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The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003
THE REGIME CHANGE CONSENSUS: IRAQ IN AMERICAN POLITICS, 1990-2003 Joseph Stieb A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Wayne Lee Michael Morgan Benjamin Waterhouse Daniel Bolger Hal Brands ©2019 Joseph David Stieb ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Joseph David Stieb: The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003 (Under the direction of Wayne Lee) This study examines the containment policy that the United States and its allies imposed on Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War and argues for a new understanding of why the United States invaded Iraq in 2003. At the core of this story is a political puzzle: Why did a largely successful policy that mostly stripped Iraq of its unconventional weapons lose support in American politics to the point that the policy itself became less effective? I argue that, within intellectual and policymaking circles, a claim steadily emerged that the only solution to the Iraqi threat was regime change and democratization. While this “regime change consensus” was not part of the original containment policy, a cohort of intellectuals and policymakers assembled political support for the idea that Saddam’s personality and the totalitarian nature of the Baathist regime made Iraq uniquely immune to “management” strategies like containment. The entrenchment of this consensus before 9/11 helps explain why so many politicians, policymakers, and intellectuals rejected containment after 9/11 and embraced regime change and invasion. -
Introduction
NOTES Introduction 1. Robert Kagan to George Packer. Cited in Packer’s The Assassin’s Gate: America In Iraq (Faber and Faber, London, 2006): 38. 2. Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke, America Alone: The Neoconservatives and the Global Order (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004): 9. 3. Critiques of the war on terror and its origins include Gary Dorrien, Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana (Routledge, New York and London, 2004); Francis Fukuyama, After the Neocons: America At the Crossroads (Profile Books, London, 2006); Ira Chernus, Monsters to Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin (Paradigm Publishers, Boulder, CO and London, 2006); and Jacob Heilbrunn, They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons (Doubleday, New York, 2008). 4. A report of the PNAC, Rebuilding America’s Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources for a New Century, September 2000: 76. URL: http:// www.newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf (15 January 2009). 5. On the first generation on Cold War neoconservatives, which has been covered far more extensively than the second, see Gary Dorrien, The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture and the War of Ideology (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1993); Peter Steinfels, The Neoconservatives: The Men Who Are Changing America’s Politics (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1979); Murray Friedman, The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy (Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005); Murray Friedman ed. Commentary in American Life (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 2005); Mark Gerson, The Neoconservative Vision: From the Cold War to the Culture Wars (Madison Books, Lanham MD; New York; Oxford, 1997); and Maria Ryan, “Neoconservative Intellectuals and the Limitations of Governing: The Reagan Administration and the Demise of the Cold War,” Comparative American Studies, Vol. -
WSI China Security Vol.4 No.1 Winter 2008
30 Contents More Carrot Than Stick: Beijing’s Emerging Taiwan Policy 3 Chong-Pin Lin Peace Agreement: The Long Road Ahead 30 Huang Jiashu Wild Card: A Democratic Taiwan 42 Ted Galen Carpenter Peace or War: Taiwan at a Critical Juncture 61 Peng Guangqian Ensnared by Beijing: 70 Washington Succumbs to the PRC’s Diplomacy of Panic Alan Wachman Whither Taiwan-China Relations? 94 Arthur S. Ding Time for “New” Thinking on Taiwan 113 Wang Jianwei Change: Mainland’s Taiwan Policy 130 Chu Shulong & Guo Yuli How China “Wins” a Space War 137 Brian Weeden Projects of the World Security Institute China Program In addition to China Security, the World Security Institute China Program, in partnership with Chen Shi China Research Group, has a variety of on-going projects in our Beijing and Washington offices. The World Security Institute is a non-profit organization committed to independent research and journalism on global affairs. All of our projects attempt to increase the understanding of China in the United States and internationally and to deepen an international dialogue. hina-U.S. Dialogue on Space – is dedicated to strengthening security in space by fostering dialogue between Cthe two potential economic, political and military competitors in outer space. We enhance transparency and discussion on space between the two countries by educating the public and policymakers on each other's space programs and long-term policies. www.wsichina.org/space/ orning China news digest - is a twice-weekly news Mdigest that combines the most important and up-to-date, domestic Chinese news via email. The project aims to improve the understanding of China amongst international policy practitioners and the public by increasing the accessibility of Chinese news. -
Terrorism. International
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE ‘WAR ON TERRORISM’: POST 9/11 RESPONSES BY THE UNITED STATES AND ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES 43 International Law and the ‘War on Terrorism’: Post 9/11 Responses by the United States and Asia Pacific Countries Stephen P Marks* Introduction Terrorism is not a new challenge to international order,1 although the influence of the United States has resulted in significant rethinking of the international law and politics of terrorism since the attacks on the US of 11 September 2001, which has had ramifications in all regions, including the Asia Pacific. An unresolved issue of international law is whether and to what extent those attacks have justified the claim that there is a ‘new paradigm’ in international law. The following pages will examine responses to terrorism under the traditional paradigm with particular reference to the Asia Pacific region, and under the so-called new paradigm proposed by the government of the United States in the context of its ‘war on terrorism.’ I. The International Law and Politics of Responses to Terrorism under the Traditional Paradigm Under international law, the phenomenon of terrorism has been defined in various treaties; the rules governing the use of force have been applied to regimes and * François-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, and Visiting Professor, City University of Hong Kong. This article is based on a lecture given on 9 March 2006 at City University of Hong Kong in the Eminent Speakers Lecture Series. The research assistance of Mr Ronald Yu for the section on the Asia Pacific region is gratefully acknowledged. -
Worldwide Strategicpartners
Worldwide Strategic Partners International Relations and Energy Development An international business development firm providing strategic analysis to domestic and international clients as well as sovereign nations. Worldwide Strategic Partners, Inc. is an international relations and energy development a corporation focused on diplomatic, strategic and while maintaining positive L.4#"" military negotiating 611 i~v ~.. fit' ~~~s C}C~Ot ~_ between the host nation and _ government relations ;prnr 5 : r the United States. Specializing in diplomacy, international energy development, debt restructuring, military and governmental contracting, our combined experience is truly world class. _ -,Al4h, 4 YlLau llffl, I": "Atu. REWRA' a\\ta®k"/firAA Worldwide Strategic Partners Stephen P. Payne Steve Payne with the President of " Governmental Affairs Consultant Representing: Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai Pakistan, Azerbaijan Morgan Stanley, SAP Software, & Continental Airlines " The White House; Senior Presidential Advance Representative: Traveled with President Bush to Jordan for the Red Sea Summit in June 2003, with Vice President Cheney to the Middle East in 2002 & 2005, Korea in 2004, Kazakhstan in 2006, and Afghanistan for the historic inauguration of Afghan President Karzai " Board Member: National Defense University Foundation " Deputy Director and Congressional Liaison: 2001 Presidential Inaugural Committee " June 2007 appointment to the Department of Homeland Security's Secure Borders and Open Doors Advisory Committee " Vice Chair, United States -
Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 12/21/2011 12:08:07 PM U.S
Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 12/21/2011 12:08:07 PM OMB NO. 1124-0002; Expires February 28, 2014 u.s. Department of Justice Supplemental Statement Washington, DC 20530 Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended For Six Month Period Ending Nov 2011 (Insert date) I-REGISTRANT 1. (a) Name of Registrant (b) Registration No. Orion Strategies LLC 5437 (c) Business Address(es) of Registrant 918 Pennsylvania Ave SE Washington DC 20003 2. Has there been a change in the information previously furnished in connection with the following? (a) If an individual: (1) Residence address(es) Yes • No • (2) Citizenship Yes • No D (3) Occupation Yes • No D (b) If an organization: (1) Name Yes D No 0 (2) Ownership or control Yes • No H (3) Branch offices Yes • No 0 (c) Explain fully all changes, if any, indicated in Items (a) and (b) above. IF THE REGISTRANT IS AN INDIVIDUAL, OMIT RESPONSE TO ITEMS 3, 4, AND 5(a). 3. If you have previously filed Exhibit C1, state whether any changes therein have occurred during this 6 month reporting period. Yes • No D If yes, have you filed an amendment to the Exhibit C? Yes • No • If no, please attach the required amendment. 1 The Exhibit C, for which no printed form is provided, consists of a true copy of the charter, articles of incorporation, association, and by laws of a registrant that is an organization. (A waiver of the requirement to file an Exhibit C may be obtained for good cause upon written application to the Assistant Attorney General, National Security Division, U.S. -
John Mccain: a Third Term for the Bush Agenda
The McCain U Syllabus Table of Contents Introduction • MEMO: John McCain: A Third Term for the Bush Agenda Chapter 1: Economy • The Winning Argument: John McCain’s Economic Policies • REPORT: McCain Adopts ‘Entire’ Norquist Agenda, Will Double The Bush Tax Cuts • What You Need To Know About McCain’s Economic Plan • McCain Would Give America’s 200 Largest Corporations $45 Billion In Tax Breaks • McCain’s Budget Would Create Largest Deficit In 25 Years, Largest Debt Since WWII • Earmark Accounting Leaves Two Thirds Of McCain Tax Proposal Unfunded • Sen. McCain's HOME Plan: Late to the Party with a Flawed Plan • John and Cindy McCain would reap $373,429 if McCain’s tax proposal were enacted • Income Disparity And Wealth Consolidation Show Eerie Resemblances To 1928 • Ex-Reagan Official: McCain Claim On Corporate Expensing Is ‘So Intellectually Dishonest It’s Outrageous’ • Douglas Holtz-Eakin Vs. Douglas Holtz-Eakin On Corporate Expensing • The McCain Deficit: Douglas Holtz-Eakin Continues To Debate With Himself Chapter 2: Health care • The Winning Argument: John McCain’s Health Care Proposals • Elizabeth Edwards: Why Are People Like Me Left Out Of Your Health Care Proposal, Sen. McCain? • Elizabeth Edwards On The Inequitable Individual Market • What You Need To Know About McCain’s Health Care Plan • REPORT: McCain Plan Doles Out $2 Billion In Tax Cuts For The Biggest Health Insurers • John McCain’s Health Care Plan Means High Paperwork Costs • McCain’s Cost-Containment Plan: Reduce Access to Health Insurance • McCain’s Health Care Death -
Energy 2020 Vision: Oil &
ENERGY 2020 VISION: OIL & GAS 1 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................. 3 GULF COUNTRIES DIVERSIFY WITH WIND AND SOLAR .. 5 ATTACK AGAINST THE GRID: A DRESS REHEARSAL FOR WHAT’S TO COME? .................. 6 LNG & SOLAR: THE PAIR THAT COULD FLIP THE SWITCH IN AFRICA .......................................................... 7 INVESTING IN TECH TO KEEP THE LIGHTS ON ..................8 DEMOCRATISATION OF DATA ............................................... 9 THE NEAR FUTURE OF OIL & GAS IN CANADA ................ 10 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The oil price collapse in late 2014 technological transformation, and SUMMARIZING BDO’S 4. INVESTMENT IN TECH: signified a fundamental change diversify its portfolio to include GLOBAL ENERGY 2020 While overall spending on R&D in the energy marketplace. While alternative energy sources. VISION FOR OIL & GAS: may decline, most of the spending prices have rebounded from the that does occur will go towards Reflecting on this period of turmoil 1. OIL PRICES: low of $26 per barrel in 2016, the technologies that enhance and transition, BDO’s Global By 2020, low oil prices—expected to supply and demand dynamics that exploration and production (E&P) Natural Resources team is looking remain at or below the $60 per barrel led to the downturn—a supply efficiencies. towards the future to help oil & gas mark—will spur Gulf Cooperation glut due in large part to U.S. shale companies anticipate and plan for Council countries to diversify their 5. DATA DEMOCRATISATION: and stagnating growth in global the challenges and opportunities energy mix within the power sector By 2020, the average E&P company demand—are here to stay. Efforts ahead. We believe that to prepare using auctions to subsidize renewable will make use of 10 percent of its big to rebalance the markets have for success in 2020 and beyond, energy projects. -
Georgia Postbellum
THE RUSSIA POrtFOLIO Georgia Postbellum Lincoln A. Mitchell ast summer’s war in Georgia brought Re-examining our relations with both Russia into sharp focus several key components and Georgia in light of Europe will be a compli- L of U.S. foreign policy in the post-Cold cated undertaking, not least because of the di- War period, and raised major questions about verse views toward Russia within the European the future of U.S. relations with Russia, Geor- Union. In general, the East European countries gia and most of the former Soviet region. The are far more concerned about an imperial Rus- war was also a wake-up call (to those who may sia, while the West European countries are more somehow have still been asleep): The post-Cold concerned about maintaining economic and War period—a time marked by a prostrate Rus- other ties with Russia, lest conflict push the Eu- sia and virtually unchecked American power in ropean experiment beyond its breaking point. the region—is over. In this new post-post-Cold These differences are highlighted whenever War period, the challenge for U.S. policymak- the word “Georgia” is spoken within European ers is to craft a strategy that recognizes both the Union council chambers. Many East European potential danger Russia poses to its neighbors elites believe that NATO membership for Geor- and the limits to U.S. influence in the region— gia (as well as Ukraine) should be fast-tracked; limits that have only grown tighter thanks to any other course of action would seem to reward the ongoing global economic crisis. -
Nato Enlargement: Qualifications and Contributions—Parts I–Iv Hearings
S. HRG. 108–180 NATO ENLARGEMENT: QUALIFICATIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS—PARTS I–IV HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MARCH 27, AND APRIL 1, 3 AND 8, 2003 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 90–325 PDF WASHINGTON : 2003 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 17:42 Nov 12, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 90325 SFORELA1 PsN: SFORELA1 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana, Chairman CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware LINCOLN CHAFEE, Rhode Island PAUL S. SARBANES, Maryland GEORGE ALLEN, Virginia CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts MICHAEL B. ENZI, Wyoming RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio BARBARA BOXER, California LAMAR ALEXANDER, Tennessee BILL NELSON, Florida NORM COLEMAN, Minnesota JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia JOHN E. SUNUNU, New Hampshire JON S. CORZINE, New Jersey KENNETH A. MYERS, JR., Staff Director ANTONY J. BLINKEN, Democratic Staff Director (II) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 17:42 Nov 12, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 90325 SFORELA1 PsN: SFORELA1 CONTENTS Thursday, March 27, 2003—Part I Page Allen, Hon. George, U.S. Senator from Virginia, opening statement ................. -
Tskhinvali: Shock And
Editorial.qxd 3/12/05 2:07 AM Page 3 3 Editorial Tskhinvali: Shock and Awe Georgia’s war On 7th August 2008, President Saakashvili of Georgia launched an all-out military assault on the capital town of South Ossetia, Tskhinvali. The town was partly destroyed. Estimates of civilian deaths vary, between fifteen hundred and two thousand. Precise figures may become available quite soon, now that it is possible to recover and bury the dead*. Thirty-four thousand South Ossetians fled to the neighbouring territory of North Ossetia, which is part of the Federal Russian State, and they can all talk. They have been doing so incessantly, telling stories of untrammelled brutality. Tskhinvali was left without water, electricity or gas. The bombardment was continuous, not only from the air, but also by salvoes of Katyusha type rockets based in lethal batteries close to the Georgian town of Gori. When the children of Tskhinvali thought that it was safe to crawl out of the basements into the streets, looking for food, all too often they were shot by Georgian forces. These had also killed many Russian peacekeepers who had been based in the town under the Treaty that settled the previous civil war, which broke out with the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the subsequent abrogation of South Ossetian and other autonomies by the newly proclaimed Republic of Georgia. On 21 August 1968, the armies of the Soviet Union and some of its allies in the Warsaw Treaty pushed into Czechoslovakia to terminate the Prague Spring, with its aspiration of ‘socialism with a human face’. -
The Power 100
SPECIAL FEATURE | the PoweR 100 THE POWER 100 The brains behind the poltical players that shape our nation, the media minds that shape our opinions, the developers who revitalize our region, and the business leaders and philanthropists that are always pushing the envelope ... power, above all, is influence he Washington socialite-hostess gathers the ripe fruit of These things by their very nature cannot remain static – political, economic, and cultural orchards and serves it and therefore our list changes with the times. Tup as one fabulous cherry bombe at a charity fundraiser Power in Washington is different than in other big cities. or a private soirée with Cabinet secretaries and other major Unlike New York, where wealth-centric power glitters with political players. Two men shake hands in the U.S. Senate and the subtlety of old gold, wealth doesn’t automatically confer a bill passes – or doesn’t. The influence to effect change, be it power; in Washington, rather, it depends on how one uses it. in the minds or actions of one’s fellow man, is simultaneously Washington’s power is fundamentally colored by its the most ephemeral quantity (how does one qualify or rate proximity to politics, and in this presidential season, even it?) and the biggest driving force on our planet. more so. This year, reading the tea leaves, we gave a larger nod In Washington, the most obvious source of power is to the power behind the candidates: foreign policy advisors, S È political. However, we’ve omitted the names of those who fundraisers, lobbyists, think tanks that house cabinets-in- draw government paychecks here, figuring that it would waiting, and influential party leaders.