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Trophic Strategy of Atlantirivulus Riograndensis (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), a Non-Annual Rivulid Threatened by Extinction, in a Perennial Environment, Brazil)

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Trophic Strategy of Atlantirivulus Riograndensis (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), a Non-Annual Rivulid Threatened by Extinction, in a Perennial Environment, Brazil) Neotropical Ichthyology, 14(1): e150068, 2016 Journal homepage: www.scielo.br/ni DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20150068 Published online: 14 April 2016 (ISSN 1982-0224) Trophic strategy of Atlantirivulus riograndensis (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), a non-annual rivulid threatened by extinction, in a perennial environment, Brazil) Laísa Wociechoski Cavalheiro and Clarice Bernhardt Fialho1 Rivulidae includes non-annual fish of perennial habitats and annual fish of temporary wetlands. The objective of this research was to investigate the trophic strategy of Atlantirivulus riograndensis in a perennial environment. Sampling occurred in an environmental conservation unit in the Pampa biome, Brazil. Quantification of the diet followed the volumetric method. Consumption of autochthonous material as the main food source of the species followed the pattern of Rivulidae. Species is zooplanktonic when young. Food spectrum is broadened and insectivorousness increases with ontogeny, revealing a specialist trend in the feeding strategy of A. riograndensis. The most diverse feeding occurs in the spring and summer seasons in which the presence of larger fish was more frequent than in other seasons. The increased consumption of microcrustaceans in the fall was related to smaller individuals, captured in greater quantities in this post-reproductive period. The lowest diversity of dietary items occurs during the winter and may reflect the lower diversity of food resources available in this season or the transition from juvenile to adult diet, with consumption of autochthonous Diptera by medium sized fish. Rivulidae inclui peixes não anuais de habitats perenes e peixes anuais de alagados temporários. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a estratégia trófica de Atlantirivulus riograndensis em um ambiente perene. A amostragem ocorreu em uma unidade de conservação ambiental no bioma Pampa, Brasil. A quantificação da dieta seguiu o método volumétrico. O consumo de material autóctone como principal recurso alimentar da espécie seguiu o padrão da família Rivulidae. A espécie é zooplanctívora quando juvenil. O espectro alimentar é ampliado e a tendência à insetivoria aumenta com a ontogenia, revelando traços especialistas na estratégia alimentar de A. riograndensis. A alimentação mais diversificada ocorreu na primavera e no verão, estações em que a presença dos peixes maiores foi frequente que em outras estações. O aumento no consumo de microcrustáceos no inverno foi relacionado aos indivíduos menores, capturados em maior quantidade neste período pós-reprodutivo. A menor diversidade de itens alimentares ocorreu durante o inverno e pode refletir uma menor diversidade de recursos alimentares disponíveis nesta época do ano ou a transição da dieta de juvenil para adulto, com consumo de Diptera autóctone por peixes de tamanho médio. Keywords: Autochthonous resources, Ontogeny, Seasonality, Specialist, Trophic pattern. Introduction the ability to sustain viable populations even in seasonal habitats (DeAngelis et al., 2010). Habitats like swamps, marshes, and wetlands that Cyprinodontiformes are small fish and live in shallow, present seasonal fluctuations in water levels can simply seasonal, or perennial aquatic environments that are reduce or enlarge their extensions, characterizing between ten centimeters and one meter deep (Costa, perennial habitats for fish populations. Alternatively, 2009). The Rivulidae family is the most diverse in this the environment can dry up completely during the group, with about 409 valid species distributed between period of low rainfall, creating seasonal habitats (Lake, southern Florida and northeastern Argentina (Costa, 2003; Mas-Martí et al., 2010; Hinojosa-Garro et al., 2009, 2011; Eschmeyer & Fong, 2015). Some non-annual 2013). The hydroperiod restrict the spatial distribution rivulids are associated to perennial wetlands (Costa, 2011) of ichthyofauna when the water levels fall or determine which seasonally decrease in water level, representing the existence of a community composed of species with stress conditions to fish populations. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43435, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (LWC) [email protected] (corresponding author), (CBF) [email protected] 183 Neotropical Ichthyology, 14(1): e150068, 2016 184 Trophic strategy of the threatened Atlantirivulus riograndensis Same dynamics of hydrology that affects the Union for Natural Conservation (Fundação Zoobotânica diversity of the ichthyofauna also acts decisively in the do Rio Grande do Sul (FZB), 2014). composition of food resources available to fish that, in Knowledge of the feeding strategy of A. riograndensis turn, influence the spatial and temporal distribution of in preserved habitats (like the Banhado dos Pachecos these species and their feeding strategies (Gerking, 1994; wildlife refuge) contributes to understanding its population Lowe-McConnell, 1999). A well defined seasonality dynamic, the origin of the resources used by the species, can promote modifications of habitat interfering in the and its role in the food chain. Moreover, this study can availability of resources and consequently in the feeding serve as a basis for comparison with other non-annual and of the species (Gerking, 1994). annual rivulids, permitting the identification of dietary Generalist strategy in the Rivulidae family is reported patterns that repeat or differ, independent of inhabiting for annual fish classified as generalist top predators in distinct biomes or unsimilar places like perennial wetlands temporary pond ecosystems found in the wetlands of or seasonal pools. southeastern Uruguay (Laufer et al., 2009). The feeding The aim of this study was to investigate the trophic pattern found for rivulids consists of consumption of strategy of A. riograndensis, a non-annual rivulid autochthonous items, with ingestion of non-aquatic prey threatened by extinction, in a perennial, preserved in certain cases (Laufer et al., 2009; Abilhoa et al., 2010a, environment in the Pampa biome, Brazil. 2010b). For the genus Atlantirivulus in perennial coastal Following hypotheses are tested in this study: (i) the streams in the Mata Atlântica biome of southern Brazil, species follows the pattern of other rivulids, feeding on there are records of insectivorous or omnivorous dietary autochthonous items with seasonal changes in the diet habits (Abilhoa et al., 2010a, 2010b). The wide availability composition; (ii) due to the ontogenetic changes in the of food resources follows seasonal and/or spatial trends feeding behavior, seasonal changes on the diet composition (Lowe-McConnell, 1999; Abelha et al., 2001). of this species are influenced by variations on the population Using these resources is related to the trophic size structure. plasticity of the species and is also a determining factor in the reproductive success of the populations (Abelha Material and Methods et al., 2001). Additionally, the presence of a defined reproductive season can influence the feeding behavior of Study area. Samples of A. riograndensis were taken in the species, like when modifications in feeding intensity perennial preserved wetlands on the edge of swampy (quantity of food ingested) occur or when ontogenetic woods in the Banhado dos Pachecos wildlife reserve near biases appear due to alterations in the frequency of the city of Viamão, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This occurrence of youth and adults present in the population site is part of the Banhado Grande Area of Environmental (Lowe-McConnell, 1999). Protection, belonging to the hydrographic basin of Laguna Feeding strategy employed in the pursuit of obtaining dos Patos (Fig. 1). The Refuge was established as a energy varies according to species and habitat (Wootton, conservation unit in 2002 and covers an area of 2543.46 1990; Gerking, 1994). Specialist trends in stream ha. of which 1455 ha. are marsh habitats, 384.8 ha. include fish were observed in stable hydrological systems in wooded pine formations, 244.4 ha. are sandy forest and Wisconsin and Minnesota (in the United States), while 459.8 ha. are dry fields or exposed soil (Accordi, 2008). in hydrologically variable stream ecosystems species Banhado dos Pachecos is an integral part of the Pampa appear to be more tolerant and to have increased trophic biome which, in Brazil, is located exclusively in the state and habitat generalism (Poff & Allan, 1995). Likewise, Rio Grande do Sul, between 34º and 30º latitude South and a generalist feeding behavior has been identified in fish 57° and 63° longitude West. from seasonal pools in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, Areas of occurrence of A. riograndensis in the Pampa contrasting specialist diets in populations of perennial biome consist of areas sensitive to pressures such as habitats (Hinojosa-Garro et al., 2013). fragmentation, distortion of plant formations and conversion Atlantirivulus includes eleven small species (25-45 of land for cattle farming, agriculture and forestry (Pillar mm standard length) distributed in eastern Brazilian et al., 2012). Conservation records of the Pampa biome coastal drainages from the state of Bahia down to Rio indicate that by the year 2005 there were only 25% of the Grande do Sul in the Mata Atlântica biome, constituting original plant formations of this biome (Pillar et al., 2012). a wide geographical range. Atlantirivulus riograndensis The collection point (30º05’44”S 50º50’59”W)
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