DOCSLIB.ORG

Prevention and Control Strategies for Parasitic Infections in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prevention and Control Strategies for Parasitic Infections in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ISSN (Print) 0023-4001 ISSN (Online) 1738-0006 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 56, No. 5: 401-408, October 2018 ▣ MINI REVIEW https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.401 Prevention and Control Strategies for Parasitic Infections in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1 2 3 3, 4, 5, Young Yil Bahk , Eun-Hee Shin , Shin-Hyeong Cho , Jung-Won Ju *, Jong-Yil Chai *, Tong-Soo Kim * 1Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; 2Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea; 3Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Korea; 4Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07653, Korea; 5Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea Abstract: Korea is successfully controlled intestinal parasitic infections owing to economic development and high health consciousness. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases (formerly the Division of Malaria and Parasitology) is in the Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It has been the governmental agency responsible for controlling and leading scientific research on parasitic diseases. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases has conducted and funded basic research and disseminated the research results to vari- ous medical fields, ultimately promoting public health in Korea. Among the noteworthy achievements of this division are the national surveillance of healthcare-associated parasitic infections, prevention and control for parasitic infections, and the elimination of lymphatic filariasis from Korea. On a broader scale, the division’s research programs and academic sup- ports were influential in preventing and treating infectious parasitic diseases through public policies and laws. In this re- view, we summarize the past and present role of the Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases in preventing and treating infectious parasitic diseases in Korea. Key words: Surveillance of parasite, parasite control, KCDC INTRODUCTION tions. However, this is not a long-term solution. Ameliorating the effects of these diseases may include attempts of eradicat- Life forms on earth are always exposed to parasites and thus ing specific diseases at a global level, eliminating them at a na- are constantly being reinfected in a chain reaction mode. Para- tional or local level, or controlling them to minimize infec- sitic diseases inflict considerable socio-economic losses to so- tions. Generally, it is impossible to adequately protect the ciety. Zoonotic parasites can result in disease manifestations in health of the public without addressing infectious disease humans and substantial economic losses to livestock popula- problems. Traditionally, public health burdens include infec- tions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tious diseases such as parasitic diseases, and a public health over 3 billion people around the world suffer from one or system would be required to use a demographic approach. A more parasitic diseases, which are widespread and a leading recent literature survey of human pathogens found more than cause of morbidity and mortality in populations [1]. Parasites 1,400 different species, of which more than half are known to have infected humans for thousands of years, and nearly all be zoonotic, i.e., able to infect other host species, thus demon- known human-specific parasites have been found in ancient strating the need for one health approach to many human and feces [2,3]. Indeed, no organism is protected against parasites. animal diseases [4]. Thus far, beyond communicative diseases, Anti-parasitic drugs are effective in minimizing parasitic infec- neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) including some parasitic infections are emerging or resurging as a result of changes in Received 15 August 2018, revised 15 October 2018, accepted 16 October 2018. public health policy, drug resistance, social pattern changes, • Corresponding authors ([email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) * and genetic mutations in pathogens; NTDs are a group of © 2018, Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine chronic disabling infections affecting more than 1 billion peo- This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) ple worldwide [5]. Therefore, the control of NTDs and tradi- which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. tional infectious diseases has been identified as a major bur- 401 402 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 56, No. 5: 401-408, October 2018 den worldwide [6]. In addition, global warming has caused EU nations from 2006 to 2015. We obtained basic information climate changes, disrupting the biodiversity of various species on the mid-term and long-term plans of the DVPD of the that depend on a proper ecosystem. Global warming can alter KCDC (DMP, KNIH). Due to improvements in epidemiological the geographic distribution and intensity of the transmission surveillance over the last 4 decades and the systematic manage- of vector-borne diseases. The transmitted parasites usually ment of populations in highly endemic areas, the prevalence of benefit from increased temperatures as both their reproduc- parasitic infections nationwide is currently very low. Recent cas- tion and development are accelerated. es of parasitic diseases are mainly attributed to the transmission In 1966, the Korean National Assembly passed the “Parasite of fish/food-borne trematodes. This review systematically exam- Diseases Prevention Act”. With the passage of this law, the Ko- ines the role of the Center for Infectious Diseases Research in rea National Institute of Health (KNIH) became the leading public health-associated parasite management and control. governmental agency to address problems associated with par- asitic infections. Generally, it is impossible to adequately pro- SURVEILLANCE OF PARASITE-ASSOCIATED tect the health of any nation without addressing infectious dis- INFECTIONS IN KOREA ease problems that occur elsewhere in the world. The KNIH has long engaged in efforts to prevent and control parasitic Intestinal parasitic infections by helminth and protozoa are diseases and provides training, technical assistance, and other among the most prevalent infections worldwide [7]. In Korea, in- support to increase the capacity of country-based researchers testinal helminth infections were highly prevalent in the past, to optimize their effectiveness. Population health improve- which were one of the major public health burdens [8]. During ment often involves policy changes that result from complex the 1950s and 1960s, Korea was one of the poorest countries in efforts. Systems, policies, and procedures to measure and pre- the world. Based on the “law for Prevention of Parasitic Diseases” vent parasite-associated infections are essential for a compre- (Parasite Diseases Prevention Act) by the Korean Government, a hensive response to eliminate parasitic diseases. national control program was implemented by targeting the The initial organization for the management of infectious dis- school-age population in the country from 1969 to 1994. Infec- eases in Korea was Korea Institute of Prevention Disease, which tion prevention and control measures and practices can reduce was established in September 1945. The management of round- the spread of parasites among members of the public. Surveil- worms, flukes, etc., which were prevalent in Korea, started in lance programs should promote the implementation of evidence- 1959. Since then, there have been several organizational chang- based infection prevention and control practices to reduce the in- es. The Division of Malaria and Parasitology (DMP) was an or- cidence of these diseases, decrease transmission, and ultimately ganization of the KNIH until 2017. The DMP was established in improve public health. The surveillance of healthcare-associated 1963 in the Department of Hygiene, and it was an organization parasitic infections and infection prevention and control activities part of the Department of Virology from the 1970s onwards. In would not only help manage parasitic diseases but also contrib- 1997, the DMP was merged with the Division of Insect accord- ute to the overall economic development. Therefore, accurate sur- ing to the re-organization of the KNIH. In 2003, following the veillance is important to control parasitic diseases. In the past, the establishment of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Pre- lack of adequate systems and infrastructure for accurate assess- vention (KCDC), the DMP was again separated from the Divi- ment and infection prevention and control in Korea contributed sion of Insect. Following the re-organization of the KCDC in the spread of parasitic diseases, and Korea was one of the coun- 2017, the DMP has been integrated with the Division of Insect tries with a high intestinal helminth infection rate, resulting in a and renamed as the Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases high public health risk [9,10]. Accurate estimates of the burden of (DVPD). Currently, the DVPD belongs to the Center
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Taeniasis in the Republic of Korea: Hidden Or Gone?
    ISSN (Print) 0023-4001 ISSN (Online) 1738-0006 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 51, No. 1: 9-17, February 2013 ▣ MINI-REVIEW http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.9 Human Taeniasis in the Republic of Korea: Hidden or Gone? Jong-Yil Chai* Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea Abstract: History and current status of human taeniasis in the Republic of Korea, due to Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, and Taenia saginata, are briefly reviewed. Until the 1980s, human taeniasis had been quite common in various localities of Korea. A study from 1924 reported 12.0% egg prevalence in fecal examinations. Thereafter, the prevalence of Taenia spp. ranged from 3% to 14% depending on the time and locality. Jeju-do, where pigs were reared in a conventional way, was the highest endemic area of taeniasis. An analysis of internal transcribed spacer 2 and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxi- dase 1 genes of 68 taeniasis cases reported from 1935 to 2005 in Korea by a research group revealed the relative occur- rence of the 3 Taenia spp. as follows: T. solium (4.4%), T. asiatica (75.0%), and T. saginata (20.6%). However, national sur- veys on intestinal helminths conducted every 5 years on randomly selected people revealed that the Taenia egg preva- lence dropped from 1.9% in 1971 to 0.02% in 1997 and finally to 0.0% in 2004. With the exception of 3 egg-positive cas- es reported in 2008 and 2 worm-proven cases in 2011, no more cases have been officially recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Foodborne Trematodiasis Jennifer Keiser* and Jürg Utzinger*
    Emerging Foodborne Trematodiasis Jennifer Keiser* and Jürg Utzinger* Foodborne trematodiasis is an emerging public health The contribution of aquaculture to global fisheries problem, particularly in Southeast Asia and the Western increased from 5.3% in 1970 to 32.2% in 2000 (7). By Pacific region. We summarize the complex life cycle of 2030, at least half of the globally consumed fish will like- foodborne trematodes and discuss its contextual determi- ly come from aquaculture farming (8). Total global regis- nants. Currently, 601.0, 293.8, 91.1, and 79.8 million peo- tered aquaculture production in 2000 was 45.7 million ple are at risk for infection with Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus spp., Fasciola spp., and Opisthorchis spp., tons, of which 91.3% was farmed in Asia (7). Freshwater respectively. The relationship between diseases caused by aquaculture production has increased at a particularly high trematodes and proximity of human habitation to suitable rate; currently, it accounts for 45.1% of the total aquacul- freshwater bodies is examined. Residents living near fresh- ture production. For example, the global production of water bodies have a 2.15-fold higher risk (95% confidence grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), an important interval 1.38–3.36) for infections than persons living farther species cultured in inland water bodies and a major inter- from the water. Exponential growth of aquaculture may be mediate host of foodborne trematodes, increased from the most important risk factor for the emergence of food- 10,527 tons in 1950 to >3 million tons in 2002, accounting borne trematodiasis. This is supported by reviewing aqua- for 15.6% of global freshwater aquaculture production culture development in countries endemic for foodborne trematodiasis over the past 10–50 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Praziquantel Treatment in Trematode and Cestode Infections: an Update
    Review Article Infection & http://dx.doi.org/10.3947/ic.2013.45.1.32 Infect Chemother 2013;45(1):32-43 Chemotherapy pISSN 2093-2340 · eISSN 2092-6448 Praziquantel Treatment in Trematode and Cestode Infections: An Update Jong-Yil Chai Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Status and emerging issues in the use of praziquantel for treatment of human trematode and cestode infections are briefly reviewed. Since praziquantel was first introduced as a broadspectrum anthelmintic in 1975, innumerable articles describ- ing its successful use in the treatment of the majority of human-infecting trematodes and cestodes have been published. The target trematode and cestode diseases include schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, het- erophyidiasis, echinostomiasis, fasciolopsiasis, neodiplostomiasis, gymnophalloidiasis, taeniases, diphyllobothriasis, hyme- nolepiasis, and cysticercosis. However, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica infections are refractory to praziquantel, for which triclabendazole, an alternative drug, is necessary. In addition, larval cestode infections, particularly hydatid disease and sparganosis, are not successfully treated by praziquantel. The precise mechanism of action of praziquantel is still poorly understood. There are also emerging problems with praziquantel treatment, which include the appearance of drug resis- tance in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni and possibly Schistosoma japonicum, along with allergic or hypersensitivity
    [Show full text]
  • Opisthorchis Viverrini and Clonorchis Sinensis
    BIOLOGICAL AGENTS volume 100 B A review of humAn cArcinogens This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 24 February-3 March 2009 LYON, FRANCE - 2012 iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion of cArcinogenic risks to humAns OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI AND CLONORCHIS SINENSIS Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis were considered by a previous IARC Working Group in 1994 (IARC, 1994). Since that time, new data have become available, these have been incorporated in the Monograph, and taken into consideration in the present evaluation. 1. Exposure Data O. viverrini (Sadun, 1955), and are difficult to differentiate between these two species Kaewkes( 1.1 Taxonomy, structure and biology et al., 1991). 1.1.1 Taxonomy 1.1.3 Structure of the genome Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) and The genomic structures of O. viverrini and C. Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) are patho- sinensis have not been reported. logically important foodborne members of the O. viverrini is reported to have six pairs of genus Opisthorchis; family, Opisthorchiidae; chromosomes, i.e. 2n = 12 (Rim, 2005), to have order, Digenea; class, Trematoda; phylum, neither CpG nor A methylations, but to contain a Platyhelminths; and kingdom, Animalia. They highly repeated DNA element that is very specific belong to the same genus (Opisthorchis) but to to the organism (Wongratanacheewin et al., different species based on morphology; nonethe- 2003). Intra- and inter-specific variations in the less, the genus Clonorchis is so well established gene sequences of 18S, the second internally tran- in the medical literature that the term is retained scribed spacer region ITS2, 28S nuclear rDNA, here.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish As the Natural Second Intermediate Host of Gnathostoma Spinigerum
    FISH AS THE NATURAL SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOST OF GNATHOSTOMA SPINIGERUM Wichit Rojekittikhun, Jitra Waikagul and Tossapon Chaiyasith Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract. Gnathostomiasis is a helminthic disease most frequently occurring in Thailand. Human infections are usually found to be caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum, although five species of the genus Gnathostoma exist in Thailand, and three of these are capable of infecting man. In Thailand, 47 species of vertebrates – fish (19), frogs (2), reptiles (11), birds (11) and mammals (4) – have been reported to serve naturally as the second intermediate (and/or paratenic) hosts of G. spinigerum. Of these, fish, especially swamp eels (Monopterus albus), were found to be the best second intermediate/paratenic hosts: they had the highest prevalence rate and the heaviest infection intensity. However, the scientific names of these fish have been revised from time to time. Therefore, for clarity and consistency, we have summarized the current scientific names of these 19 species of fish, together with their illustrations. We describe one additional fish species, Systomus orphoides (Puntius orphoides), which is first recorded as a naturally infected second intermediate host of G. spinigerum. INTRODUCTION cause disease (Araki, 1986; Ogata et al, 1988; Ando et al, 1988; Nawa et al, 1989; Almeyda-Artigas, 1991; Several helminthic zoonoses can be transmitted to Akahane et al, 1998; Almeyda-Artigas et al, 2000). humans via both marine and freshwater fish. These There have been at least five species of Gnathostoma include capillariasis (caused primarily by Capillaria documented in Thailand: G. spinigerum, G. hispidum, phillipinensis), gnathostomiasis (Gnathostoma spinige- G.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteomic Insights Into the Biology of the Most Important Foodborne Parasites in Europe
    foods Review Proteomic Insights into the Biology of the Most Important Foodborne Parasites in Europe Robert Stryi ´nski 1,* , El˙zbietaŁopie ´nska-Biernat 1 and Mónica Carrera 2,* 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36-208 Vigo, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (M.C.) Received: 18 August 2020; Accepted: 27 September 2020; Published: 3 October 2020 Abstract: Foodborne parasitoses compared with bacterial and viral-caused diseases seem to be neglected, and their unrecognition is a serious issue. Parasitic diseases transmitted by food are currently becoming more common. Constantly changing eating habits, new culinary trends, and easier access to food make foodborne parasites’ transmission effortless, and the increase in the diagnosis of foodborne parasitic diseases in noted worldwide. This work presents the applications of numerous proteomic methods into the studies on foodborne parasites and their possible use in targeted diagnostics. Potential directions for the future are also provided. Keywords: foodborne parasite; food; proteomics; biomarker; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 1. Introduction Foodborne parasites (FBPs) are becoming recognized as serious pathogens that are considered neglect in relation to bacteria and viruses that can be transmitted by food [1]. The mode of infection is usually by eating the host of the parasite as human food. Many of these organisms are spread through food products like uncooked fish and mollusks; raw meat; raw vegetables or fresh water plants contaminated with human or animal excrement.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Medicine Theme Park in Brandenburg, Germany!
    Tropical Medicine Theme Park in Brandenburg, Germany! This scene is from Germany! Welcome to Brisbane Self-introduction almost-tropics Peter O’Donoghue Tropical Medicine University of perspective: Queensland • personalized Brisbane • narcissitic MY FAMILY’S TROPICAL ODYSSEY Background Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Uncle Scotland India died! Irish Scottish Sean (tea plantations) Oz hbidhybrid ague moved to [malaria] (protozoa) Brisbane (almost-tropics) 1 Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Uncle Germany Africa died! Uncle France Egypt died! David (cattle) Jean-Paul (work on dam) anthrax bilharzia (bacteria) (helminth) Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Uncle Holland East Indies died! Uncle USA Panama died! Rutger (spice plantations) Clint (work on canal) crypto- yellow coccosis fever (fungus) (virus) Familial experiences with ‘TROPICS’ Tropics can be dangerous! Uncle China New Guinea died! Presence of nasty infectious diseases Jet (gold mines) screw worm (arthropod) (six exemplars linked to colonial development) 2 Tropical Medicine Tropics Field developed to protect health of colonists bound by latitudes where sun is directly overhead for at least one day per year 23. 4N TiTropic of Cancer 23.4S Tropic of Capricorn early Schools/Institutes not in tropics 36% of land mass Population Temperature 40% of people warm (year-long) ~3 billion no winter Rainfall Agriculture wet (60% global rainfall) subsistence level (where possible) ≥ 1 m per year bulk cropping in temperate zones 3 Economic wealth Healthcare poor (25% global GDP) 10% global expenditure (per capita) many developing countries poor infrastructure Tropical Medicine Germ theory Micro-parasites Macro-parasites radical changes in knowledge and beliefs viruses bacteria protozoa fungi helminths arthropods nano-metres micro-metres milli-metres centi-metres multiplicative in host cumulative in host severe acute diseases chronic diseases diseases not caused by spirits, spells, miasmas, etc..
    [Show full text]
  • Sanitary Parasitology
    :+2(0&(+( ,QWHJUDWHG*XLGH7R 6DQLWDU\3DUDVLWRORJ\ :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ 5HJLRQDO2I¿FHIRUWKH(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 5HJLRQDO&HQWUHIRU(QYLURQPHQWDO+HDOWK$FWLYLWLHV $PPDQ±-RUGDQ WHO-EM/CEH/121/E INTEGRATED GUIDE TO SANITARY PARASITOLOGY World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities Amman – Jordan 2004 WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data WHO Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities Integrated Guide to Sanitary Parasitology / WHO Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities. p. 119 1. Sanitary parasitology – guidelines 2. Environmental health 3. Parasitic helminth 4. Water microbiology I. Title (ISBN 92-9021-386-8) [NLM Classification WA 671] © World Health Organization 2004 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Distribution and Sales, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, PO Box 7608, Nasr City, Cairo 11371, Egypt (tel: +202 670 2535, fax: +202 670 2492; email: [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Minor Intestinal Flukes and Infections They Cause
    30 Minor Intestinal Flukes and Infections They Cause THREE TREMATODES, in addition to Fasciolopsis, Infectious agents infect the human intestine: Heterophyes heterophyes, These are all hermaphroditic flattened trematodes. Metagonimus yokogawai, and Gastrodiscoideshominis. Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai They are quite common in limited geographical areas. (which are very similar in morphology and life history) They are of only minor public health importance, and are very s5mllim (figure30t3 ) are included in this book for completeness. Gasrrodiscoides hominis measures 6 by 4 millimeters (figure 30-4). The eggs of H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai measure 30 by 15 micrometers, and those of Description of Pathogens and Diseases G. hominis 146 by 66 micrometers. Little is known of these infections or their Reservoirs epidemiology. These are all primarily parasites of animals. H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai infect dogs, cats, foxes, Identification and other fish-eating mammals, and perhaps birds. G. hominis infects pigs, monkeys, and rats. All three Heterophyiasis, metagonimiasis, and infection by parasites can probably be maintained in the absence of Gastrodiscoides hominis are trematode infections of the man. small intestine. Infections are usually asymptomatic, but occasionally minor intestinal disturbances such as nausea, diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain may Transmission occur. For all these parasites, eggs are passed in the feces Diagnosis is by identifying eggs in the feces, and have to reach water for further development. Treatment is by appropriate oral drug therapy. Larvae develop in specific freshwater snails, and a process of asexual multiplication occurs so that some hundreds of the next free-living stage, the cercariae, are Occurrence released from the snail into the water.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoonotic Infections – an Overview
    14.1 CHAPTER 14 Zoonotic infections – an overview John M. Goldsmid 14.1 INTRODUCTION Zoonotic infections can be defined as infections of animals that are naturally transmissible to humans. As such they are worldwide and often spread with humans through their companion and domestic animals. However, when humans move to new areas or come into contact with different animal species (eg moving into newly cleared natural forest areas), then new zoonoses may emerge or are recognised, and it is significant that many of the new or newly recognised emerging infections of humans are zoonotic in origin1. The probable reasons for the emergence of new zoonotic diseases are many and include, as described by McCarthy and Moore2 for the Helminth zoonoses: “changes in social, dietary or cultural mores, environmental changes, and the improved recognition of heretofore neglected infections often coupled with an improved ability to diagnose infection”. Zoonotic infections may be very localised in their distribution and often reflect particular associations between the natural reservoir hosts and humans – they are thus often influenced by human dietary habits, behaviour and relationships with different animal species. For the practising physician, the knowledge that a disease is zoonotic, is of particular significance in the differential diagnosis (hence the need in all history taking, of asking the question of contact with animals), and in the prevention and control of such diseases. A list of the more important/significant zoonotic infections is given in Table 1 which also outlines the aetiological agent of the disease; its usual animal reservoir host and rough geographical distribution. In some cases, where the vector may serve as a reservoir, it is included under reservoir hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent State of Parasitoses in Japan —Epidemiology for Clinicians—
    Ⅵ Parasitoses Recent State of Parasitoses in Japan —Epidemiology for clinicians— JMAJ 48(3): 148–154, 2005 Yoshiya SATO Professor, University of the Ryukyus Abstract: The recent profile of parasitic diseases in Japan has changed dramati- cally from public health problems with high community prevalence of classic soil-transmitted parasitoses (ascariasis, hookworm disease, etc) to epidemics of various new types of parasitoses (larva migrans, zoonotic parasitoses, imported parasitoses, opportunistic parasitoses, etc). Against this background of change are factors such as the diversification of lifestyles and dietary habits, recent changes in values including the return-to-nature movement and the pet boom, the global- ization of parasitoses due to the development of transportation, and the increase in compromised hosts reflecting the rapid increase in the number of aged citizens. These new types of parasitoses are generally characterized by fragile host-parasite relationships, and disruption of these relationships tends to cause the serious manifestation of parasitoses. They also frequently present difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. As a result, we need to shift emphasis from the public health aspects of these diseases that require conventional mass control to respective clinical interventions requiring individualized care for diversified pathogeneses. Key words: Parasitoses; Host-parasite relationship; Parasitic zoonosis; Imported parasitoses Introduction hookworms, and whipworms. It was taken for granted that almost everyone in Japan at that Japan was once called a “paradise for para- time had a roundworm infection. Subsequently, sites” because it was an agricultural country, parasite control associations were organized and the people ate raw foods. In particular, nation-wide, and their efforts dramatically re- the shortage of food directly following World duced these soil-transmitted parasitoses by the War II encouraged the consumption of home latter half of the 1960s.
    [Show full text]
  • Worms and Human Disease
    00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 20/11/01 1:41 PM Page i Worms and Human Disease 2nd Edition 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page ii Dedicated to the memory of Annie 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page iii Worms and Human Disease 2nd Edition Ralph Muller, DSc, PhD, FIBiol Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine University of London, UK and Former Director International Institute of Parasitology St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK With contributions and the chapter on Immunology of Helminths from Derek Wakelin, DSc, PhD, FRCPath School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Nottingham, UK CABI Publishing 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page iv CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Muller, Ralph, 1933- Worms and human disease / Ralph Muller ; with contributions and the chapter on immunology from Derek Wakelin.-- 2nd ed.
    [Show full text]