DOCSLIB.ORG

Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 136/Wednesday, July 15, 2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 136/Wednesday, July 15, 2020 42868 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Notices the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section to CVM to demonstrate substantial DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND for electronic access to the draft evidence of effectiveness for new animal HUMAN SERVICES guidance document. drug applications or a reasonable FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: expectation of effectiveness for Food and Drug Administration Susan Storey, Center for Veterinary applications for conditional approval of [Docket No. FDA–2008–N–0567] Medicine (HFV–131), Food and Drug a new animal drug. It also describes Administration, 7500 Standish Pl., how sponsors may obtain feedback from Notice of Decision Not To Designate Rockville, MD 20855, 240–402–0578, CVM regarding the incorporation of data Clonorchiasis as an Addition to the [email protected]. from foreign countries into Current List of Tropical Diseases in the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: investigations and study protocols Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act I. Background before the submission of an application. AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, FDA is committed to supporting data FDA is announcing the availability of HHS. that may be recognized globally in order draft GFI #265 entitled ‘‘Use of Data ACTION: Notice. to enhance animal drug development, from Foreign Investigational Studies to facilitate the use of foreign data, and SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Support Effectiveness of New Animal Administration (FDA or Agency), in Drugs.’’ Section 305 of the Animal Drug minimize the need to conduct duplicative studies. response to suggestions submitted to the and Animal Generic Drug User Fee public docket FDA–2008–N–0567, Amendments of 2018 (Pub. L. 115–234), This level 1 draft guidance is being between June 20, 2018, and November among other things, directed FDA to issued consistent with FDA’s good 21, 2018, has analyzed whether the hold a public meeting for interested guidance practices regulation (21 CFR foodborne trematode infection parties to discuss innovative animal 10.115). The draft guidance, if finalized, clonorchiasis meets the statutory criteria drug investigation designs and to issue will represent the current thinking of for designation as a ‘‘tropical disease’’ guidance addressing the incorporation FDA regarding the use of data from for the purposes of obtaining a priority of the use of such elements of foreign investigational studies to review voucher (PRV) under the Federal investigations as complex adaptive and support the effectiveness of new animal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C other novel investigation designs, data drugs. It does not establish any rights for Act), namely whether it primarily from foreign countries, real-world any person and is not binding on FDA affects poor and marginalized evidence (including ongoing or the public. You can use an alternative populations and whether there is ‘‘no surveillance activities, observational approach if it satisfies the requirements significant market’’ for drugs that studies, and registry data), biomarkers, of the applicable statutes and prevent or treat clonorchiasis in and surrogate endpoints into clinical regulations. developed countries. The Agency has investigation protocols and applications determined at this time that to support the effectiveness of new II. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 clonorchiasis does not meet the animal drugs. statutory criteria for addition to the In the Federal Register of July 9, 2019 FDA tentatively concludes that this tropical diseases list under the FD&C (84 FR 32749), FDA’s Center for draft guidance contains no collection of Act. Although clonorchiasis Veterinary Medicine (CVM) published a information. Therefore, clearance by the disproportionately affects poor and notice of a public meeting entitled Office of Management and Budget marginalized populations, it is an ‘‘Incorporating Alternative Approaches (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction infectious disease for which there is a in Clinical Investigations for New Act of 1995 (PRA) (44 U.S.C. 3501– significant market in developed nations; Animal Drugs’’ giving interested 3521) is not required. therefore, FDA declines to add it to the persons until August 17, 2019, to However, this draft guidance refers to list of tropical diseases. comment on the topics discussed at the previously approved FDA collections of DATES: July 15, 2020. public meeting and the questions information found in FDA regulations ADDRESSES: Submit electronic published in the meeting notice (84 FR comments on additional diseases 1 for new animal drug applications 32749 at 32750–32751). On August 13, suggested for designation to https:// 2019, we published a notice announcing submitted under sections 512(b) (21 U.S.C. 360b(b)) and 571 (21 U.S.C. www.regulations.gov. Submit written the extension of the comment period to comments on additional diseases September 16, 2019 (84 FR 40071). CVM 360ccc) of the FD&C Act. These collections of information are subject to suggested for designation to the Dockets received numerous comments on the Management Staff (HFA–305), Food and review by the OMB under the PRAct. topics discussed at the public meeting Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers The collections of information in 21 and the questions published in the Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. meeting notice and those comments CFR part 514 have been approved under All comments should be identified with were considered as the draft GFI #265 OMB control number 0910–0032. the docket number found in brackets in entitled ‘‘Use of Data from Foreign III. Electronic Access the heading of this document. Investigational Studies to Support FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Effectiveness of New Animal Drugs’’ Persons with access to the internet Katherine Schumann, Center for Drug was developed. may obtain the draft guidance at either Evaluation and Research, Food and This draft guidance describes https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/ Drug Administration, 10903 New principles for designing, conducting, guidance-regulations/guidance-industry Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 22, Rm. 6242, and reporting the results for or https://www.regulations.gov. Silver Spring, MD 20993–0002, 301– investigations or studies, including data Dated: July 9, 2020. 796–1300, Katherine.Schumann@ from foreign countries, in submissions fda.hhs.gov; or Stephen Ripley, Center Lowell J. Schiller, for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 1 https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/ Principal Associate Commissioner for Policy. workshops-conferences-meetings/public-meeting- Food and Drug Administration, 10903 [FR Doc. 2020–15242 Filed 7–14–20; 8:45 am] incorporating-alternative-approaches-clinical- New Hampshire Ave., Rm. 7301, Silver investigations-new-animal-drugs. BILLING CODE 4164–01–P Spring, MD 20993–0002, 240–402–7911. VerDate Sep<11>2014 17:59 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 PO 00000 Frm 00050 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\15JYN1.SGM 15JYN1 khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with NOTICES Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Notices 42869 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: section 524 of the FD&C Act; thus, FDA 1. Significant Market in Developed will not add it to the list of tropical Nations Table of Contents diseases whose applications may be FDA was unable to make the I. Background: Priority Review Voucher eligible for a priority review voucher. determination that no significant market Program II. Decision Not To Designate Clonorchiasis II. Decision Not To Designate exists for the treatment or prevention of A. Clonorchiasis Clonorchiasis clonorchiasis in developed nations, as B. FDA Determination the most recent data shows significant III. Process for Requesting Additional FDA has considered all disease prevalence of clonorchiasis in a Diseases To Be Added to the List suggestions submitted to the public developed nation. As stated above, IV. Paperwork Reduction Act docket (FDA–2008–N–0567) between clonorchiasis occurs as a result of V. References June 20, 2018, and November 21, 2018, infection by C. sinensis, which has been I. Background: Priority Review as potential additions to the list of reported in North Korea, South Korea, Voucher Program tropical diseases under section 524 of China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Japan, and the Section 524 of the FD&C Act (21 the FD&C Act, under the docket review Russian Far East. The limited range of U.S.C. 360n), which was added by process explained on the Agency’s web C. sinensis means that individuals are section 1102 of the Food and Drug page at https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/ infected only in those countries noted, Administration Amendments Act of CentersOffices/OfficeofMedical and infections in other countries only 2007 (Pub. L. 110–85), uses a PRV ProductsandTobacco/CDER/ occur from the movement of infected incentive to encourage the development ucm534162.htm. Based on an persons. North Korea, China, Vietnam, of new drugs, including biological assessment of currently available and the Russian Federation (Russia) are products, for prevention and treatment information, and using the criteria from not on the World Bank’s list of high- of certain diseases that, in the aggregate, its August 2015 final order, FDA has income countries (Ref. 6). However, affect millions of people throughout the determined that clonorchiasis will not South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan are world. Further information about the be designated as a ‘‘tropical disease’’ for high-income economies, based on World Bank’s list of high-income tropical disease PRV program can be purposes of the tropical disease PRV countries, and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Taeniasis in the Republic of Korea: Hidden Or Gone?
    ISSN (Print) 0023-4001 ISSN (Online) 1738-0006 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 51, No. 1: 9-17, February 2013 ▣ MINI-REVIEW http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.9 Human Taeniasis in the Republic of Korea: Hidden or Gone? Jong-Yil Chai* Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea Abstract: History and current status of human taeniasis in the Republic of Korea, due to Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, and Taenia saginata, are briefly reviewed. Until the 1980s, human taeniasis had been quite common in various localities of Korea. A study from 1924 reported 12.0% egg prevalence in fecal examinations. Thereafter, the prevalence of Taenia spp. ranged from 3% to 14% depending on the time and locality. Jeju-do, where pigs were reared in a conventional way, was the highest endemic area of taeniasis. An analysis of internal transcribed spacer 2 and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxi- dase 1 genes of 68 taeniasis cases reported from 1935 to 2005 in Korea by a research group revealed the relative occur- rence of the 3 Taenia spp. as follows: T. solium (4.4%), T. asiatica (75.0%), and T. saginata (20.6%). However, national sur- veys on intestinal helminths conducted every 5 years on randomly selected people revealed that the Taenia egg preva- lence dropped from 1.9% in 1971 to 0.02% in 1997 and finally to 0.0% in 2004. With the exception of 3 egg-positive cas- es reported in 2008 and 2 worm-proven cases in 2011, no more cases have been officially recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Foodborne Trematodiasis Jennifer Keiser* and Jürg Utzinger*
    Emerging Foodborne Trematodiasis Jennifer Keiser* and Jürg Utzinger* Foodborne trematodiasis is an emerging public health The contribution of aquaculture to global fisheries problem, particularly in Southeast Asia and the Western increased from 5.3% in 1970 to 32.2% in 2000 (7). By Pacific region. We summarize the complex life cycle of 2030, at least half of the globally consumed fish will like- foodborne trematodes and discuss its contextual determi- ly come from aquaculture farming (8). Total global regis- nants. Currently, 601.0, 293.8, 91.1, and 79.8 million peo- tered aquaculture production in 2000 was 45.7 million ple are at risk for infection with Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus spp., Fasciola spp., and Opisthorchis spp., tons, of which 91.3% was farmed in Asia (7). Freshwater respectively. The relationship between diseases caused by aquaculture production has increased at a particularly high trematodes and proximity of human habitation to suitable rate; currently, it accounts for 45.1% of the total aquacul- freshwater bodies is examined. Residents living near fresh- ture production. For example, the global production of water bodies have a 2.15-fold higher risk (95% confidence grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), an important interval 1.38–3.36) for infections than persons living farther species cultured in inland water bodies and a major inter- from the water. Exponential growth of aquaculture may be mediate host of foodborne trematodes, increased from the most important risk factor for the emergence of food- 10,527 tons in 1950 to >3 million tons in 2002, accounting borne trematodiasis. This is supported by reviewing aqua- for 15.6% of global freshwater aquaculture production culture development in countries endemic for foodborne trematodiasis over the past 10–50 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Praziquantel Treatment in Trematode and Cestode Infections: an Update
    Review Article Infection & http://dx.doi.org/10.3947/ic.2013.45.1.32 Infect Chemother 2013;45(1):32-43 Chemotherapy pISSN 2093-2340 · eISSN 2092-6448 Praziquantel Treatment in Trematode and Cestode Infections: An Update Jong-Yil Chai Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Status and emerging issues in the use of praziquantel for treatment of human trematode and cestode infections are briefly reviewed. Since praziquantel was first introduced as a broadspectrum anthelmintic in 1975, innumerable articles describ- ing its successful use in the treatment of the majority of human-infecting trematodes and cestodes have been published. The target trematode and cestode diseases include schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, het- erophyidiasis, echinostomiasis, fasciolopsiasis, neodiplostomiasis, gymnophalloidiasis, taeniases, diphyllobothriasis, hyme- nolepiasis, and cysticercosis. However, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica infections are refractory to praziquantel, for which triclabendazole, an alternative drug, is necessary. In addition, larval cestode infections, particularly hydatid disease and sparganosis, are not successfully treated by praziquantel. The precise mechanism of action of praziquantel is still poorly understood. There are also emerging problems with praziquantel treatment, which include the appearance of drug resis- tance in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni and possibly Schistosoma japonicum, along with allergic or hypersensitivity
    [Show full text]
  • Opisthorchis Viverrini and Clonorchis Sinensis
    BIOLOGICAL AGENTS volume 100 B A review of humAn cArcinogens This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 24 February-3 March 2009 LYON, FRANCE - 2012 iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion of cArcinogenic risks to humAns OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI AND CLONORCHIS SINENSIS Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis were considered by a previous IARC Working Group in 1994 (IARC, 1994). Since that time, new data have become available, these have been incorporated in the Monograph, and taken into consideration in the present evaluation. 1. Exposure Data O. viverrini (Sadun, 1955), and are difficult to differentiate between these two species Kaewkes( 1.1 Taxonomy, structure and biology et al., 1991). 1.1.1 Taxonomy 1.1.3 Structure of the genome Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) and The genomic structures of O. viverrini and C. Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) are patho- sinensis have not been reported. logically important foodborne members of the O. viverrini is reported to have six pairs of genus Opisthorchis; family, Opisthorchiidae; chromosomes, i.e. 2n = 12 (Rim, 2005), to have order, Digenea; class, Trematoda; phylum, neither CpG nor A methylations, but to contain a Platyhelminths; and kingdom, Animalia. They highly repeated DNA element that is very specific belong to the same genus (Opisthorchis) but to to the organism (Wongratanacheewin et al., different species based on morphology; nonethe- 2003). Intra- and inter-specific variations in the less, the genus Clonorchis is so well established gene sequences of 18S, the second internally tran- in the medical literature that the term is retained scribed spacer region ITS2, 28S nuclear rDNA, here.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish As the Natural Second Intermediate Host of Gnathostoma Spinigerum
    FISH AS THE NATURAL SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOST OF GNATHOSTOMA SPINIGERUM Wichit Rojekittikhun, Jitra Waikagul and Tossapon Chaiyasith Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract. Gnathostomiasis is a helminthic disease most frequently occurring in Thailand. Human infections are usually found to be caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum, although five species of the genus Gnathostoma exist in Thailand, and three of these are capable of infecting man. In Thailand, 47 species of vertebrates – fish (19), frogs (2), reptiles (11), birds (11) and mammals (4) – have been reported to serve naturally as the second intermediate (and/or paratenic) hosts of G. spinigerum. Of these, fish, especially swamp eels (Monopterus albus), were found to be the best second intermediate/paratenic hosts: they had the highest prevalence rate and the heaviest infection intensity. However, the scientific names of these fish have been revised from time to time. Therefore, for clarity and consistency, we have summarized the current scientific names of these 19 species of fish, together with their illustrations. We describe one additional fish species, Systomus orphoides (Puntius orphoides), which is first recorded as a naturally infected second intermediate host of G. spinigerum. INTRODUCTION cause disease (Araki, 1986; Ogata et al, 1988; Ando et al, 1988; Nawa et al, 1989; Almeyda-Artigas, 1991; Several helminthic zoonoses can be transmitted to Akahane et al, 1998; Almeyda-Artigas et al, 2000). humans via both marine and freshwater fish. These There have been at least five species of Gnathostoma include capillariasis (caused primarily by Capillaria documented in Thailand: G. spinigerum, G. hispidum, phillipinensis), gnathostomiasis (Gnathostoma spinige- G.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteomic Insights Into the Biology of the Most Important Foodborne Parasites in Europe
    foods Review Proteomic Insights into the Biology of the Most Important Foodborne Parasites in Europe Robert Stryi ´nski 1,* , El˙zbietaŁopie ´nska-Biernat 1 and Mónica Carrera 2,* 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36-208 Vigo, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (M.C.) Received: 18 August 2020; Accepted: 27 September 2020; Published: 3 October 2020 Abstract: Foodborne parasitoses compared with bacterial and viral-caused diseases seem to be neglected, and their unrecognition is a serious issue. Parasitic diseases transmitted by food are currently becoming more common. Constantly changing eating habits, new culinary trends, and easier access to food make foodborne parasites’ transmission effortless, and the increase in the diagnosis of foodborne parasitic diseases in noted worldwide. This work presents the applications of numerous proteomic methods into the studies on foodborne parasites and their possible use in targeted diagnostics. Potential directions for the future are also provided. Keywords: foodborne parasite; food; proteomics; biomarker; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 1. Introduction Foodborne parasites (FBPs) are becoming recognized as serious pathogens that are considered neglect in relation to bacteria and viruses that can be transmitted by food [1]. The mode of infection is usually by eating the host of the parasite as human food. Many of these organisms are spread through food products like uncooked fish and mollusks; raw meat; raw vegetables or fresh water plants contaminated with human or animal excrement.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Medicine Theme Park in Brandenburg, Germany!
    Tropical Medicine Theme Park in Brandenburg, Germany! This scene is from Germany! Welcome to Brisbane Self-introduction almost-tropics Peter O’Donoghue Tropical Medicine University of perspective: Queensland • personalized Brisbane • narcissitic MY FAMILY’S TROPICAL ODYSSEY Background Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Uncle Scotland India died! Irish Scottish Sean (tea plantations) Oz hbidhybrid ague moved to [malaria] (protozoa) Brisbane (almost-tropics) 1 Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Uncle Germany Africa died! Uncle France Egypt died! David (cattle) Jean-Paul (work on dam) anthrax bilharzia (bacteria) (helminth) Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Uncle Holland East Indies died! Uncle USA Panama died! Rutger (spice plantations) Clint (work on canal) crypto- yellow coccosis fever (fungus) (virus) Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Tropics can be dangerous! Uncle China New Guinea died! Presence of nasty infectious diseases Jet (gold mines) screw worm (arthropod) (six exemplars linked to colonial development) 2 Tropical Medicine Tropics Field developed to protect health of colonists bound by latitudes where sun is directly overhead for at least one day per year 23. 4N TiTropic of Cancer 23.4S Tropic of Capricorn early Schools/Institutes not in tropics 36% of land mass Population Temperature 40% of people warm (year-long) ~3 billion no winter Rainfall Agriculture wet (60% global rainfall) subsistence level (where possible) ≥ 1 m per year bulk cropping in temperate zones 3 Economic wealth Healthcare poor (25% global GDP) 10% global expenditure (per capita) many developing countries poor infrastructure Tropical Medicine Germ theory Micro-parasites Macro-parasites radical changes in knowledge and beliefs viruses bacteria protozoa fungi helminths arthropods nano-metres micro-metres milli-metres centi-metres multiplicative in host cumulative in host severe acute diseases chronic diseases diseases not caused by spirits, spells, miasmas, etc..
    [Show full text]
  • Sanitary Parasitology
    :+2(0&(+( ,QWHJUDWHG*XLGH7R 6DQLWDU\3DUDVLWRORJ\ :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ 5HJLRQDO2I¿FHIRUWKH(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 5HJLRQDO&HQWUHIRU(QYLURQPHQWDO+HDOWK$FWLYLWLHV $PPDQ±-RUGDQ WHO-EM/CEH/121/E INTEGRATED GUIDE TO SANITARY PARASITOLOGY World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities Amman – Jordan 2004 WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data WHO Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities Integrated Guide to Sanitary Parasitology / WHO Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities. p. 119 1. Sanitary parasitology – guidelines 2. Environmental health 3. Parasitic helminth 4. Water microbiology I. Title (ISBN 92-9021-386-8) [NLM Classification WA 671] © World Health Organization 2004 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Distribution and Sales, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, PO Box 7608, Nasr City, Cairo 11371, Egypt (tel: +202 670 2535, fax: +202 670 2492; email: [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Minor Intestinal Flukes and Infections They Cause
    30 Minor Intestinal Flukes and Infections They Cause THREE TREMATODES, in addition to Fasciolopsis, Infectious agents infect the human intestine: Heterophyes heterophyes, These are all hermaphroditic flattened trematodes. Metagonimus yokogawai, and Gastrodiscoideshominis. Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai They are quite common in limited geographical areas. (which are very similar in morphology and life history) They are of only minor public health importance, and are very s5mllim (figure30t3 ) are included in this book for completeness. Gasrrodiscoides hominis measures 6 by 4 millimeters (figure 30-4). The eggs of H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai measure 30 by 15 micrometers, and those of Description of Pathogens and Diseases G. hominis 146 by 66 micrometers. Little is known of these infections or their Reservoirs epidemiology. These are all primarily parasites of animals. H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai infect dogs, cats, foxes, Identification and other fish-eating mammals, and perhaps birds. G. hominis infects pigs, monkeys, and rats. All three Heterophyiasis, metagonimiasis, and infection by parasites can probably be maintained in the absence of Gastrodiscoides hominis are trematode infections of the man. small intestine. Infections are usually asymptomatic, but occasionally minor intestinal disturbances such as nausea, diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain may Transmission occur. For all these parasites, eggs are passed in the feces Diagnosis is by identifying eggs in the feces, and have to reach water for further development. Treatment is by appropriate oral drug therapy. Larvae develop in specific freshwater snails, and a process of asexual multiplication occurs so that some hundreds of the next free-living stage, the cercariae, are Occurrence released from the snail into the water.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoonotic Infections – an Overview
    14.1 CHAPTER 14 Zoonotic infections – an overview John M. Goldsmid 14.1 INTRODUCTION Zoonotic infections can be defined as infections of animals that are naturally transmissible to humans. As such they are worldwide and often spread with humans through their companion and domestic animals. However, when humans move to new areas or come into contact with different animal species (eg moving into newly cleared natural forest areas), then new zoonoses may emerge or are recognised, and it is significant that many of the new or newly recognised emerging infections of humans are zoonotic in origin1. The probable reasons for the emergence of new zoonotic diseases are many and include, as described by McCarthy and Moore2 for the Helminth zoonoses: “changes in social, dietary or cultural mores, environmental changes, and the improved recognition of heretofore neglected infections often coupled with an improved ability to diagnose infection”. Zoonotic infections may be very localised in their distribution and often reflect particular associations between the natural reservoir hosts and humans – they are thus often influenced by human dietary habits, behaviour and relationships with different animal species. For the practising physician, the knowledge that a disease is zoonotic, is of particular significance in the differential diagnosis (hence the need in all history taking, of asking the question of contact with animals), and in the prevention and control of such diseases. A list of the more important/significant zoonotic infections is given in Table 1 which also outlines the aetiological agent of the disease; its usual animal reservoir host and rough geographical distribution. In some cases, where the vector may serve as a reservoir, it is included under reservoir hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent State of Parasitoses in Japan —Epidemiology for Clinicians—
    Ⅵ Parasitoses Recent State of Parasitoses in Japan —Epidemiology for clinicians— JMAJ 48(3): 148–154, 2005 Yoshiya SATO Professor, University of the Ryukyus Abstract: The recent profile of parasitic diseases in Japan has changed dramati- cally from public health problems with high community prevalence of classic soil-transmitted parasitoses (ascariasis, hookworm disease, etc) to epidemics of various new types of parasitoses (larva migrans, zoonotic parasitoses, imported parasitoses, opportunistic parasitoses, etc). Against this background of change are factors such as the diversification of lifestyles and dietary habits, recent changes in values including the return-to-nature movement and the pet boom, the global- ization of parasitoses due to the development of transportation, and the increase in compromised hosts reflecting the rapid increase in the number of aged citizens. These new types of parasitoses are generally characterized by fragile host-parasite relationships, and disruption of these relationships tends to cause the serious manifestation of parasitoses. They also frequently present difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. As a result, we need to shift emphasis from the public health aspects of these diseases that require conventional mass control to respective clinical interventions requiring individualized care for diversified pathogeneses. Key words: Parasitoses; Host-parasite relationship; Parasitic zoonosis; Imported parasitoses Introduction hookworms, and whipworms. It was taken for granted that almost everyone in Japan at that Japan was once called a “paradise for para- time had a roundworm infection. Subsequently, sites” because it was an agricultural country, parasite control associations were organized and the people ate raw foods. In particular, nation-wide, and their efforts dramatically re- the shortage of food directly following World duced these soil-transmitted parasitoses by the War II encouraged the consumption of home latter half of the 1960s.
    [Show full text]
  • Worms and Human Disease
    00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 20/11/01 1:41 PM Page i Worms and Human Disease 2nd Edition 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page ii Dedicated to the memory of Annie 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page iii Worms and Human Disease 2nd Edition Ralph Muller, DSc, PhD, FIBiol Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine University of London, UK and Former Director International Institute of Parasitology St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK With contributions and the chapter on Immunology of Helminths from Derek Wakelin, DSc, PhD, FRCPath School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Nottingham, UK CABI Publishing 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page iv CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Muller, Ralph, 1933- Worms and human disease / Ralph Muller ; with contributions and the chapter on immunology from Derek Wakelin.-- 2nd ed.
    [Show full text]