DOCSLIB.ORG

Volume 1: the Upper Extremity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Volume 1: The Upper Extremity 1.1 The Shoulder 01.00 - 38.20 (37.20) 1.1.1 Introduction to shoulder section 0.01.00 0.01.28 0.28 1.1.2 Bones, joints, and ligaments 1 Clavicle, scapula 0.01.29 0.05.40 4.11 1.1.3 Bones, joints, and ligaments 2 Movements of scapula 0.05.41 0.06.37 0.56 1.1.4 Bones, joints, and ligaments 3 Proximal humerus 0.06.38 0.08.19 1.41 Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) Movements of shoulder joint 1.1.5 Review of bones, joints, and ligaments 0.08.20 0.09.41 1.21 1.1.6 Introduction to muscles 0.09.42 0.10.03 0.21 1.1.7 Muscles 1 Long tendons of biceps, triceps 0.10.04 0.13.52 3.48 Rotator cuff muscles Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Coracobrachialis 1.1.8 Muscles 2 Serratus anterior 0.13.53 0.17.49 3.56 Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor and major Trapezius Pectoralis minor Subclavius, omohyoid 1.1.9 Muscles 3 Pectoralis major 0.17.50 0.20.35 2.45 Latissimus dorsi Deltoid 1.1.10 Review of muscles 0.20.36 0.21.51 1.15 1.1.11 Vessels and nerves: key structures First rib 0.22.09 0.24.38 2.29 Cervical vertebrae Scalene muscles 1.1.12 Blood vessels 1 Veins of the shoulder region 0.24.39 0.27.47 3.08 1.1.13 Blood vessels 2 Arteries of the shoulder region 0.27.48 0.30.22 2.34 1.1.14 Nerves The brachial plexus and its branches 0.30.23 0.35.55 5.32 1.1.15 Review of vessels and nerves 0.35.56 0.38.20 2.24 1.2. The Arm and Forearm 0.38.50 - 1.16.44 (37.54) 1.2.1 Introduction to arm and forearm section Definition of anatomical terms 0.38.50 0.41.11 2.21 The "anatomical" position 1.2.2 Bones, joints and ligaments 1 Distal humerus 0.41.12 0.44.12 3.00 Proximal radius and ulna 1.2.3 Bones, joints and ligaments 2 Elbow joint 0.44.13 0.47.31 3.18 Proximal radio-ulnar joint 1.2.4 Bones, joints and ligaments 3 Distal radius and ulna 0.47.32 0.49.10 1.38 Distal radio-ulnar joint 1.2.5 Bones, joints and ligaments 4 Carpal bones 0.49.11 0.52.53 3.42 Wrist joint 1.2.6 Review of bones, joints, and ligaments 0.52.54 0.54.47 1.53 1.2.7 Muscles 1 Elbow flexors and extensors 0.54.48 0.58.59 4.11 Brachialis Biceps Brachioradialis Triceps Anconeus 1.2.8 Muscles 2 Forearm pronators and supinators 0.59.00 1.01.30 2.30 Pronator teres Pronator quadratus Supinator Biceps (supinator action) 1.2.9 Muscles 3 Wrist flexors and extensors 1.01.31 1.05.33 4.02 Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris 1.2.10 Review of muscles Integrated view of arm and forearm 1.05.42 1.08.18 2.36 muscles 1.2.11 Blood vessels (arm) 1.08.19 1.11.15 2.56 1.2.12 Nerves (arm) 1.11.16 1.15.17 4.01 1.2.13 Review of blood vessels and nerves 1.15.18 1.16.44 1.26 1.3 The Hand 1.16.57 - 2.11.34 54.37 1.3.1 Introduction to hand section Definition of anatomical terms 1.16.57 1.17.24 0.27 1.3.2 Bones, joints and ligaments 1 Carpal and metacarpal bones 1.17.25 1.20.48 3.23 Carpo-metacarpal joints 1.3.3 Bones, joints and ligaments 2 Bones of fingers 1.20.49 1.24.44 3.55 Metacarpo-phalangeal joints Interphalangeal joints 1.3.4 Bones, joints and ligaments 3 Bones and joints of the thumb 1.24.45 1.27.50 3.05 1.3.5 Pulleys, sliding structures and fascia 1 Flexor retinaculum 1.27.51 1.30.10 2.19 Carpal tunnel Extensor retinaculum 1.3.6 Pulleys, sliding structures and fascia 2 Flexor tendon sheaths 1.30.10 1.33.50 3.40 Extensor mechanism Palmar fascia (aponeurosis) 1.3.7 Review of bones, ligaments, joints, 1.33.51 1.35.15 1.24 pulleys 1.3.8 Muscles of the hand, introduction 1.35.16 1.35.41 0.25 1.3.9 Extrinsic muscles 1 Flexor digitorum profundus 1.35.41 1.38.54 3.13 Flexor digitorum superficialis 1.3.10 Extrinsic muscles 2 Extensor digitorum 1.38.55 1.40.38 1.43 Extensor digiti minimi Extensor indicis 1.3.11 Extrinsic muscles 3 Flexor pollicis longus 1.40.39 1.43.23 2.44 Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus 1.3.12 Review of extrinsic muscles Integrated view of all forearm 1.43.24 1.46.05 2.41 muscles 1.3.13 Intrinsic muscles 1 Interossei 1.46.06 1.50.00 3.54 Lumbricals 1.3.14 Intrinsic muscles 2 Adductor pollicis 1.50.01 1.53.32 3.31 Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis Opponens pollicis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi 1.3.15 Review of intrinsic muscles 1.53.33 1.55.12 1.39 1.3.16 Blood vessels of hand and forearm 1 Veins of hand and forearm 1.55.13 1.56.23 1.10 1.3.17 Blood vessels of hand and forearm 2 Arteries of hand and forearm 1.56.24 2.00.34 4.10 1.3.18 Nerves of hand and forearm 1 Radial nerve 2.00.35 2.02.09 1.34 1.3.19 Nerves of hand and forearm 2 Median nerve 2.02.09 2.06.15 4.06 Ulnar nerve 1.3.20 Review of vessels and nerves 2.06.16 2.08.35 2.19 1.3.21 Skin, fingernails 2.08.36 2.11.34 2.58 Volume 2: The Lower Extremity 2.1 The Hip 0.00.52 - 0.45.33 44.41 2.1.1 Introduction to Vol 2 Definition of anatomical terms 0.00.49 0.01.37 0.49 2.1.2 Bones, ligaments, and joints 1 Sacrum and hip bone 0.01.38 0.04.37 2.59 2.1.3 Bones, ligaments, and joints 2 Proximal femur 0.03.38 0.06.04 2.26 2.1.4 Bones, ligaments and joints 3 Sacrotuberous ligament 0.06.05 0.09.24 3.19 Sacrospinous ligament Capsule of hip joint Movements at the hip joint 2.1.5 Review of bones and joints 0.09.25 0.11.07 1.42 2.1.6 Muscles 1 Short rotators 0.11.08 0.15.02 3.54 Piriformis Obturator externus Obturator internus Gemelli Quadratus femoris 2.1.7 Muscles 2 Adductors 0.15.03 0.18.24 3.21 Adductor magnus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Pectineus Gracilis 2.1.8 Muscles 3 Abductors 0.18.25 0.21.33 3.08 Gluteus minimus Gluteus medius Fascia lata, ilio-tibial tract Tensor fascia lata 2.1.9 Muscles 4 Flexors 0.21.34 0.25.05 3.29 Iliacus Psoas major Rectus femoris Sartorius 2.1.10 Muscles 5 Extensors 0.25.06 0.29.59 4.53 Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris Gluteus maximus 2.1.11 Review of muscles 0.30.00 0.31.13 1.13 2.1.12 Vessels and nerves: key structures Inguinal ligament, 0.31.14 0.33.12 1.58 Femoral triangle 2.1.13 Blood vessels 1 Veins 0.33.14 0.35.56 2.42 2.1.14 Blood vessels 2 Arteries 0.35.57 0.39.08 3.11 2.1.15 Nerves 1 Femoral nerve 0.39.09 0.41.58 2.49 Obturator nerve 2.1.16 Nerves 2 Sacral plexus 0.41.59 0.44.25 3.26 Gluteal nerves Sciatic nerve 2.1.17 Review of vessels and nerves 0.44.26 0.45.33 1.02 2.2 The Knee 0.45.46 - 1.14.03 29.17 2.2.1 Bones, ligaments, and joints 1 Dry bones 0.45.46 0.49.02 3.16 Distal femur Proximal tibia and fibula Patella 2.2.2 Bones, ligaments, and joints 2 Menisci 0.49.03 0.52.50 3.47 Cruciate ligaments 2.2.3 Bones, ligaments, and joints 3 Collateral ligaments 0.52.51 0.56.39 3.48 Patellar ligament Joint capsule 2.2.4 Review of bones and joints 0.56.40 0.58.16 1.36 2.2.5 Muscles 1 Extensor: Quadriceps femoris 0.58.17 1.03.40 5.23 Adductor canal 2.2.6 Muscles 2 Flexors 1.03.42 1.06.00 2.18 Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris 2.2.7 Muscles 3 Popliteus 1.06.01 1.07.44 1.43 Plantaris Gastrocnemius 2.2.8 Review of muscles 1.07.45 1.08.22 0.37 2.2.9 Blood vessels 1.08.23 1.10.45 2.22 2.2.10 Nerves 1.10.45 1.13.08 2.23 2.2.11 Review of vessels and nerves 1.13.09 1.14.03 0.54 2.3 The Leg and Ankle 1.14.30 - 1.51.31 37.01 2.3.1 Introduction Definition of anatomical terms 1.14.30 1.15.48 1.18 2.3.2 Bones, ligaments, and joints 1 Distal tibia and fibula 1.15.49 1.20.01 4.12 Ankle joint 2.3.3 Bones, ligaments, and joints 2 Subtalar joint 1.20.02 1.24.54 4.52 Talo-calcaneo-navicular joint 2.3.4 Bones, ligaments, and joints 3 Retinacula 1.24.55 1.26.34 1.39 2.3.5 Review of bones and joints 1.26.35 1.28.20 1.44 2.3.6 Muscles 1 Dorsiflexors, plantar flexors 1.28.21 1.33.41 5.20 Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris 2.3.7 Fascial compartments Investing deep fascia 1.33.42 1.37.20 3.38 Intermuscular septa Muscle partitions 2.3.8 Muscles 2 Invertors, evertors 1.37.20 1.41.27 4.07 Tibialis posterior Peroneus brevis Peroneus longus Peroneus tertius 2.3.9 Review of muscles 1.41.28 1.42.47 1.19 2.3.10 Blood vessels 1.42.48 1.47.47 4.59 2.3.11 Nerves 1.47.48 1.50.19 2.19 2.3.12 Review of vessels and nerves 1.50.20 1.51.31 1.11 2.4 The Foot 1.51.44 - 2.26.40 34.56 2.4.1 Bones, ligaments, and joints 1 Tarsal bones 1.51.44 1.54.32 2.48 Metatarsal bones Bones of the toes 2.4.2 Bones, ligaments, and joints 2 Ligaments 1.54.33 1.57.00 2.27 Short plantar ligament Long plantar ligament Plantar aponeurosis 2.4.3 Bones, ligaments, and joints Metatarso-phalangeal joints 1.57.01 2.01.13 4.12 2.4.4 Review of bones and joints 2.01.14 2.02.17 1.03 2.4.5 Muscles 1 Toe extensors 2.02.18 2.05.41 3.23 Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor digitorum brevis 2.4.6 Muscles 2 Long toe flexors 2.05.42 2.08.18 2.36 Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus 2.4.7 Muscles 3 Plantar muscles 2.08.19 2.11.31 3.12 Interossei Lumbricals Flexor accessorius Flexor digitorum brevis 2.4.8 Muscles 4 Short muscles of big toe 2.11.32 2.14.31 2.59 Flexor hallucis brevis Adductor hallucis Abductor hallucis Short muscles of fifth toe Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor digiti minimi 2.4.9 Muscles 5 Overview of 2.14.32 2.16.29 1.57 plantar muscles, plantar aponeurosis 2.4.10 Review of muscles 2.16.30 2.17.52 1.15 2.4.11 Blood vessels 2.17.53 2.20.52 3.01 2.4.12 Nerves 2.20.53 2.24.54 4.01 2.4.13 Review of vessels and nerves 2.25.00 2.25.50 0.50 2.4.14 Skin of foot 2.25.50 2.26.40 0.50 Volume 3: The Trunk 3.1 The Spine 0.01.14 - 0.35.32 (34.18) 3.1.1 Bones, ligaments and joints 1 Vertebral column 0.01.14 0.05.40 4.36 Features of typical vertebra 3.1.2 Bones, ligaments and joints 2 Cervical vertebrae 0.05.41 0.10.42 4.59 Movements of cervical spine Thoracic vertebrae Movements of thoracic spine 3.1.3 Bones, ligaments and joints 3 Lumbar vertebrae 0.10.43 0.14.17 3.34 Movements of lumbar spine Sacrum 3.1.4 Bones, ligaments and joints 4 Intervertebral disks 0.14.18 0.18.48 4.30 Ligaments of vertebral column Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament Ligamentum flavum Ant.
Recommended publications
  • Larynx Anatomy

    Larynx Anatomy

    LARYNX ANATOMY Elena Rizzo Riera R1 ORL HUSE INTRODUCTION v Odd and median organ v Infrahyoid region v Phonation, swallowing and breathing v Triangular pyramid v Postero- superior base àpharynx and hyoid bone v Bottom point àupper orifice of the trachea INTRODUCTION C4-C6 Tongue – trachea In women it is somewhat higher than in men. Male Female Length 44mm 36mm Transverse diameter 43mm 41mm Anteroposterior diameter 36mm 26mm SKELETAL STRUCTURE Framework: 11 cartilages linked by joints and fibroelastic structures 3 odd-and median cartilages: the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis cartilages. 4 pair cartilages: corniculate cartilages of Santorini, the cuneiform cartilages of Wrisberg, the posterior sesamoid cartilages and arytenoid cartilages. Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles THYROID CARTILAGE Shield shaped cartilage Right and left vertical laminaà laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) M:90º F: 120º Children: intrathyroid cartilage THYROID CARTILAGE Outer surface à oblique line Inner surface Superior border à superior thyroid notch Inferior border à inferior thyroid notch Superior horns à lateral thyrohyoid ligaments Inferior horns à cricothyroid articulation THYROID CARTILAGE The oblique line gives attachement to the following muscles: ¡ Thyrohyoid muscle ¡ Sternothyroid muscle ¡ Inferior constrictor muscle Ligaments attached to the thyroid cartilage ¡ Thyroepiglottic lig ¡ Vestibular lig ¡ Vocal lig CRICOID CARTILAGE Complete signet ring Anterior arch and posterior lamina Ridge and depressions Cricothyroid articulation
  • 87.MANISH KUMAR DOI.Cdr

    87.MANISH KUMAR DOI.Cdr

    Volume - 10 | Issue - 12 | December - 2020 | PRINT ISSN No. 2249 - 555X | DOI : 10.36106/ijar Review Article Dentistry THE MANDIBULAR NERVE, ITS COURSE, ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS AND PTERYGOMANDIBULAR SPACE. - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Assistant Professor, Department Of Dentistry, Government Medical College & Dr. Manish Kumar Hospital, Ratlam (M.P). Dr. Kapil Associate Professor, Department Of Dentistry, Ananta Institute Of Medical Sciences Karwasra* And Research Centre, Rajsamand, Rajasthan. *Corresponding Author Dr. Amit Senior Resident, Department Of Dentistry, Sardar Patel Medical College & Associated Chhaparwal Hospital, Bikaner, (Rajasthan). ABSTRACT Knowledge of mandibular nerve and its branches is important when performing dental and surgical procedures of mandible. So, this systematic review article revealed all details of mandibular nerve course and also important anatomical variations. Mandibular nerve during its course go through the pterygomandibular space and this space is important for inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia, so all details of pterygomandibular structure are also included in this review. KEYWORDS : Mandibular Nerve, Pterygomandibular Space, Inferior Alveolar Nerve, Trigeminal Nerve, Trigeminal Ganglion. INTRODUCTION and this site is generally used for buccal nerve block 5. The trigeminal nerve (TN) exits the brain on the lateral surface of pons, entering the trigeminal ganglion (TGG) after few millimeters, Deep temporal nerves usually are two nerves, anterior and posterior. followed by an extensive series of divisions1. Mandibular nerve (MN) They pass between the skull and the LPt, and enter the deep surface of is the largest of the three divisions of trigeminal nerve. MN also temporalis2. contains motor or efferent bers to innervate the muscles that are attached to mandible. Most of these bers travel directly to their target The nerve to LPt enters the deep surface of the muscle and may arise tissues.
  • Trigeminal Cave and Ganglion: an Anatomical Review

    Trigeminal Cave and Ganglion: an Anatomical Review

    Int. J. Morphol., 31(4):1444-1448, 2013. Trigeminal Cave and Ganglion: An Anatomical Review Cavo y Ganglio Trigeminal: Una Revisión Anatómica N. O. Ajayi*; L. Lazarus* & K. S. Satyapal* AJAYI, N. O.; LAZARUS, L. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Trigeminal cave and ganglion: an anatomical review. Int. J. Morphol., 31(4):1444- 1448, 2013. SUMMARY: The trigeminal cave (TC) is a special channel of dura mater, which extends from the posterior cranial fossa into the posteromedial portion of the middle cranial fossa at the skull base. The TC contains the motor and sensory roots of the trigeminal nerve, the trigeminal ganglion (TG) as well as the trigeminal cistern. This study aimed to review the anatomy of the TC and TG and determine some parameters of the TC. The study comprised two subsets: A) Cadaveric dissection on 30 sagitally sectioned formalin fixed heads and B) Volume injection. We found the dura associated with TC arranged in three distinct layers. TC had relations with internal carotid artery, the cavernous sinus, the superior petrosal sinus, the apex of petrous temporal bone and the endosteal dura of middle cranial fossa. The mean volume of TC was 0.14 ml. The mean length and breadth of TG were 18.3 mm and 7.9 mm, respectively, mean width and height of trigeminal porus were 7.9 mm and 4.1 mm, respectively, and mean length of terminal branches from TG to point of exit within skull was variable. An understanding of the precise formation of the TC, TG, TN and their relations is important in order to perform successful surgical procedures and localized neural block in the region of the TC.
  • Ear Pain in Patients with Oropharynx Carcinoma: Karlt.Beer Peter Vock How MRI Contributes to the Explanation Richard H

    Ear Pain in Patients with Oropharynx Carcinoma: Karlt.Beer Peter Vock How MRI Contributes to the Explanation Richard H

    Eur Radiol (2004) 14:2206–2211 DOI 10.1007/s00330-004-2340-2 HEAD AND NECK Harriet C. Thoeny Ear pain in patients with oropharynx carcinoma: KarlT.Beer Peter Vock how MRI contributes to the explanation Richard H. Greiner of a prognostic and predictive symptom Received: 22 October 2003 Abstract Reflex otalgia is a predic- glossus muscle, stylopharyngeus Revised: 11 March 2004 tive and prognostic parameter for lo- muscle, hyoglossus muscle and pre- Accepted: 5 April 2004 cal control in patients with orophar- epiglottic space. No difference was Published online: 1 May 2004 ynx carcinoma. Can a morphologic found for the muscles of mastication, © Springer-Verlag 2004 correlate of this important symptom levator and tensor veli palatini mus- be detected by MRI? Thirty-six pa- cles, styloglossus muscle, genioglos- tients were prospectively evaluated sus muscle, intrinsic muscles of the by MRI before radical radiotherapy. tongue, digastric muscles, mucosal Sixteen patients had reflex otalgia; surface of the lateral and posterior 20 did not. The oropharynx and adja- pharyngeal wall, uvula, valleculae, cent regions were analyzed. Alter- parapharyngeal space and larynx. An ation was defined as effacement of alteration of structures innervated by H. C. Thoeny (✉) · P. Vock anatomical structures, signal alter- the glossopharyngeal nerve was vi- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, ation or enhancement after contrast sualized on MRI significantly more Inselspital, χ2 University of Bern, medium administration. The -test often when reflex otalgia was pres- Freiburgstrasse 10, 3010 Bern, Switzerland was used to compare categorical pa- ent. Involvement of structures inner- e-mail: [email protected], rameters. In patients with reflex vated by other cranial nerves did not [email protected] otalgia, alteration of the following show the same association with ear Tel.: +41-31-6322939 structures innervated by the glosso- pain.
  • Clinical Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve

    Clinical Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve

    Clinical Anatomy of Trigeminal through the superior orbital fissure Nerve and courses within the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus on its way The trigeminal nerve is the fifth of to the trigeminal ganglion. the twelve cranial nerves. Often Ophthalmic Nerve is formed by the referred to as "the great sensory union of the frontal nerve, nerve of the head and neck", it is nasociliary nerve, and lacrimal named for its three major sensory nerve. Branches of the ophthalmic branches. The ophthalmic nerve nerve convey sensory information (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), and from the skin of the forehead, mandibular nerve (V3) are literally upper eyelids, and lateral aspects "three twins" carrying information of the nose. about light touch, temperature, • The maxillary nerve (V2) pain, and proprioception from the enters the middle cranial fossa face and scalp to the brainstem. through foramen rotundum and may or may not pass through the • The three branches converge on cavernous sinus en route to the the trigeminal ganglion (also called trigeminal ganglion. Branches of the semilunar ganglion or the maxillary nerve convey sensory gasserian ganglion), which contains information from the lower eyelids, the cell bodies of incoming sensory zygomae, and upper lip. It is nerve fibers. The trigeminal formed by the union of the ganglion is analogous to the dorsal zygomatic nerve and infraorbital root ganglia of the spinal cord, nerve. which contain the cell bodies of • The mandibular nerve (V3) incoming sensory fibers from the enters the middle cranial fossa rest of the body. through foramen ovale, coursing • From the trigeminal ganglion, a directly into the trigeminal single large sensory root enters the ganglion.
  • Accepted Version

    Accepted Version

    Article Arterial supply of the trigeminal ganglion, a micromorphological study ĆETKOVIĆ, Mila, et al. Abstract Background: In this study, we explored the specific microanatomical properties of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) blood supply and its close neurovascular relationships with the surrounding vessels. Possible clinical implications have been discussed. Materials and methods: The internal carotid and maxillary arteries of 25 adult and 4 fetal heads were injected with a 10% mixture of India ink and gelatin, and their TGs subsequently underwent microdissection, observation and morphometry under a stereoscopic microscope. Results: The number of trigeminal arteries varied between 3 and 5 (mean 3.34), originating from two or three of the following sources: the inferolateral trunk (ILT) (100%), the meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT) (100%), and from the middle meningeal artery (MMA) (92%). In total, the mean diameter of the trigeminal branches was 0.222 mm. The trigeminal branch of the ILT supplied medial and middle parts of the TG, branch of the MHT supplied the medial part of the TG, and the branch of the MMA supplied the lateral part of the TG. Additional arteries for the TG emerged from the dural vascular plexus and the vascular [...] Reference ĆETKOVIĆ, Mila, et al. Arterial supply of the trigeminal ganglion, a micromorphological study. Folia Morphologica, 2019 DOI : 10.5603/FM.a2019.0062 PMID : 31282551 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:123601 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 ONLINE FIRST This is a provisional PDF only. Copyedited and fully formatted version will be made available soon. ISSN: 0015-5659 e-ISSN: 1644-3284 Arterial supply of the trigeminal ganglion, a micromorphological study Authors: Mila Ćetković, Bojan V.
  • Functional Anatomy of the Soft Palate Applied to Wind Playing

    Functional Anatomy of the Soft Palate Applied to Wind Playing

    Review Functional Anatomy of the Soft Palate Applied to Wind Playing Alison Evans, MMus, Bronwen Ackermann, PhD, and Tim Driscoll, PhD Wind players must be able to sustain high intraoral pressures in dition occurs because of a structural deformity, such as with order to play their instruments. Prolonged exposure to these high cleft palate. It is also associated with some other speech dis- pressures may lead to the performance-related disorder velopharyn- orders. VPI occurs when the soft palate fails to completely geal insufficiency (VPI). This disorder occurs when the soft palate fails to completely close the air passage between the oral and nasal close the oronasal cavity while attempting to blow air through cavities in the upper respiratory cavity during blowing tasks, this clo- the mouth, resulting in air escaping from the nose.5 Without sure being necessary for optimum performance on a wind instru- a tight air seal, the air passes into the nasal cavity and can ment. VPI is potentially career threatening. Improving music teach- then escape out the nose. This has a disastrous effect on wind ers’ and students’ knowledge of the mechanism of velopharyngeal playing, as the power behind the wind musicians’ sound closure may assist in avoiding potentially catastrophic performance- related disorders arising from dysfunction of the soft palate. In the relies on enough controlled expired air through the mouth. functional anatomy of the soft palate as applied to wind playing, Understandably, this disorder may potentially end the musi- seven muscles of the soft palate involved in the velopharyngeal clo- cian’s career.6 sure mechanism are reviewed.
  • Prezentace Aplikace Powerpoint

    Prezentace Aplikace Powerpoint

    MENINGES AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Konstantinos Choulakis Konstantinos Choulakis Meninges • Dura Mater • Aracnoid Mater • Pia Mater Dura Mater Spinal Dura mater Cranial Dura mater It forms a tube (saccus durrae matris spinalis) which start It is firmly attached to the periostium of the skull from which it receives from foramen magnus and extends to second segment of small blood vessels, branches of meningeal vessels (inappropriate name) the sacrum. It is pierced by spinal nerve roots. The spinal which occur in periostium. canal wall is coverd by periostium, then there is dura mater. The cranial dura mater has several features of importance especially, Between dura mater and periostium there is a , so called especially the dural reflections (derivatives) and the dural venous epidural space, which is filled with adipose tissue and a sinuses(see blood supply) venous plexus , the plexus venosi vertebrales interni Dura mater is attached to avascular arachnoid mater. Between them there is a potential space, so called subdural space which contains a small amount of interstitial fluid. Enables arachnoid mater to slide against dura mater. Dural Reflections The dura separates into two layers at dural reflections (also known as dural folds), places where the inner dural layer is reflected as sheet-like protrusions into the cranial cavity. There are two main dural reflections: • The tentorium cerebelli exists between and separates the cerebellum and • The falx cerebri, which separates the two hemispheres of the brain, is located in the brainstem from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. The peripheral border of longitudinal cerebral fissure between the hemispheres. Its free edge is close to corpus tentorium is attached to the upper edges of the petrous bones and to the calosum.
  • Appendix B: Muscles of the Speech Production Mechanism

    Appendix B: Muscles of the Speech Production Mechanism

    Appendix B: Muscles of the Speech Production Mechanism I. MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION A. MUSCLES OF INHALATION (muscles that enlarge the thoracic cavity) 1. Diaphragm Attachments: The diaphragm originates in a number of places: the lower tip of the sternum; the first 3 or 4 lumbar vertebrae and the lower borders and inner surfaces of the cartilages of ribs 7 - 12. All fibers insert into a central tendon (aponeurosis of the diaphragm). Function: Contraction of the diaphragm draws the central tendon down and forward, which enlarges the thoracic cavity vertically. It can also elevate to some extent the lower ribs. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominal cavities. 2. External Intercostals Attachments: The external intercostals run from the lip on the lower border of each rib inferiorly and medially to the upper border of the rib immediately below. Function: These muscles may have several functions. They serve to strengthen the thoracic wall so that it doesn't bulge between the ribs. They provide a checking action to counteract relaxation pressure. Because of the direction of attachment of their fibers, the external intercostals can raise the thoracic cage for inhalation. 3. Pectoralis Major Attachments: This muscle attaches on the anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle, the sternum and costal cartilages 1-6 or 7. All fibers come together and insert at the greater tubercle of the humerus. Function: Pectoralis major is primarily an abductor of the arm. It can, however, serve as a supplemental (or compensatory) muscle of inhalation, raising the rib cage and sternum. (In other words, breathing by raising and lowering the arms!) It is mentioned here chiefly because it is encountered in the dissection.
  • Anatomy of the Periorbital Region Review Article Anatomia Da Região Periorbital

    Anatomy of the Periorbital Region Review Article Anatomia Da Região Periorbital

    RevSurgicalV5N3Inglês_RevistaSurgical&CosmeticDermatol 21/01/14 17:54 Página 245 245 Anatomy of the periorbital region Review article Anatomia da região periorbital Authors: Eliandre Costa Palermo1 ABSTRACT A careful study of the anatomy of the orbit is very important for dermatologists, even for those who do not perform major surgical procedures. This is due to the high complexity of the structures involved in the dermatological procedures performed in this region. A 1 Dermatologist Physician, Lato sensu post- detailed knowledge of facial anatomy is what differentiates a qualified professional— graduate diploma in Dermatologic Surgery from the Faculdade de Medician whether in performing minimally invasive procedures (such as botulinum toxin and der- do ABC - Santo André (SP), Brazil mal fillings) or in conducting excisions of skin lesions—thereby avoiding complications and ensuring the best results, both aesthetically and correctively. The present review article focuses on the anatomy of the orbit and palpebral region and on the important structures related to the execution of dermatological procedures. Keywords: eyelids; anatomy; skin. RESU MO Um estudo cuidadoso da anatomia da órbita é muito importante para os dermatologistas, mesmo para os que não realizam grandes procedimentos cirúrgicos, devido à elevada complexidade de estruturas envolvidas nos procedimentos dermatológicos realizados nesta região. O conhecimento detalhado da anatomia facial é o que diferencia o profissional qualificado, seja na realização de procedimentos mini- mamente invasivos, como toxina botulínica e preenchimentos, seja nas exéreses de lesões dermatoló- Correspondence: Dr. Eliandre Costa Palermo gicas, evitando complicações e assegurando os melhores resultados, tanto estéticos quanto corretivos. Av. São Gualter, 615 Trataremos neste artigo da revisão da anatomia da região órbito-palpebral e das estruturas importan- Cep: 05455 000 Alto de Pinheiros—São tes correlacionadas à realização dos procedimentos dermatológicos.
  • Anatomy and Physiology of the Velopharyngeal Mechanism

    Anatomy and Physiology of the Velopharyngeal Mechanism

    Anatomy and Physiology of the Velopharyngeal Mechanism Jamie L. Perry, Ph.D.1 ABSTRACT Understanding the normal anatomy and physiology of the velopharyngeal mechanism is the first step in providing appropriate diagnosis and treatment for children born with cleft lip and palate. The velopharyngeal mechanism consists of a muscular valve that extends from the posterior surface of the hard palate (roof of mouth) to the posterior pharyngeal wall and includes the velum (soft palate), lateral pharyngeal walls (sides of the throat), and the posterior pharyngeal wall (back wall of the throat). The function of the velopharyngeal mechanism is to create a tight seal between the velum and pharyngeal walls to separate the oral and nasal cavities for various purposes, including speech. Velopharyngeal closure is accomplished through the contraction of several velopharyngeal muscles including the levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, superior pharyngeal con- strictor, palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus, and salpingopharyngeus. The tensor veli palatini is thought to be responsible for eustachian tube function. KEYWORDS: Anatomy, physiology, velopharyngeal muscles, cleft palate anatomy Downloaded by: SASLHA. Copyrighted material. Learning Outcomes: As a result of this activity, the reader will be able to (1) list the major muscles of the velopharyngeal mechanism and discuss their functions; (2) list the sensory and motor innervation patterns for the muscles of the velopharyngeal mechanism; and (3) discuss the variations in velopharyngeal anatomy found in an unrepaired cleft palate. Understanding the normal anatomy and and treatment for children born with cleft lip physiology of the velopharyngeal mechanism is and palate. Most of the diagnostic and therapy the first step in providing appropriate diagnosis approaches are based on a strong foundation of 1Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Guest Editor, Ann W.
  • SŁOWNIK ANATOMICZNY (ANGIELSKO–Łacinsłownik Anatomiczny (Angielsko-Łacińsko-Polski)´ SKO–POLSKI)

    SŁOWNIK ANATOMICZNY (ANGIELSKO–Łacinsłownik Anatomiczny (Angielsko-Łacińsko-Polski)´ SKO–POLSKI)

    ANATOMY WORDS (ENGLISH–LATIN–POLISH) SŁOWNIK ANATOMICZNY (ANGIELSKO–ŁACINSłownik anatomiczny (angielsko-łacińsko-polski)´ SKO–POLSKI) English – Je˛zyk angielski Latin – Łacina Polish – Je˛zyk polski Arteries – Te˛tnice accessory obturator artery arteria obturatoria accessoria tętnica zasłonowa dodatkowa acetabular branch ramus acetabularis gałąź panewkowa anterior basal segmental artery arteria segmentalis basalis anterior pulmonis tętnica segmentowa podstawna przednia (dextri et sinistri) płuca (prawego i lewego) anterior cecal artery arteria caecalis anterior tętnica kątnicza przednia anterior cerebral artery arteria cerebri anterior tętnica przednia mózgu anterior choroidal artery arteria choroidea anterior tętnica naczyniówkowa przednia anterior ciliary arteries arteriae ciliares anteriores tętnice rzęskowe przednie anterior circumflex humeral artery arteria circumflexa humeri anterior tętnica okalająca ramię przednia anterior communicating artery arteria communicans anterior tętnica łącząca przednia anterior conjunctival artery arteria conjunctivalis anterior tętnica spojówkowa przednia anterior ethmoidal artery arteria ethmoidalis anterior tętnica sitowa przednia anterior inferior cerebellar artery arteria anterior inferior cerebelli tętnica dolna przednia móżdżku anterior interosseous artery arteria interossea anterior tętnica międzykostna przednia anterior labial branches of deep external rami labiales anteriores arteriae pudendae gałęzie wargowe przednie tętnicy sromowej pudendal artery externae profundae zewnętrznej głębokiej