Continued from page 15 internal antagonisms between the provinces of national security. When we think about transform- Chola and southeast Kyong Sang. From the work- ing defense, we must make the connection between shop proceedings and discussions, organizers have defense agencies and the way business and society produced a Korea-specific conflict resolution train- are already adapting to the new information tech- ing manual. nology. So my conception and my hope for this job On December 20, Wien gave a public talk on is overwhelmingly positive. peace education with Soon-Won Kang, a distin- We at the National Security Council are going guished professor of peace education at Hanshin to try to work the seams, stitching the connections University. After the talk, a member of the audience together tightly. If we can do that, if we can pro- noted that students, teachers, and parents are under vide glue for the many, many agencies and many, extreme pressure preparing for the national exam, many instruments the United States is now deploy- which causes tremendous stress and competition ing around the world, I think we will have done our sometimes leading to violence in the classroom. job on behalf of the president of the United States. Another participant talked about the need for Kore- Then we can develop a foreign policy that uses all ans to recognize multiple identities as a path to of the incredible strength of this country and is able greater tolerance of diversity. “I can be a Korean, a to project American influence in support of its woman, a student activist, a resident of Seoul, and a principles. global citizen all at the same time,” she concluded. 19 B a l ka n s Continued from page 7

Forging a Europe “Whole and Free” I’m skeptical success could be achieved without con- tinuing large American involvement and a deter- Russia can best secure its long-term security and mined policy with the resources to back it up.” national interests by accepting the norms and princi- Perle commented on the Bush campaign’s ples of a broader Europe and joining the United emphasis on reducing U.S. troop deployments in States and the European Union (EU) in building a the Balkans. He noted that it would be “a great “peaceful, undivided, and democratic” Europe. But mistake” to view a revision of the U.S. role in the renewed EU and U.S. relations with Russia will region based on changes on the ground as a dimin- require a carefully implemented overall strategy, say ished commitment. A main goal should be to help an international group of academic experts and poli- friends in the region to help themselves through, for cy practitioners attending a recent conference orga- example, an expanded “equip-and-train” program in nized by the Institute. Bosnia. “If we become the source of stability and The meeting, “Defining Russia’s Role,” held at others depend on us, the dependency never ends,” the Royal Institute of International Affairs in Lon- he said. don in October, included 35 participants. The event Also, the United States should do what other was part of the Institute’s ongoing Future of Europe countries don’t do as well, such as providing logis- Project, coordinated by Emily Metzgar, program tics, communications, intelligence, and other capital- officer in the Research and Studies Program. intensive capabilities, Perle said. It’s time to reassess The goal of the program was to develop a targeted whether U.S. combat forces should engage in peace- agenda for affirmative cooperation among the Euro- keeping, he argued. “If we’re going to be in the pean Union, Russia, and the United States, notes peacekeeping business, then it’s time to create a Metzgar. Specifically, the project sought to identify peacekeeping institution that is organized, equipped, particular issues where cooperation would serve the trained, and optimized for peacekeeping operations.” common interests of all three parties. A targeted In assessing the lessons learned in the Balkans, agenda of cooperation will not only help solve specif- Perle concluded, the West and the United Nations ic problems faced by all parties, but also contribute to need to rethink the use of arms embargoes. “One of the construction of a stable peace in which members the great tragedies of this century was the arms Below, left to put aside war as an instrument for resolving disputes embargo that prevented Bosnians from defending right: Pavel among themselves. As one participant said, with themselves,” he said. “Without precedent, the Unit- Baev, Zalmay respect to Russia this means the demilitarization of ed Nations denied a country under attack the means Khalilzad, Lena Russia’s relations with the West and the construction to defend itself while failing to provide that defense Jonson, Patrick of strategic ties among Russia, the EU, and the itself. I hope that never happens again.” Cronin, Stephen United States. Hadley, and Conference participants focused on the following other Russia issues: building cooperative NATO-Russian rela- confrontation over Asia and the Caucasus, Persian workshop par- tions, Russia and the UN Security Council, possible Gulf security, and strategic arms control. ticipants. ‘ Pa s s i n g t h e B at o n’Re c ep t i o n to Re c o g n i ze Samuel Berger and Welcome Condoleezza Rice

he U.S. Institute of Peace held a reception T in recognition of Samuel Berger, national security adviser to President Clinton, and to welcome Condoleezza Rice, then national security adviser–designate to incoming president George W. Bush at its “Passing the Baton” con- ference on January 17. Chester Crocker, Senator Tom Harkin, Max M. Kampelman, Brent Scowcroft, and Seymour Martin Lipset thanked Berger for his dedicated service to the country and hailed Rice for her many rich accomplish- ments, which prepared her for her new position.

Nonprofit Org. U.S. Postage PAID Washington, DC United States Institute of Peace Permit No. 2806 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20036-3011 w w w . u s i p . o r g

ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED