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Bud Burst Beginning of Flowering End of BBCH 09 BBCH 61 Flowering Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER) Agroscope Adaptation of grapevine to climate change Olivier Viret and Jean-Laurent Spring SAVI 2 Mai 2019 Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Switzerland A country in the middle of Europe, made of rolling hills, lakes and high mountains SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Winegrowing in the Alps SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Swiss viticulture • Area: 41’000 km2 (16.3x < France) • Altitude: 195 m - 4634 m • 26 cantons, 4 national languages • Political system: federalism, direct democracy Forest ~30% unproductive ~25% mountains, glacier… Agriculture ~24% Viticulture 0.3% Grassland ~13% Cities, infrastructures ~7% SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Swiss viticulture 15’000 ha, turnover approx. 1-1.5 milliards SFrs 143’000 ha cereals: approx. 480 millions SFrs (2014: 9.6 millions quintals a 50.-) N German part S 2’636 ha French part 11’019 ha Italian part 1’124 ha SAVI Source: l’année viticole 2016, rapport OFAG Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Production structures 5’730 wine producing companies 20% < 1 ha 54% 1 to 15 ha 33’000 grape growers 7% >50 ha ~27’000 part time growers (12’500 in Valais) Valais: 4’976 ha (2012), 33.2% of the vine growing area: • mean plot size: 440 m2 • mean size run by a grower: 0.38 ha • only 3.8% of the winegrowers own more than 1 ha SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Swiss viticulture Integrated production Organic production Biodynamic production 12’376 ha 638 ha 365 ha 84% area 4.3% 2.5% SAVI data: 2017 Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Viticulture of biodiversity 15’000 ha: 90 varieties (>1ha), totally >200 varieties Chasselas 3995 ha Pinot noir 4330 ha Müller-Thurgau 481 ha Gamay 1470 ha Sylvaner (Johannisberg) Merlot 1068 ha Chardonnay Cabernet franc Marsanne (Ermitage) Cabernet Sauvignon Pinot gris Syrah Pinot blanc Bondola Sauvignon blanc Humagne rouge Savagnin blanc Cornalin (=Païen or Heida ) Gamaret 404 ha Rèze Garanoir 215 ha Humagne blanc Diolinoir 116 ha Petite Arvine Carminoir (Pinot noir x Cab. Sauv.) Amigne Galotta (Ancellotta x Gamay) Charmont Mara Doral Divico (Gamaret x Bronner) SAVI … Merello (Merlot x Gamaret) Cabernello (Cabernet franc x Gamaret) Cornarello (Humagne rouge x Gamaret) Nerolo (Nebbiolo x Gamaret) Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport Gamarello (Merlot x Gamaret) General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Climate change: the case study of Chasselas - lake of Geneva SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Climate change - mean temperatures 1st April to 31. October 1750 - 2018, Changins (Nyon) 2018 17.8°C 1963 begin of automatic measurements 2003 Changins 16.9°C 2015 16.8°C Little ice age 1300-1870 L SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Mean temperature April to October 1925-2018 Changins (Nyon) 2018 Mean yearly T: 9.4°C Mean yearly T: 9.5°C Mean yearly T: 10.7°C 17.8°C 2003 16.9°C 2015 16.8°C C) ° ( Temperature SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Growth stages of grapevine www.agrometeo.ch SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Observation site – Agroscope Pully 1925 - today SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs 1925-2018: 93 years of phenological observations of cultivar Chasselas Bud burst Beginning of flowering End of BBCH 09 BBCH 61 flowering BBCH 69 SAVI Beginning of Harvest «véraison» BBCH 89 BBCH 81 Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Bud burst (BBCH 09) 1956 frost (5 mai) Average date: 13 April (current day 103) SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Begin of flowering (BBCH 61) SAVI Average date: 15 June (current day 166) Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs End of flowering (BBCH 69) Average date: 29 June (current day 180) SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Véraison (BBCH 81) Average date: 13 August (current day 225) SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Begin of harvest (BBCH 89) 1939 (26 oct.) 1954 (26 oct.) SAVI Average date: 08 October (current day 282) 2003 (2 sept.) Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Berries sugar content 20. Sept. 2018 (87.3°Oe) 1945 1947 (85°Oe) 2003 (8 sept.) 1934 1952 1959 1965 1980 1939 (43 °Oe) SAVI Average value: 70° Oechsle (17.7 Brix, 10% vol.) Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Mean duration in days 1925-2018 Period BBCH 09-61 BBCH 61-69 BBCH 69-89 09-89 30 years bud burst to blooming bloom to whole bloom harvest cycle until harvest 1925-1955 63 (+/-10) 16 (+/-5.3) 105 (+/-8.3) 184 (+/-10.7) 1956-1986 64 (+/-11) 15 (+/-6.7) 99 (+/-5.2) 178 (+/- 11.9) 1987-2018 61 (+/-11.8) 8.7 (+/-3.2) 101 (+/-7) 171 (+/- 11.9) - 13 days SAVI 1925-2018 62.4 13.3 101.6 177.5 (+/- 11) (+/- 6.2) (+/- 7.2) (+/- 12.6) Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Conclusions - Yearly average temperature increase from 1925 to 2018 lake of Geneva, reference sites Changins (Nyon) and Pully: +1.3°C - Grapevine cultivar Chasselas is well adapted to the local conditions in the context of global warming with a regular quality increase. - Phenology: • Bud burst: stable, tendency later (+2 days) • Flowering: earlier (-3 days), duration shorter (16 to 8.7 days) • Véraison: clearly earlier (-20 days) • Harvest: clearly earlier (-16 days) - Compare to the cooler period (1954 -1984) the main growth stages occur in average two weeks earlier. Globally vegetative period of grapevine is reduced, bud burst date is stable. - Change of varieties: most important issue is a reduced use of SAVI phytosanitary products, late ripening varieties remain a challenge Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Challenges for the Swiss viticulture • Alpine conditions, cool climate, complex production structures, high disease pressure… • Open market (since 1996) – competiveness • Very high production costs • High ecological pressure (politics, consumers, society) • Climate change… SAVI We have to do what others not do Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Competition and production costs Growing system hours/ ha Frs / ha «Gobelet» not mechanised 1180 >50’000.- High plant density poorly 840 >40’000.- mechanised Terraces poorly mechanised 690 37’000 Terraces, tractor 639 34’000 Guyot-pruned, max. 434 30’000 mechanised California, Australia, Chili, 100-200 5000 - 10’000 Argentina, South Africa… SAVI Source: Frais de production en viticulture, résultats technico-économiques 2010, Agridea Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Competition and production costs SAVI Source: www.diapo.ch (R. Colombo) Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Competition and production costs SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Biodiversity of traditional cultivars Clonal diversity of traditional varieties - Conservation - Prospection for 13 main varieties in old vineyards - Agronomical and enological characterization - Homologation and diffusion of certified planting material Varieties in collection (20 clones per variety): Chasselas Arvine Pinot noir Amigne Gamay Païen (Savagnin blanc) Pinot gris (Malvoisie) Räuschling … Cornalin Humagne rouge… SAVI Department of Economy, Innovation and Sport General direction of Agriculture, Viticulture and Veterinary Affairs Conservation of grapevine’s biodiversity and clone selection Nr. plants Number of (clone) Clones in selection Cultivars surveyed plots tested ELISA number % Arvine 7 +1 pergola 161 109 67.7 Humagne rouge 8 187 110 58.8 Cornalin 9 + 69 pergole 231 104 45.0 Pinot gris (Malvoisie) 14 214 176 82.2 Pinot noir 19 350 251 71.7 Amigne 13 153 91 59.5 Humagne blanc 15 + 3 pergole 217 93 42.9 Savagnin blanc (Païen) 16 196 28 14.3 Marsanne 14 176 60 34.1 Roussanne 3 30 18 60.0 Rèze 5 +12 pergole 60 1 1.7 Sylvaner 20 153 64 41.8 Muscat blanc 20 130 41 31.5 Muscat du Pays 16 66 37 56.1 Gamay 30 212 170 80.1 Chasselas 25 350 283 80.9
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