Vine Culture in Emerging Wine Regions of Northern and Eastern Europe - Development, Varieties and Possibilities

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Vine Culture in emerging wine regions of Northern and Eastern Europe - development, varieties and possibilities-

Anja Antes ANTES Weinbau Service GmbH - grafting and winegrowing Agenda

• Introduction • Development of Viticulture in Eastern and Northern Europe • Varieties • established • new possibilities • Worth mentioning • Summary Antes nurseries and winegrowing Antes nurseries and winegrowing

• 1952: foundation by Vinzenz Antes

• 1994: handover to Reinhard and Helmut Antes

• 2014: enter of Anja Antes Antes nurseries and winegrowing

• 43 ha (106 acre) vineyards / reproduction fields • comparisons of over 400 varieties and clones • table grapes • Rootstocks

• 1.400.000 sold plants / year

• working together with German viticulture institutes: Geisenheim, Freiburg, Weinsberg Export share 2013

Germany

abroad Export Countries + Canada projects + China + Vietnam + Thailand

Export to more than 30 countries (focus on emerging wine regions of Northern and Eastern Europe)

Antes nurseries and winegrowing

• Complete Service • supplies for vineyards (poles, wires, tubes…) • consulting and planning (soil-analysis, …) • project management und realisation Winnica Srebrna Góra (Winery Silberberg, Krakow)

Vineyard at Silver Mountain Arildsvingaard, Sweden

Biggest winery in Sweden Extreme rising number of plantings WHY rising number of plantings?

- Climate Change - Chances of laws: legal possibility to grow and to sell wine - Interest in (new) culture – hope to earn money with this (new) type of agriculture - State subsidy - trend to drink regional wines – consumption of wine increased Current situation Romania, 2014 • Lots of hobby-winegrowers

• Lots of non-cultivated old vineyard (-regions) (esp. Eastern Europe)

• Often investors starting big projects  reactivate old vineyards  search for good location

• No long-term experience What varieties can you find?

Known ones (also planted in Middle Ages – Medieval Warm Period): • Riesling • Kerner and Kernling • Auxerrois • Traminer

Tauberschwarz (= Süßrot, Grobrot, Quille de Coq, Vanberschwarz, Vicsanka) in old historic vineyards (monasteries):

Old Hybrids: frost-resistant, no plant protection necessary  cause: no possibility to spray (supply problem in communism) General requirements for varieties from our customers

• frost-resistant  the eastern the more important • fungus-resistant • taste like cultivated vinifera varieties (Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir,… ) • easy growing-requirements in vineyard • few laterals • late bud break and productive secondary buds • stable flowering • early end of vegetation • good wood ripening PIWI fungus-resistant varieties Does not mean: Why Piwi? • non-grafted or grafted hybrids / • Less spraying / less running tractor interspecific (France) • sustainable viticulture • cost-effective viticulture Does mean: • Decrease soil pollution • New cultures after 1950 with the type of Vitis vinifera • Traditional viticulture and preserving nature ~ 93 % European genetic material • frost-resistant and taste of Vinifera • need taxonomic classification as Vitis vinifera for winemaking in Europe

(Regner, Rebenzüchtung für pilzwiderstandsfähige Rebsorten, 2011 http://weinverkostung.com/2011/06/19/rebenzuechtung-fuer- pilzwiderstandsfaehige-rebsorten-piwis/) Development of Piwis in emerging wine regions in Europe

Increasing demand for Piwis abroad esp. Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Czech Republic

 5,000 hectars (12,355 acre) of Piwis worldwide Solaris, Rondo, Regent, Johanniter, Bronner, Souvignier Gris, Cabernet Cortis,

Hibernal – “Der Badische Winzer”, 2014 – Volker Jörger

Easier to handle than Riesling, Pinot Noir,… Seems to be suitable Varieties – established – the most sold

PIWI-segment 2015 • Solaris • Regent 80% • Cabernet Cortis • Johanniter • Rondo

20%

PIWI "normal" Top 10: Sold Piwi Varieties in 2015

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0 Solaris Regent Souvignier gris Cabernet Muscaris Johanniter Rondo Seyval blanc Hibernal Monarch Cortis Varieties – SOLARIS (FR 240-75) parents Merzling x (Saperawi x Muscat Ottonel) - 1975 frost-resistance - 23 °C (-9.4 °F) up to – 28 °C (-18.4°F) - J. Lisek fungus-resistance very high against downy and powdery mildew high against Botrytis bud break early ripening very early (7-14 days before Müller-Thurgau)

Yield middle (between Pinot Gris and Müller Thurgau) average (33 harvesting): 125 kg/are (27,557 lbs/acre) (Acid: 7,3 g/l - 106 °Oe (25.1 % Brix) must weight very high - usually over 100 °Oe (23,8 % Brix) (in first decade of September)

Wine full-bodied with pronounced fruitiness - especially with mash contact and a cool fermentation (necessary!?!) exotic fruits; dry wines reminiscent of Chardonnay; residual sugar wines reminiscent of Sauvignon Blanc

Vineyard low claims on location; very strong growth  leaf-work

Other aspects: Too early for Germany  new wine (federweisser) In northern Italy in about 1000 meters above sea level Solaris (FR 240-75) Varieties – REGENT parents Diana (Silvaner x Müller-Thurgau) x Chambourcin (S.V. 12-417 x Chancellor) - 1967 frost-resistance High against winterfrost fungus-resistance Powdery mildew: high; downy mildew: very high Botrytis: high  better than Rondo bud break Slightly deferred ripening middle-early

Yield Medium (slightly above Pinot Noir) must weight High (Pinot Noir); must acidity: medium (slightly below Pinot Noir)

Wine Deep red; full bodied Bordeaux style, sometimes hints of blackcurrant > 85 °Oe (20.5 % Brix): sometimes wine gets brown (Oxidation) Vineyard Susceptible to magnesium deficiency; berries fall off when very ripe

Other aspects: 1995: entry into the German Federal Office’s Varieties Register  2000: 350 hectars (86.5 acre)  2004: 2037 hectars (5033.5 acre) in Germany Varieties – Regent Varieties – RONDO (6494-5 Gm) parents Zarya Severa (descendant vitis amurensis) x Saint Laurent – 1964 frost-resistance Very high; early and very good wood ripening (~ -25 °C/ -13°F) fungus-resistance Downy mildew: middle; powdery mildew: high; bud break Early-middle; very early flowering time ripening Very early

Yield Medium-high must weight Medium with medium must acidity

Wine Dark ruby red, full-bodied without any strange tone

Vineyard Medium-high strength of growth, but shoots tend to hang downwards, can be grown on any site, wasps Varieties – Rondo Varieties – CABERNET CORTIS (FR 437-82 r) parents Cabernet Sauvignon x Solaris – 1982 frost-resistance good -22°C to – 25 °C (-7.6 to -13°F); very good wood ripening fungus- powdery mildew: very good to good; downy mildew: very good resistance bud break Like Pinot Noir but flowering 5-10 days before Pinot Noir ripening Few days before Pinot Noir

Yield Medium (to high) 135-150 kg / are (29,762-33,069lbs/acre) must weight High 6-10 °Oechsle above Pinot Noir (~ 87 °Oe / 20.9 % Brix)

Wine Strong, strong tannins, intense colour, Very herby intense Cabernet Style; rich in extract and phonolics Is suitable for barrique or oak barrels Vineyard Needs possibly magnesia during vegetation (spraying), because of its tendency to stem-atrophy Varieties – Cabernet Cortis Varieties – CABERNET CANTOR (FR 523-89 r) parents Seibel 70-53 x (Merzling x (Zara severa x Muscat Ottonel)) - 1989 frost-resistance ? fungus-resistance Very high bud break Few days after Pinot Noir ripening One week before Pinot Noir

Yield Medium – high (125-145 kg / are / 27,557-31,967 lbs/acre) must weight High (4-8 °Oe above Pinot Noir)

Wine Spicy, aromatic, milder style of Cabernet, similar to Merlot intense in colour Cabernet Cantor (Foto: Lieselehof) Cabernet Cantor (Foto: winnica sandomierska) Varieties – JOHANNITER (FR) parents Riesling x (Seyve Villard 12-481 x (x Chasselas Pinot Gris)) - 1968 frost-resistance Good ~-24 °C (-11.2°F) fungus-resistance (very) good against powdery and downy mildew bud break Like Riesling ripening Medium – between Silvaner and Riesling (like Pinot Blanc) – dark points on surface of skin Yield Medium-high 133 kg / are (29,321 lbs/acre) photo: Wacek Riesling: 120 kg / are (26,455 lbs/acre) Winogrona.org must weight High (86 °Oe – 20.7 % Brix) – 9.2 g/l must acid

Wine Powerful (between Pinot Gris and Riesling) – very fruity – soft acid Reminiscent of tangerine, melon and pear – apple, citrus  During process in cellar: taking care of acid Vineyard Compact cluster; rather strong growth, safe flowering, (low) risk of chlorosis with wrong rootstock Very similar to the mother variety Riesling Other aspects: Works in polish climate, but in warmer areas – in colder: only a few clusters have the chance to mature (Lysek)

Varieties – SOUVIGNIER GRIS (FR 392-83) parents Cabernet Sauvignon x Bronner – 1983 frost-resistance ? fungus-resistance Against downy mildew: very high; Against powdery mildew: high bud break Similar to Pinot Gris ripening Similar to Pinot Gris

Yield Medium (110-140 kg / are / 24,250-30,864 lbs/acre) must weight High (88-98 °Oe / 21.2-23.4 % Brix) and 6.5-8.0 g/l must acid

Wine Similar to Pinot Gris with more acid Strong, neutral to fruity

Vineyard Clusters: medium size, a little bit compact

Other aspects: “Shooting star”

Varieties – MUSCARIS (FR 493-87) parents Solaris x Muskateller – 1987 photo: Ricci Winogrona.org frost-resistance ? – less high than Solaris fungus-resistance Downy mildew: very high; powdery mildew: high bud break Similar to Pinots ripening Similar to Pinot Blanc / Riesling

Yield Medium (110 kg/are / 24,250 lbs/acre) – max. Pinot Gris must weight Very high 90-105 °Oe (21.6-24.9 % Brix) 6.8-7.5 g/l must acid Wine Muscat- (nutmeg)-aroma, very high quality wine Acid Sometimes like Gewürztraminer Vineyard Low risk to stem-nekrosis

Other aspects:

Varieties – HIBERNAL (322-58 Gm) parents Seibel 7053 x Riesling clone 239 frost-resistance Very good – good (-28 °C / -18.4 °F) fungus-resistance Downy mildew: very good; powdery mildew: good bud break early ripening Medium – late

Yield Medium (114 kg/are / 25,132 lbs/acre) must weight High (97 °Oe / 22 % Brix); higher than Riesling, but less acid (3 g/l under Riesling) Wine Spicy, fruity, full-bodied Very aromatic (Sauvignon Blanc, Scheurebe/Seedling 88)

Vineyard Less tendency for site positioning shoots; because of late ripening good site necessary A little bit compact Other aspects: Hibernal Old variety but presently increasing number of plantings (Czech Republic), because of trend for aroma-varieties (Aroma of Sauvignon Blanc) Crossings of Valentin Blattner © Fotos Freytag

VB 91-26-29 Cabernet blanc Cal 604 Cabertin Pinotin Cabernet noir VB 91-26-4

Trend: later ripening than WBI-Crossings, More information about these varieties: not much results concerning winter hardness Session L – Friday 1 pm Mr. Valentin Blattner Switzerland Own vineyard with 32 varieties (2015)- 3 hectares

Freiburg Geisenheim Blattner JK-Institute - Solaris Rondo Cabertin Calardis blanc - Muscaris Allegro Cabernet blanc - Souvignier gris Accent Pinotin - Johanniter Bolero Cabernet noir Innovitis (Italy) - Helios Saphira VB 91-26-29 Aromera - Cabernet Cortis Cal 604 - Cabernet Cantor - Monarch Agroscope (Switzerland) - Baron Divico New varieties from Geisenheim in testing

Variety Years Yield ° Oechsle Acid(must) Botrytis av. date of g/sq m g/l % harvesting Gm 8107-3 2006-2015 2414 92,3 8,5 2-5 07. Oct Gm 9224-2 2006-2015 1566 108,2 6,9 5-15 15. Oct. Gm 9620-5 2009-2015 1412 97,7 10 2 20. Oct.

Parents for crossing: mother father Gm 8107- 3 Ehrenbreitsteiner Fr 52-64 Gm 9224-3 Gm 7116-29 Bronner Gm 9620-5 Saphira Bronner 9224-2 Gm 8107-3 Gm

• Agroscope establish “Divico” (Gamaret x Bronner) – IRAC 2091

• Good resistance against Botrytis, • Good to very good against Peronospora, Oidium

• Yield: medium; must weight: high

• Wines: like Gamaret Quality (berries, full bodied), dark colour, strong in tannins Aromera (Innovitis)

Resistance: Peronospora: good to very good Oidium: good Botrytis: very good

Yield: medium Ripening: 2 weeks after Chardonnay

Wine: fine Muscat with juicy acidity, aromatic if well-ripened

Probably good for sparkling

Parents: Gf.Ga-47-42 x Seyve Villard 39-639

Late bud break Ripening similar to Riesling Yield: similar to Riesling

Low tendency for side positioning shoots Very vertical growth

Wines: versatile aroma, spicy, lively acidity

• For the first time: varieties with genetic material from Muscadinia (difficult because of its differences in chromosome number)

• Freiburg expects additional resistance against virus Muscadinia rotundifolia and phylloxera (Wikipedia)

• Muscadinia rotundifolia was also used from University Davis for crossing virus-tolerant rootstocks • Rotundifolia has very high resistance to nematodes and phylloxera and to foliar pests like powdery and downy mildew, black rot, and anthracnose New Varieties from Freiburg

Red White

FR 628-2005 FR 623-2002 FR 629-2005 FR 631-2005 FR 630-2005 FR 632-2005 FR 624-2002 emerging wine regions worth mentioning in general • Many old hybrids  no acceptance of taste? • Increasing number of plantings of Piwi

• New wineries with additional offers – wellness, restaurant, holiday,… • Often (investors) plants large areas at once

• Still problems in legal frameworks for example Sweden: no authorisation for sprays in plant protection

• Limited Experience in cellar (and vineyard) – no long-term experience • Contact partner for problems/information?  Internet Piwis - Chance? Worth mentioning in vineyard

• Easier to handle (esp. spraying)  good for emerging wine regions

• frost-resistance about – 25 °C, but wines with vinifera-flavour

• frost-protection still important (hill up, wind machines, exposition of vineyard, trellis system, soil temperature,…)

• plant-protection is important (also for wood ripening, healthy leaf)

• Use rootstocks for earlier end of vegetation  more wood ripeness  more frost-resistance

• Balance in vineyard! Piwi – Chance? Worth mentioning in marketing/selling

• Piwis: young varieties with new names and taste of vinifera  no guarantee for acceptance by customers • Wines of Piwi are opportunities in markets • with no or less tradition and • with customers which are not focused at specific varieties • with focus on low CO2-fingerprint

• for Cuvee with “known” varieties • sustainable winegrowing as concept in marketing? Future?

• Number of plantings will still increase • More knowledge and experiences • Piwis will become more famous

• New varieties?  new Piwis or more traditional varieties?

• New Wine Market in Europe Summary • Large dynamic in planting in emerging wine regions of Northern and Eastern Europe • In northern/eastern winegrowing regions of Europe PIWIs are the most- sold vines • In Germany: Acceptance by customers only in combination with good marketing

More information about viticulture in emerging wine regions of Northern and Eastern Europe: Cool Climate Conference 2010 Presentation of speakers (from Germany, Canada, Poland, Denmark, Finland,…): http://www.traubenshow.de/index.php/cool-climate-winegrowing-klimawandel-und- wein/ccc-conference-heppenheim Thank you!

www.antes.de Email: [email protected] QUESTIONS?

Reinhard Antes & Anja Antes www.antes.de [email protected]