SFG1692 V7 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Final Report Environmental and Social Management Plan

Public Disclosure Authorized (ESMP) for the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site, Ideato South, Imo State, Nigeria.

Prepared for the Imo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (IMONEWMAP) Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)

Final Report Environmental and Social Management (ESMP) for the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site Ideato South, Imo State

Prepared for Imo State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (IMONEWMAP) Owerri, Imo State.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

1 Table of Contents List of Figures ...... v List of Tables ...... v List of Photos ...... v Abbreviation ...... vi Executive Summary ...... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Purpose of the ESMP ...... 2 1.3 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 3 1.4 Technical Approach and Methodology to the ESMP ...... 4 CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 5 2.1 Overview of the Project State ...... 5 2.1.1 Physical Environment of Imo State ...... 6 Climate & Temperature ...... 6 Relative humidity ...... 6 2.1.2 Biological Environment ...... 7 2.1.3 Social Environment ...... 7 2.2 Overview of Ideato South LGA ...... 8 2.3 Overview of the Project Areas ...... 9 2.3.1 Physical Environment ...... 10 2.3.2 Biological Environment ...... 12 2.3.3 Social Environment ...... 13 CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 22 3.1 Introduction ...... 22 3.2 Umueshi Gully Erosion ...... 22 3.2.1 Land Size...... 24 3.2.2 Vulnerability ...... 24 3.2.3 Hydrology ...... 24 3.3 Design Concept ...... 28 3.4 Rehabilitation works/Design solutions...... 28 3.4.1 Filling and Compaction ...... 28 3.4.2 Use of Gabion mattress on Geotextile material ...... 28 3.4.3 Re-vegetation with local grass and trees within the distance of the gully and its finger 28 3.4.4 Collection of water upstream...... 29 3.4.5 Control of human activity upstream ...... 29 3.5 Design Components ...... 29 3.5.1 Construction of Side drains ...... 29 3.5.2 Construction of the Concrete Culvert ...... 30 3.5.3 Construction of Step-wise drop Structure ...... 30 CHAPTER 4: POLICY, LEGAL, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS 31 4.1 Introduction ...... 31 4.2 Relevant Regulatory Policies of Nigeria ...... 31 4.2.1 National Policy on Environment...... 31 4.2.2 The Federal Ministry of Environment ...... 31 4.2.3 Other Acts and Legislations ...... 33 4.2.4 State Legislations ...... 34

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Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

4.3 The World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards ...... 35 4.4 Applicable International Conventions, Treaties and Agreements ...... 36 4.5 INSTITUTITIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 37 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS FOR THE UMUESHI GULLY EROSION SITE ...... 38 5.1 Introduction ...... 38 5.2 Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 38 5.3 Associated and Potential Impacts Determination ...... 42 5.4 Methodology for Assessing and Analysing the Social Impacts ...... 42 5.5 Broad Beneficial Impacts Associated with the Proposed Rehabilitation of the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site ...... 42 CHAPTER 6: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 64 6.1 Introduction ...... 64 6.2 Options...... 64 6.2.1 Option one: Rock Lined Chute ...... 64 6.2.2 Option Two: Wood Drop Structure ...... 65 6.2.4 Option three: Do nothing ...... 66 6.5 The Preferred Alternative ...... 66 CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 67 7.1 Overview ...... 67 7.2 Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan ...... 67 7.2.1 ESMP and Monitoring Plan Budget ...... 67 CHAPTER 8: STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION ...... 86 8.1 Introduction ...... 86 8.1.1 Consultation with Focal Group Leaders ...... 86 8.1.2 The Major Stakeholder Consultation Exercise ...... 88 8.2 Stakeholders Identification...... 89 Annex 1: Minutes of Meeting with Focal Group ...... 91 Annex 2: Minutes from Public Consultation Exercise ...... 94 Annex 3: List of People Consulted ...... 97 Annex 4: General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts ...... 100 Annex 5: Chance Find Procedures ...... 109 Annex 6: Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) ...... 110 Annex 7 Socio-Economic Data Gathering Sheet For The ESMP For Umueshi Gully Erosion Site...... 114

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

List of Figures

Figure 2.0 Map of Imo State showing Ideato South LGA ...... 5 Figure 2.1 Map of Ideato South LGA and the 3 project areas ...... 8 Figure 3.0 The Umueshi gully erosion area ...... 23 Figure 3.1 Showing watershed map of Umueshi ...... 25 Figure 3.2 Township map of Amanato...... 26 Figure 3.3 Township map of Ntueke ...... 27 Figure 3.4 Structural detail of Side drain ...... 29 Figure 3.5 Structural detail of Culvert Reinforcement ...... 30 Figure 3.6 Structural detail of stepped channel reinforcement ...... 30 Figure 5.0 Impact Rating Tool ...... 39 Figure 6.0 A Rock lined chute...... 64 Figure 6.1 Schematic diagram of a rock lined chute ...... 65 Figure 6.2 Schematic diagram of a wood Drop structure ...... 66

List of Tables

Table 1.0 Showing some common plants found within the project community ...... 12 Table 2 Distribution of Households by type of housing unit ...... 20 Table 3 Distribution of Households by Source of water Supply for Domestic Use ...... 20 Table 4 Distribution of Regular Households by type of Toilet Facilities ...... 21 Table 5 Distribution of Regular Household Method for solid Waste Disposal ...... 21 Table 6a: Institutional Responsibilities ...... 37 Table 6b Likelihood of Occurrence of Impact ...... 40 Table 7 Potential Consequence Classification Matrix ...... 40 Table 8 Potential Consequences ...... 41 Table 9 Degree of Impact Significance ...... 41 Table 10 Impact Assessment Matrices ...... 42 Table 11: Identified Potential Impact Rating - Pre-Construction Phase ...... 54 Table 12: Identified Potential Impact Rating - Construction Phase ...... 57 Table 13: Identified Potential Impacts and Ratings - Operational Phase ...... 62 Table 14: ESMP - Pre-Construction Phase ...... 69 Table 15: ESMP - Construction Phase ...... 74 Table 16: ESMP - Operational Phase ...... 83 Table 17 Consultation with Key stakeholders ...... 86 Table 18 Public Consultation held on 30th May, 2014 at the Umueshi Town Hall ...... 89

List of Photos

Photo 1: Showing a drainage channeled into the Umeshi gully erosion area...... 9 Photo 2: Showing the broken Umueshi-Okwelle road ...... 10 Photo 3: Orieamodu Amanator Market in Amanator community ...... 13 Photo 4: Poor access road within Umueshi community ...... 19 Photo 5 Some of the members of the community consulted during the Stakholder Engagement exercise ...... 88

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

2 Abbreviation

CBO Community Based Organization EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FPMU Federal Project Management Unit FRSC Federal Road Safety Corps GHG Green House Gas GSM Global Systems for Mobil HAZCOM Hazard Communication Program HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ISEPA Imo State Environmental Protection Agency ISMPE Imo State Ministry of Petroleum and Environment IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource JHA Job Hazard Analysis JONAD Joint Organization of National Association of Disable LGA Local Government Area NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NEWMAP Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIWA Nigeria Inland Waterways Authority Nos Number NSCDC Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps OHSMP Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan OHSRA Occupational Health and Safety Risk Assessment OP Operational Policies PAD Project Appraisal Document PAPs Project Affected Persons PHA Process Hazard Analysis PIM Project Implementation Manual RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SA Social Assessment SME State Ministry of Environment SPMU State Project Management Unit STD Sexual Transmitted Diseases TOR Terms of Reference WB World Bank

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

3 Executive Summary

Preamble This executive summary presents a brief of the main findings for the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) conducted for the Rehabilitation of the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site, located in Ideato South Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures for identified impacts will be implemented throughout the phases for the sub-project implementation. This executive summary provides key information on the environmental and social aspects, potentially significant impacts, and mitigation measures, which need to be addressed during the implementation of the rehabilitation of the gully site.

Introduction The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The NEWMAP is aimed at reducing vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-catchments. The project is currently been implemented in 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo states. The NEWMAP finances activities implemented by State and Federal Government.

The Project Development Objective (PDO) of the NEWMAP is to improve erosion management and gully rehabilitation; increase incomes for rural households from improved agricultural and forest practices through the use of conservation agriculture, agro forestry, natural regeneration, etc.; and gain efficiency in public administration and public spending through improved knowledge base, analytical tools, multi-sectoral coordination and stakeholder dialogue.

This report focuses on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) developed for the Rehabilitation of the Umueshi Gully Erosion in Umueshi Autonomous community, in Ideato South, Imo State, Nigeria.

Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan The objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the Rehabilitation of the Umueshi Gully Erosion site. It has also been prepared to ensure the effective long-term protection of the area and other biotic and abiotic components of the environment.

Description of the study area The project areas comprise of Umueshi, Amanator and Ntueke communities all in Ideato South Local Government Area. The gully erosion site is specifically located at the Umueshi section of Ntueke - Okwele Road and cuts through to Amanator Community. Generally the 3 project areas have an undulating topography and are poorly drained. Umueshi is on the receiving end of all surface runoff from Ntueke and Amanator. Drainages from these areas were improperly channeled to Umueshi hence the formation of the gully in the area. The watershed area for Umueshi gully erosion consists of about 38.04ha at the gully head. The gully is very active and

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Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site has continued to expand with the rains, and caused the formation of several gully fingers. Field investigation revealed that in the past, members of the community previously used the gully area in farming and other agricultural practices. People also own land lots, which used to be located in the gully area. Land ownership system in the community is based on inheritance. Currently there were no settlements observed within the gully area during the site visit.

The soil types found in the study area is of laterite and sandy materials, which are unstable and poorly consolidated. These laterite and sandy soils are easily eroded by storm water runoffs. The soils are generally oversaturated during extended rainfall periods. From the consultations with the people in the communities, it was observed that the 3 communities lacked sustained potable water. The major method of obtaining water was usually from privately owned borehole, the local streams and from underground tanks storages built by community members. Rainwater is collected into the tanks during the rains, which is used throughout the season.

Project Description The proposed rehabilitation works is part of the intervention programme of the World Bank (NEWMAP sub-project), which is aimed at reclaiming of the already degraded part of the region for subsequent utilization for either agricultural purposes or other developmental projects. Considering the terrain of the area, economic viability, cost benefit analysis and culture of the people, the rehabilitation works will involve the following:  Construction of a set of side drains at both verge of the road.  Construction of a concrete culvert designed to convey the flow and links Okwelle-Ntueke road at Umueshi community.  Filling and compaction of fill to reclaim part of the gully head and its finger gully.  Construction of step-wise drop structure to dissipate a large part of the energy of flow.  Use of Flat gabion mattress lying on geotextile material.  Use of Reno/gabion mattresses where necessary to protect the base from scouring.  Re-vegetation with local grass and trees within the distance of the gully and its finger.

Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Institutional Framework The section on Policy examined the various regulation and legal documents as it concerns Nigeria and Imo State. The World Bank Safeguards and other relevant International guidelines applicable to the sub-project intervention were also examined. The various institutional framework relevant to the NEWMAP was also evaluated in this section. The Rehabilitation Project is rated a Category B (equivalent to Category II in the Nigeria EIA Act) project in accordance with the Environmental Assessment Policy of the World Bank, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures. The identified World Bank safeguard policies triggered by the rehabilitation of the gully site include; Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Natural Habitats (OP 4. 04) and Physical and Cultural Resources (OP 4.11 and Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09.

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Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Summary of potential impacts for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site Beneficial Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts The beneficial environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with the rehabilitation works will include:

 Rehabilitation of the erosion menace in the project community  Repair of the watershed gullies  Provision of proper and well-designed road drainage systems  Provision of employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers.  Encourage community development programs.  Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of livelihood.  Reduction of mortality rate.  Promotion of afforestation programs (with all its benefits)  Minimization of flooding and control of coastal overflow.  Reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation and ancestral origins of the communities.  Control and Reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion.  Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides.  Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production systems and agricultural practices.  Increase in social interactions  Improved livelihood enhancing activities  Gender Issues: Construction activities will encourage economic activities, especially for women. Since there would be a large workforce, petty traders and food-spots owners will benefit immensely from the demand on site.  Promotion of goodwill and community appreciation of the NEWMAP intervention in Imo State and Nigeria at large.

Adverse Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts Some adverse impacts that may be associated with the rehabilitation of the gully as highlighted in this report may include the following:  Increase in fugitive dust emission during preconstruction and construction phases of the rehabilitation.  Waste generation especially construction wastes.  Possibility of seepage of fuel from machineries and effluent discharge into the watershed, thus impacting on the water quality.  Site clearing will lead to loss of species diversity and abundance, including soil organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria.  Noise and vibration from heavy-duty project vehicles and equipment resulting in nuisance.  The frequency and incidence of occupational hazards may rise with during construction activities.  Loss of employment for labourers after the completion of the rehabilitation works,

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Notwithstanding the ESMP if followed, will ensure that the adverse/negative impacts are reduced to the barest minimum.

Project Alternatives Various alternatives to the planned rehabilitation of the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site were evaluated. These include:  Do nothing approach  Rock lined chute  Wood drop structure  Vegetated overall structure

The preferred alternative would be to implement the current project proposal, however with a combination of suitable alternatives to enable the project achieves its objectives.

Environmental and Social Management Plan The ESMP included the various impacts discussed according to the respective phases during project implementation. The impacts have been described, as they will impact on the different environmental and social sensitivities. The mitigation measures, mitigation costs and institutional responsibilities were also highlighted in the ESMP matrix table.

The total cost for Implementing the ESMP and Monitoring Plan for the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation Works is estimated at Ten Million Three Thousand and Three Hundred Naira Only (N10,003,300); [Fifty Nine Thousand Nine Hundred US. Dollars $59,900.00].

Stakeholder Consultation

Two (2) stakeholders meetings were conducted for the members of the three (3) communities. The first consultation was carried out with identified Focal Group Leaders from the 3 communities. These included the Traditional ruler of Umueshi Autonomous community, Council Members of the Umueshi Executive Council, Youth leaders, Women Leaders and Site Committee members. The second consultation was held at the Umueshi Town Hall on the 30th of May 2014 with a greater number of people in attendance. Table 17 and 18 of the ESMP report summarises the various concerns and procedures raised during the consultation. Some of the issues raised during the Consultation exercises are indicated in the table below:

Consultation with Focal Group Leaders Date Location Major Concern 26th May 2014 Umueshi Town Hall The importance of the counterpart funding required by from the Imo state Government and how it may hinder the intervention.

Public Consultation Date Location Major Concern 30th May 2014 Umueshi Town Hall The issue of counterpart funding was also a major concerned raised especially on how it may impact on the realization of the rehabilitation of the gully site. Measures of implementing compensation for those whose land will be affected during the work were also raised.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

The major concern raised from the members of the disable group identified during the consultation was on how the project may affect them especially during the implementation of the civil works.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

4 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The ecological menace of erosion is a major disaster that continues to threaten landmass in Nigeria. Some of these erosions have resulted due to natural and human causes. Over 6,000km2 of land are affected by erosion and about 3,400km2 are highly exposed. In some areas of southern Nigeria, farmland degradation has caused yield reductions of between 30% and 90%, and as much as a 5% drag on agricultural GDP. Erosion has a devastating effect on many peoples’ lives and destroys infrastructure essential for economic development and poverty alleviation.

Gully erosion contributes to environmental problems and damage estimated at over $100 million annually (mostly in South-Eastern Nigeria). It creates channels of various sizes through concentrated runoff on definite routes, which result in systematic removal of soil particles, including plant nutrients, from one location to another, and even in worse cases destruction of lives and properties. In view of this, the Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi- sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The NEWMAP is aimed at reducing vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-catchments. The project is currently been implemented in 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo states. The NEWMAP finances activities implemented by State and Federal Government.

The Project Development Objective (PDO) of the NEWMAP is to improve erosion management and gully rehabilitation; increase incomes for rural households from improved agricultural and forest practices through the use of conservation agriculture, agroforestry, natural regeneration, etc.; and gain efficiency in public administration and public spending through improved knowledge base, analytical tools, multi-sectoral coordination and stakeholder dialogue.

NEWMAP Components are divided into 4 viz;

Component 1: Erosion and Catchment Management investment Sub-component 1A Gully Rapid Action and Slope Stabilization Sub-component 1B Integrated Catchment Management Sub-component 1C Adaptive Livelihoods

Component 2: Erosion and Catchment Management Institutions and Information Services Sub-component 2A Federal MDA Effectiveness and Services Sub-component 2B State MDA Effectiveness and Services Sub-component 2C Local Government Capacity Sub-component 2D Private Sector Capacity

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Component 3: Climate Change Agenda Support Sub-component 3A Policy and Institutional Framework Sub-component 3B Low Carbon Development

Component 4: Project Management

Various documents have been prepared in line with the NEWMAP, and they include; Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Resettlement Policy Frameworks (RPF), Project Appraisal Document (PAD) prepared for the Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project.

This report focuses on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) prepared for the Rehabilitation of the Umueshi Gully Erosion in Umueshi Autonomous community, in Ideato South, Imo State, Nigeria.

The project area cuts across Umueshi, Amanator and Ntueke communities all in Ideato South Local Government Area. However the main gully head is located in Umueshi community. Umueshi is located within latitudes E 7° 6’ 38” and longitudes N 5° 49’ 44”, and comprising a total of 15 villages. The watershed area for Umueshi gully erosion consists of about 38.04ha at the gully head. The gully is very active and has continued to expand with the rains, and caused the formation of several gully fingers. Field investigation revealed that in the past, members of the community previously used the gully area in farming and the place of worship for their deity had the local shrine located in the area. People also own land lots, which used to be located in the gully area. Land ownership system in the community is based on inheritance. River Okwa once flowed within the area however it has completely disappeared due to the emergence of the thick vegetation. Currently there were no settlements observed within the gully area during the site visit.

The NEWMAP intends to rehabilitate the gully erosion site and reduce longer-tern erosion vulnerability in the targeted areas. This activity will be employed through some civil works such as construction of infrastructure and stabilization of the gully. An engineering design report has already been prepared for the Umueshi erosion gully intervention, which highlights on the detailed civil works that will be carried out. This ESMP study will therefore, aim to identify potential and significant adverse environmental and social impacts that will be associated with the rehabilitation and to propose means of minimizing and/or mitigating them to acceptable levels.

1.2 Purpose of the ESMP

The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is an instrument that details the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and the actions needed to implement these measures. The ESMP is an integral part of Category “A” Environmental Assessments (EAs) (irrespective of other instruments used). EAs for Category “B” projects may also result in an ESMP. However, the impacts of the Umueshi gully erosion

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site rehabilitation project are considered to be mainly site specific. The project will concentrate mainly on the rehabilitation which will include the construction of a set of side drains at both verges of the road, construction of a concrete culvert designed to convey the flow and links Okwelle-Ntueke road at Umueshi community, filling and compaction of fill to reclaim part of the gully head and its finger gully, construction of step-wise drop structure to dissipate a large part of the energy of flow, use of flat gabion mattress lying on geotextile material, use of Reno/gabion mattresses where necessary to protect the base from scouring and re-vegetation of the gully site with local grass and trees within the distance of the gully and its finger. More on the project design is explained in Chapter 3 of this report.

The civil works will be concentrated at the areas closest to the erosion site and will ensure negligible adverse impacts on livelihood. The adverse impacts will be largely reversible, indirect and short term. Considering the aforementioned, the project falls suitably into the World Bank’s category B; hence the most suitable safeguard instrument to address beneficial and adverse impacts is an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

The ESMP provides a set of procedures through which NEWMAP will develop and implement environmental, social, health, and safety management systems, programs, processes and procedures that will establish a foundation for sound mitigation of adverse impacts, enhancement of positive impacts, institutional responsibilities, indicative costs for mitigation and eventual monitoring of the ESMP.

The ESMP outlines Imo State NEWMAP Project Management Unit’s corporate commitment to managing the project in a responsible, safe and sustainable manner whereby the protection of the environment, safety of people and social concerns take priority above all other business concerns.

The ESMP will also ensure compliance with applicable environmental standards all through the life span of the project. If the recommendations and guidelines in this ESMP document are followed, it is envisaged that the anticipated potential negative environmental and social impacts associated with the project will be markedly minimized, and the positive impacts enhanced. The Bank will disclose the ESMP document publicly, in Nigeria and at the World Bank Info-shop before project appraisal.

1.3 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan

The objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the Rehabilitation of the Umueshi Erosion Gully site. It has also been prepared to ensure the effective long-term protection of the area and other biotic and abiotic components of the environment.

Specific objectives of this ESMP include the following:

 To examine the project in terms of its major activities and identify the aspects associated with the project construction which generate environmental impacts,

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

 Identify the environmental issues associated with the major activities,  Develop mitigation measures for the aspects identified as having adverse environmental impacts,  Incorporate environmental mitigation measures into activities and develop corrective actions and ensure monitoring.  Define the specific actions required, roles and responsibilities for these actions, and associated costs and,  Define a proposed institutional structure to govern the implementation of the ESMP and its monitoring.

1.4 Technical Approach and Methodology to the ESMP

The consulting firm (Hospitalia Consultaire) carried out a reconnaissance exercise first to get a visual understanding of the project area. Subsequently, a more detailed assessment was carried out which has been integrated in this report. The environmental and social sensitivities of the project area and its surrounding environs were ascertained. Stakeholder/Public Consultations were also carried out. The first stakeholder meeting was done with the major identified Focal Group Leaders in the communities, which included (the traditional ruler of Umueshi Autonomous Community, Members of the Executive Council, Women and Youth Group leader of Umueshi Ntueke and Amanator Communities). This was done on the 26th of May 2014 at the Umueshi Town Hall, Umueshi. A more detailed Consultation with a greater number of people from the 3 communities was carried out on the 30th of May 2014. Information garnered from the exercise including their concerns regarding the intervention is documented in Chapter 8 and Annex 2 of this report.

The methodology used in the conduct of the Environmental and Social Management Plan is based on guidelines as proposed by the following:  Federal Government of Nigeria EIA Law and subsequent Federal Ministry of Environment standard procedure for conducting EIA/ESIA in Nigeria  Guidelines documented under the World Bank Environmental Assessment Operational Policies OP 4.01.

The rehabilitation works will trigger some of the World Bank Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment OP 4.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Physical and Cultural Resources OP 4.11 and Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09. These guidelines collectively advise that Environmental and Social Management Plan studies are essential to examine the potential environmental and social threats and benefits (impacts) associated with rehabilitation works for the Umueshi Gully Erosion site.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

5 CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

2.1 Overview of the Project State

Imo State

Imo State derives its name from Imo River, which takes its course from the Okigwe/Awka upland. It lies within Latitudes 40 45IN and 70 15IN, and Longitude 60 50IE and 70 25IE. The state occupies the area between the lower River Niger and upper and middle Imo River. Imo is bounded on the East by Abia State, on the west by the River Niger and Delta State; and on the north by Anambra State while River State lies in the south. Imo state covers an area of about 5,100sq km. The state has a population of about 3,927,563 people (2006 Census). Figure 2.0 below indicates a map of Imo state and the LGA for the study area.

Figure 2.0 Map of Imo State showing Ideato South LGA

Local Government Areas The twenty-seven (27) Local Government Areas in Imo State are: Aboh Mbaise, Ahiazu Mbaise, Ezinihitte Mbaise, Ihitte Uboma, Ehime Mbano, Ideato North, Ideato South, Ikeduru, Isiala Mbano, Isu, Mbaitoli, Njaba, Ngor Okpala, Nkwerre, Nwangele, Obowo, Oguta, Ohaji/Egbema, Okigwe, Onuimo, Oru East, Oru West, Orlu, Orsu, Owerri Municipal.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

The project area for which this study is been carried for cuts across Umueshi, Amanator and Ntueke communities all in Ideato South Local Government Area.

2.1.1 Physical Environment of Imo State

Geology of Imo State

The Benin Formation of coastal plain sands underlies Imo State. This formation, which is of late Tertiary age, is rather deep, porous, infertile and highly leached. In some areas like Okigwe, impermeable layers of clay occur near the surface, while in other areas, the soil consists of lateritic material under a superficial layer of fine-grained sand. Rivers are few with vast interfluves that are characterized by dry valleys that carry surface drainage in periods of high rainfall. The main streams draining the state are Imo, Otamiri, Njaba and Ulasi rivers, all of which have very few tributaries. With the exception of Imo River, which runs through the area underlain by the Imo Shales, other rivers rise within the coastal plain sands. Generally, river valleys constitute the major physical features, which are often marshy. The undulating nature of the interfluves gives rise to numerous depressions especially in the northeast of the state.

Landforms and Drainage

Imo State has a topography dominated by flat and low-lying land. The central part of the state is characterized by undulating land with many hills. The phenomenal monotony of the terrain may be accounted for by the absence of any tectonic disturbances and by the homogeneity of the rock structure.

Climate & Temperature

The climate of Imo State is tropical with well-defined wet and dry seasons during which mean temperatures reaches 22oC and 33oC, respectively. The seasons are associated with the prevalence of the moist maritime southwesterly monsoon from the Atlantic Ocean in the wet season and the dry continental northeastly harmattan from the Sahara Desert in the dry season.

Rainfall

Rainfall distribution is bimodal, with peaks in July and September and a two-week break in August. The rainy season begins in March and lasts till October or early November. From March to May, there are violent storms, which destroy crops and houses. Rainfall is often at its maximum at night and during the early morning hours.

The mean rainfall is 2,000mm. The beginning of the rainy season is often marked by afternoon’s thunderstorms, accompanied by heavy showers, tailing off in prolonged steady drizzle.

Relative humidity

Imo State is situated in a humid zone with humidity ranging between 51% and 84%. The lowest daily values of relative humidity are recorded in the early afternoon, while the highest values are recorded in the early morning hours.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

2.1.2 Biological Environment Soils

The soil consists of loose lateritic material under a superficial layer of fine-grained sand. The soils are not particularly fertile and are prone to leaching due to the heavy rainfall experience in the region. This leads further to sheet and gully erosion as experienced in many parts of the state.

Vegetation and livestock found in Imo State

The vegetation type found in Imo state is of typical rain forest. Agriculture is very prominent in the state. Some of the cash crops that thrive in the state include oil palm, kola, cotton, groundnut etc. Other economic trees like Iroko, Mahogany, Obeche, gmelina, bamboo, and rubber also predominate the state. Common food crops include mango, cassava, yam, cocoyam and maize.

Livestock production is common in the state, and common animals reared include goat and sheep. Poultry and fish farming are also practised in the state.

The wildlife found in the state are dominated by birds (such as crows, black kites, ravens, crows, hornbills, doves and weaver birds), reptiles (including snakes and lizards) and mammals (including rats, rodents, squirrels, grass cutters, small deer, antelopes and monkeys. Historical records indicated the presence of tigers, jackals and antelopes in forests, but today they are already extinct due to long-standing farming pressure and persistent uncontrolled hunting by the indigenes.

Ecological Issue

Typical with most state in the Southeast, Imo state is faced with similar ecological issues such as gully and sheet erosion, flooding and landslides. This have often cut of various communities and hindered development in the some part of the states. The erosion in Imo State have also led to the destruction of properties, ancestral lands and living space, and lands for agricultural practices.

2.1.3 Social Environment Economy

The state is endowed with natural mineral deposits, which include gypsum, salt, clay, kaolin and crude oil. Imo is the 6th highest oil producing state in Nigeria. There is a good network of roads on the state though most of them are in a dilapidated state. The State economy is predominantly sustained by agricultural productions of palm oil, cocoa, cassava, vegetables, etc.

Education

There are six tertiary educational institutions in the State namely: the Federal University of Technology, Owerri; the Imo State University, Owerri; the Federal Polytechnic, Nekede; the Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri; Imo State Polytechnic , Umuagwu and the Federal College of Land Resource Technology, Egbeada.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Healthcare

There are 18 General Hospitals, 1,288 Primary Health Centers, 33 Private Hospitals, 12 Mission Hospitals, 1 Federal Medical Centre and 1 Teaching Hospital.

The project area is under Ideato South LGA.

2.2 Overview of Ideato South LGA

Ideato South is a Local Government Area (LGA) located in Imo State. Its headquarters is called Dikenafai. The LGA comprises of an area of 88km2 and a population of about 159,879 (2006 census). The LGA has a total of 26 autonomous communities, which include Dikenafai, Awalla, Umuma-Isiaku, Amanator, Isieke, Umuagwube, Okohia, Umueshi, Umuchima, Ogboko, Ugbelle, Obohia, Umulewe, Ntueke, Ogwuma, Dimagu, Okohia, Umuaghobe, Nneat-Ogwugwu, Umuobom, Umuezedike, Umuakam, Umuago, Umucheke and Umuduruahurunwa. The project areas for this study fall within Ntueke, Umushi and Amanator communities (see figure 2.1 below for the location map of the study areas). Neigbouring communities include Onimo and Ideato North LGAs.

Figure 2.1 Map of Ideato South LGA and the 3 project areas

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Economy The people of Ideato South are known for the agricultural prowess mainly for the cultivation of cassava and palm oil. Other occupations of the people include petty trading, oil milling, and carpentry work.

Education Ideato South is home to several primary and secondary school. Schools located in the project area include: Nomadic school, Umueshi; Community School 1 and Community School 2, Umueshi; Hilltop School, Amanator.

Erosion and Watershed Issues

The main ecological hazards in the Ideato South are accelerated gully erosions. This has been attributed to the undulating topography of the terrain, which increases flow velocity thereby making the runoff more erosive. Thus, resulting to the formation of a gully head and subsequently formation of several finger gullies due to flow concentration.

2.3 Overview of the Project Areas

The project areas comprise of Umueshi, Amanator and Ntueke communities all in Ideato South Local Government Area. The gully erosion site is specifically located at the Umueshi section of Ntueke - Okwele Road and cuts through to Amanator Community. It is geographically located within the co-ordinates N5.53330 and N5.68330 Latitude and E7.4667o and E7.5333o Longitude. Generally the 3 project areas have an undulating topography and are poorly drained. Umueshi is on the receiving end of all surface runoff from Ntueke and Amanator. Drainages from these areas were improperly channeled to Umueshi hence the formation of the gully in the area (See photo 1 showing a drainage channeled into the Umueshi Gully Erosion area).

Photo 1: Showing a drainage channeled into the Umeshi gully erosion area

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Originally before the emergence of the erosion, the area (now known as “Ogwugwu Okwa”) was allocated to the deity of the land. The landform of the area is a valley with a river, River Okwa located within it; typical of most valleys. The people believed that planting around the valley would protect their deity. However, overtime the area flourished with vegetation and has become densely populated today. River Okwa was once the major source of water for the people before it vanished as a result of siltation. River Okwa even extends to Umuobom another neighboring community.

Photo 2 indicates the poor state of the Umueshi-Okwelle road, which serves as a link road to other neighbouring communities in and out of Imo state.

Photo 2: Showing the broken Umueshi-Okwelle road 2.3.1 Physical Environment This section gives a general description of the Physical, biological and socio-economic environment of the project area

Climate Umueshi, Ntueke and Amanator are all under the tropical climate. The climate is characteristically of the Equatorial type found in South-Eastern Nigeria, essentially warm and humid. In rainy season there is much less rainfall than in dry season. About 2137 mm of precipitation falls annually. The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 305 mm.

Temperature On the average, the ambient maximum air temperature in the area varies from 28.00C to 37.50C while the minimum temperature varies from about 220C to 270C. Lowest values are recorded in the month of July through August. This coincides with the peak of the rainy season. The diurnal range is kept at a low 40C. The temperature of the area is influenced primarily by the apparent movement of the sun, wind direction and speed as well as land configuration (NIMET).

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Rainfall Imo state experiences a high rainfall with corresponding high discharge of water as runoff, which encourages gully erosion. It has a peak period between July and September. During the rainy season, a marked interruption in the rains occurs during August, resulting in a short dry season often referred to as the “August break”, though for years now this has not been consistent in August due to climate change. In a study conducted by Jimoh (2005), rainfall events were found to be highly correlated to erosion in all the representative land surface types.

Wind Speed Wind speed is generally low and usually less than 3 m/s under calm conditions most of the year. Relatively higher wind speeds may occur mainly in the afternoons inducing convective activities and creating diffusion characteristics. Incidences of these are often associated with thunder and lightning especially during changing seasons. Atmospheric disturbances such as line squalls and disturbance lines often induce the variability that results in speeds higher than 5 m/s. Such increases characterize the beginning of rainy season (March-April) and end of heavy rains (September-October), during which storms are more frequent. The harmattan season (December to February) can give rise to occasional high wind regimes.

Wind Direction Wind directions are quite variable over the region. Data shows that about 60% of the winds are south-westerlies and westerlies during the day in the wet season (NIMET). Southerlies, south easterlies and south westerlies prevail more in the night during the period. This implies that directions are usually more variable in the nights than in the mornings.

The winds are mostly northerlies, north easterlies and north westerlies in the dry season particularly in the mornings. They are more of sourtherlies, south easterlies and/or westerlies during the evenings, indicating the fairly strong influences of the adjoining maritime oceanic air masses, contrasting land and sea breezes as well as appreciable degree of differential heating of the two surfaces.

Relief and Topography The relief of the 3 project areas are generally a flat lying to gently undulating except for a north- trending ridge that extends from Owerri to Awka. Elevations range from approximately 50m in the Niger River Floodplain in the western part of the state, to almost 300m at the northern extent of the ridge. The southern end of the Enugu escarpment passes through the northeast corner of Imo State. Elevations approach 300m. Three watersheds can be found within Imo State. The largest watershed is that of the Imo River, which drains most of the eastern and southern Imo State. The north and western part of Imo State is drained by the Niger River. One main tributary, the Orashi River, can be found in western Imo State where it flows southwards, parallel to the Niger River. The floodplain between the Orashi and Niger River (immediately to the west of Imo State) is poorly drained and covered with forested fresh water swamp.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Soil The soil types found in the study area is of laterite and sandy materials, which are unstable and poorly consolidated. These laterite and sandy soils are easily eroded by storm water runoffs. The soils are generally oversaturated during extended rainfall periods.

Geology The Benin Formation of coastal plain sands underlies Imo State. This formation, which is of late Tertiary age, is rather deep, porous, infertile and highly leached. The soil consists of loose lateritic material under a superficial layer of fine-grained sand. The phenomenal monotony of the terrain may be accounted for by the absence of any tectonic disturbances and by the homogeneity of the rock structure. Rivers are few with vast interfluves that are characterised by dry valleys that carry surface drainage in periods of high rainfall. The main streams draining the state are Imo, Otamiri, Njaba and Urashi rivers, all of which have very few tributaries. With the exception of Imo River, which runs through the area underlain by the Imo Shales, other rivers rise within the coastal plain sands.

Water From the consultations with the people in the communities, it was observed that the 3 communities lacked sustained potable water. The major method of obtaining water was usually from privately owned boreholes, the local streams and from underground tanks storages built by community members. Rainwater is collected into the tanks during the rains, which is used throughout the season. The streams that transverse the project communities include;  In Amanator- Ireke, Ishi ngwu, Mmiri ego ogu, Urashi  In Umueshi- Omachiri, Okwa  In Ntueke- Ogbenele, Iyi ele, Nwosi, Okwa

2.3.2 Biological Environment Vegetation The vegetation types encountered within the study area include areas of fallow bush of varying age, fields used for subsistence farming and degraded secondary rainforest.All flora habitats surveyed were found to comprise shrubs, grasses, sedges and a mixture of mature trees and re- growing juvenile trees (especially commercial trees). Table 1.0 Showing some common plants found within the project community S/NO COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME

1. Maize /corn Zea mays

2. Cassava Manihot esculenta

3. Banana Musa sapientum

4. Water leaf Talinum triangulare

5. Okro Abelmoschus esculentus

6. Pineapple Ananas comosus

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

S/NO COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME

7. Guava Psidium guajava

8. Cocoyam Colocasia esculenta

9. Pumpkin Cocurbita pepo

10. Melon Citrullus vulgaris

11. Pepper (small) Capsicum annuum

12. Mango Magnifera indica 13. Oil Palm tree Elaeis guinesis

14. Bamboo Arundinarieae, Bambuseae 15. Pawpaw Carica papaya 16. Bitter leaf Vernonia amygdalina

17. Native African Pear Dacryodes edulis Fauna

Some of the livestock found around the project area include: Poultry, Cattle, Goat, Sheep, and Pig. Other wildlife found in the project area includes Grass cutters, Antelope, Jackal, etc.

2.3.3 Social Environment

Local Economy The main occupations of the people of Umueshi, Amanator and Ntueke are farming and trading. Some of the crops include maize, cassava, yam, palm produce and vegetables. Oil milling is a very common practice in the community. Some few others are into petty trading and artisan work. Commercial activities varying from petty trading to distribution businesses in commodities and agricultural produce can be found in all nooks and cranny in the project area. Photo 3 shows the Oriemodu Amanator market located in Amanator community.

Photo 3: Orieamodu Amanator Market in Amanator community Land Use/Tenure

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

While majority of the land use is for agricultural purposes, others are for residential settlement, market places and land for future development uses. Land ownerships system in Umueshi, Amanator and Ntueke is mainly accessed through family inheritance and are passed down from one generation to another.

2.3.3.1 Socioeconomic Assessment

The socio-economic assessment studies carried out was aimed at examining the socioeconomic conditions of the people living around the project areas (Umueshi, Amanator and Ntueke) in Ideato South LGA of Imo State. This is to ensure that the potential impacts of the proposed rehabilitation of the Umueshi Gully Erosion site project are captured and described while proffering solutions to possible negative impacts to human habitat, health and livelihoods. The specific objectives of the study include:

 To elicit information about the existing socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the inhabitants living within the community  To document the distributional characteristics of the socioeconomic components in the project area  To analyse the patterns of the relationships of the socioeconomic components  To discuss and deduce the effect of the patterns on the environment of the proposed Project through the perceptions of the respondents  To provide a baseline data for the assessment of the socioeconomic impacts of the proposed project  Suggest mitigation measures and environmental management plan for the proposed project.

2.3.3.2 Methodology

The general methodology used for the socio-economic impact assessment employed the collection of primary and secondary source data. The primary sources data gathering comprised of questionnaire administration (See Annex 7 for sample), group interviews ground trothing/reconnaissance survey for identification and Disclosure (awareness creation), discussions and direct observations. Secondary data was obtained from the National Population Commission and desktop literature review. Structured questionnaires were administered to people in residential areas, administrative offices, commercial establishments, schools, families, youth leaders etc. Data collected were analysed using Microsoft Excel 2013.

A random sampling survey was carried out within the project communities. Questionnaires were administered to a total of 98 respondents.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

2.3.3.3 Socio-Economic Data Analysis

Population and Gender Distribution Figure 2.2 gives a gender distribution of respondent interviewed whilst obtaining information of socio-economic data.

Female 43%

Male 57%

Figure 2.2 Gender Distribution of Respondents - Overall Mean

The survey shows that 57% of the respondents were males while 43% were females.

Age Distribution of Respondents Figure 2.3 gives the age distribution of respondent interviewed.

20 15

Percentages(%) 10

0 Below 15 16-19years 20-29years 30-39years 40-49years 50-59years 60years and above Figure 2.3 Age Distribution of Respondents within the Project Area

The overall mean result shows that about 23% of the respondents fall between 20 and 29 years old, while 33% are between 30 and 39 years old; those between 50 and 59 years old are 15% while those that are 60 years and above are 6%. This shows a good representation of all age brackets in field survey especially the youths (20-39years). The younger population is

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site predominant around the residential areas while the more elderly are visible in the around the village square and market.

Marital Status of Respondents Figure 2.4 gives the marital status distribution of respondent interviewed.

86 90 80

70 60 50

30 percentages(%) 20 13

10 1 0 0 Single Married Widowed Divorced Figure 2.4 Marital Status of Respondents within the Project Area

The survey result shows that the married persons are predominant among the respondents in the project areas (86%), followed by single persons (13%). Less than 1% of the respondents were widow/widower while there were no Divorced persons among the respondents. This goes to shows that more matured people were ready to respond than the younger ones as they seem to have more interest in the project.

Religion of Respondents

The overall mean result show that Christianity is the predominant religion in the area. Two main religious denominations were identified. Roman Catholics being the majority with about 57% and Anglican 38%. Other religious denominations make up the remaining percentage of the respondents (5%) as indicated in figure 2.5.

Others, 5%

Anglican, 38%

Roman Catholic, 57%

Figure 2.5 Religion of Respondents

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Occupation Distribution

The result of the survey shows that majority of the sampled population depend on Trading (49%) as their primary occupation. While 6% of the respondents are unemployed, 3% work with privately owned companies/ businesses. 6% of the respondents within the community are civil servants while 28% of the respondents are farmers. See Figure 2.6 for the description of the occupation distribution of the interviewed respondents.

Figure 2.6 Occupation Distribution

School and Literacy level

In general, the survey shows a reasonably high literacy level within the project area. About 6% of the population do not have any formal education and this is mostly among the elderly. 13% have only primary school education, 29.3% are secondary school leavers while the rest are graduates at various tertiary institutions and mostly among the younger generation (See figure 2.7 below).

29.3 30 27 25 18.7 20 13 15 10 6 6 Percentage (%) 5 0 0

Figure 2.7 School and Literacy Level of the Project Area

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Sources of Water for Domestic Use

Figure 2.8 indicates the sources of water for domestic use as obtained from respondents during the interview. 45% of respondents indicated that they obtain water used for domestic purposes from privately owned water underground tanks while 13% make use of water from commercial boreholes. While 34% of respondents use water from the river/stream and 8% make use of privately owned boreholes/wells.

40 River/Stream, 34 35 30

25 Underground 20 Tanks, 45 15 10 Commercial, 13 5 Borehole/Wells, 8 0 Underground River/Stream Borehole/Wells C o m m erci a l T a n k s

Figure 2.8 Source of Water for Domestic Use

Household Waste Disposal, Cooking fuel and Power source

All the respondents in the area dispose their household waste either in the bush or available farmland, which are reused as source of manure. More than 65% of the respondents make use of firewood for cooking while the rest use kerosene. The survey also showed that electricity is obtained from the national grid within the project communities. However, their services are epileptic. As an alternative source of electricity, the people mostly use hurricane lamps (60%) and Generators (40%).

Infrastructural Development

Most of the roads leading to Umueshi community are tarred through state and LGA efforts. However, some sections of the road have been damaged by flood/rain leaving many potholes along the way (See Photo 4 which shows the poor state of the Umueshi road). This consequently has affected travel time to other neighbouring communities for economic/ social purposed. Also vehicles have been damaged as a result of the bad road. There is GSM telecommunication facilities of various networks available in the area however; only Globacom and Etisalat networks have considerably good connection.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Photo 4: Poor access road within Umueshi community

Desirability of the Project Most of the respondents showed high level of acceptance of the project stating that the gully erosion site poses high risk for the members of the community. The also indicated that the gully has denied them several social amenities and access into neighbouring communities. They stated that if the menace is allowed to linger there is the fear of losing the road entirely and invariably their houses and lands. During the interview 99% of the respondent (see figure 2.9) indicated their desirability for the rehabilitation of the Umueshi gully erosion site to occur.

99% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% (%) 40% Percentage 30% 20% 10% 0% 1% 0% Yes No Indifferent

Figure 2.9 Desirability of the Project

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Health Status Survey

Field survey revealed Malaria is the prevalent disease in the project area. There are available healthcare centers (Government and privately owned) within and around the project communities. Some of the older people indicated arthritis as a major disease.

2.3.3.4 Secondary Data Collection

Tables below show Secondary data obtained from the National Population Commission. The distribution of households by types of housing unit is indicated in table 2.

Table 2 Distribution of Households by type of housing unit CATEGORIES Ideato South Imo State House on a separate stand/Yard 26695 595095 Traditional/hut structure made of Traditional Material 1767 22290 Flat in Block of Flats 3832 89045 Semi Detached House 2266 44691 Rooms/Let in House 1051 48357 Informal/Impoverished Building 111 4601 Other 251 33116 TOTAL 35973 Source: National Population Commission (2006)

In Comparison to secondary data provided above majority of the households as seen during field observation revealed that the respondents either live in Flats or Room/Let in Houses.

None of the respondents in the project area have access to pipe-borne water. This is because a functional water supply network does not exist and most people make use of private and commercial boreholes, and underground tanks. The distribution of households by sources of Water supply for domestic usage is indicated in table 3.

Table 3 Distribution of Households by Source of water Supply for Domestic Use CATEGORIES Ideato South Imo State Pipe borne inside dwelling 925 32697 Pipe borne outside dwelling 802 52795 Tanker supply water vendor 888 42944 Well 2768 87220 Borehole 1813 169289 Rain Water 4110 114734 River/Stream 20585 249026 Dugout/Pond/Lake/Dam 988 32283 Other 3094 56207 TOTAL 35973 837195 Source: National Population Commission (2006)

When compared to primary data, information on the use of water closet, pit latrine and Bush corresponded to that provided from Secondary data. However, there is no public toilet within the community. See table 4 for the distribution of toilet facilities.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Table 4 Distribution of Regular Households by type of Toilet Facilities CATEGORIES Ideato South Imo State Water Closet 3560 124340 Pit Latrine 20570 475923 Bucket/Pan 869 79582 Toilet Facility in another (different) dwelling 1328 34395 Public Toilet 4173 76078 Nearby Bush//beach/field 5356 44490 Other 117 2387 TOTAL 35973 837195 Source: National Population Commission (2006)

Distribution of Regular Household Method Solid Waste Disposal

Information provided from secondary data on solid waste disposal (see table 5) shows that Umueshi contributes little to the data for unapproved dumpsites as most of them use their household waste for their farmlands.

Table 5 Distribution of Regular Household Method for solid Waste Disposal CATEGORIES Ideato South Imo State Organized Collection 4841 128820 Buried by Household 5760 117594 Public Approved Dump site 3900 120588 Unapproved Dump site 6836 223085 Burnt by Household 13900 211772 Other 736 35336 TOTAL 35973 837195 Source: National Population Commission (2006)

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

6 CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction

This chapter gives a description of the project area and proposed development based on the engineering designs for the planned rehabilitation of the Umueshi gully erosion site. The proposed rehabilitation works is part of the intervention programme of the World Bank (NEWMAP sub-project), which is aimed at reclaiming of the already degraded part of the region for subsequent utilization for either agricultural purposes or other developmental projects. Considering the terrain of the area, economic viability, cost benefit analysis and culture of the people, the rehabilitation works will involve the following:

 Construction of a set of side drains at both verge of the road.  Construction of a concrete culvert designed to convey the flow and links Okwelle-Ntueke road at Umueshi community.  Filling and compaction of fill to reclaim part of the gully head and its finger gully.  Construction of step-wise drop structure to dissipate a large part of the energy of flow.  Use of Flat gabion mattress lying on geotextile material.  Use of Reno/gabion mattresses where necessary to protect the base from scouring.  Re-vegetation with local grass and trees within the distance of the gully and its finger.

3.2 Umueshi Gully Erosion

Umueshi lies between Latitude N5˚49’44” and Longitude E7˚6’38” of Owerri the capital of Imo State. It is one of the 15 villages that make up Ideato South Local Government Area. It is a Christian community. The native inhabitants of Umueshi speak Igbo and English fluently, and their main occupations are agriculture and trade. It is characterized by dense vegetation, old block walled buildings, unpaved roads, inter-village footpaths, and linear /dispersed settlements. Umueshi community is at the receiving end of all surface runoff from the neighbouring villages and generally has a laterite soil type, which makes the soil surface easily eroded. Roadside drains have been built in neighbouring, Ntueke by the state government to properly channel the runoff but this has failed to produce the desired result as the erosion gully is still very active in Umueshi. Figure 3.0 indicates the Umueshi gully erosion site.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Figure 3.0 The Umueshi gully erosion area

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

3.2.1 Land Size The size of the gully has an estimated length of about 575m, 10m depth, average top and bottom widths of 23m and 8.3m respectively.

3.2.2 Vulnerability

According to the engineering design report, the survey carried out ascertained the gully elevation, profile, longitudinal and transverse sections at 25m intervals using total station and GIS equipment. This helped to give an insight as to the level of damage done to the region and possible solutions to the problem.

3.2.3 Hydrology For the Umueshi gully erosion site, the watershed area (contributory catchment) is about 38.04ha at the gully head (Figure 3.1; 3.2 & 3.3). Using 25 years return period for the determination of discharge, and rainfall intensity of 210mm/hr, the volume of flood expected within the contributory catchment was obtained as 7.5m3/s. This was calculated using the rational formula.

The time of concentration TC was obtained from the rainfall intensity curve as 23.4mins.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Figure 3.1 Showing the watershed map of Umueshi

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Figure 3.2 Township map of Amanato

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Figure 3.3 Township map of Ntueke

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

3.3 Design Concept

The erosion at Umueshi can be said to be a permanent incised gully erosion type, which usually occurs on both natural and disturbed lands. Due to running water eroding continuously and sharply into the soil, the gully created widens, stretching 575m and 10m deep. This gully size is large relative to the flow in it and therefore gives rise to a wide channel with near-vertical steep sidewalls and shallow flow. The main cause of this large gully formation is as a result of the undulating terrain of the area having steep slope, which makes runoff generally more erosive. Ntueke and Amanato communities lie (North and Sou[0th respectively) close to Umueshi and are higher in terms of elevation thus forming a natural downward channel for conveying water to Umueshi. Since there is no planned management of prevailing flood flow paths, flows keep occurring through the same paths, making the area more prone to erosion.

3.4 Rehabilitation works/Design solutions

The proposed rehabilitations are detailed in the subsection below.

3.4.1 Filling and Compaction Filling and compaction shall the done at the gully head as well as its fingers. The entire gully head would be fully reclaimed by filling with good soil material. As outlined by the engineering report, filling and compaction shall be in layers of not more than 150-200mm thickness, to approved standard. This filling can only be done after the water flow that caused the gully has been properly channelled.

3.4.2 Use of Gabion mattress on Geotextile material Geotextile materials are generally used for erosion and sediment control as a means of preserving the environment by preventing further land degradation. Since the erosion site stretches over a large area, flat gabions are needed to protect the area (gully bed and banks) against soil loss or scour. The gabion wall will facilitate the construction of the step. The gabion mattress will help to protect the gully bed from the scouring effect of the flow from the hydraulic drop structure.

3.4.3 Re-vegetation with local grass and trees within the distance of the gully and its finger The long-term success of gully stabilisation largely depends on establishing a good vegetative cover on the gully floor which prevents further gullying and allows the gully floor to gradually silt up reducing the fall over the gully head (Full biotechnical control measure). Approved species of tree plants and grasses (fibrous vegetation downstream) as outlined in the engineering report shall be used to establish green belts along the gully, and on both sides, to prevent frame in the critical zone of erosion and also to protect the gully end.

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

3.4.4 Collection of water upstream To ensure that future gullies are not formed at the gully prone upstream area due to uncontrolled runoff, drainage channels have been built to properly convey the flow to the drop structure. This also allows for continuous and or unobstructed flow within the area.

3.4.5 Control of human activity upstream (1) Afforestation: Planting of trees and other vegetative cover should be encouraged at the upstream level; this will help reduce the velocity of flowing water, it will also retard the impact velocity of falling water thereby reducing splash erosion. (2) Strip cropping: Cultivation or making of ridges across the slope should be encouraged at the upstream watershed, to create a hydraulic jump and break the speed of running water. It will also improve the infiltration capability of the soil thereby reducing the volume of runoff generated at the watershed. (3) Soil excavation: The excavation of soil at the upstream level of the watershed for any reason should be discouraged. This activity accelerates erosion from the upstream down to the gully.

3.5 Design Components

3.5.1 Construction of Side drains To proffer a lasting solution to the Umueshi gully erosion, the prevailing flood flow paths are to be properly managed and to achieve this, well designed side drains are to be constructed. Since improper channelization of the runoff generated from the water shed is one of the causes of the erosion, these side drains on both sides of the road will help to collect and channel the flow from the upstream of the watershed and discharge it into the culvert. Allowing for any uncertainty of the hydrological data used, the culverts have been oversized in order to convey discharge higher than that estimated from the hydrological estimation. The drains (as depicted in figure 3.4) have been designed to convey up to 9.5m3/s.

Figure 3.4 Structural detail of Side drain

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

3.5.2 Construction of the Concrete Culvert The Culvert to be designed at the gully head (see figure 3.5) will convey the discharge from the side drains into the step-wised hydraulic structure. As ascertained by the engineering design, the culvert is to be 30cm thick, 13m long, and have an area of 1.5m2. This culvert would suffice ensuring that the design discharge is carried down the step-wise drop structure.

Figure 3.5 Structural detail of Culvert Reinforcement 3.5.3 Construction of Step-wise drop Structure The Step-wise drop Structure (see figure 3.6) is to allow runoff drop vertically to a lower level where the energy is dissipated before flowing down the watercourse. The flow collected from the culvert is conveyed to the base of the gully in a step-wise manner thereby reducing its velocity and hence its erosive force.

Figure 3.6 Structural detail of stepped channel reinforcement

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

7 CHAPTER 4: POLICY, LEGAL, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

4.1 Introduction

A number of national and international environmental guidelines are applicable to the operation of the NEWMAP. In Nigeria, the power to enforce all activities that might have impacts on the environment is vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv). Internationally, agencies such as the World Bank, IFC and other financial organizations usually set environmental criteria for projects, which must be met by project proponents before the agencies invest in them.

4.2 Relevant Regulatory Policies of Nigeria

4.2.1 National Policy on Environment

Environmental consciousness and awareness regarding the adverse effects of development projects, including agricultural projects, resulted in the articulation of a national framework for environmental protection and national resources conservation. Decree No. 58 of 1988, as amended by Decree No. 59 of 1992, established the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) as the main government structure for environmental matters in the country. The FEPA put in place the 1989 National Policy on the Environment, revised in 1995, with sustainable development as its goal. International agencies such as the World Bank, and other development partners usually set environmental criteria for projects they are involved in. The stated goal of the National Policy on the Environment is to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, and in particular to:

 Secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and well-being;  Conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations;  Restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystem and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity, and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems;  Raise public awareness and public understanding between the environment and development and encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts; and,  Cooperate in good faith with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimum use of trans-boundary natural resources and the prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental degradation.

4.2.2 The Federal Ministry of Environment

The act establishing the Ministry places on it the responsibility of ensuring that all development and industry activity, operations and emissions are within the limits prescribed in the National Guidelines and Standards, and comply with relevant regulations for environmental pollution management in Nigeria as may be released by the Ministry. To fulfil this mandate a number of

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site regulations/instruments are available (See section on National Legal Instruments on Environment), however the main instruments in ensuring that environmental and social issues are mainstreamed into development projects is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992. With this Act, the FMENV prohibits public and private sectors from embarking on major prospects or activities without due consideration, at early stages, of environmental and social impacts. The act makes an EIA mandatory for any development project, and prescribes the procedures for conducting and reporting EIA studies.

As part of the effective utilization of the EIA tool, the Ministry has produced Sectoral guidelines detailing the necessary requirements of the EIA process from each Sector. One of these Sectoral Guidelines that apply to the proposed project is the ‘Sectoral Guidelines on Infrastructure Development.’

Procedurally, in Nigeria, it is worthy to note that before commencement of an EIA, the FMENV issues a letter of intent on notification by the proponent, approve the terms of reference, ensure public participation, review and mediate.

The possible technical activities expected for a proposed project include screening, full or partial EIA Study, Review, Decision-making, Monitoring Auditing and Decommissioning/Remediation post-closure.

4.2.2.1 National Legal Instruments on the Environment

Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv) This Act provides the guidelines for activities of development projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA and is intended to inform and assist proponents in conducting EIA studies as well as a schedule of projects, which require mandatory EIAs.

According to these guidelines:  Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).  Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an environmentally sensitive area- -in which case a full EIA is required.  Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts” on the environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. Other National Legal Instruments on Environment  Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Amendment) Act No 59 of 1992  The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria  The National Effluents Limitations. Regulation 1991  The National Environmental Policy (Pollution Abatement in Industries and  Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations 1991  The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes. Regulations 1991  National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999)  National Guidelines for Environmental Audit  National Policy on Flood and Erosion Control 2006 (FMEnv)  National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991  National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007 (NESREA Act)

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 The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999

4.2.3 Other Acts and Legislations

Land Use Act of 1978

The land-use Act of 1978 states that “…It is also in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the Natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved’. This implies that acts that could result in the pollution of the land, air, and waters of Nigeria negates this decree, and is therefore unacceptable.

Furthermore, the Land Use Act of 1978 (modified in 1990) remains the primary legal means to acquire land in the country. The Act vests all land comprised in the territory of each state in the Federation in the Governor of the state and requires that such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act.

According to the Act, administration of land area is divided into urban land, which will be directly under the control and management of the Governor of each State; and non-urban land, which will be under the control and management of the Local Government. State Governors are given the right to grant statutory rights of occupancy to any person or any purpose; and the Local Government will have the right to grant customary rights of occupancy to any person or organization for agricultural, residential and other purposes.

Forestry Act

This Act of 1958 provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves. It is an offence, punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment, to cut down trees over 2ft in girth or to set fire to the forest except under special circumstances. Nigeria is at present a wood deficit nation. In order to ameliorate the situation, the policy on forest resources management and sustainable use is aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in all aspects of forest production through the use of sound forest management techniques as well as the mobilization of human and material resources. The overall objectives of forest policy are to prevent further deforestation and to recreate forest cover, either for productive or for protective purposes, on already deforested fragile land.

Specifically, the National Agricultural Policy of 1988 in which the Forestry Policy is subsumed, provides for:

 Consolidation and expansion of the forest estate in Nigeria and its management for sustained yield.  Regeneration of the forests at rates higher than exploitation.  Conservation and protection of the environment viz: forest, soil, water, flora, fauna and the protection of the forest resources from fires, cattle grazers and illegal encroachment.

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 Development of Forestry industry through the harvesting and utilization of timber, its derivatives and the reduction of wastes.  Wildlife conservation, management and development through the creation and effective management of national parks, game reserves, tourist and recreational facilities, etc.

Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA)

Nigeria Inland Water Authority (NIWA) Act 13 of 997 established NIWA whose functions are among others are to:

 Provide regulations for inland navigation;  Ensure the development of infrastructural facilities for a national inland waterways network connecting the creeks and the rivers with the economic center’s using the river-ports as nodal points for inter model exchange;  Ensure the development of indigenous technical and managerial skill to meet the challenges of modern inland waterways transportation; and  Carry out environmental impact assessment of navigation and other dredging activities within the inland water and its right-of-ways.

Anambra-Imo River Basin Development Authority

Anambra-Imo River Basin Development Authority is a Federal Government Parastatal under the Ministry of Water resources. It is one of the 12 River Basin Development Authorities established in 1976 by Decree Number 25 and amended by Decree No 35 of 1987. The function of the AIRBDA is towards the development of water resources potentials of the states and to effectively and efficiently manage water resources by harnessing and conserving surface and underground water.

4.2.4 State Legislations

Some of the functions of the State Ministries of Environment include:

 Liaising with the Federal Ministry of Environment, FMEnv to achieve a healthy or better management of the environment via development of National Policy on Environment  Co-operating with FMEnv and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry  Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards,  Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State, and  Monitoring the implementation of ESIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects in the State.

Some laws in the state include:

 Imo State Environmental Protection Agency Law  Imo State Bureau for Sanitation & Transportation Law  Imo State Environmental Protection Agency Amendment Law

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4.3 The World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards

The World Bank has in place a number of operational and safeguards policies, which aim to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in any development initiative involving the Bank. The Nigerian EIA Act and the World Bank safeguard policies are similar; designed to help ensure that projects proposed for Bank financing are environmentally and socially sustainable, and thus improve decision-making. The Bank has twelve safeguards policies and these are:

Environmental:  OP 4.00 Use of Country Systems  OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment;  OP 4.04 Natural Habitats;  OP 4.36 Forests;  OP 4.09 Pest Management;  OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources  OP 4.37 Safety of Dams;

Social:  OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement;  OP 4.10 Indigenous People;

Legal:  OP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways;  OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas

Others:  Access to Information Policy  Piloting the Use of Borrower Systems

This section focuses on the World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies as applicable for to the Project.

Environmental Assessment (EA) (OP/BP 4.01)

Environmental Assessment is used in the World Bank to identify, avoid, and mitigate the potential negative environmental and social impacts associated with Bank’s lending operations early on in the project cycle. In World Bank operations, the purpose of Environmental Assessment is to improve decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted and their concerns addressed. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential adverse environmental and social risks and impacts in its area of influence. The EA has various tools that can be used, including amongst others Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The ESMP for the Umueshi gully erosion site will document all the concerns of the people towards the rehabilitation of the gully site. Effort will be made to identify all the possible environmental and social impacts; negative and positive that will be encountered prior to the civil works, during the civil work and the operation phase of the stabilised gully site.

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Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) Any project or sub-project with the potential to cause significant conversion (loss) or degradation of natural habitats, whether directly (through construction) or indirectly (through human activities induced by the project). There will be loss of vegetation during the intervention of the gully site, hence the reason why this operation policy is been triggered.

Physical Cultural Heritage OP 4.11 This policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, “physical cultural resources” are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or underwater. The cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. During the consultation exercise, the stakeholders were informed that the Chance find procedure (See Annex 5) will be applied during project implementation if any cultural heritage is encountered.

Pest Management OP 4.09 This policy is to (i) promote the use of biological or environmental control and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides; and (ii) strengthen the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective and environmentally sound pest management. It is envisaged that the Project activities on one side may affect the habitats of native fauna (most likely pests such as wild rodents etc.) and on the other, lead to movement of displaced pests to local farm lands and homes (as farmland is the next abundant mass of land in the project states besides forests). In the event of this, the policy aims to (a) Ascertain that pest management activities in Bank-financed operations are based on integrated approaches and seek to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides (Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in agricultural projects and Integrated Vector Management (IVM) in public health projects. (b) Ensure that health and environmental hazards associated with pest management, especially the use of pesticides are minimized and can be properly managed by the user. (c) As necessary, support policy reform and institutional capacity development to (i) enhance implementation of IPM-based pest management and (ii) regulate and monitor the distribution and use of pesticides. Recognized that pesticides can be persistent and harmful to the environment for a long period time. If pesticides must by used, the policy requires that the borrower prepare Pest Management Plan (PMP), either as a standalone document or as part of an Environmental Assessment. Effort has been made in this report to include a sample plan for an Integrated Pest Management Plan (See Annex 6)

4.4 Applicable International Conventions, Treaties and Agreements

Nigeria is signatory to some international agreements and Protocols concerning the environment, notably:

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 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Guidelines  Convention of Biological Diversity  Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and National Heritage Sites (World Heritage Convention)  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)

4.5 INSTITUTITIONAL FRAMEWORK

Since one of the main purposes of ESMPs is to establish responsibility for the activities that have to be undertaken, this sub-section details below, institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of the ESMP as outlined in Table 6a.

Table 6a: Institutional Responsibilities S/No Category Roles & Responsibilities  SPMU Implementing authority, has the mandate to:  Co-ordinate all policies, programmes and actions of all road construction across the States  Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technical programmes  Cooperate through a Steering Committee that provides guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities;  Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the projects  State Ministries of  Site assessment and monitoring of works and engineering activities works,  State Ministry of  Lead role to ensure adherence to this ESMP and applicable standards, Environment, environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation process and criteria  Ministry of Lands,  Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of Land Acquisition and Survey and Urban compensation and other resettlement issues, Other MDAs  Come in as and when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected by or implicated projects such as utility.  World Bank  Assess implementation  Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance.  Site Manager  Ensure land disturbance activities are conducted in accordance with relevant legislation;  Minimise on-site erosion and control sediment in accordance with the site Erosion and Sediment Control Plan;  Communicate the content of, and any changes to the site Erosion and Sediment  Control Plan to all employees and contractors;  Inspect the operation of erosion and sediment control devices and initiate repair or maintenance as required;  Instruct employees and contractors in the purpose and operation of erosion and sediment control devices and the need to maintain these devices in proper working order at all times;  Provide adequate onsite waste collection bins, ensure proper disposal, not to litter and not to create environmental nuisance;

 Contractor  Compliance to BOQ specification in procurement of material and construction and adherence to the ESMP and good practice  Site  Provide oversight function during construction and decommissioning to ensure Engineers/Supervis adherence to good practice and the ESMP ors

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 Site Committee  Ensure compliance to BOQ and quality  Local government  Support in monitoring project execution within their domains to ensure compliance with this ESMP and other relevant requirements  Local Community  Promote environmental awareness  Assist and Liaise with other stakeholders to ensure proper siting and provision of approval for such sites  Support with provision of necessary infrastructures and engage/ encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups.  CDA/CDOs  Ensure Community participation by mobilizing, sensitizing community members;

 NGOs/CSOs  Assisting in their respective ways to ensure effective response actions, Conducting scientific researches alongside government groups to evolve and devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques, Organizing, coordinating and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively & Providing wide support assistance helpful in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter, Project impacts and mitigation measure, Awareness campaigns  iOthers/General  Identify issues that could derail the project Public  Support project impacts and mitigation measures, Awareness campaigns

8 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS FOR THE UMUESHI GULLY EROSION SITE

5.1 Introduction

The NEWMAP Project intends to rehabilitate the gully erosion site in Umueshi, Ideato South LGA. The proposed project activities will lead to potential environmental and social impacts on the project area. A good number of these impacts will be beneficial, especially the impacts of rehabilitating gully erosion site and reducing longer-term erosion vulnerability in Umueshi Community and the surrounding watershed communities – Amanato and Ntueke.

5.2 Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts

For the identification and rating of key issues and impacts that are likely to occur during the phases of this rehabilitation project and the significance of the associated impacts, a “5-Step Tool” was used.

Rating of Impacts

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Five steps were followed sequentially in order to rate the impacts of the various activities of the projects as shown below:

Figure 5.0 Impact Rating Tool

Step 1: Identification of Potential Impacts

Expected impacts were determined based on anticipated interactions between project activities and major environmental and social sensitivities. The environmental and social sensitivities likely to be affected by project activities include the following:

Environmental Components  Air (physical and chemical properties)  Noise - vibrations, sound waves etc.  Surface Water  Ground Water and Hydro-geology  Soil  Topography and Landscape  Climate Change  Terrestrial Habitats

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Social Components  Air (odour)  Noise – nuisance  Visual Sensitivity  Economic Activities  Employment  Public Health  Occupational Health and Safety  Education  Land Use  Property Rights  Transport and Traffic  Religious Activities  Leisure and social activities  Community Affairs and Grievance Redress  Power (electricity)

Step 2 and 3: Qualification of Impacts Qualification of impacts was based on two assessment characteristics: Step 2: Likelihood of occurrence – This is an assessment of the probability of the effect occurring. Step 3: Potential consequence – This is the actual result and scale that an effect might have. The application of each of the two characteristics is described below. Table 6b Likelihood of Occurrence of Impact Impact Probability Likelihood Frequency High probability (80-100%) A very likely impact Very frequent impacts Medium high probability (60-80%) A likely impact Frequent impacts Medium probability (40-60%) A possible impact Occasional impacts Medium low probability (20-40%) An unlikely impact Few impacts Low probability (0-20%) A very unlikely impact Rare impacts

The magnitude of the potential changes to the physical and social environment caused by the impact of an activity or hazard, and the level of sensitivity of the receiving environment determine the potential impact of the activity. This is shown below:

Table 7 Potential Consequence Classification Matrix Magnitude of Effect Receptor Sensitivity Low change Medium change High change Low receptor sensitivity Trivial effect Slight effect Substantial effect

Medium receptor sensitivity Slight effect Substantial effect Big effect

High receptor sensitivity Substantial effect Big effect Massive effect

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The rating of the potential consequences of an impact and its effects are shown below:

Table 8 Potential Consequences Potential Consequence Effect Extreme consequence A massive effect Great consequence A big effect Considerable consequence A substantial effect Little consequence A slight effect Hardly any consequence A trivial effect

Step 4: Degree of Significance The table below shows the impact significance with associated impact ratings.

Table 9 Degree of Impact Significance Impact Significance Impact Ratings Major significance Major Impact Moderate Significance Moderate Impact Minor Significance Minor Impact Negligible Significance Negligible Impact

Step 5: Impact Assessment Matrix

Table 10 Impact Assessment Matrices

Potential consequences

Likelihoo Positive Negative d Hardly any Little Considerable Great Extreme

High Moderate Moderate Major Major Major Medium- Minor Moderate Moderate Major Major high Medium Minor Minor Moderate Moderate Major Medium-low Negligible Minor Minor Moderate Moderate

Low Negligible Negligibl Minor Minor Moderate e

After the rating of each impact, the determination of mitigation measures followed (refer to section on ESMP). Only moderate and major impacts were considered for impact mitigation. Continuous

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site improvement practices will address low impacts. The positive impacts shall be monitored and enhanced when expedient.

5.3 Associated and Potential Impacts Determination

The results of the evaluation of the interactions between the proposed activities and their impacts on environmental and social sensitivities are shown in subsequent pages of this chapter. The identified negative impacts were rated as minor, moderate and major. Beneficial impacts arising from the project were rated as positive. Hence, no further classifications were made on the beneficial impacts.

5.4 Methodology for Assessing and Analysing the Social Impacts

The socio-economic impacts were identified through: 1) Technical identification of the scope and nature of project activities required, 2) Previous experience on similar jobs, 3) Concerns raised by stakeholders during focused group discussions and public and stakeholder consultations, 4) Interactions with professionals and experts in the field by the ESMP team,

The impacts and discussions on them are presented in this section with regard to the various project phases:

5.5 Broad Beneficial Impacts Associated with the Proposed Rehabilitation of the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site

The Rehabilitation of the Umueshi Erosion Gully Site is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts.

Benefits impacts associated with the project include:

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 Control and Reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion.  Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides.  Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production systems and agricultural practices.  Increase in social interactions  Improved livelihood enhancing activities  Gender Issues: Construction activities will encourage economic activities, especially for women. Since there would be a large workforce, petty traders and food-spots owners will benefit immensely from the demand on site.  Promotion of goodwill and community appreciation of the NEWMAP intervention in Imo State and Nigeria at large.

Identified Potential Impacts (by Project Phases)

Pre-Construction Phase

A. Environmental Impacts

Positive

 Prior to the commencement of rehabilitation works, feasibility study – hydrological and geotechnical study; and environmental assessment are required to describe the proposed project needs, aid project design, and ensure environmental and socio-economic sustainability of the project and the project community.  The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize the stakeholders in the project command area and beyond on the environmental safeguards components of the project. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive impact, as it will form a basis for project design and implementation decisions making.

Negative

a. Air Quality

 The pre-construction phase will give rise to fugitive dusts and frequent exhaust emissions into the atmosphere as equipment is delivered to the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site and along access roads where the proposed rehabilitation works will take place

b. Soil

 Leakages may occur from stacked equipment containing oil such as engine oil. This could result in the seeping-through of oil into the soil, thereby leading to possible contamination of soil, surface water and ground water.

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 Soil compaction and soil structure changes may occur due to influx and stationary positioning of heavy duty equipment and vehicles

c. Noise and Vibration

 During the pre-construction activities the WHO/FMEnv permissible noise level (90dB) may be exceeded due to mobilization of heavy machinery to the rehabilitation site.

d. Vegetation  De-vegetation activities during pre-construction phase will lead to loss of flora and fauna

B. Social Impacts

Positive

 The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize stakeholders in the project command area and beyond on the social safeguards to ensure project sustainability. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive impact, as it will form a basis for project concept decision-making and implementation.

Negative

a. Land Acquisition

 Possible unresolved issues during land acquisition process from members of the community which may result in conflict between contractors and land owners.  Hostile and unfriendly community attitudes during land acquisition process.  Decrease in accruable income from land

b. Noise

 Noise from heavy-duty project vehicles and equipment may exceed the WHO/FMEnv acceptable noise level limits, resulting in nuisance.

c. Others

 Possible disruptions of movement of residents within the project area to places of work, and businesses, as a result of movement of equipment and materials along access roads, resulting in loss of man-hours and negative perception of the project amongst road users and residents.

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 Properties particularly farmlands may be accidentally damaged or destroyed during the movement of heavy duty vehicles and equipment.  Accidents involving vehicles or pedestrians may occur during vehicle and equipment movement to site.

C. Occupational Health and Safety

Positive

 During the pre-construction phase, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) awareness programs will be conducted. Awareness programs and interactive sessions will benefit primarily the contractors’ personnel, schools, residents and businesses. Guidelines on safe practices and safe behaviours will be made available to these groups in order to minimize the occurrence of occupational incidents or accidents in the course of implementing project activities

Negative

 During the pre-construction phase air pollution from exhaust fumes of vehicles and release of fugitive dust as a result of equipment moving to the work area may occur. This will pose an occupational health risk (respiratory infections and diseases), especially for people residing in and carrying out activities around the project rehabilitation area and also, contractor personnel, and personnel conveying equipment.  Exposure to noise pollution, injuries and accidents during movement of equipment to the work areas.

Construction Phase

A. Environmental Impacts

Positive

 Rehabilitation works will commence in the Umueshi gully erosion site.  Channelization of flood waters : Side drains will be constructed at both sides of the road  Concrete Culverts will be constructed to convey the flow and will link Okwelle –Ntueke road at Umueshi community.  Construction of step-wise hydraulic drop structure to reduce the rate of flow  Construction of drainage channels in order to collect and safely convey runoff flow to the step-wise hydraulic drop structure  Reclamation of the gully head and finger gully by filling and compaction activities  This phase will allow for maintenance of the finger gully to prevent encroachment and cut off of the road linking Okwelle-Ntueke.  Construction of flat gabion mattress (lying on geotextile material) where necessary to protect the base from scouring.  Stabilization (even out/ uniformity) of the slopes, where feasible to prevent further collapse of the slopes

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 Re-vegetation activities will be carried out within the distance of the gully and its finger, in order to provide cover for the eased out slopes. The structured vegetation to be applied include, local erosion resistance trees, plants and grasses in other to make the area environmental friendly and to improve the aesthetic of the project area.

Negative

a. Climate Change

 Climate change impacts need to be assessed from two perspectives. Firstly the impact of the project on climate change and secondly the impact of climatic change on the project scheme and its infrastructure.  Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from vehicular and construction equipment would be generated during the pre-construction and construction phases of the project. These emissions would be the primary impact of the project on climate change. GHG emissions are considered based on three “scopes” – Scope 1 (direct emissions), Scope 2 (indirect emissions) from the consumption of purchased energy [Purified Motor Spirit {PMS}, diesel] and Scope 3 (other indirect emissions).

b. Air Quality

 Emission of Green House Gases, Dust and Particulates: Emissions from exhaust fumes will originate from mobile sources including vehicles, trucks and heavy equipment during construction works.  Excavation, grading, compaction, filling and other civil works will lead to the increase in fugitive dust.  Civil works will cause changes in the air and atmospheric conditions of the project area and surrounding environment. Fugitive dusts, machinery exhaust fumes [nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons and suspended particulates], and dusts from rehabilitation/construction activities will impact negatively on air quality. Air pollution from machineries will be short term, moderate and localized.

c. Soil

 Construction machinery stationed and moving around the area can create soil compaction, which may harm the soil’s future potential as farmland, impair drainage and increase the risk of flooding.

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 Excavation and compaction activities through construction works will alter the soil properties including loss of valuable topsoil.  Increased sedimentation and runoff during the construction activities such as grading, levelling and filling of the roads etc.  Accidental spillage of chemicals and fuels from the operation and maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will pose negative impacts to surface and future groundwater quality. d. Water Quality and Hydrology

 During construction works, seepage of fuel from machineries and effluent discharge into the watershed may occur, thus impacting on the water quality  During the rehabilitation works, there may be potential for sediment/contaminant laden water runoff to impact on water quality. The contaminants in water runoff may have the potential to enter existing drainage channels and into local watercourses, affecting downstream users and aquatic life.  Flood draining activities may introduce chemicals into water bodies such as (Amanator- Ireke, Ishi ngwu, Mmiri ego ogu, Urashi waterboies located in Amanator; Omachiri, Okwa rivers located in Umueshi and Ogbenele, Iyi ele, Nwosi, Okwa located in Ntueke, leading to possible changes in water colour and pH levels, pollution and eutrophication in surface water.

e. Noise and Vibration

 The project area is a rural setting with residential houses, schools, and market. The civil works will generate noise and vibrations on site and surrounding environment. Most activities associated with road project starting from the pre- construction phase to the construction phase would generate relatively high levels of noise and would be mainly from heavy equipment. The noise levels generated by construction equipment would vary significantly, depending on such factors as type, model, size, and condition of the equipment, operation schedule, and condition of the area being worked. Accordingly, potential impacts of site monitoring and testing activities on ambient noise level would be expected to be temporary and intermittent in nature.  Vibrations resulting from construction equipment may cause further soil destabilization and consequent erosion. f. Waste

 Construction activities will lead to the production of solid wastes - soil excavated debris, metal scraps, plastics, wood, waste concrete, papers and cartons, etc.  Increased generation of liquid waste – concrete washings, canal watering, etc.

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 Construction crews may generate solid and liquid wastes (sewages). Uncontrolled and untreated, these wastes are major sources of pollution, disrupting the ecosystem and contributing to local (and sometimes much broader) health problems.

g. Flora and Fauna

 Alteration of habitat and biodiversity may occur, due to human activities and disturbance on the natural habitat. Site clearing will lead to loss of species diversity and abundance, including soil organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria. It will also lead to loss of food sources, fauna habitat, breeding grounds and nesting sites.  Reduction in the number of native wildlife  During mobilization of equipment, construction activities such as grading, dredging, filling, excavation etc., Weed invasion/proliferation of opportunist species (weeds & pests) may occur.

h. Topography

 Scarification of natural landscape of the project site.

B. Social Impacts

Positive

a. Employment  Employment of skilled and unskilled labour will be promoted. Artisans and professionals from the project area will be provided contractual employment during this phase. This will help promote community goodwill.

b. Economic Benefits

 This phase will encourage economic activities within and around work areas. Petty traders, food vendors and other small businesses will benefit from the demands at the work site.

c. Waste Management

 The construction phase will see to the implementation of a viable waste management plan for project activities.

d. Occupational, Health and Safety

 Occupational health and safety efforts will be intensified during the construction phase as signage, warning and hazard signs will be put up to inform residents, schools and others, about the on-going rehabilitation works in sensitive areas.

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 The phase will encourage the conduct of Occupational Health Risk Assessment (OHRA), Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), Hazard Communication Program (HAZCOM), OHS trainings and other proactive safety strategies (fulfilling the social and fiscal imperatives) which will help reduce the occurrence of on-site incidents/accidents and the resultant burden of direct or indirect compensation costs.

Negative

a. Impact on Livelihood/Community Activities/Social Stress

 During the rehabilitation works there are bound to be restriction in movement, which will affect residents and business owners in the project area.  There may be occurrences of traffic congestion on access roads as a result of intermittent movement of equipment and materials into and from the rehabilitation work area. There is high likelihood that when moving these equipment and personnel along these roads, the transport activities of the community could be disrupted and this could have impact on the socio-economic activities of the community.  Flooding in other areas may occur during construction activities (construction of drainage), which can lead to destruction of lands, and properties.  Human Displacement: Civil, re-vegetative, and watershed management may require the relocation of surrounding residents and their sources of livelihood.

b. Social Vices

 The project will attract a significant workforce. Associations between workers and local residents may lead to casual sexual relationships, thereby increasing the risks of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV.  Vices such as theft, drug use, casual sex (with minors, prostitutes, etc.), small scale gambling, rape, etc., may arise due to the influx of project workforce into the area.

c. Health and Safety

 Incidences of respiratory conditions and respiratory diseases (silicosis, asthma, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections may occur due to air contamination by exhaust fumes and dust resulting from civil works.  Possible outbreak of HIV/AIDS and other STDs.  Exposure of school children at Nomadic School and other community residents to accidents during the construction phase as a result of increased vehicular movements.  During construction activity through creation of pools of stagnant water there may be an increase in malaria cases

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 Exposure of workforce to attack by poisonous insects, reptiles/snakes and other dangerous wild animals. These attacks could result in injuries, poisoning or even death.  The frequency and incidence of occupational hazards may rise with during construction activities.

d. Noise and Vibrations

 This phase will cause noise and vibration nuisance. This will particularly affect the serene learning environment at Nomadic School, Umueshi.

e. Waste

 The construction phase will give rise to increased generation of waste from construction activities.

f. Conflict

 Conflict may arise between community members and contractor. This may hinder or slow down project implementation activities.

g. Traffic

 Existing travel patterns will be negatively impacted during the construction phase of the project.

C. Occupational Health and Safety

Positive

 Implementation of site-specific occupational health and safety management plans (OHSMPs)  Monitoring for occupational health and safety risk assessment (OHSRA) report data.

Negative

 In the course of rehabilitation works, there would be a moderate to severe likelihood of the occurrence of workplace hazards. Activities using heavy and light equipment such as graders and bulldozers could predispose personnel to

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hazards. “Unsafe behaviours” and “unsafe conditions” will pose serious occupational health and safety risks.  Contact with natural hazards such as dangerous animals, insects, poisonous plants.

Operational Phase

A. Environmental Impacts

Positive

 Repair of watershed gullies and rehabilitation of erosion menace. Proper erosion and watershed management as flood waters and run-off will be efficiently controlled.  Provision of proper and well-designed road drainage systems  Stabilization of the Umueshi gully erosion site, this preventing further erosion from occurring.  Aesthetic modifications will promote good ambience within the Umeshi gully erosion site.  Control and reduction of formation of finger gullies due to proper watershed management  Rehabilitation of finger gullies on Umueshi-Ntueke access road at the project site  Promotion of afforestation programs

Negative

a. Air Quality

 Vehicular emissions and particulate matter generated during the operational phase are expected to increase due to an increase in road users. This will affect ambient air quality levels.

b. Noise

 The increase in road users will cause noise nuisance to local residents

c. Odour

 Release of foul smell from the collector drains, chute and stilling basin as a result of runoff/storm water containing decaying matter.

d. Blocked Drains

 There may be sediment laden run-off/storm water which may block the collector drains whereby affecting water flow.

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B. Social Impacts

Positive

a. Impacts on Livelihood

 Proper erosion and watershed management as flood waters and run-off will be controlled.  With the rehabilitation of the Umueshi gully erosion site, the risk of the main access road being cut-off and loss of land will be significantly reduced. Reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation, access road and ancestral origins of the communities.  Increase in project area development and business opportunities  Improved access between communities and inter-state movement thus increasing social interactions. Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of livelihood.

b. Infrastructure

 Creation of engineered travel routes and access roads  Provision of proper and well-designed road drainage systems

c. Education

 The rehabilitation in the Umueshi gully site area will lead to educational and social tourism to the project (for example university students studying the various fields of erosion and watershed management and engineering), and Industrial Training and those requiring hands-on experience.  Increase in community development programs

d. Traffic

 Increase in traffic within the roads and access roads of the project

e. Control

 Control and monitoring of human activities e.g. farming, sand mining, building etc within the recovered areas and eased out side slopes

Negative

a. Loss of Employment

 At the end of the project lifetime the project workforce will be demobilized. This will bring about loss of jobs for the project workers. This will translate to loss in income and business opportunities. Most of the small scale businesses that

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provided goods and services to the road crew members will either windup or experience significant reduction in the volume of business with the demobilization of the project and this too will translate to loss of income

b. Air Quality

 Increase vehicular emissions from road users on Umueshi- Okwelle road

c. Waste

 Indiscriminate dumping of waste may lead to blocking of drainage channels and sanitation issues.

d. Conflict

 There may be land use conflict in managing the erosion site e.g. ecological, grazing and farming.

e. Noise

 Noise nuisance from vehicles on access roads is very likely.

f. Health and Safety

 Increase in respiratory problems amongst local residents as a result of increase in road users.  Increase in vehicular accidents along rehabilitated access roads.

C. Occupational Health and Safety

Positive

 Implementation of site-specific occupational health and safety management plans (OHSMPs)  Monitoring for occupational health and safety risk assessment (OHSRA) report data.  Continuous job hazard analysis and process hazard analysis (JHA and PHA)  Implementation of a hazard communication program (HazCom)  Reduced direct and indirect costs as a result of pro-active safety strategies.

Negative

 Injury of workers and the public during operation and maintenance activities

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Table 11: Identified Potential Impact Rating - Pre-Construction Phase

Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Air Fugitive dust and exhaust fumes Direct Medium Considerable Moderate from vehicles Negative Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible Soil Soil compaction and soil structure Direct Medium Considerable Moderate changes due to influx and stationary Negative Low positioning of heavy duty equipment Short-term and vehicles Local Reversible Leakages from stacked equipment Direct Moderate and subsequent seeping through of Negative Medium Considerable oils and chemicals Short-term Local Reversible Noise Increase above permissible noise Direct Medium Considerable Moderate level, (90dB) due to movement of Negative Pre- vehicles, equipment and machines to Short-term construction Environment the gully erosion site Local/widespread Phase Reversible Vegetation De-vegetation – Loss of flora and Direct Medium Little Minor fauna Negative Short-term Local/widespread Reversible/Irreversible Land Conflict between contractor and Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Acquisition land owners, due to unresolved Negative issues during land acquisition Short-term process Local Reversible Decrease in accruable income due to Direct Medium Considerable Moderate sale of land Negative Short-term/Long-term Local Reversible

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Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating

Traffic Traffic congestion/travel delay Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Negative Short-term Local/widespread Reversible Noise Nuisance to surrounding schools Direct Medium Considerable Moderate /residents/ communities Negative Short-term Local Reversible Others Accidental destruction of property Direct Medium low Little Minor such as farmlands Negative Short-term Local Pre- Reversible construction Social Grievances Direct/Indirect Low Little Minor Phase Negative Short-term Local Reversible Accidents involving vehicles or Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Minor pedestrians Negative Low Short-term Local Reversible Blocked access route to places of Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Minor work, residence and business Negative Low Short-term Local Reversible Pre- Air Exposure to respiratory disease risks Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Construction from dusts, exhaust fumes of Negative Occupational equipment and vehicles Short-term /long-term Health and Local/wide spread Safety Reversible Health and Exposure to injuries and accidents Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Safety during movement of equipment Negative

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Short-term /long-term Local/wide spread Reversible

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Table 12: Identified Potential Impact Rating - Construction Phase Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating GHG Emissions Direct /indirect Medium low Considerable Minor Negative Climate Change short-term/Long-term Local/widespread Irreversible Release of Cement dust, Direct Moderate Considerable Moderate fugitive dust, exhaust Negative fumes, hazardous gases short-term/Long-term Air (NOx, CO, SOx, PM 2.5, Local/widespread PM10) during Irreversible rehabilitation activities Destabilization of soil Direct Medium Considerable Moderate structure/ Increase of Negative erosion site during short-term Construction grading, and excavation Local Phase activities etc Reversible Compaction of top soil Direct Medium-high Considerable Moderate due to movement of Negative Environment Soil heavy vehicles and short-term equipment Local Reversible Contamination of soil by Direct Medium-low Considerable Minor oil spills, fuel, etc. Negative short-term Local Reversible Direct/Indirect Medium low Considerable Minor Discharge of sediment Negative Water laden run-off into water Short-term/Long-term quality/hydrolog bodies Local/Widespread y Reversible

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Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Contamination from Direct/indirect Medium low Considerable Minor (oils, fuel, chemical Negative substances etc) short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible

Contamination by Direct/indirect Medium low Considerable Minor human faecal wastes Negative Water short-term/long-term quality/hydrolog Local/widespread y Reversible

Noise pollution and Direct Medium-high Considerable Moderate vibration nuisance as a Negative result of on-going short-term rehabilitation works. Local Reversible Noise and Vibration Soil destabilization due Direct Medium low Considerable Minor to vibrations from Negative Construction construction equipment short-term Environment Phase use Local Reversible

Waste Increased generation of Direct Medium Considerable Moderate solid and liquid wastes Negative short-term Local Reversible

Biodiversity Loss of native flora and Direct Medium High Considerable Moderate fauna Negative short-term /Long term Local Reversible/irreversible

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Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Socio-economic Disruptions to resident Direct Medium Considerable Moderate activities activities within the Negative project area short-term Local Reversible Construction Social Phase Blocked access Direct Medium Considerable Moderate route/Restricted access Negative short-term Local Reversible

Socio-economic Negative perception Direct Medium Little Minor activities among residents and Negative commercial short-term establishments etc about Local the project. Reversible

Possible human Indirect Medium Great Moderate displacement form their Negative sources of livelihood short-term (farmland) Local Reversible Construction Social Phase Traffic Delay in travel time Direct Medium low Little Minor Negative short-term Local Reversible

Education Noise disturbances to the Direct Medium Considerable Moderate serene learning Negative environments. short-term (particularly Nomadic Local School, Umueshi) Reversible

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Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Health and Safety Increase in sexual Indirect Medium high Great Major activities leading to Negative possible spread of STIs short-term (such as HIV) Local/widespread Reversible

Incidence of respiratory Direct Medium Considerable Moderate diseases due to air Negative contamination by fugitive short-term dusts and exhaust fumes Local Reversible

Residents (particularly Direct Medium Great Major school children) and Negative workforce exposed to short-term Social Health and Safety accidents and injuries Local Reversible

Increased malaria cases Direct Medium Considerable Moderate due to creation of Negative Construction stagnant water during short-term Phase drainage construction Local activities Reversible

Behaviour Occurrence of social Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate vices (e.g. theft, drug use Negative etc) short-term Local Reversible Social Noise Nuisance due to increase Direct Medium Considerable Moderate in noise levels Negative short-term Local Reversible

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Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Conflict between Direct Medium Considerable Moderate community members and Negative contractor short-term

Local Reversible

Project Grievance and resistance Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate Social Performance from communities Negative Short-term/long-term Local Reversible

Construction

Phase

Personnel safety Injuries, falls, accidents, Direct/Indirect Medium high Considerable Moderate explosions, fires, Negative Occupational leakages, accidents etc. Short-term/Long-term Health and Local/widespread Safety Reversible

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Table 13: Identified Potential Impacts and Ratings - Operational Phase Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating

Air Exhaust fumes from Indirect Medium Little Minor road users Negative Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Irreversible Noise Nuisance due to Indirect Medium Little Minor increase in noise Negative levels Short-term/long-term Local Reversible Environment Water quality and Contaminated (with Indirect Low Little Negligible hydrology human waste) water Negative run-off into surface Short-term/long-term water etc. Local/widespread Reversible Operational Water flow Blocked drains (with Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate Phase sediment) impeding Negative water flow Short-term Local Reversible Employment Loss of employment Indirect High Little Moderate (engaged contract Negative staff on the project) short-term Local Reversible

Social Conflict Land use conflict in Direct Medium Considerable Moderate erosion site Negative management short-term Local Reversible

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Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating

Health and Safety Increase in diseases Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate e.g malaria as a result Negative of constructed short-term drainage structures Local Reversible Increase in vehicular Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate related accidents Negative short-term Local Reversible Increase in respiratory Indirect Low Considerable Minor problems amongst Negative local residents due to short-term increase of road users Local Reversible/Irreversible Occupational Personnel safety Injury of workers Direct Low Considerable Minor Health and during operation and Negative Safety maintenance activities short-term/Long-term Local Reversible/Irreversible

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9 CHAPTER 6: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

6.1 Introduction

There are various ways gully erosion can be treated; the key is finding the treatment option that best suits the environment and the possible project affected persons, which includes the landholders. The idea is that the rehabilitation of the gully should not leave the area worst than it already is. Based on this, various treatment options were evaluated in the section below.

6.2 Options

The stabilization of an active gully requires an understanding of the various erosion processes that can occur within a gully, plus the ability to recognize the cause of the erosion and identify appropriate treatment measures. Management options for the Umueshi gully erosion may include the following:

6.2.1 Option one: Rock Lined Chute The rock-lined chute is used to lower surface water into the open channel where a gully has developed. The chute is sized according to drainage area and site factors. Proper sizing of the rock to withstand the expected velocity of water in the chute is the key factor. For the installation of this structure a good source of rock must be available in the area.

Rock chutes are an essential item in the stabilization of gullies.

Figure 6.0 A Rock lined chute Wherever practical erosion problems should be stabilized synthetic material should only be used in circumstances where natural based solutions fail to achieve the required stability.

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Most rock chute fail as a result of poor construction practices and from water passing around the chute or the use of inadequately sized rock (as a result of either a design or construction problems). The critical components of the rock chute design are:

 Control of flow entry into the chute;  Determination of an appropriate rock size; and  The design of energy dissipation measures at the base of the chute to prevent undermining of the chute and damage to the gully banks. The upper surface of the rock chute must blend with the surrounding land to allow water to freely enter the chute without being diverted along the edge of the rock lining.

The rock size must be based on the flow conditions down the chute, the slope of the chute, the shape of the rocks (i.e. round or angular), and the degree of variability in rock size. The recommended mean rock size for long, straight chutes may be determined.

Constraints

 The non-availability of rocks in the area could be step back in the use of this alternative

Figure 6.1 Schematic diagram of a rock lined chute

6.2.2 Option Two: Wood Drop Structure Wood has been used in various ways to control soil erosion. Over the past few years, the wood drop structure has been used with much success.

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The wood must be adequately treated to withstand contact with the soil in a wet condition and adequate drainage around this structure required.

Figure 6.2 Schematic diagram of a wood Drop structure Constraints

 As the gully is deep and very wide its encroachment would be continuous with the use of this alternative. Since trapping of sand would be a dependent factor.

6.2.4 Option three: Do nothing The “do-nothing” option would involve maintaining the status quo. This would mean that no further rehabilitation of the erosion site will be done. This would actually lead to degradation of un-eroded areas thereby causing more harm than good to the immediate environment.

6.5 The Preferred Alternative

The preferred alternative would be to implement the current project proposal, however with a combination of suitable alternatives to enable the project achieves its objectives.

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10 CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Overview

The range of environmental, social and occupational health and safety issues associated with the rehabilitation works for the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site Project will be described in a matrix table format for the environmental and social management plan (ESMP). The table also includes a column for Monitoring Indicators and Monitoring Frequencies.

It outlines the corresponding mitigation measures for potential environmental and social impacts; and occupational health and safety risks that are envisaged to occur during activities. Since the project consists of civil rehabilitation works basically, majority of the environmental and social impacts and occupational hazards will be expected to arise during the construction phase of the project. The ESMP also covers potential impacts as perceived during the pre- construction and operation phases.

7.2 Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan

It is envisaged that the environmental and social impacts and their designed enhancement and mitigation measures shall be monitored during implementation of the construction/rehabilitation works and operation phases. The roles and responsibilities for monitoring the environmental and social impacts and the implementation of the ESMP are as follows.

Overall sub-project coordination will be housed in Project Management Unit (PMU), of Imo State NEWMAP Office. They will oversee the day-day project management and ensure that environmental and socio-economic concerns and management as elucidated in the ESMP are integrated into all aspects of project implementation. The Imo State Ministry of Petroleum and Environment (ISMPE); herein referred to as State Ministry of Environment (SME); National Environmental Standards Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA), and Imo State Environmental Protection Agency (ISEPA) will monitor, evaluate and audit the implementation of the ESMP to ensure that the rehabilitation works and project operations meet “best environmental practices”.

Awareness creation exercises on HIV/AIDS, environmental protection and personal hygiene and sanitation shall also be undertaken for contactors personnel and all stakeholders involved in project implementation.

7.2.1 ESMP and Monitoring Plan Budget

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The ESMP matrix for the implementation of the Rehabilitation works for the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site is highlighted from Table 14 to 16.

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Table 14: ESMP - Pre-Construction Phase Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators Monitoring Institutional Costs component Frequency Responsibility (USD) Sprinkling of water via Air quality parameters Twice Mitigation: spraying devices to are within permissible monthly Contractor limit dusts. Limits

Mobilization of Increase in amounts workers, of fugitive dusts and equipment and exhaust fumes from Air other materials movement of heavy- Ensure that vehicles Ensure that vehicles are Every two Monitoring: 3,000 into Umueshi duty vehicles and are serviced; undergo serviced; undergo months NESREA (state), Gully Erosion equipment into vehicle emission vehicle emission testing SME, PMU, Site work areas. testing (VET) and (VET) and vehicle Contractor vehicle exhaust exhaust screening (VES) screening (VES) as as laid down in the laid down in the NESREA guidelines. NESREA guidelines. Environment Loss of top soil and Limit zone of vehicle Visible demarcation of Weekly Mitigation: PMU soil compaction due and equipment weight vehicles and equipment and Contractors to movement of impacts (designate an limit zone vehicles to site and area for parking and Warning signs, flags will stacking of heavy- stacking equipment) be utilized to alert users, Mobilization of duty equipment so as to reduce risks workers, associated with the equipment and rehabilitation of the Soil other materials 5,500 project into Umueshi Leakages from Ensure fastening of Installation of Weekly Monitoring: Gully Erosion stacked equipment loose parts (bolts, impermeable platform SME, ISEPA, Site and subsequent nuts); Install at limit zone. PMU intrusion of oil and impermeable surface chemical substances at the limit zone to into soil. contain potential leakages Mobilization of Increase above The effective control Options for noise Weekly Mitigation: PMU, 500 workers, permissible noise of noise from vehicles impact mitigation are Contractor Environment Noise equipment and level, (90dB) during and equipment during being implemented other materials movement of this phase may be into Umueshi vehicles, equipment achieved by Monitoring:

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators Monitoring Institutional Costs component Frequency Responsibility (USD) Gully Erosion and machines (site- considering the SME, ISEPA Site specific and following techniques: widespread)  Alternative design options;  Mitigation at the source;  Mitigation along the path; and  Mitigation at the receiver For minimal disturbance it will be advised that equipment is transported when it will cause least disturbance Displacement of soil Contractors should Vegetation clearing is Monthly fauna and damage to limit vegetation limited to precise areas flora. clearing to minimum areas required Mitigation: particularly areas with Vegetation Contractors Vegetation indigenous vegetation 1,200 clearing Predisposing of soils Cleared areas should Re-vegetation is Monthly Monitoring: PMU to erosion be re- vegetated with ongoing where beneficial local species appropriate. known to mitigate against erosion SUB-TOTAL : 10,200

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Mobilization of Traffic Apply lane Lane Daily Mitigation: 1,100 workers, equipment congestion/travel configuration configuration Contractors, FRSC and other materials delay along some changes to changes are being (Federal Road into Umueshi Gully major roads affected roads and made where Safety Corps) Erosion Site streets. applicable. Monitoring: Traffic FRSC; Imo State Bureau of Sanitation and Social Transport (IMBST) Mobilization of Nuisance to Retrofit with Retrofitting with Daily Mitigation: 1,200 workers, equipment nearby residential suitable cost vehicle sound Contractors and other materials areas effective vehicle proof materials is Noise into Umueshi Gully sound proofing being performed Monitoring: Erosion Site materials/ SME, ISEPA technologies. Provision of Provision of face facemasks to masks and residents and appropriate PPEs Mitigation: SME, Mobilization of project personnel. are being PMU, Public workers, equipment Exposure to health provided. Health depts. and other materials risks from fugitive Restrict access of Restriction barrier Air Weekly Ideato South LGA 1,050 into Umueshi Gully dusts and exhausts non-project are being

Erosion Site fumes. personnel to work installed. Monitoring: areas where dusts ISEPA and emissions Social exist/persist from project works. Land Land Acquisition Conflict owing to The PMU will Documented Monthly for PMU 1,000 unresolved land carry out an evidence of 6months before acquisition and extensive enlightenment and during involuntary enlightenment carried out construction/reh displacement program to inform showing method, abilitation phase during the farmers and coverage and construction communities on dates of programs the aim, scope and nature of the work

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Constructio Transportation and Public Safety and Transportation of Evidence of Weekly during Contractor - n camping movement of heavy Traffic congestion heavy equipment warning signal pre-construction equipment will be carried out phase PMU during off pick Log record of hours when it will time of lorry not disturb public arrival/discharge movement of equipment

Where movement cannot be avoided during work hour, the contractor must attach a warning signal Disruption of Adequate and Adequate and Mitigation: PMU 500 vehicle and timely sensitization timely pedestrian access of identified PAPs; sensitization to where Lane configuration program is being rehabilitation conducted Mobilization of works will be Lane workers, equipment conducted configuration and other materials Monthly Others change have been into Umueshi Gully made Erosion Site Sensitization PMU, . Grievances and Adequate and exercise are Independent 1,500 negative timely sensitization conducted Consultant, community of identified PAPs Contractors perception about the project. SUB TOTAL – 6,350

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Air Mobilization of Institute workers respiratory Institution of WRPP Weekly Mitigation: 2,750 workers, Respiratory disease risks protection program (WRPP) Independent equipment and from exposure to Consultant, other materials exhaust fumes of Contractors into gully equipment and vehicles Monitoring: erosion site ISEPA, PMU Noise Mobilization of Institute noise control plan Institution of noise Weekly Mitigation: 750 workers, control plan Independent equipment and Consultant, Noise pollution other materials Contractor into gully Monitoring: erosion site ISEPA, PMU Education and training of Education and One-off PMU, 500 PAPs about the project and training has been Contractor, accident occurrence conducted Independent Consultant Occupational Health and Accidents involving Contractor(s) education and Training has been One-off PMU 150 Safety pedestrians training on pedestrian safety conducted

Mobilization of Accidents workers, Install safety signage Safety signage have Weekly PMU, Contractor 500 equipment and been installed other materials into gully Conduct haulage safety Training has been One-off Contractor 250 erosion site training conducted Collapse of heavy

equipment etc. being

conveyed to Enhanced fastening of Contractor(s) Weekly Contractor 500 rehabilitation work area equipment to carriage section Compliance of vehicles. Attack from dangerous Conduct safety and first aid Training has been One-off Contractor 300 Personnel animals during de- training conducted Safety vegetation activities SUB-TOTAL – 5700 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TOTAL – 22,250

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Table 15: ESMP - Construction Phase Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Fuel switching- Fuel switching Mitigation: 1,000 from high- to low-carbon content PMU, fuels (where available) can be a Contractors relatively cost effective means to mitigate GHG emissions during this phase. Transition to renewable energy sources i.e. solar energy (where Monitoring: applicable) ISEPA, PMU Operation of Compliance to Climate equipment used GHG Energy efficiency- Machines e.g. proffered Weekly Change during the Emissions generator plants could be turned off mitigation construction phase when not in use, in order to reduce measures. carbon emissions.

Multiple trips reduction: In order to reduce vehicular movement and subsequent increased carbon Environment emissions. Hire vehicles, plants and equipment that are in good condition (current models) generally less than 3 yrs. old. Operation of Mitigation: 1,000 equipment used Contractors Daily during the

construction phase

Fugitive and Contractors Rehabilitation works cement dusts Routine watering of the Mitigation: 1,000 Air Compliance –including filling and rehabilitation site Contractors

compaction activities, Daily construction of side

drains, culverts and

other hydraulic structures

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Wet Right-of-Way to reduce dust Mitigation: 400 QC and QA are production Monthly PMU, in practice Contractors Test Procedures – Routine Monitoring: 1,250 measuring of HC and CO PMU, concentrations during rehabilitation Contractors works should be employed for PMS Monthly Exhaust fumes, powered vehicles. Diesel (AGO) Contractors Heavy equipment hazardous gases vehicles should be tested for exhaust Compliance operations during (NOx, CO, SOx, Air opacity during unloaded engine free construction SPM,), Oxides acceleration periods. from welding

activities.

Quality Control –Routine equipment Mitigation: 500 efficiency audits Contractors Quality Assurance –Continuous Contractors Monthly training of contractor(s) personnel Compliance Environment on air quality management Monitoring: PMU Contamination Attempts to dispose of sediment- Mitigation: 750 of surface water laden run-off into surface water Contractors (discharge of should be discouraged and Contractors All rehabilitation sediment laden prevented. Compliance Daily works run-off into Implement site-specific waste Water drainages, management plans quality/Hy waterways etc) drology Generation of Liaise with the municipal sewage Mitigation: 500 sewage overtime collection authorities for collection PMU (from use of and treatment of waste with ISEPA Defecation near temporary PMU Monitoring: Monthly gully erosion site mobile toilets by Compliance SME, ISEPA personnel involved in civil works)

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Creation of limit zones PMU, 200 Minimize compaction during Contractors stockpiling by working the soil in the Movement of heavy dry state. PMU, and vehicles/Stationary Surface soil Rip compacted areas to reduce Contractor’s Monthly vehicles and compaction runoff and re-vegetate where Compliance equipment necessary All topsoil and other soil profiles must be managed strictly All oil and lubricants should be sited Mitigation: 600 on an impervious base and should Contractor Contamination by have drip pans Monitoring: Pollution of soil Contractor oil spills, lubricants The storage area should be far from Periodically SME, ISEPA and groundwater Compliance and other chemicals water course All containers should be clearly labelled Ensure excavation is limited to Contractor 1,200 Filling and Loss of top soil ; desired areas Compaction Environment Soil/geology possible minor Contractor activities for gully Monthly to moderate soil Filling and compaction in layers must Compliance head and finger instability range between 150-200mm gullies reclamation thicknesses as recommended. The contractor must implement Contractor 2,000 appropriate erosion control measures to avoid further erosion in this watershed. Construct soil conservation measures at appropriate locations Erosion Erosion Contractor management Execution of major works that Weekly management Compliance would impact on soil structure should be carried out during the dry season. If done during the wet season, temporal drain should precede the permanent drain so that run-off from rain can be managed properly.

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Construction of all Extensive noise Mitigation at source (for all activities) Mitigation: 2,050 hydraulic site-specific A noise barrier or acoustic shield will PMU, structures pollution as a reduce noise by interrupting the Contractors result of on- propagation of sound waves. Contractors Noise Rehabilitation of going Weekly Monitoring: Compliance access road construction SME, ISEPA Okwele-Ntueke works. Road

Implement site-specific waste Mitigation: 600 management plan Contractor All Increase in waste Contractors Waste rehabilitation/cons Weekly generated Liaise with ISEPA for effective waste Compliance Monitoring: truction works management SME, ISEPA, IMBST Provision of on-site sanitary facilities Mitigation: 400 Contractor Sanitary Increased human Increased human Contractors Environment One-off Concerns faecal waste faecal waste Compliance Monitoring: SME, ISEPA, IMBST The design shall in no way propose Monitoring: No to implement developments that will Contractor additi hinder drainage, change the onal topography or introduce physical costs changes that are not in harmony with to the physical setting of the Project BOQ Interference with area. During All Rehabilitation Contractors Design the physical The structures to be developed Design Works Compliance setting should be aesthetically acceptable to blend in with the surrounding. These structures should not form or end up being used by the resident population as access or bridges. No residential facilities shall be erected on site and the proponent shall as

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much as possible complete the works in such a way that natural aesthetics shall be retained at the locations. Restoration shall be undertaken to ensure that the original setting is as much as possible retained.

SUB-TOTAL – 13,450

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Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Disruptions to residents Conduct survey to identify Independent One-off Mitigation: PMU, 1,250 activities – (e.g. blocked best alternatives to Consultants Independent access to residents) prevent disruptions to Compliance Consultant Rehabilitation/ Livelihood livelihood within on & Monitoring: SME, Construction of Road Impacts off-site work areas before PMU and drainage network commencement of rehabilitation works.

Loss of travel time due to Lane configuration Contractors Weekly Mitigation: FRSC heavy concentration of changes Compliance Monitoring: construction/project PMU, IMBST Social vehicles on and off the Mobilization of project site Traffic equipment and other 300 materials Grievances and negative PMU Monthly PMU Involve PAPs at certain perception among Compliance levels of decision making residents and commercial and implementation of establishments about the activities project Extensive civil Noise disturbances to the Mitigation at source Compliance Monthly Mitigation: PMU, 1000 work/rehabilitation serene environments for Inform residents prior to Contractors Education activities the residence commencement of works Monitoring: Ideato South LGA Increase in sexual activities Awareness campaign on Conduct of Quarterly Mitigation: 550 Continuous civil work leading to possible spread sexual diseases, and awareness MWR, Public Social Health activities and steady of STIs distribution of male and campaigns Health dept. of the influx of workforce female condoms. Ideato South LGA. Monitoring: SMH

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Component Sub-component Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Incidence of Distribute facemasks to Facemasks are Monthly Mitigation: PMU, 1,050 respiratory diseases residents as a means to being Contractors Continuous civil due to air reduce allergic reactions distributed Monitoring: SMH, work activities and contamination by and respiratory disease Public Health dept. steady influx of fugitive dusts and occurrence. of the Ideato South workforce exhaust fumes Regular sprinkling of water LGA, Health in during construction works. Possible spread of Creation of temporary Compliance Monitoring: SME 700 Blocked drainage water borne diseases channels to collect flood channel water

Waste management Increase in waste Ensure that all Contractors Weekly Contractors 3,000 generated from construction wastes are Compliance Environmental construction works gathered on-site and Monitoring: SME, Social hygiene and disposed off according ISEPA aesthetics through the available waste disposal operation in the project area. Behaviour Implementation of Occurrence of on- Enforce and ensure proper Compliance Monthly Contractors 1,000 civil works and Rest site/off-site social orientation on acceptable Monitoring: SME, periods vices (Fights, rape, behaviours for ISEPA harassments, theft, construction personnel vandalization, drug on/off-site. use etc. Good work enforcement Contractors 100 Conflicts between program Monitoring: SME, Implementation of contractors, Project Conflict resolution ISEPA all construction communities etc. may Compliance Monthly performance phase activities disrupt completion of 500 Regular stakeholders tasks. meetings Noise Massive use of heavy Hearing impairment Operators of heavy duty Evidence of Daily Contractor 300 machinery for land for machinery machines must wear ear procurement clearing, levelling and operators muffs of ear muffs Social excavation of soil Evidence of They must not exceed 8 use of the working hours per day PPE

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Record of signing out time Noise nuisance for Mitigation at source Compliance Monthly Mitigation: PMU, 400 Residents. Inform residents prior to Contractors commencement of works Monitoring: Ideato South LGA Loss of Land Acquisition Disincentive to land The pastoralist must be Minutes of monthly Mitigation: - occupation owners carried along all through meetings with Contractor land owners Monitoring: PMU

SUB-TOTAL – 10,150

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators Monitoring Institutional Costs component Frequency Responsibility (USD) Develop and implement on-site Monthly Independent 2,000 occupational health and safety Consultant, management plan; Routine OHS Contractors Fugitive dust and training and education; Conduct fumes from routine JHA/PHA; Use of PPE; grinding, welding, Establish electrical safety program; Monitoring: cutting, or brazing Establish fall protection program; PMU surfaces coated Establish fleet safety management with lead-based program; Establish and implement paint; Silica dust HazCom; Conduct hazard from cutting identification, control and analysis; All concrete; solvent Independent Occupational Establish fire prevention program; Personnel construction vapours from Consultants/Contractors Health and Use material safety data sheets safety activities adhesives, paints, Compliance Safety (MSDS); Employ hierarchy of strippers, cleaning controls procedure; Conduct solvents, and spray OHSRA, Cost Benefit coatings; and Analysis(CBA), Return on isocyanate vapours Investment(ROI)/pay-back period from spray foam analysis insulation and Contractors should prepare and Monthly Contractors certain spray paints implement a Community Affairs, or coatings. Safety, Health, Environment and Monitoring:

Security (CASHES) manual, to PMU coordinate OHS issues during the construction phase. SUB-TOTAL - 2,000 CONSTRUCTION PHASE TOTAL - 25,600

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Table 16: ESMP - Operational Phase Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Air Increased Increase of Air sampling and monitoring Compliance Monthly Monitoring: - Vehicle road users on SME movement Okwele-Ntueke Road Change of Change in soil 2,000 topography profile Mitigation: Increase in soil PMU, SME Training on Sustainable Land Trainings are Monitoring: Soil salinity Monthly Management (SLM) practices conducted SME, Change in land NESREA use (state), ISEPA Noise Increase of Noise nuisance Air sampling and monitoring - One-off Monitoring: 500 road users on to local SME, Environment Okwele- residents NESREA Ntueke Road (state), ISEPA Roadway Potential Water sampling and monitoring Compliance Bi-Annual Monitoring: 1,000 Water runoff surface water SME, Quality pollution NESREA (state), ISEPA Social and Dispose waste streams through health concerns the municipal waste management arising due to system in the project area. poor waste Monitoring: Waste management Proper waste Waste Monthly SME, ISEPA, 700 generation practices management IMBST Blocked Flooding on roads drainage due to poor waste disposal Others Negligence of Negligence of PMU Compliance Monthly PMU 700 rehabilitated rehabilitated Regular maintenance and Environment Umueshi gully Umueshi gully dredging of sediments in drainage Weekly erosion site erosion site channels and chute Monthly SUB-TOTAL – 4900

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Social Employment Closure of civil Loss of Inform personnel that Proper One-off Contractors 200 works employment employment is short-term prior engagement of Monitoring: to their engagement. service PMU documentation Health Operation of Blocked drainage Regular maintenance of drainage Compliance Independent - rehabilitated structure structures consultant, gully site PMU Breeding site for disease vectors

Possible increase of malaria cases due to stagnant water in drainage structures Increase in Increase in Regular sampling and monitoring Regular Monitoring: - number of respiratory monitoring NESREA, vehicles using problems amongst SMH roads local residents Land use Land use Land use conflict Control land use conflicts Inspections are Contractors 300 conflicts conflicts through Land use planning that conducted Monitoring: should be participatory to PMU designate areas for ecological, grazing and farming Safety Increase in Increase in Use of road safety signage Compliance One-off Monitoring: - number of vehicular accidents FRSC road users Operation of Operation of Seepage or flow Re-vegetation activities using Compliance One-off Monitoring: 3000 rehabilitated rehabilitated back action approved plant/tree species to PMU gully site gully site establish green belt along the Collapse of gully as a stabilization measure rehabilitated gully head or finger gullies SUB-TOTAL – 3,500

Final Report for the Umueshi Erosion Gully site

Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Implement on-site Monthly SME, PMU 4,000 occupational health and safety management plan; Independent Routine OHS training and Consultants, education; Conduct routine Contractors JHA/PHA; Use of PPE; Compliance. Establish electrical safety program; Implement fall protection program; fleet safety management program; Injuries, Implement HazCom; Occupational Personnel Tasks accidents, Conduct hazard Health and Safety safety implementation deaths identification, control and analysis; Implement fire prevention program; Use material safety data sheets (MSDS); Implement hierarchy of controls procedure; Conduct OHSRA, Cost Benefit Analysis(CBA), Return on Investment (ROI)/pay-back period analysis SUB-TOTAL – 4000 OPERATIONAL PHASE TOTAL – 12,400

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CHAPTER 8: STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION

8.1 Introduction

Stakeholder consultation is an important exercise that is necessary in achieving the success of any project/subproject. There is need to carry along the members of the community, the project management unit and the client; informing them of the project and its components and essentially, document their concerns.

For the success of this ESMP, two (2) stakeholders meetings were conducted for the members of the three (3) communities. The first consultation was carried out with identified Focal Group Leaders from the 3 communities. These included the Traditional ruler of Umueshi Autonomous community, Council Members of the Umueshi Executive Council, Youth leaders, Women Leaders and Site Committee members.

The second consultation was held at the Umueshi Town Hall on the 30th of May 2014 with a greater number of people in attendance. Table 17 and 18 summarises the various concerns raised during the consultation. The meeting from the consultation are presented in Annex 1 and 2 and the attendance list of people present during the consultations are presented in Annex 3.

A disabled group known as the Joint Organization of National Association of Disable (JONAD) were also identified during the stakeholder identification process. The association is registered as informed to the consultant, and they meet at the Ideato South LGA Hall, located in Dikenafai.

8.1.1 Consultation with Focal Group Leaders

Table 17 Consultation with Key stakeholders Date 26th May 2014 Name of Stakeholder(s) Umueshi - HRH. Eze Chris Obi, Ogidi Isreal (President General Umueshi Town Union), Eze Chijioke (Youth Group Leader), Ndiukwu Robinson (Site Representation), Lady Okalla Christy (VP Women Wing), V.C. Chinedu etc.

Nuteke – Hon. Godwin Ukebi (G.L.O)

Amanator – Hon. Mary Okwara (Women Leader), Onyekwe Luke (Youth Chairman), Chukwuonye Emeka (Site Rep.) etc. Language of Communication Igbo Introduction A general introduction was given on the mission of the Consultant to the community. The community members were enlightened on the purpose of the ESMP and the proposed rehabilitation of Umueshi gully erosion site. Response of Stakeholders about the Rehabilitation The stakeholders were very appreciative about the

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intervention by the World Bank.

Concerns/Complaints However they were eager to: a) Know how the counterpart funding required from the Imo State Government may impact on the realization of the rehabilitation of the Umueshi Gully Erosion Site,

b) Inquired if Contractors to be engaged for the rehabilitation of the gully erosion will be sourced from the communities, and

c) Inquired on the importance of involving the three communities in the public consultations and in the creation of the project site committee; he also asked whether NEWMAP couldn’t proceed with the project without the involvement of the 3 communities?

d) Find out why neighbouring communities predisposed to erosion weren’t included in the intervention been carried out. Feedback given to stakeholders a) The stakholders were informed that the counter part payment will give the State Government right of owership of the intervention. Therefore, it is very important and necessary that the State Goernment provides their onwn part of funds in the statae.

b) The stakeholders were informed that a newspaper advert, which requested for suitable Contractors to bid for the rehabilitation exercise was published in Vanguard newspapers, a national daily. However skilled and unskilled laborers will be sourced within the community.

c) The stakholders were informed that it is very necessary for the three (3) communities (Umueshi, Ntueke and Amanator) to work together. The intervention is always carried out holistically hence the reason NEWMAP has asked for the formation of a site committee. He also stressed that the watershed area necessitate the collaboration of the 3 communities to work together and that Ntueke is in the upper course area and water from rains, runoff, and drainages drains down into Umueshi.

d) The stakeholders were informed that there are more than 500 intervention sites that have been earmarked by the PMU. However the Bank picked 5 priority sites where they will be intervening. Each site will be worked on nonetheless, counterpart funding is needed from the Imo State Government. Remark and Recommendation Generally stakeholders appreciated the development. The Imo State NEWMAP PMU will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation

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Photo 5 Some of the members of the community consulted during the Stakholder Engagement exercise 8.1.2 The Major Stakeholder Consultation Exercise

The public consultation for the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Rehabilitation of Umueshi Gully Erosion site was conducted on the 30th of May 2014, following notification passed on to the President General, Umueshi Town Union and other stakeholders representatives from Ntueke and Amanato communities, through the Imo State NEWMAP Environmental safeguards officer.

The public consultation meeting was held at the Umueshi Town Hall, Umueshi, Ideato South LGA. The consultation was conducted to ensure the effective participation and awareness to the people, and to document comments, suggestions and concerns raised with regards to the project and its sub- activities. The following were taken into full account:

a) The project will have foreseeable environmental and social impacts, especially on both the people and on the “Right of Way” of the road. b) The project aims at impacting more positively to the environment and social conditions, and will devise suitable, practicable mitigation measures through an ESMP to reduce or eliminate negative impacts. c) That positive impact of sub-project activities will be enhanced. d) The priority concerns raised by stakeholders will be put into account and incorporated in project planning.

8.1.2.1 Objectives of the Public Consultation

a) To create general public awareness and understanding of the project, and ensure its acceptance; b) To develop and maintain avenues of communication between the project proponent, stakeholders and PAPs in order to ensure that their views and concerns are incorporated into project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing, mitigating or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits from the project; c) To inform and discuss about the nature and scale of adverse impacts and to identify and prioritize the mitigation measures for the impacts in a more transparent and direct manner;

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d) To document the concerns raised by stakeholders so that their views and proposals are mainstreamed to formulate mitigation and benefit enhancement measures; and e) To sensitize other MDAs, local authorities, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) about the project and solicit their views and discuss their share of responsibility for the smooth functioning of the overall project operations.

8.2 Stakeholders Identification

The Client and Consultant worked together to identify the key stakeholders that should be consulted at various stages of project implementation. This process was completed with the identification of members of the 3 communities, vulnerable groups and relevant governmental stakeholders. The identified stakeholders for consultations were selected as follows:

a) Federal and State Government Organizations: This level of stakeholders constituted staff and representatives from the NEWMAP, MDAs, LGAs, and agencies. b) Non-governmental Organizations: This level comprised NGOs, including the JONAD disable group identified. c) Communities, Residents and Businesses: This cadre comprised mainly of local residents, small and medium business owners likely to be directly impacted especially during civil works (such as reclaiming the ROW).

Summarized contents of the public consultations are presented in Table 18.

Table 18 Public Consultation held on 30th May, 2014 at the Umueshi Town Hall Introduction The President General, Umueshi Town Union, welcomed all in attendance. He informed the participants that the meeting was convened to inform them of the plan to rehabilitate the Umueshi Gully Erosion site. He introduced the members of the ESMP team to the rest of the participants. Remarks The Consultant introduced himself and the rest of his team. He explained the importance of ESMP in relation to the proposed Rehabilitation of Umueshi Gully Erosion. He also stated that, the ESMP will underscore the environmental and social assessment of the project. The Consultant further explained the synergy between the World Bank and the project. The aim of the project, which is to ascertain the social and environmental impact of the project for documentation so as to inform PMU on the likely positive and negative impacts the project will trigger. Response, Inputs and concerns a) Engr Paul Ginikanwa from Amanator community commended ESMP team on their work so far. He described their visit as one that will bring a lasting solution to the erosion problem. He expressed gratitude on the World Bank mission geared towards poverty eradication and allowing the opinions of the less privilege to count. He asked the ESMP consultants to brief them on the counter part fund from the State Government, on whether it has been paid or not. b) Mrs. Cordelia Igwe from Umueshi asked if there are

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measures of compensation for those whose land will be affected? c) The major concerns raised from the members of the disable group where on how the project may affect them during the invention. How the comments were addressed a) The Consultant expressed that the World Bank have earmarked certain money for the erosion and watershed intervention for each of the states which will be used in the rehabilitation exercises. However for the need of compensation for the Project Affected persons (PAPs), the State Government (of each of the states where they will be intervening) will be responsible for that, through the counterpart funding they will be providing in their respective states. b) The Consultant stressed that the PMU will make compensations provision for those whose land and property will be affected during the project. He also explained that the compensation is based upon person/ persons that will be affected by the project not the entire community. The compensation format will be made known to the affected persons by the Consultants responsible for the preparation of an Abbreviated Resettlement Plan if need be. The Environmental Safeguards Officer for Imo State PMU further stated that the compensation entitlement will be derived from the counterpart fund from the State Government. c) The Consultant informed the vulnerable group that the PMU and the Contractors will follow the ESMP which highlights the importance of ensuring that all stakeholder able or disable are not left in worse situation during or after the project implementation

References

Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) prepared for the Nigeria Erosion and Water Management Project

Ibe, K.M, and Njemanze, G.M., (1998) The Impact Of Urbanization And Protection Of Water Resources Owerri, Nigeria [online] Available from

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Project Appraisal Document (PAD) prepared for the Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project.

Resettlement Policy Frameworks (RPF) Nigeria Erosion and Water Management Project

Reyment R. A.; 1976. Stratigraphy of Niger Delta. Ibadan University Press, Nigeria.

11 Annex 1: Minutes of Meeting with Focal Group

MEETING WITH STAKEHOLDERS FROM UMUESHI, AMANATO AND NTUEKE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE REHABILITATION OF THE UMUESHI GULLY EROISON SITE, HELD AT UMUESHI TOWN HALL ON 26th MAY, 2014.

The meeting started at 12.07pm with presentation and blessing of Kola-nut by His Royal Highness, Eze Chris A.D. Obi, ESHI II of Umueshi. An opening prayer said by Mr Chinedu Ogbonna. His Royal Highness Eze Obi Chris briefed the stakeholders on the issues that necessitated the meeting.

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He welcomed the member of the Imo State PMU and the Consultant preparing the ESMP and his team on their efforts to bring lasting solution to the erosion menace in Umueshi, Ntueke and Amanato communities for the past years. He called on the stakeholders to aid profitable ideas and comments that will in turn bring lasting solution to the problem. He also assured NEWMAP on the community’s willingness to make their stay good.

The Environmental Safeguard Officer, Imo State PMU (NEMWAP) addressed the stakeholders on the NEWMAP intervention in the state. He stressed that today’s meeting is vital because of need for information gathering from the host community, which will aid the Consultant in preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and the need to foster relationship creation between the host communities and NEWMAP.

The Consultant introduced himself and the rest of his team, stressing that he has been engaged by Imo State PMU to carry out the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). He described the ESMP as a tool used to ascertain the positive and negative impacts that the proposed project will trigger to the environment and people. He said if the ESMP is successfully carried out, it will provide a sustainable platform to recommend mitigation measures against the adverse impacts of the project.

The Environmental Safeguard Officer, Imo State PMU (NEMWAP) declined the three communities’ inability to make themselves available for the public consultation despite several attempts made by NEWMAP. He described the three communities attitude towards the project as unreasonable especially Ntueke community. He thereby called on them to wake up from their slumber and make the public consultation a success. He maintained that NEWMAP will ensure that any person or persons affected by this project would be properly compensated upon the agreement reached by the two parties.

The Environmental Safeguard Officer, Imo State PMU (NEMWAP) also stated that the nature of NEWMAP project in Umueshi is an inter-linked problem. He described it as a menace which has degraded the soil of the three major communities in view. He also said that the menace needs to be traced from the source, which required the coming together of these affected communities to actualize this goal. He further explained the financial muscle of the project. He said World Bank through the Federal Ministry of Environment is the major donor, while project affected state is expected to make a counterpart funding available to assist in the intervention. However, he informed of the inability of Imo State Government to do her part, which has become a major limitation to the project.

He also explained the envisage benefits accruable for the project communities during the rehabilitation. Expected benefits includes: youth Empowerment, job creation, business opportunity and infrastructure development.

Another member of the Consultants team briefed the stakeholder on the World Bank Environmental safeguard policies. She dismissed the anticipated anxiety by the host communities on

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She also explained the procedure for the ESMP data collection. She said the data collection will involve biological/ physical and social assessment. She described the project affected communities as the tool for social data collection. She pleaded on them to make themselves available for the exercise.

Another member of the consultant highlighted the agenda for the public consultation meeting schedule to hold on the 30th may 2014. He described the project communities as key players for the ESMP, as such, their opinions are highly needed.

The Environmental Safeguard Officer, Imo State PMU (NEMWAP) advised the people to make themselves available to the consultant during the questionnaire exercise, he said this will enable their report to be credible and fair.

QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES

Q1. Mr Godwin Ukebi from Ntueke community asked about the importance of involving the three communities in the public consultations and project site committee; he also asked whether NEWMAP couldn’t proceed with the project without the people? R1: The Environmental Safeguard Officer, Imo State PMU (NEMWAP) answered that it is very necessary for the three (3) communities (Umueshi, Ntueke and Amanator) to work together. The intervention is always carried out holistically hence the reason NEWMAP has asked for the formation of a site committee. He also stressed that the watershed area necessitate the collaboration of the 3 communities to work together and that Ntueke is in the upper course area and water from rains and drains into Umueshi.

Q2. Mr Godwin Ukebi also inquired that he noticed that neighbouring communities to these project communities have similar erosion problem, and why are they not included? R2 The Environmental Safeguard Officer, Imo State PMU (NEMWAP) answered that there are more than 500 intervention sites that have been earmarked by the PMU. However the Bank picked 5 priority sites where they will be intervening. Each site will be worked on nonetheless, counterpart funding is needed from the Imo State Government.

Q3.Mr Godwin Ukebi further inquired if the Contractors to be engaged for the rehabilitation will source from the communities. R3. The Environmental Safeguard Officer stated that a newspaper advert, which requested for suitable Contractors to bid for the rehabilitation exercise was published in Vanguard newspapers. However the labourers will be sourced within the community.

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Q4 Mr V.C Chinedu asked the reason why the Bank is requiring counterpart payment from the State Government? R4 The Environmental Safeguard Officer stated that the counter part payment will give the State Government right of owership and zeal for responsibility. Therefore, it is very important.

Q5 What are the roles of the host communities to the consultants and contractors to ensure that they feel at home during their stay? R5 For now, there is no fear or trouble percieved, what is needed now is the host communities full participation in the on-going consultion and social assessment.

Q6. Mr Chijioke Eze, the Youth Leader of Umueshi inquired if the project can go on without the counterpart funding. R6. The Environmental Safeguard Officer stated the project would not proceed until the payment is made.

Q7. Mr Ogugu Ogba inquired what do the communities stand to benefit if any mineral deposit or cultural artifacts is discovered at the cause of this project? R7. The Consultant informed the people that the World Bank policy of Physical and Cultural Resource would be applicable if this impact is triggered. The objective of OP/BP 4.11 on Physical Cultural Resources is to avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances. He further explained the chance procedure, peradventure any historical artifact is found within the rehabilitation area during civil works.

Mr. Aguro (NEWMAP) said the closing remark and the stakeholders agreed to hold the public consultation on Friday 30th of May 2014 by 2pm.

A woman leader, a representative of Amanato said the closing prayer that brought the stakeholders meeting to an end at exactly 4:11pm.

Annex 2: Minutes from Public Consultation Exercise

PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING FOR THE PROPOSED REHABLITATION OF UMUESHI GULLY EROSION HELD 30TH MAY,2014 AT UMUESHI TOWN HALL.

The public consultation started at 2:05pm with an opening prayer s and chaired by Mr Ogidi Israel, the President General, Umueshi Town Union. He asked the Constant to introduce himself and the rest of his team.

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The Consultant introduced himself and the rest of his team. He explained the importance of ESMP in relation to the proposed Rehabilitation of Umueshi Gully Erosion. He also stated that, the ESMP will underscore the environmental and social assessment of the project. Further, he asked a rhetoric question if the host communities agree on the continuity of the project and the answer was YES.

The Consultant further explained the synergy between the World Bank and the project. He said, their aim is to ascertain the social and environmental impact of the project for documentation so as to inform PMU on the likely positive and negative impacts the project will trigger. He stressed on the World Bank’s commitment to ensure that the host communities benefit more from the project. He gave room for questions from the host communities.

Engr Paul Ginikanwa from Amanator community commended ESMP team on their work so far. He described their visit as one that will bring a lasting solution to the erosion problem. He expressed gratitude on the World Bank mission geared towards poverty eradication and allowing the opinions of the less privilege to count. He asked the ESMP consultants to brief them on the counter part fund from the State Government, on whether it has been paid or not.

The Consultant expressed that the World Bank have earmarked certain money for the erosion and watershed intervention for each of the states which will be used in the rehabilitation exercises. However for the need of compensation for the Project Affected persons (PAPs), the State Government (of each of the states where they will be intervening) will be responsible for that, through the counterpart funding they will be providing in their respective states.

Mrs. Cordelia Igwe from Umueshi asked if there are measures of compensation for those whose land will be affected? The Consultant stressed that the PMU will make compensations provision for those whose land and property will be affected during the project. He also explained that the compensation is based upon person/ persons that will be affected by the project not the entire community. The compensation format will be made known to the affected persons by the Consultants responsible for the preparation of an Abbreviated Resettlement Plan if need be.

The Environmental Safeguards Officer for Imo State PMU further stated that the compensation entitlement will be derived from the counterpart fund from the State Government. After entertaining the above questions from the host communities; the Consultant asked for a member of the audience to provide historical information of the erosion menace in the Umueshi. A member of the Umueshi community, Mr Uchenna gave a brief on the historical information of the erosion. He described it as a menace that have taken period of years to develop “ It started like a mere erosion, due to farming activities that are taking place in the area, it has given room for heavy run-off which have escalated the problem to severe gully erosion” they opined.

The consultants asked if the erosion menace has claimed lives and property in the past.

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The communities said the menace have been a threat to their survival. They enumerated the challenges to include: loss of crops land, loss of roads, loss of economic trees and decline of economic growth due to poor road.

CLOSING REMARK’S

The Consultant expressed gratitude to the host communities for making the public consultation a success. Mr Odidi on behalf of the communities also commended the World bank and NEWMAP delegates for the success of the meeting which he describes as a good starting point geared towards effective implementation of the subject discussed. The meeting ended at exactly 4:15pm with a closing prayer said by Lady Christy.

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12 Annex 3: List of People Consulted

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13 Annex 4: General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts

1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an ESMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities. b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted

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for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction worker scamps. j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bonded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be reused or sold for re-use locally.

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9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. c) Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. d) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. e) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. f) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. g) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations.

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16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Re-vegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people.

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Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above.

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48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes: • For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. • For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s HSE performance. 55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least: • A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP; • A description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; • A description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and • The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.

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56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on: • HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; • Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); • Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; • Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and • Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings. 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendices to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be: • Occupational Health and Safety Basics • Occupational Health and Safety in water supply pipeline installation • Safety Practices in Borehole installation and Aquifer Abstraction • Electrical Safety Basics • Hazard Identification and Control • Hazard Communication Program

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• Accident Investigation • Asbestos Management • Safe work Procedures • Fall Protection • Noise Management Program • Workers Respiratory Program • Work place Violence Management • Fire Safety • Emergency Management; and • Social and cultural awareness 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of the art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSE impact. Example Format: HSE Report Contract: Period of reporting: HSE management actions/measures: Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures taken, etc. HSE incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports. HSE compliance: Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of non-compliance. Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects. Concerns and observations:

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Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings and visits. Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor’s Representative Example Format: HSE Incident Notification Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer Originators Reference No: Date of Incident: Time: Location of incident: Name of Person(s) involved: Employing Company: Type of Incident: Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual) Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation Signature (Name, Title, Date): Contractor’s Representative

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14 Annex 5: Chance Find Procedures

In the event of chance finds of items of cultural significance, all forms of excavation in and around the site will be stopped. Subsequently, experience archaeologists and anthropologist would be recruited to carry out an investigation and proposed plans for the preservation of such cultural artifacts. During the project site induction meeting, all contractors will be made aware of the presence of an on-site archaeologist who will monitor earthmoving and excavation activities. The following procedure is to be executed in the event that archaeological material is discovered:  All construction activity in the vicinity of the find/feature/site will cease immediately.  Delineate the discovered find/ feature/ site will be delineated.  Record the find location, and all remains are to be left in place.  Secure the area to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects.  The on-site archaeologist will assess, record and photograph the find/feature/ site.  The on-site archaeologist will undertake the inspection process in accordance with all project health and safety protocols under direction of the Health and Safety Officer.  In consultation with the statutory authorities the on-site and Project Archaeologist will determine the appropriate course of action to take.

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Annex 6: Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP)

Introduction An IPMP is a comprehensive plan, developed when there are significant pest management issues such as (a) new land-use development or changed cultivation practices in an area, (b) significant expansion into new areas, (c) diversification into new crops in agriculture (d) intensification of existing low-technology systems, (e) proposed procurement of relatively hazardous pest control products or methods, or (f) specific environmental or health concerns (e.g. proximity of protected areas or important aquatic resources; worker safety).

An IPMP is also developed when proposed financing of pest control products represents a large component of the project. A pest management plan reflects the policies set out in OP 4.09, Pest Management. The plan is designed to minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment and to advance ecologically based IPM.

The importance of the World Bank safeguard policy on Pest Management (OP 4.09) is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and ensure that health and environmental hazards associated with pesticides are minimized. A major provision of the Safeguard Policy is the preparation of a comprehensive Pest Management Plan, or PMP, that will outline the various elements of and actions needed to be taken to adequately address these concerns during project implementation. Pest populations are to be controlled through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. Note: The Bank may finance the purchase of pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach and following some criteria concerning selection of pesticides: (a) They must have negligible adverse human health effects. (b) They must be shown to be effective against the target species. (c) They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies. Pesticides used in public health programs must be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them. (d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests.

Objectives of the Integrated Pest Management Plan: The plan is designed to minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment and to advance ecologically based Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The plan is based on on-site evaluations of local conditions conducted by appropriate technical specialists with experience in participatory IPM."

Rationale for an IPMP An IPMP addresses the project concerns about pests. It stresses the need to monitor and mitigate negative environmental and social impacts of the project and promote ecosystem management. It

110 Draft Report for the Rehabilitation of the Amachala Gully Erosion Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project also limits hazards associated with the use of pesticides on human health, environment and crops. Pesticides can lead to acute poisoning in human and animal health, contamination of drinking and ground water in the environment and pesticide resistance in the case of crops

Contents of the Integrated Pest Management Plan: The four major issues addressed by the IPM are: i). Pest management approaches; ii) Pesticide use and management; iii) Policy, regulatory Framework and institutional capacity, and iv) Monitoring and evaluation. In addition, this integrated pest management plan specifies procedures for screening pest control products

Policy, regulatory framework and institutional capacity: The IPMP must assess the government policies on pest management (crop protection and vector control) and their consistency with IPMP approaches. Evaluate if there are direct or indirect subsidies for pesticides, donated pesticides that distort market prices, or other factors that may increase reliance on (unnecessary) pesticide use.

Recommended Actions in an IPMP 1. Diagnose pest problems affecting crops and livestock production within project states so as to develop a shared vision on priority needs and IPM opportunities. 2. Develop the capacity of PAPs (especially the farmers) to understand and manage pest problems through farmer participatory learning approaches with complementary participatory research on feedback issues emanating from farmers’ field experiences. 3. Introduce and promote microbial pesticides and botanicals as alternatives to harmful pesticide regimes and thereby reduce environmental, social and health risks. 4. Establish biodiversity monitoring schemes for early warning on changes in pest and vector status, natural enemy complexes, pollinators, and detect migratory pests and introduction of alien invasive species.

Stakeholders’ consultation: This is a very important step in IPMP development and implementation. Stakeholder consultations need to be conducted and opinion from MDAs, CBOs, PAPs and other stakeholders should be documented and addressed.

Conclusion: The chapter on conclusion should provide detailed guidance on implementation. Integrated Pest Management Plan (IMP).

Critical Aspects to Consider Record Keeping and Annual Reporting

 It is standard and good practice for the NEWMAP to prepare, maintain and keep pest management and pesticide application records

 Environmental and social compliance is very necessary. Pesticides used must be environmentally safe and as well not disrupt production systems and livelihood.

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 Records of the amount of pesticides used, and information such as date and location of use, and the target pests should be provided.

 A periodic pesticide use report should be prepared by the contractor.

 List of personnel trained during the year.

 The report will be reviewed by the FNEWMAP-PMU and the World Bank. Public Outreach The NEWMAP will use appropriate opportunities to communicate with the public about IPM strategies and their benefits. Public outreach will include: • IPM information provided to schools, residents, and businesses via special events, IPM workshops, • Information on chosen and in-use Pesticide disposal options:

Capacity building issues The success of IPMP depends largely on developing and sustaining institutional and human capacity to facilitate informed decision by the stakeholder agencies and local farmers in the communities.

Institutional Arrangements The World Bank will serve as the principal donor for the implementation of the IPMP. The Federal Ministry of Environment, Federal ministry of Agriculture, Federal Ministry of Health, Research Institutions and Universities will collaborate with the project by contributing to the field staff to be trained as IPM Trainers. They will also organize members of their various ministries into farmer groups for training and promotion of IPM practices. Other tasks will include preparation and production of field guides and relevant IPM information materials, provision of policy guidance/oversight for implementation of the IPMP, monitoring, supervision and coordination of IPM activities, and documentation of user compliance on pesticide use.

Consulting The NEWMAP will procure a Consultant to provide technical and other support for implementation of the IPMP.

Monitoring and Evaluation The IPMP should contain description of activities that require local monitoring during implementation and during supervision missions. Specifically, the IPMP should describe these activities and propose realistic performance indicators that can be used to evaluate progress towards the implementation of sustainable pest management, effectiveness of measures to mitigate pesticide risks, progress in strengthening regulatory framework and institutional capacity, etc. It should also contain a detailed monitoring and supervision plan that would be adopted during project supervisory missions. For example, in the plan include the types of expertise required at different stages of project implementation, actual monitoring activities and detailed budget. The following monitoring indicators will be incorporated into a participatory monitoring and evaluation plan.

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Area Indicator Training and Awareness creation Types and number of participatory learning modules (PLM) delivered; Category and number of extension agents and farmers trained and reached with each PLM; Category and number of participants reached beyond baseline figures; Practical skills/techniques most frequently demanded by extension agents and farmers; and Crop/livestock management practices preferred by farmers. Technology acceptance/ field application Level of pest damage and losses; Rate of adoption of IPM practices; Impact of the adoption of IPM on production performance of farmers Project direct benefits Increase in crop/livestock production; Increase in farm revenue; Social benefits: e.g., improvement in the health status of farmers; Level of reduction of pesticide purchase

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Annex 7 Socio-Economic Data Gathering Sheet For The ESMP For Umueshi Gully Erosion Site QUESTIONNIARE

IDENTIFICATION

 Serial Number......  Questionnaire administration from point of entry (a) Left side……. (b) Right side………  Landmark(s) at point of entry …………………………………………………………..  Location of Interview: …………………………………………………………..  Name and Signature of Interviewer: …………………………………………………….  Date: ……………………………………………………………………………………  Time Interview Started: ………………………… Time Ended: ………………………..

SOCIOECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES

Households

 Name of Household Head (HH) ……………………………………………………  Name of Respondent ………………………………………………………….  Relationship of Respondent to Household Head (Please Tick One) (a)Wife of HH (b) Son of HH (c) Daughter of HH (d) Father of HH (e) Mother of HH (f) Brother of HH (g) Sister of HH (h) Others Specify……………..  House Address ……………………………………………………….  Sex (M)…… (F)…….  Age ………  Religion (Christian)…… (Islam)…… (Traditional)…… (Others)….. (Please Tick One)  Marital Status (Single)…. (Married)…. (Divorced)…. (Widow/Widower)…. (Please Tick One)  Number of wives …….  How long have you lived in this community ……………  How many persons live in your Household (i.e. Eat from the same pot)…………  How many persons in your house hold fall into the following age categories?

CARTEGORIES MALE FEMALE TOTAL

0-4yrs

5-9yrs

10-14yrs

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CARTEGORIES MALE FEMALE TOTAL

15-19yrs

20-24yrs

25-29yrs

30-34yrs

35-39yrs

40-44yrs

50-54yrs

45-49yrs

50-54yrs

55-59yrs

60-64yrs

65-above

TOTAL

 What is your highest educational qualification? o (i)FSLC … (ii)WASC/SSCE … (iii)TCII/OND …. (iv)HND/Degree … (v)MSc/PhD … (vii) Islamic studies….. (vii)None...... (Please Tick One)

 How many members of your household/Business fall under the following educational categories?

CARTEGORIES MALE FEMALE TOTAL

Primary School (attempted/still attending)

Primary School-Completed (Living Certificate)

Secondary School (attempted/still attending)

Secondary School-Completed (O’Levels)

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Tertiary Institution (attempted/ still attending)

Tertiary Institution (Completed)

Islamic Studies

TOTAL

 What is your Occupation (indicate the category you belong to and the level/profession):

Categories Public Sector Private Sector Self Employed Student Employee Employee

Senior Mgt Staff

Middle level Staff

Junior Staff

Professional

Artisan

Businessman

Part time

Others

 How many employed members of your household/Business/School are engaged in occupation listed below?

CATEGORIES MALE FEMALE TOTAL

Farming

Fishing

Mining

Hunting

Crafting

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Trading

Civil Service

Company Employment

Self-Employment

House Wife

Others(Specify)

TOTAL

 What is your Annual Income? (i)N0 –50,000…… (ii)N51, 000- 100,000……. (iii)N100,101- 500,000…… (iv)N500,000 and above…… If Not Known, what is your Monthly income……………….OR Daily income…………….

 Estimate the monthly/annual income of other members of your Household/Business/School (i) N0 – 50,000…… (ii)N51, 000- 100,000…… (iii)N100,101- 500,000… (iv)N500,000 and above…….

AVAILABILITY OF AMENITIES

 How would you describe the condition of the following amenities in town you live/community?

Amenities Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor

Roads to the community

Roads within the community

Schools in the community

Public Health Institutions

Potable Water

Public Electricity

Communication facilities

(Postal Service, Telephone)

Public recreation facilities

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 What is the major source of water available to your household? (Please Tick One) (i)River...... (ii)Borehole (commercial)…….. (iii)Borehole (private)…… (iv)Public pipe- borne water …… (v)Pond …… (vi)Water Vendor…… (vii)Well water……

 If a public pipe borne water, how regular does the tap flow in a week? (Please Tick One) (i)Regularly ------(ii) Occasionally ….... (iii) Rarely ……

 How long does it take you in minutes/hours to get to your water source ……………

 What is the primary source of electricity/ light to your community? (Please Tick One) (i)Hurricane Lamp ……… (ii) Private Generators……….. (iii)Community Generators……… (iv)State Government Utilities Board……… (v)Company Operating in your community……. (vi) PHCN (National Grid)……

 What is the secondary source of electricity? (Please Tick One) (i)Hurricane Lamp …… (ii) Private Generators…. (iii)Community Generators…… (iv)Company Operating in your community………

 What is the main fuel you use for cooking? (Please Tick One) (i)Firewood …… (ii)Charcoal……… (iii)Kerosene/ Oil …… (iv)Gas…… (v)Electricity ……… (vi)Crop residue/ Saw dust…… (vii) Animal Wastes … (viii)Others......

 What type of toilet facility do you use? (Please Tick One) (i)Pit……………… (ii) Bush………… (iii)Prier Head………iv) Bucket………… (v) Water Closet…… (vi)Others (Specify)……

 How do you dispose of your household refuse? (Please Tick one) (i)Private Open Dump...... (ii) Public Open Dump...... (iii) Organized Collection...... (iv)Burning...... (v) Bush...... (vi)Burying......

HEALTH

 Which of the following diseases/condition is most common in your area (Please Tick one)

(i)Malaria...... (ii)Typhoid...... (iii)Diarrhoea...... (iv)Cough……………….. (v) Respiratory Disturbance…………(vi)Others......

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