00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 20/11/01 1:41 PM Page i Worms and Human Disease 2nd Edition 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page ii Dedicated to the memory of Annie 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page iii Worms and Human Disease 2nd Edition Ralph Muller, DSc, PhD, FIBiol Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine University of London, UK and Former Director International Institute of Parasitology St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK With contributions and the chapter on Immunology of Helminths from Derek Wakelin, DSc, PhD, FRCPath School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Nottingham, UK CABI Publishing 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page iv CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Muller, Ralph, 1933- Worms and human disease / Ralph Muller ; with contributions and the chapter on immunology from Derek Wakelin.-- 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Worms and disease / Ralph Muller. c1975. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-516-0 (pbk.) 1. Medical helminthology. 2. Helminthiasis. I. Wakelin, Derek. II. Muller, Ralph, 1933- Worms and disease. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Helminths--pathogenicity. 2. Helminthiasis. QX 200 M958w 2001] RC119.7 .M84 2001 2001025591 ISBN 0 85199 516 0 Typeset in Melior by Columns Design Ltd, Reading. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn. 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page v Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 1. The Trematodes 3 Morphology 5 Life Cycle Stages 6 Classification 6 Family Schistosomatidae 9 Schistosomes 9 Family Paragonimidae 32 Paragonimus westermani 32 Family Achillurbainiidae 37 Family Opisthorchidae 38 Clonorchis sinensis 38 Opisthorchis viverrini 43 Opisthorchis felineus 44 Family Dicrocoeliidae 45 Dicrocoelium dendriticum 45 Family Fasciolidae 46 Fasciola hepatica 46 Fasciolopsis buski 49 Family Heterophyidae 51 Heterophyes heterophyes 51 Metagonimus yokogawai 53 Family Paramphistomidae 55 Gastrodiscoides hominis 55 Family Echinostomidae 56 Echinostoma ilocanum 56 Other Echinostomids 56 Other Occasional and Rare Human-parasitic Trematodes 58 Family Diplostomidae 58 Family Lecithodendriidae 58 Family Plagiorchiidae 58 Family Troglotrematidae 58 Other families 59 v 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page vi vi Contents 2. The Cestodes 63 Classification 64 Order Pseudophyllidea 65 Diphyllobothrium latum 65 Sparganosis 70 Order Cyclophyllidea 71 Family Taeniidae 71 Taenia saginata 71 Taenia solium 76 Cysticercosis 80 Taenia multiceps 83 Echinococcus granulosus 85 Echinococcus multilocularis 94 Echinococcus oligarthrus 97 Echinococcus vogeli 97 Family Hymenolepididae 98 Hymenolepis nana 98 Hymenolepis diminuta 101 Family Dipylididae 102 Dipylidium caninum 102 Very occasional human tapeworms 102 3. The Acanthocephala 106 Moniliformis moniliformis 106 Macranthorhynchus hirudinaceus 107 4. The Nematomorpha 108 5. The Nematodes 109 Classification 109 A Key to Nematodes Parasitic in Humans 113 Intestinal Nematodes 115 Geohelminths 115 Order Rhabditida 115 Family Strongyloididae 115 Strongyloides stercoralis 115 Order Strongylida 126 Family Ancylostomatidae 126 Necator americanus 126 Ancylostoma duodenale 134 Other Strongyles 137 Family Trichostrongylidae 138 Trichostrongylus spp. 138 Family Chabertiidae 139 Ternidens deminutus 139 Oesophagostomum bifurcum 140 Family Syngamidae 142 Mammomonogamus laryngeus 142 Family Angiostrongylidae 143 Parastrongylus cantonensis 143 Parastrongylus costaricensis 145 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page vii Contents vii Order Ascaridida 147 Family Ascarididae 147 Ascaris lumbricoides 147 Lagochilascaris minor 153 Baylisascaris procyonis 153 Family Anisakidae 154 Anisakis and other anisakids 154 Larva Migrans 156 Visceral larva migrans 156 Toxocara and Toxascaris 156 Cutaneous marva migrans or ‘creeping eruption’ 159 Order Oxyurida 160 Family Oxyuridae 160 Enterobius vermicularis 160 Order Enoplida 164 Family Trichuridae 164 Trichuris trichiura 164 Tissue Nematodes 173 Order Enoplida 173 Family Trichuridae 173 Aonchotheca philippinensis 173 Calodium hepaticum 175 Eucoleus aerophilus 175 Family Trichinellidae 176 Trichinella spiralis 176 Family Dioctophymidae 184 Dioctophyma renale 184 Superfamily Mermithoidea 184 Order Spirurida 184 Superfamily Gnathostomoidea 184 Gnathostoma spinigerum 184 Other Spirurids 187 Superfamily Filarioidea: the Filariae 188 Wuchereria bancrofti 190 Brugia malayi 202 Loa loa 206 Onchocerca volvulus 211 Mansonella perstans 221 Mansonella streptocerca 223 Mansonella ozzardi 225 Accidental filarial infections 226 Superfamily Dracunculoidea 228 Dracunculus medinensis 228 6. Other (Non-helminth) Groups 240 Pentastomes 240 Armillifer (= Porocephalus) armillata 240 Linguatula serrata 240 Leeches 241 Myiasis 241 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page viii viii Contents 7. Immunology of Helminths 243 8. Epidemiological Aspects of Helminth Infections 252 9. Helminthological Techniques 255 Appendix 1 Summary of Some Landmarks in Medical Helminthology 271 Appendix 2 Glossary of Helminthological Terms 273 Appendix 3 Location of Helminths in the Human Body 279 General References and Further Reading 282 Index 287 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page ix Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to thank SmithKline McLaren (Figs 5 and 80), Prof. C. Beecham (now GlaxoSmithKline) for a Macpherson (Plate 10), Prof. Y. Matsukado grant that has made possible the plates of (Fig. 20), Prof. M. Murray (Plate 7), Dr colour pictures, which have greatly Nagano (Plate 21), Prof. G.S. Nelson (Fig. increased the usefulness of the whole book, 44), Dr M.J. Taylor (Fig. 95), Dr A.C. and Dr John Horton of SmithKline Templeton (Fig. 40), Dr S. Townson (Plate Beecham for his advice and also for the 31), Dr S. Vajrasthira (Fig. 18), Dr E. Watty provision of colour photographs (Plates 24 (Plate 17), Prof. G. Webbe (Plate 3) and the and 25). Thanks also to Dr R. Neafie for WHO (Plates 26 and 32). Thanks to Edward providing photographs from the Armed Arnold and Professor D. Crompton for per- Forces Institute of Pathology collection mission to reproduce Fig. 65, to CAB (Figs 54, 62, 66, 67, 68, 75, 77 and 96 and International, and Dr P. Jordan and Dr Plate 18), to Dr L. Savioli for photographs R. Sturrock for permission to reproduce and a booklet from the World Health Fig. 17 and to Dr J. Baker and Harcourt for Organization (WHO) and to Professor T. permission to publish Fig. 132. Polderman for a photograph of My daughter Harriet kindly helped with Oesophagostum (Plate 17). Other pho- maps and drawings and I would also like tographs were kindly provided by Dr J. to acknowledge the help and information Anderson (Fig. 100 and Plates 29 and 30), provided by many colleagues. Dr Kemal Arab (Plate 23), Dr N. Ashton Professor Derek Wakelin has, in addi- (Fig. 72), Prof. E.A. Bianco (Plate 27), Dr A. tion to writing the sections on immunology Bryceson (Fig. 46), Dr P. Choyce (Fig. 107), for various groups of parasites as well as Dr D. Denham (Plate 21), Prof. D. Dennis the general chapter on the subject, provided (Plate 28), Dr F. Etges (Fig. 14), Dr R. useful criticism and advice on statements Feachem (Plate 5), Dr D. Flavell (Plate 6), on immunology and immunodiagnosis Dr H. Fuglsang (Fig. 106), Dr L.M. Gibbons included in the treatments of many of the (Figs 34, 57, 61 and 85), Prof. D.B. individual parasites (possible errors in Holliman (Figs 64 and 71 and Plates 11, 12, these parts are, of course, not his responsi- 13, and 16), Prof. S. Lucas (Plate 19), Dr D. bility). ix 00Worms & H.D. - Prelims. 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page x 01Worms Intro. & Chap 01 14/11/01 4:24 PM Page 1 Introduction While this book is the second edition of concerned with tropical and exotic dis- Worms and Disease: a Manual of Medical eases and for students taking postgraduate Helminthology (1975), because of the long degrees and diplomas in aspects of tropical time that has elapsed since the publication and infectious diseases. It should also of the earlier book, it has been so exten- prove useful as an accessory text and refer- sively revised and brought up to date that ence source for undergraduate medical, virtually every chapter has had to be zoological and tropical health engineering almost completely rewritten. In the inter- students, and for medical technologists, vening years the importance to humans of microbiologists and physicians in temper- some new helminths has emerged, such as ate climates. With increase in air travel, Oesophagostomum bifurcum and Para- most hospitals and medical practitioners in strongylus costaricensis, but principally developed countries are meeting cases of the changes have been necessitated by the parasitic infections that may have been great strides that have been made in knowl- very rare occurrences in the past, and it is edge of the diagnosis, treatment, immunol- becoming increasingly necessary to ask of ogy and molecular biology of parasites. The almost all patients ‘Unde venis?’. Also, if chapter on the immunology of helminths global warming increases, it is likely that (now written by Derek Wakelin) has been the endemicity of some helminth infec- greatly amplified, with the addition of tions will extend to higher latitudes. more detailed paragraphs in the appropri- The format of this book is fairly conven- ate sections, together with the latest infor- tional, with parasites considered in order mation on the prospects for specific of their zoological relationships rather than vaccines.