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Proyecto Fin De Carrera Ingeniería Aeronáutica Desarrollo De Un Proyecto Fin de Carrera Ingeniería Aeronáutica Desarrollo de un modelo de turbohélice de tres ejes. Análisis y evaluación de prestaciones en diferentes aplicaciones. Autor: Luca García Hernández Tutor: Francisco J. Jiménez-Espadafor Aguilar Dep. Ingeniería Energética Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, 2017 Proyecto Fin de Carrera Ingeniería Aeronáutica Desarrollo de un modelo de turbohélice de tres ejes. Análisis y evaluación de prestaciones en diferentes aplicaciones. Autor: Luca García Hernández Tutor: Francisco J. Jiménez-Espadafor Aguilar Catedrático Dep. Ingeniería Energética Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, 2017 Proyecto Fin de Carrera: Desarrollo de un modelo de turbohélice de tres ejes. Análisis y evaluación de prestaciones en diferentes aplicaciones. Autor: Luca García Hernández Tutor: Francisco J. Jiménez-Espadafor Aguilar El tribunal nombrado para juzgar el trabajo arriba indicado, compuesto por los siguientes profesores: Presidente: Vocal/es: Secretario: acuerdan otorgarle la calificación de: El Secretario del Tribunal Fecha: Agradecimientos Los proyectos finales de carrera encierran muchas historias de constancia y superación a lo largo del tiempo. Con este proyecto, pongo fin a una etapa muy importante de mi vida. Escribir estas palabras supone una gran satisfacción por la meta alcanzada y una gran alegría, pues supone el inicio de la etapa como ingeniero, en la que aplicar todo lo aprendido a lo largo de la carrera. Este proyecto me ha hecho profundizar considerablemente en el campo de los motores aeronáuticos y las herramientas para su modelado matemático. Ha sido muy enriquecedor para mí y seguro que los conocimientos aquí adquiridos, me serán de gran utilidad. Este logro no es sólo personal, pues sin la ayuda y el acompañamiento de muchas personas no podría haberlo conseguido. Me siento muy agradecido a todos ellos y ellas, familia, amigos/as, profesores/as y compañeros/as, gracias a su apoyo nunca me he sentido sólo en esta larga travesía. En particular, quiero agradecer a mi tutor, Francisco, por las horas en su despacho. Agradecer al equipo IANair por el magnífico trabajo que realizaron en la asignatura de cálculo de aviones. El gran resultado que obtuvimos me ha permitido tomar de modelo el avión turbohélice, AIAN-1314, que diseñamos. Aunque lo normal es agradecer a las personas, quisiera agradecer a mi deporte, el waterpolo, mi gran afición, que me acompaña desde niño, todo lo que he aprendido practicándolo, los duros entrenamientos diarios me han ayudado a ganar en constancia y capacidad de esfuerzo. Un profesor me dijo que si quería terminar esta carrera debería dejar la competición. A día de hoy puedo decirle que tenía razón en que me dificultaría el viaje, pero no la tenía, al decir que sería imposible. También, mencionar una trascendental etapa, es en 2014 que me implico en política para ayudar a hacer de España un mejor país, esto supuso un freno en los estudios pero que ha sido muy constructivo en lo personal. Agradecer a toda la gente lo compartido en esa etapa. Y finalmente agradecer especialmente a mi familia, el apoyo incondicional que siempre he recibido. Mi madre, María Luisa, y su marido, Antonio, son los grandes pilares de la persona que hoy soy. Gracias a ellos he ido superando todas las etapas de estudios hasta llegar aquí. Agradecer a mi padre, Antonio, y a su esposa, Arantza, por su apoyo desde Barcelona. No podría imaginarme una juventud, sin mis hermanos, Patricio, Zahara y Elena, con quienes merendar o bajar a beber agua era la excusa para montar en el salón de casa un recreo y estar un rato charlando, dejando descansar los apuntes, los libros y los deberes en la mesa de cada uno. Por último, dar las gracias a mi mejor amiga, mi compañera, mi gran apoyo, mi esposa, Marta. Llegaste a mi vida al final de esta aventura, en la dura etapa que son los finales. Cuando me has visto flaquear has estado para animarme y apoyarme, siempre. Ahora, a seguir nuestra historia y a disfrutar de lo que nos depare el futuro. Resumen El incremento del precio de los combustibles entre 2007 y 2008 ha aumentado considerablemente la demanda de aviones con motores de tipo turbohélice. Además, se están desarrollando las conexiones aéreas en trayectos cortos en todo el mundo. Cada día hay más rutas idóneas para este tipo de avión, con una alta demanda de pasajeros. Se necesitan más número de este tipo de aviones y también una mayor capacidad de transporte de pasajeros por vuelo. Los aviones con motores turbohélices son especialmente eficientes y económicos cuando se utilizan para el transporte de pasajeros en vuelos de corta duración, es por ello que actualmente están siendo objeto de estudio, desarrollo e inversión en las grandes empresas aeronáuticas, motivando proyectos de final de carrera como este. Este proyecto pretende recoger el desarrollo de un modelo matemático que sirva para análisis de mejoras y evoluciones en un motor turbohélices de 3 ejes. Este paso es muy importante en el mundo de la ingeniería y más en particular en el sector aeronáutico, ya que reduce considerablemente los costes de diseño, permitiendo conocer el comportamiento del modelo y sus prestaciones antes de pasar a la construcción física del motor. En la memoria se recogerán los resultados obtenidos del modelo y el análisis de las prestaciones para diferentes aplicaciones del motor. Este documento recoge, además, las dificultades encontradas por el alumno en el desarrollo del proyecto y se pretende explicar las soluciones encontradas. Para el modelo matemático se utilizará como soporte el software Matlab y como referencia de los resultados obtenidos se utilizará el software Gasturb. Una vez se consiga una validación satisfactoria de los resultados obtenidos en Matlab comparándolos con los obtenidos en Gasturb, se realizará un análisis de consumo del motor. En primer lugar, se compararán el consumo de un motor variando sus puntos de operación. En segundo lugar, se comparará el efecto de la temperatura ambiente en las prestaciones del motor según sea la temperatura de -5ºC, 15ºC y 45ºC y la altura para un despegue en México. Abstract The rise in fuel prices between 2007 and 2008 has considerably increased the demand for airplanes with turbo-propeller engines. In addition, short-haul air connections are being developed around the world. Every day there are more routes suitable for this type of aircraft, with a high demand for passengers. More numbers of this type of aircraft and also a greater capacity of air transport of passengers are needed. Airplanes with turboprop engines are specially efficient and economical when used for the transport of passengers on short flights, which is the reason why they are currently under study, development and investment in large aeronautical companies, motivating end of career projects like this. This project aims to collect the development of a mathematical model that can be used for analysis of improvements and evolutions in a 3-axis turboprop engine. This step is very important in the world of engineering and more particularly in the aeronautical sector, as it considerably reduces design costs, allowing to know the behaviour of the model and its performance before starting with the physical construction of the engine. In the memory the results obtained from the model and the performance analysis for different engine applications will be collected. This document also includes the difficulties encountered by the student in the development of the project as well as explanations of the solutions found. Matlab software will be used as support for the mathematical model and the Gasturb software will be used as a reference for the results obtained. Once a satisfactory validation of the results obtained in Matlab is obtained, comparing them with those obtained in Gasturb, an analysis of motor consumption will be carried out. In the first place, the consumption of an engine will be compared by varying its operating points. Secondly, the effect of ambient temperature on the performance of the engine will be compared according to a temperature of -5°C, 15°C, and 45°C and the height for a takeoff in Mexico. Índice general 1. Introducción…………………………………………………………………….….. 1 2. Estado del arte………………………………………………………………….………3 2.1. Turbohélices………………………………………………………………..3 2.1.1. Definición……………………………………………………..……3 2.1.2. Situación actual de los motores turbohélices…………….…..…….4 2.1.3. Modelo reales similares de turbohélices de 3 ejes…………………5 2.2. Gasturb………………………………………………………………………10 2.2.1. Introducción………………………………………………………10 2.2.2. Definición de variables……………………………………………..16 2.3. Matlab…………………………………………………………………….. 17 2.3.1 Introducción…………………………………………………….. 17 2.3.2 Funciones Matlab………………………………………………….18 3. Tipo de motor……………………………………………………………………….. 21 3.1. Especificaciones………………………………………………………………23 3.2. Datos de entrada……………………………………………………….……23 3.2. Resultados obtenidos………………………………………………….……25 4. Diseño de Modelo……..………………………………………………………………27 4.1. Modelo en Matlab, para punto de diseño………………………………… 29 4.1.1 Variación salto entálpico…………………………………………….39 4.1.2 Variación reparto carga en compresores………………………… 41 4.1.3. Elección punto de diseño………………………………….…… 42 4.1.4. Validación con Gasturb…………………………………………..43 4.2. Modelo en Matlab, en puntos fuera de diseño……..………………………44 4.2.1. Escalado de los mapas operativos de compresores y turbinas…....44 4.2.2. Sistemas de ecuaciones…………………………………………….48 4.2.3. Validación con Gasturb……………………………………..……61
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