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Contribution for the Recognition of Amoeboid Protists of Shkodra Lake, Albania

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Contribution for the Recognition of Amoeboid Protists of Shkodra Lake, Albania Contribution for the Recognition of Amoeboid Protists of Shkodra Lake, Albania Dr. Violeta Alushi Department of Biology-Chemistry, « Luigj Gurakuqi »Shkodra University, Albania [email protected] Abstract During the recent years, we’ve studied the Protozoa of Shkodra Lake and we have identified 66 species, of which 61 of them belong to Amoebozoa. The Amoeboid Protists are a group with a wide tolerance towards the environment factors. Their presence in one habitat is firstly identified by humidity but largely influenced by temperature and chemical factors. The faunistic data of this group are limited, however we can mention: Alushi (2004, 2005, 2006,) and Alushi & Dhora (2006, 2007, 2008); Rakaj, Alushi & Dhora (2007), Mani (2010), Mani & Dhora (2011) as well as the species found in the Montenegrin part of the Lake, we mention: Gessner (1934), Nedejlkovic (1959), Milovanovic & Zivkovic (1965), Petkovic St. (1977, 1980, 1981), Petkovic, Sm & Petkovic, St (1984) dhe Nikolic et al. (2001). The samples for this study are taken from 11 different stations in Shkodra Lake during the period 2004 – 2011, belonging to various habitats: shallow waters of the shore, waters amidst submerged macrophytes and from plancton. The samples were taken during different periods throughout the year. Also, different techniques were used to cultivate the samples from the Lake in order to identify species potencially present in the Lake. The study was made through a detailed microscope observation and the identification and taxonomy are based mainly on Streble & Krauter (2002), Lee et al (2000), Kumar, A. & Dalby, A. P., (1998), Smirnov, A & Brown, S (2004). Amoeboids are good predators of bacteria and are closely related with their population. They participate in transformations of organic matter.The presence of pollution in the waters of the Lake favor the bacteria population and as a result enable the presence of Amoeboids. They are to be found in all studied habitats, even in the clean waters of Shegan’s Spring. Their diversity is closely connected with the structure of the soil which is an important factor for their distribution. The testate Amoeba have the largest number of species where Arcellinida order represented with 33 species. Amoeboids are to be found in all periods of time throughout the year, but mostly during June-July - 22 species. Considerable number of species were found in May - 15 species and 13 species were found in September. The largest number is found in the shores of the Lake - 35 species, amidst macrophytes – 16 species and in plankton 9 species. In terms of sampling stations, the shore of Kamice S 6 is represented with the largest number of species – 19 of them. The assessing indicator species of water quality are Amoeba proteus, (class II), Astramoeba radiosa (class II), Thecamoeba verrucosa (class II), Vahlkampfia limax (class IV) which are used to give assessments about the water quality of Shkodra Lake. Keywords: Amoeboid Protiste, Amoebozoa, Shkodra Lake, diversity, testate amoebae, indicator, diversity Introduction The Amoeboid Protists have a great surveying importance, because they are a group of a wide tolerance towards the environment factors ; their presence in habitats is firstly identified by humidity and largely influenced by temperature and chemical factors. They are commonly encountered in samples from Shkodra Lake, suggesting that they are an important component of biodiversity of the Lake and especially a component of the microbial food web. Amoeboids are good predators of bacteria and are closely related with their population. They participate in the transformations of organic matter. The presence of organic pollutions in the waters of the Lake favor the bacteria population and as a result enable the presence of Amoeboids. Their diversity is connected with the structure of the soil which is an important factor for their distribution. The study of Amoeboids has developed in recent BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 1 years, opening with the new field of study of free living Amoeboids. This field has been fulfilled with its cultivation technology. During the years 2004–2011, we’ve undertaken thorough studies on Amoebozoa of Shkodra Lake, particularly about its taxonomic and ecologic aspect. The results of these studies are reflected in many publications such as: Alushi (2004, 2005, 2006), Alushi & Dhora (2006, 2007, 2008); Rakaj, Alushi & Dhora (2007), Mani & Dhora (2010, 2011) etc., but other studies and publications on Protozoa are few and partial in Albania and in the region. From the previous publications made by the following foreign authors we can mention: Nedejlkovic (1959), Milovanovic & Zivkovic (1965), Petkovic, Sm & Petkovic, St (1984), and they are cited in our publications. Currently, there is an overall number of 66 species of Shkodra Lake Amoeboids. The ecological data gathered from the studying are of great importance contributing to important assessments and conclusions for the habitats and the whole ecosystem of Shkodra Lake. Material and Methods The water samples for studying Amoeboids are taken from 11 stations and in different periods of time, during 2004–2011. The stations represent different habitats of shores, submers vegetation and plankton. The selection of sampling stations is done by considering the Lake seasonal developments and the influence of various ecological factors. The stations are: S 1 - Zogaj, shore ; S 2 - Zogaj, in open waters, 200 - 400m away from the shore; S 3 - Shiroka, shore ; S 4 - Shiroka, among macrophytes ; S 5 - Gril, among macrophytes ; S 6 - Kamicë, shore ; S 7 - Kamicë, among macrophytes. S 8 - Kamicë, 600-800 m from the shore, in open waters. S 9 – Shegan’s Spring, S 10 – Shegan’s Spring, shore ; S 11 – Shegan’s Spring, among macrophytes. The stations are given in Fig 1. Sampling is done mainly based on the methods provided by Magazzu (1978), but the water samples had some soil in them, being aware of many Amoeboids to be found. During sampling, we’ve measured the temperature, oxygen level, water depth and got notes about vegetations, Lake bottom and other indicators. Also, different techniques were used to cultivate the samples from the Lake in order to identify species potencially present in the Lake. The species found in the cultures are identified 6 – 7 times during a period of three months after their cultivation. The study was made through a detailed microscope observation and the identification and taxonomy are based mainly on Streble & Krauter (2002), Lee et al (2000), Kumar, A. & Dalby, A. P., (1998), Smirnov, A & Brown, S (2004). The indicator species and the values of their saprobic classes are taken from Streble & Krauter (2002) and Foissner et al (1999). Aspects on ecology of the Lake were taken from Dhora (2005). Fig. 1. Protozoa sampling points of Shkodra Lake BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 2 Results A – Diversity of Amoeboids Species by Taxons Diversity of species is one of the main characteristics for ecological assessments. The list of Shkodra Lake Amoeboids includes 66 species as listed below. Allelogromia brunneri DE SAEDELEER, 1934 Heleopera petricola LEIDY, 1879 Amoeba gorgonia PENARD, 1902 Hyalodiscus rubicundes HERT. & LESSER, 1874 Amoeba proteus (PALLAS, 1766) Hyalosphenia papilio LEIDY, 1875 Amoeba hylobates PENARD, 1902 Hyalosphenia elegans LEIDY, 187 Arcella gibbosa PENARD, 1890 Lesqueruesia spiralis (EHRENBERG, 1840) Arcella vulgaris EHRENBERG, 1830 Lesqueruesia modesta RHUMBLER, 1896 Arcella discoides EHRENBERG, 1843 Lieberkuehnia wagneri CLAP & LACH, 1859 Arcella dentata EHRENBERG, 1830 Mayorella sp. aff cantobrigensis PAGE, 1983 Arcella haemisphaerica PERTY, 1852 Mayorella bigemma SCHAEFFER, 1918 Arcella megastoma PENARD, 1902 Metachaos laureata PENARD, 1902 Arcella conica (PLAYFAIR, 1917) Metachaos gratum SCHAEFFER, 1926 Asterocaelum sp. Nebela griseola PENARD, 1890 Astramoeba radiosa (EHRENBERG, 1830) Nebela tubulosa PENARD, 1890 Centropyxis aculeata (EHRENBERG, 1830) Nebela lageniformis PENARD, 1890 Centropyxis ecornis (EHRENBERG, 1841) Paraquadrula irregularis DEFLANDRE, 1932 Centropyxis hemisphaerica (BERNARD, 1879) Pelomyxa schiedti SCHAEFFER, 1918 Centropyxis arcelloides PENARD, 1902 Pelomyxa palustris GREEFF, 1874 Cochliopodium bilimbosum AUERBACH, 1856 Pelomyxa tertia (GRUBER, 1885) Cochliopodium granulatum PENARD, 1890 Penardochlamus arcelloides (PENARD, 1904) Cryptodifflugia sp. aff. oviformis Polychaos fasciculatum (PENARD, 1902) Dactylosphaerium vitraeum HERT.& LESSER, 1874 Pyxidicula operculata (AGARDH, 1827) Dinamoeba mirabilis LEIDY, 1874 Thecamoeba verrucosa (EHRENBERG, 1838) Difflugia lobostoma LEIDY, 1879 Trichamoeba villosa WALLICH, 1863 Difflugia pyriformis PERTY, 1849 Trichamoeba clava SCHAEFER, 1926 Difflugia acuminata EHRENBERG, 1838 Trichamoeba pilosa (CASH, 1904) Difflugia corona WALLICH, 1864 Trichamoeba sp. Difflugia limnetica LEVANDER, 1900 Vahlkampfia limax DUJARDIN, 1841 Difflugia leidyi WAILES, 1913 Vahlkampfia guttula DUJARDIN, 1841 Difflugia pyriformis bryophila PENARD, 1902 Vahlkampfia tachypodia GLAESER, 1912 Difflugia urceolata CARTER, 1864 Vahlkampfia mira SCHAEFFER, 1926 Difflugia elegans PENARD, 1890 Vahlkampfia vahlkampfii (CHATTON, 1910) Filamoeba nolandi PAGE, 1967 Vampyrella lateritia (FRESENIUS, 1856) Heleopera sp. aff. sphagni (LEIDY, 1874) As it is shown in Fig. 2, Arcellinida is represented with the largest number, 33 species. Fig. 2. Number of species by different taxa BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic
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