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TITLE PAGE
AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF KEY INFRASTRUCTURES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION TO TOUR-CENTERS IN OWERRI, IMO STATE

BY
NWOKOCHA, CHUKWUEMEKA VINCENT
PG/MA/16/81176

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY
AND TOURISM, FACULTY OF ARTS,

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM
(TOURISM OPTION)

SUPERVISOR: PROF E.E. OKAFOR

NOVEMBER, 2018

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APPROVAL PAGE
AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF KEY INFRASTRUCTURES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTIONS TO TDEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST CENTERS IN SOUTH EAST
NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF OWERRI, IMO STATE.

BY
NWOKOCHA, CHUKWUEMEKA, VINCENT
PG/MA/16/81176

THIS PROJECT HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA.

BY

__________________________
SUPERVISOR
______________________ INTERNAL EXAMINER

  • ___________________
  • _______________________

  • HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
  • EXTERNAL EXAMINER

______________________________
DEAN OF THE FACULTY

iii

CERTIFICATION

MR. Nwokocha, Chukwuemeka Vincent, a Post-graduate student in the department of Archaeology/Tourism with registration number, PG/MA/16/81176, has satisfactorily completed the requirements for courses and the research work for the Master of Arts degree in Archaeology and Tourism..

The work embodied in this project report is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any other diploma or degree of this or any other university.

  • __________________________
  • __________________

DR. B.N. IBEANU
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)
PROF. E.E. OKAFOR
(SUPERVISOR)

________________________________ EXTERNAL EXAMINER

iv

DEDICATION

In loving memory of my Dad, Late Sir, Patrick Akujiobi, Nwokocha.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To God be the glory for his love, strength, faithfulness and benevolence. I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof E.E. Okafor my supervisor for his advice and guidance throughout the period of this work. I also wish to thank all my Lecturers, Prof A.I Okpoko, Prof P.U. Okpoko, Dr. P.I Eze-Uzomaka, Prof A.M. Ibeanu and Prof P.U.C Dieke. I also thank DR. E.E. Okonkwo for his contributions towards the success of this work. Finally, to my late dad, Sir, P. A, Nwokocha, may his gentle soul continue to rest in God’s bosom.

Nwokocha, Chukwuemeka V. November, 2018.

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Preface

This research work identifies the Key Infrastructures required for tourism growth and development in Owerri, Imo State, examines their state of development and maintenance with a view to determining the role they can play in tourism development and management. It must be noted that a good number of hospitality industries abound in Owerri, and these can be harnessed to promote tourism while encouraging societal growth and foreign investment. For easy apprehension, the work is divided into five chapters. Chapter one discusses the preliminary issues in research, namely: statement of the problem, the research questions, the objectives, the methodology, the significance and the limitations of the study. Chapter two deals with the literature review. This includes the theoretical and the empirical literature as well as the theoretical orientation. The background information is discussed under the chapter three while the data is presented and analyzed under the chapter four. Finally, the last chapter deals with the summary, recommendations and conclusion

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: MAP OF SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA SHOWING THE STUDY AREA 31

  • FIGURE 2: MAP SHOWING ROADS, HOTELS AND RIVERS IN OWERRI
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LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1: Showing Oru Festival

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Plate 2: Showing Mbari Cultural Art Center -

  • Plate 3: Showing Concord Hotel Owerri
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  • Plate 4: Showing Asumpta Catedral -
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  • Plate 5: Showing Ihop Recreation Park

  • Plate 6: Showing Libra Motor Terminal in Owerri -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • Title Page
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  • Approval Page-
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  • Certification Page
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Dedication Acknowledgements Preface -
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List of figures - List of Plates -- Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1 Statement of the Problem -
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1.2 Research Objectives - 1.3 Research Questions - 1.4 Research Methodology
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1.5 Significance of the Study-- 1.6 Limitations of the Study - - 1.7 Clarification of Concepts -
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1.7.1 Ethnography 1.72 Key Infrastructures-
1.7.2 Tour centers-

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Literature 2.1.1 Systems Theory -
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  • 2.1.2. The Theory of Planned Behavior

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  • 2.2 Empirical Literature
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2.2.1 The Relationship between Tourism and Infrastructures 2.2.2 Infrastructure Contribution to Tourism development -

  • 2.3 Theoretical Orientation
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CHAPTER THREE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION

3.1 Geographical Location - - 3.2 Climate and Vegetation - - 3.3 Brief Historical Background -
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3.4 Government and administrative Structures 3.5 Socio-Cultural Activities - 3.6 Socio-Economic Activities
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CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Key Infrastructures in Owerri 4.1.1 Road Transport Infrastructure/Services Providers in Owerri -

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4.1.2 Water 4.1.3 Communication Networks 4.1.4 Electricity 4.1.5 Hospitality Infrastructures

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4.2 The State of Infrastructures and Tour Centres in Owerri - 4.3 Data Analysis 4.3.1 The State of Infrastructures and Tour-Centers in Owerri

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4.3.2 Maintenance Practices, Measures for the maintenance of Road infrastructures and Tour Centers
4.3.3 Problems Facing Infrastructure and Tourism centers in Owerri 4.3.3.4 Ways of Mitigating these Problems -

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CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

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5.1 Summary -- 5.2 Conclusion -
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5.4 Suggestions for Further research -

LIST OF INFORMANTS REFERENCES

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

According to the oxford English dictionary, Tourism is travel for pleasure or business, and can also be said to be the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. According to (Dieke, 2006 in

Okpoko, 2006:54), The ‘tourist’ is a person who travels away from home, stays at least one night

and does not engage in any paid employment in the destination visited. According to the world economic forum, tourism has been recognized as a delicate sector in the service industry having high prospect of generating economic growth and development (WEF, 2007).

Acknowledging these facts, many developing and developed countries today rely on tourism as an option for sustainable development of their nations. Tourism industry has now grown to be

the world’s largest industries and one of its fastest growing economic sectors. The sustained

demand for travel & tourism, together with its ability to generate high levels of employment continues to prove the importance and value of the sector as a tool for economic development and job creation.

Tourism however needs infrastructures and superstructures for its circle to be complete and its resources completely harnessed. Infrastructure is defined as the provision of public safety, transportation services, medical systems, financial systems, education systems, and other

services involved in the population’s, as well as in tourists’ demand (Ritchie and Crouch, 2005).

Tourism infrastructure is the basis of tourism development and utilization of existing destination resources. Tourism infrastructure includes a large number of services, necessary to meet the needs of tourists and increase satisfaction during their stay at the destination (Jovanovic and Ilic,

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2016:1). As a component of the regional tourism product, tourism infrastructure is of special importance for long-term tourism growth and the general progress of tourist destinations in providing the required services to tourists. Tourism infrastructure can also be regarded as the physical elements that are designed and erected to cater for visitor. Tourism infrastructure includes ancillary and complementary facilities, equipment, systems, processes, and resources necessary for the functioning of every tourist destination. This primarily includes roads, railways, airports, and the like, which make a tourist destination accessible for tourists. In addition, infrastructure also includes health care systems, and public services. Building on infrastructure, superstructure includes building facilities, which exist only because of tourism activities. Their main purpose is accommodation and meeting the needs and desires of tourists, in the form of hotels, campsites, restaurants, sports facilities, and the like (Popesku, 2011 in Jovanovic and Ilic, 2016:1).

The importance of tourism infrastructure is reflected in the fact that it can contribute to increasing the efficiency of production and distribution of tourism services, and, in some cases, such as remote destinations, even increase the supply of tourism services. For tourists to be able to reach some tourist destinations there should be the developed transport infrastructure, which is a precondition for consuming other tourism services of the destination itself (Jovanovic and Ilic, 2016).

Owerri, which is the capital of Imo state in Nigeria which is set in the hearth of Igbo land and which is one of the largest city in Nigeria, has all it takes in terms of social and cultural attraction to become one of the next best world tourism destination. This is because, Owerri as a state is a hub of tourism activities and events for tourists. Some prominent places one can visit in owerri include: National Museum Owerri, Mbari Cultural and Art Center, Owerri Amusement Park,

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Imo Palm Plantation Complex, Oguta Lake Holiday Resort, Nekede zoo etc. Most travelers more especially foreign tourists, tend to visit major cities like Lagos, Abuja, or Port Harcourt when visiting Nigeria and those destinations are popular for very good reasons. The popularity of these widely held locations do a great job in attracting tourists thereby making the places feel touristy and repeatedly visited. However, there exists some class of tourists who would like to branch out instead, go to places that do not feel quite so trodden upon.

This Second class of tourists and visitors, can be attracted by Owerri which at the moment, gives off a fresh and newly discovered touristic vibe and as the tourist infrastructure inevitably grows, it will become a must-visit like these other popular destinations within the country. Boosting tourism activities in Owerri, though the adequate provision and management of regional touristic product and key tourism infrastructures which should include buildings and service institutions, whose existence is crucial to the proper operating of economy and society, will definitely increase and ensure a better touristic inflow in the area and also provide a good edge for international tourism growth and general tourism management.

The subject of this research is to consider the connection between key infrastructures namely road/transport infrastructure, water, electricity provision, communication and hospitality infrastructure and the achieved level of tourism development and management in the proposed study area. The research suggests that future tourism growth development depends on intensive investment in infrastructure in both rural and urban areas of the study area and its modernization, as an important factor of development of the tourism sector in the area and also utilization of tourism resources.

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This research will also try look at the state, management and conservation practices carried out on some key tourism infrastructures and facilities in the proposed study area which include: water, transport, electricity, communication and accommodation and then stress on its impact as a major attraction factor in tourism planning, growth and development. The study will also begin to x-ray the different functions these infrastructures render to the production and marketing of the tourism product which is as a complex consumptive experience in other to find out how some of these services can be boosted for tourism growth and development in Owerri.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Owerri, the capital of Imo State at last count has over 2,500 hotels with more than 500 under construction. The overflowing presence of these hospitality facilities has made the town favorable for travel, leisure and recreational activities to operate sustainably with the available hotels, motels, restaurants more than enough to cater for visitors, travellers and tourist.

However, the abundance of these hospitality resources can also have negative effects on her social well-being thereby leading to an increased level of prostitution, immoralities and other negative vices if not well harnessed and managed by the people.

Owerri possessing all these hospitality tour-centres together with amazing tourism-centers like National Museum Owerri, Mbari Cultural and Art Center, Owerri Amusement Park, Imo Palm Plantation Complex, Oguta Lake Holiday Resort, Nekede zoo, festivals (Oru-owerri), etc is still not the number one choice destination when it comes to extended local and international tourists activities.

The reason behind this is that, the capacity of key infrastructures namely: road/transport, water, communication networks, electricity. and hospitality infrastructure in Owerri as a town, even

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though still going through some developmental changes and innovation by the current state government has not yet reached the quality extent of managing mass tourism and also attracting a good quantity of international tourism (foreign currency) and as results of these, the area is still not very popular and under patronize compared to other popular cities in Nigeria and in the world. When it comes to tourism activities even though Owerri, is the center of hospitality infrastructures in Nigeria, tourists more especially international tourists still prefer to stay In Abuja, Lagos and Pot Harcourt not only to enjoy the social and cultural vibe the area brings in terms of tourism, but also to appreciate the infrastructural setting of the area which has made these areas more functional and popular than Owerri for very good reasons.

Key infrastructures here namely road/transport, water, communication network, electricity and hospitality infrastructure is the basis of tourism development and therefore plays a vital role in its sustainability, growth and development and can also be the base for utilization of destination resources (Jovnovic and Ilic, 2016). In fact, it is a key attraction factor that determines the worthwhileness of any tourism activity. Therefore, these key tourism infrastructures should be highlighted, documented, studied and developed so that Owerri as a town will not only begin to attract more tourists including international tourists, it will also be able to manage effectively and sustainably the positive and negative effects that can be derived from such tourism activities and also be able to harness the overflowing amount of destinations hospitality outfit not only for catering, accommodation, leisure and recreational services but also for also for both national and international tourism purposes.

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1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The following are the objectives which the researcher hopes to achieve:

••

To identify those key Infrastructures needed to help promote tourism in Owerri. To examine the different functions of these infrastructures in tourism growth and development

•••

To identify the current state of these key infrastructures and how they can be developed for tourism development and promotion

To investigate the state and federal government efforts towards developing and harnessing these key Infrastructures for tourism growth and development

Based on the above findings, to make recommendations that will enhance their value in tourism development and destination resource management.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Having indicated the problem, the research is guided by the following questions:

••••

What are these key Infrastructures needed to help promote tourism in Owerri? What are the different functions of these infrastructures in tourism growth and development? What is the current state of these key infrastructures in tourism growth and development? To what extent has conservation measures been put in place to develop and protect these key infrastructures for both societal and tourism development?

•

How can these infrastructures be harnessed for tourism promotion?

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1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study is primarily aimed at creating the awareness on the importance of establishing, preserving, and management of societal key Infrastructures like water, road/transport and an excellent communication network for tourism growth and development in Owerri and Nigeria in general.

In other to coat specific issues concerning the availability, use, and management of infrastructure for public and tourism use, the qualitative research method was therefore deemed most appropriate for the study. The ethnographic method of research which is the method of studying the present day societies will be employed in other to check the outcomes of the present day infrastructures in owerri to overall tourism management, growth and destination development.

The in-depth interview will provide the primary data for this work. Here, the unstructured or open ended variant of the in depth interview method will be used to gather information. This will enable those who had direct access to these infrastructures/tour centers of the area to talk freely and share their day to day experiences on the use, quality and functionality of these infrastructures. It also enabled the researcher to ask follow up questions in order to get more information.

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    International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Sciences, Technology and Engineering | ISSN: 2488-9849 Vol. 5, Issue 8 (August 2019) HYDROGEOPHYSICAL EVALUATION OF AQUIFER UNITS AROUND THE LOWER ORASHI RIVER AREA, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA 1MBAGWU E.C., 1IBENEME S.I., 1OKEREKE C.N AND 1EZEBUNANWA A.C. 1Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Hydrogeophysical characteristics of the aquifers of the Lower Orashi River Area, Southeastern Nigeria was done using VES to delineate the aquifers and evaluate their geometric characteristics. The study area is underlain by the Ameki, Ogwashi and Benin Formations. The unconsolidated nature of the Formations and their high susceptibility to contamination have made this study imperative, as it would assist water resource planners and developers in the area to understand the best way to plan and site boreholes in the area. Eighty eight (88) Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out in various parts of the study area with a maximum electrode separation (AB/2) of 350 m. The VES data were processed using a combination of curve matching techniques and computer iterative modeling. The study revealed seven to ten geo-electric layers with varying lithologies majorly sand units and a multiple aquifer system ranging from confined to unconfined aquifers. The results indicate that aquifer thickness ranges from 20m to about 227m. A quantitative interpretation of the curves
  • States and Lcdas Codes.Cdr

    States and Lcdas Codes.Cdr

    PFA CODES 28 UKANEFUN KPK AK 6 CHIBOK CBK BO 8 ETSAKO-EAST AGD ED 20 ONUIMO KWE IM 32 RIMIN-GADO RMG KN KWARA 9 IJEBU-NORTH JGB OG 30 OYO-EAST YYY OY YOBE 1 Stanbic IBTC Pension Managers Limited 0021 29 URU OFFONG ORUKO UFG AK 7 DAMBOA DAM BO 9 ETSAKO-WEST AUC ED 21 ORLU RLU IM 33 ROGO RGG KN S/N LGA NAME LGA STATE 10 IJEBU-NORTH-EAST JNE OG 31 SAKI-EAST GMD OY S/N LGA NAME LGA STATE 2 Premium Pension Limited 0022 30 URUAN DUU AK 8 DIKWA DKW BO 10 IGUEBEN GUE ED 22 ORSU AWT IM 34 SHANONO SNN KN CODE CODE 11 IJEBU-ODE JBD OG 32 SAKI-WEST SHK OY CODE CODE 3 Leadway Pensure PFA Limited 0023 31 UYO UYY AK 9 GUBIO GUB BO 11 IKPOBA-OKHA DGE ED 23 ORU-EAST MMA IM 35 SUMAILA SML KN 1 ASA AFN KW 12 IKENNE KNN OG 33 SURULERE RSD OY 1 BADE GSH YB 4 Sigma Pensions Limited 0024 10 GUZAMALA GZM BO 12 OREDO BEN ED 24 ORU-WEST NGB IM 36 TAKAI TAK KN 2 BARUTEN KSB KW 13 IMEKO-AFON MEK OG 2 BOSARI DPH YB 5 Pensions Alliance Limited 0025 ANAMBRA 11 GWOZA GZA BO 13 ORHIONMWON ABD ED 25 OWERRI-MUNICIPAL WER IM 37 TARAUNI TRN KN 3 EDU LAF KW 14 IPOKIA PKA OG PLATEAU 3 DAMATURU DTR YB 6 ARM Pension Managers Limited 0026 S/N LGA NAME LGA STATE 12 HAWUL HWL BO 14 OVIA-NORTH-EAST AKA ED 26 26 OWERRI-NORTH RRT IM 38 TOFA TEA KN 4 EKITI ARP KW 15 OBAFEMI OWODE WDE OG S/N LGA NAME LGA STATE 4 FIKA FKA YB 7 Trustfund Pensions Plc 0028 CODE CODE 13 JERE JRE BO 15 OVIA-SOUTH-WEST GBZ ED 27 27 OWERRI-WEST UMG IM 39 TSANYAWA TYW KN 5 IFELODUN SHA KW 16 ODEDAH DED OG CODE CODE 5 FUNE FUN YB 8 First Guarantee Pension Limited 0029 1 AGUATA AGU AN 14 KAGA KGG BO 16 OWAN-EAST
  • Focus Nigeria : Profil De La Zone Sud-Est (05.03.2021)

    Focus Nigeria : Profil De La Zone Sud-Est (05.03.2021)

    Département fédéral de justice et police DFJP Secrétariat d'Etat aux migrations SEM Section Analyses Public Berne-Wabern, 05.03.2021 Focus Nigeria Profil de la zone Sud-Est Haftungs- und Nutzungshinweis zu Quellen und Informationen Die Länderanalyse des Staatssekretariats für Migration (SEM) hat den vorliegenden Bericht gemäss den gemein- samen EU-Leitlinien für die Bearbeitung von Informationen über Herkunftsländer und auf der Grundlage sorgfältig ausgewählter Informationsquellen erstellt. Die zur Verfügung stehenden Informationen hat sie mit grösster Sorgfalt recherchiert, evaluiert und bearbeitet. Alle verwendeten Quellen sind referenziert. Dessen ungeachtet erhebt dieses Document keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit. Es erlaubt auch keine abschliessende Bewertung darüber, ob ein individueller Antrag auf einen bestimmten Flüchtlingsstatus oder auf Asyl berechtigt ist. Wenn ein bestimmtes Er- eignis, eine bestimmte Person oder Organisation in diesem Bericht keine Erwähnung findet, bedeutet dies nicht, dass ein solches Ereignis nicht stattgefunden hat oder dass die betreffende Person oder Organisation nicht exis- tieren. Die Inhalte sind unabhängig verfasst und können nicht als offizielle Stellungnahme der Schweiz oder ihrer Behörden gewertet werden. Die auszugsweise oder vollständige Nutzung, Verbreitung und Vervielfältigung dieses Berichts unterliegt den in der Schweiz geltenden Klassifizierungsregeln. Clauses sur les sources, les informations et leur utilisation L'Analyse Pays du Secrétariat d'Etat aux Migrations (SEM) a élaboré le présent « Focus » dans le respect des Lignes directrices de l'UE en matière de traitement et de transmission d'informations sur les pays d'origine. L'Ana- lyse Pays a recherché, évalué et traité toutes les informations figurant dans ce document avec la plus grande vigilance. Toutes les sources d'informations utilisées sont dûment référencées.
  • Spatial Distribution of Women Informal Economic Activities in the Rural Areas of Imo State, Nigeria

    Spatial Distribution of Women Informal Economic Activities in the Rural Areas of Imo State, Nigeria

    Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Vol. 4(1), pp. 20-35, January 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JGRP ISSN 2070-1845 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Spatial distribution of women informal economic activities in the rural areas of Imo State, Nigeria Emmanuella Chinenye Onyenechere Department of Geography/Environmental Management, Evan Enwerem University, Owerri, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +2348033743055. Accepted 9 December, 2010 Utilizing a feminist perspective, the paper examines the spatial distribution of informal economic activities engaged in by women in the rural areas of Imo state and ascertains if there is spatial variation in the type of informal economic activities executed by these rural women. For the study, data were collected at household and institutional levels. Field observation and the focus group discussion method were used to further elicit information. The data collected were subjected to various methods of analytical techniques, such as analysis of variance and other simpler statistical methods. The findings of the research are as follows; 39.7% of the respondents are engaged in petty trading followed by farming (29.1%), 27.4% are found in food processing; the least percentage ratio of 3.8% is in crafts. Analysis of variance reveals that economic activities vary significantly among communities and local government areas in Imo state, Nigeria. This is because these areas do not have the same natural endowments and do not all exist within the same ecological/ geomorphologic zones though they are in the same state. Equally important is the fact that they are areas of high patriarchy.
  • Assessing the Impact of Military Rule on Imo State, 1976-1999

    Assessing the Impact of Military Rule on Imo State, 1976-1999

    International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2015, PP 40-53 ISSN 2394-6288 (Print) & ISSN 2394-6296 (Online) The Military in Politics: Assessing the Impact of Military Rule on Imo State, 1976-1999 Kelechi C. Ubaku1*, Emmanuel U. Ezeifedi1, Solomon S. Duru1 1Department of History and International Studies, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria ABSTRACT Nigeria is one of the nations of the world with a history of military domination in her political activities. The earliest incursion of the military in the political affairs of the African polity was encouraged by the upheavals which encrusted the political atmosphere of the country in the first republic. Traditionally, the acquisition of power by the military at the centre (federal level) automatically means the presence of the military at the helm of political affairs in the federating units, as military personnel were usually appointed as governors or administrators at the state level. Periodically, this trend was felt in Imo state from creation in 1976 through 1999 when the military officially relinquished power and recognized a democratically elected government in Nigeria. Numerous impacts were created on Imo state, during this period, by the various serving military governments in the administration of the state, and the examination of these impacts therefore forms the central discourse of this study. Adopting historical methodology of data gathering which encouraged ample utilization of primary and secondary sourced materials in the study, findings, however, revealed that in as much as the developmental woes of the state, within the stipulated period, was attributed to the political activities of the military governors – a maxim held and promoted presently in some quarters, there were still elements of benefits that accrued from the activities of military governments in Imo state.