DOCSLIB.ORG

Nyatsanza, Tarsisio Majinya (2015) Developing a Transformative Approach to HIV/AIDS Education: an Analysis of Scotland and Zimbabwe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nyatsanza, Tarsisio Majinya (2015) Developing a Transformative Approach to HIV/AIDS Education: an Analysis of Scotland and Zimbabwe Nyatsanza, Tarsisio Majinya (2015) Developing a transformative approach to HIV/AIDS education: an analysis of Scotland and Zimbabwe. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6438/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] i DEVELOPING A TRANSFORMATIVE HIV/AIDS EDUCATION: AN ANALYSIS OF SCOTLAND AND ZIMBABWE TARSISIO MAJINYA NYATSANZA Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Education College of Social Sciences University of Glasgow 26th September 2014 ii Abstract Global statistics indicate that currently 35 million people are living with HIV of which 4, 634 are living in Scotland (out of a total population of 5 295 00) and the figure for Zimbabwe is estimated at 1, 400 000 (out of a total population of 14 149 648). In this thesis, I have suggested a framework that goes beyond a limited analysis of the complexity of understanding the HIV/AIDS origins, its evolution and prevalence beyond the epidemiological mapping. The approach allows for the development of a more rational, inclusive, broader and sustainable HIV/AIDS Education (Wood 2014, Wood and Rolleri 2014). This approach is not only emancipatory but also empowers (Freire 2000, Freire 2004) both those affected and infected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. I have chosen both Scotland and Zimbabwe as each of them has dealt with the epidemic in different ways. Scotland has had significant success in combating HIV/ AIDS through various initiatives. Zimbabwe on the other hand, is an example of a developing country in sub-Saharan Africa with one of the highest levels of HIV/AIDS infected and affected people in the world (UNAIDS Country Report 2014). I used ‘selected’ documentary analysis that is, looking at selected documents that contain the major policy responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. I also conducted interviews with key informants using semi-structured interview questions and then analysed the resultant data using a range of heuristic tools. The main findings of this research included how a number of conspiracy theories were constructed in order to explain the origins and the evolution of HIV/AIDS. Examples of these conspiracy theories included the homosexual link to HIV/AIDS, witchcraft and biological warfare among others. Other issues discussed focused on conspiracy as the construction of otherness, moralising the epidemic, assessing the impact of culture, religion and politics on the epidemic as well as the implications of these issues on Sex Education. The thesis concluded with suggesting a iii framework for developing a transformative approach to HIV/AIDS and Sex Education. iv Dedication This Doctoral Thesis is dedicated to my dear Parents: Cecilia (1924-1983) and Fausto Douglas Nyatsanza (1921-1983). Although both of them did not live long enough to see and celebrate the value of all their efforts, they still remained my greatest source of inspiration in that they were my first educators who taught me the virtues of hard work, resilience and to always aspire to achieve the exceptional. And Also to: My dear late brother Prosper Nyatsanza (21.08.1957- 18.02.1996) He was always very inspirational and appreciative of my academic endeavours. Zororai murugare! v TABLE OF CONTENTS Title i Abstract ii Dedication iv Table of Contents v Acknowledgements xiii Author's declaration xvi 1.0 CHAPTER ONE - INTROUCTION TO THESIS 1 1.1 General Introduction 1 1.2 Aims of the Thesis 1 1.3 Rationale 2 1.4 Methodology 2 1.4.1 Reflexive Stance 3 1.5 Fieldwork 4 1.6 Structure of Thesis 5 1.6.1 Chapter One 6 1.6.2 Chapter Two 6 1.6.3 Chapter Three 6 1.6.4 Chapter Four 7 1.6.5 Chapter Five 7 1.6.6 Chapter Six 7 1.6.7 Chapter Seven 8 1.6.8 Chapter Eight 8 1.7 Terminology 8 1.7.1 AIDS 8 1.7.2 ARVs 9 1.7.3 Asylum Seeker 9 1.7.4 Colonial 9 1.7.5 Epidemic 9 1.7.6 HIV 9 1.7.7 Refugee 10 1.7.8 Post-colonial 10 vi 1.7.9 Pre-colonial 10 1.7.10 Sex Education 10 1.7.11 Witchcraft 10 1.8 Brief Histories of Scotland and Zimbabwe 11 1.8.1 Introduction 11 1.9 Brief History of Scotland 12 1.9.1 Introduction 12 1.9.2 Map of Scotland 12 1.9.3 Pre-Devolution 12 1.9.4 Demographics 13 1.9.5 Migration 14 1.9.6 Devolution 16 1.9.7 Church and State relations Since the 19th Century 17 1.9.8 Religion, National Identity and Imperialism 18 1.9.9 Post-Devolution 19 1.9.10 Multiculturalism, Sectarianism and Racism 20 1.9.11 Section 2A 21 1.9.12 Conclusion 22 1.10 Brief History of Zimbabwe 23 1.10.1 Introduction 23 1.10.2 Map of Zimbabwe 23 1.10.3 The Pre-colonial Period 24 1.10.4 The Colonial Period 26 1.10.5 Missionary Role in the Colonial Process 26 1.10.6 The Pioneer Column 27 1.10.7 Racial Segregation 27 1.10.8 Federation 28 1.10.09 Liberation War and The Land Issue 28 1.10.10 Post-colonial 29 1.10.11 The Period of Success 29 1.10.12 The Crisis Era: 1997 Onwards 30 1.10.13 Conclusion 31 vii 2.0 CHAPTER TWO - HEURISTIC TOOLS 32 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Research Paradigms and Documentary Analysis 32 2.2.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Methods 32 2.2.2 The Qualitative Research Paradigm 33 2.2.3 Hybrid Approach 34 2.2.4 Documentary Analysis 36 2.3 Narratives 38 2.3.1 Origins and Definitions of Narratives 31 2.3.2 Structure of Narratives 39 2.3.3 Contexts of Narratives 40 2.3.4 The Purpose of Narratives 41 2.3.5 Narratives as a Heuristic Tool in this Research 42 2.3.6 Use of ‘Narrative’ Relating to Policy and Key 46 Informants 2.4 Attitudes to Sexuality 48 2.4.1 Introduction 48 2.4.2 Repression of Sexuality 49 2.4.3 An Example of Medicalising Sexual Behaviour 51 2.4.4 Negative Conceptions of Sexuality 53 2.4.5 Foucault’s Definition of Power 53 2.4.6 Implications of Locating Sex in the Restrictive 54 Domain 2.4.7 Some Emerging Issues 55 2.4.8 Perceptions of Sex/Sexuality 57 2.4.9 Sexual Deviance 58 2.4.10 The HIV/AIDS Policy Matrix 68 2.4.11 Feminist Critique of Foucault 63 2.4.11.1 Introduction 63 2.4.11.2 The Evolution of Studies on Sexuality 64 2.4.11.3 Some Feminist Perspectives on Foucault 67 2.4.11.4 Some African Feminist Views on sexuality and 70 HIV/AIDS viii 2.4.12 Concluding Remarks 71 2.5 The Post-colonial Lens 72 2.5.1 Definition of Post-colonial 72 2.5.2 Edward Said on Orientalism 74 2.5.3 The Relevance of the Post-colonial heuristic lens 76 2.5.4 Challenges of Post-colonialism 78 2.5.5 The Collusion of the missionary and colonial 80 discourses 2.5.6 Issues of Morality 82 2.6 Conclusion 86 3.0 CHAPTER THREE - THE HIV/AIDS SCENARIO IN SCOTLAND 88 3.1 Introduction 88 3.2 Reactions to HIV/AIDS in Scotland 88 3.3 HIV/AIDS Narratives in Scotland 90 3.3.1 Gay/Homosexual Narrative 90 3.3.2 Blood and Blood Products Narrative 91 3.3.3 The Arrival of Eastern Europeans and the 92 Intravenous Drug Users (IDUs) Narrative 3.3.4 Devolution and the Dispersal of Asylum Seekers and 94 Refugees to Scotland Narrative 3.3.5 Responses to HIV/AIDS in Scotland 95 3.3.6 Government Responses 96 3.3.6.1 The Penrose Enquiry 97 3.3.7 Voluntary Sector Responses 99 3.3.8 Religious/Faith-based Responses 104 3.3.9 Media Responses 106 3.4 Conclusion 107 4.0 CHAPTER FOUR - THE HIV/AIDS SCENARIO IN ZIMBABWE 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 The Contextual Framework 109 4.3 The Impact of Zimbabwe’s Colonial History 111 4.4 The Impact of Culture 114 ix 4.5 The Role of Religion 116 4.6 The Role of Politics and Government 117 4.6.1 Background to the Zimbabwe Land Question 120 4.6.2 Zimbabwe Land Reform 121 4.6.3 Farm Invasions and Urban Housing 122 4.6.4 Operation Murambatsvina 125 4.6.5 Impact of Land Invasion and Poverty Issues 126 4.7 The Role of NGOs 128 4.8 HIV/AIDS Policy Developments 129 4.9 Understanding Re-Negotiated notions of the body and the self 129 4.10 Bases for Comparison 132 5.0 CHAPTER FIVE - METHODOLOGY 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Qualitative Research 135 5.3 Ethics 137 5.4 The Research Process 137 5.4.1 Access to Research Data Collection 137 5.4.2 Pilot Study 138 5.4.3 Sample 138 5.4.4 Research Participants in the Main Study 141 5.4.5 Semi-structured Interviews 141 5.4.6 Categories of Key Informants 142 5.4.7 Key to Codes 142 5.4.8 Profile of Key Informants in Zimbabwe 142 5.4.9 Key Informants in Zimbabwe 143 5.4.10 Total Number of Respondents 144 5.5 Scotland 144 5.5.1 Scotland key Informants 144 5.5.2 Demographics of Key Informants 145 5.6 Reflections on Positionality 145 5.6.1 Introduction 145 5.6.2 Research Context 146 x 5.6.3 Personal and Professional Background 146 5.7 Evaluation of Key Informants 153 5.8 Thematic Analysis 159 6.0 CHAPTER SIX - FINDINGS 162 6.1 Introduction to Findings in Scotland and Zimbabwe 162 6.2 Scotland Thematic Responses 162 6.2.1 Origins 162 6.2.2 Responses to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic 165 6.2.3 Politicians and the Health Sector 165 6.2.4 Churches 167 6.2.5 Media and Communication about HIV/AIDS 170 6.2.6 Consensus on the Role of Media 170 6.2.7 Tensions Surrounding Media Messages 171 6.2.8 Examples of Negative Media Messages on HIV/AIDS in 172 Scotland 6.2.9 Implications and Contestations of Media Messages 175 HIV/AIDS Messages in Scotland 6.2.10 New Social Media 175 6.2.11
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ZIMBABWE Review of Rights Discourses in Zimbabwe
    ZIMBABWE Review of Rights Discourses in Zimbabwe Produced by Professor G. Feltoe and Dr. E. Sithole University of Zimbabwe Updated January 2010 Harare 1 Introduction This paper examines the legal and social context of human rights discourses in Zimbabwe. It looks at the current constitutional framework, other laws bearing on human rights, the ratification of international and regional human rights instruments and compliance therewith. It examines the evolution of such discourses, focusing on the role played by civil society organisations in advancing human rights, the obstacles they have encountered, the strategies they have adopted and the impact of these strategies. In order to do this, the paper explores the power structures within the Zimbabwean state and the way in which power has been exercised particularly since 2000. ―Human rights‖ refers to universally accepted human rights. The term refers to civil and political rights, social, political and cultural rights and third generation human rights such as environmental rights and developmental rights. ‗Human rights discourses‘ refers to political, legal, social and civic debates in which human rights is a central focal point. Some of the key questions which the review seeks to answer are the following: 1. In what ways and at what stages have human rights discourses emerged and evolved in Zimbabwe? 2. Which non-state and state actors and agencies have been most prominent in raising and advancing issues of human rights? 3. What types of human rights have the actors and agencies sought to advance? 4. What approaches and strategies have they employed? 5. What obstacles have they faced and how have they attempted to overcome these obstacles? 2 6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zimbabwean Human Rights Crisis: a Collaborative Approach to International Advocacy
    Davidson and Purohit: The Zimbabwean Human Rights Crisis: A Collaborative Approach to International Advocacy Note from the Field The Zimbabwean Human Rights Crisis: A Collaborative Approach to International Advocacy Lorna Davidson and Raj Purohitt Over the past several years, a serious human rights crisis has developed in Zimbabwe, where President Robert Mugabe employs repressive measures to cling to power. Civil society and human rights groups in Zimbabwe are among those who have come under attack by the government, and they face an extremely difficult challenge in bringing about positive change in the country. This article describes the development of the current crisis in Zimbabwe, focusing on the problems faced by local activists and organizations that seek to promote greater respect for human rights. It further discusses one recent initiative launched by the U.S.-based organization Human Rights First,which organized a consultative meeting of regional civil society groups in August 2003. The article addresses the role that can and should be played by internationalcivil society organizations, which must be sensitive to the contextual dynamics particularto the Zimbabwean crisis and to the region. If they are to be in any way effective, such organizations must act in supportof local actors and stronger regional networks. t Lorna Davidson is a Senior Associate in the Human Rights Defenders Program at Human Rights First in New York, N.Y, and Raj Purohit is the Legislative Director in the Washington, D.C. Office of Human Rights First. Human Rights First is the new name for the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights as of February 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards the Development of an Indigenous Psychological Trauma Model for War Veterans in Zimbabwe
    TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA MODEL FOR WAR VETERANS IN ZIMBABWE by JULIA MUTAMBARA THESIS Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in PSYCHOLOGY in the FACULTY OF HUMANITIES (School of Social Sciences) at the UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO SUPERVISOR: Prof T Sodi 2016 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my husband Solomon to whom I am deeply indebted for his inspiration, patience and love. i DECLARATION I declare that the thesis hereby submitted to the University of Limpopo, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other university; that it is my work in design and in execution, and that all material contained herein has been duly acknowledged. Mutambara, J (Mrs) 12/05/2016 ………………………………………………………… ………………… Full names Date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to my supervisor Professor T. Sodi for his dedicated mentorship throughout my studies. I also want to thank my husband Solomon for the unwavering support throughout my studies. I am humbled by your understanding, inspiration and love. Thank you for giving me the wings to fly. To my children Nyasha, Panashe, Vongai and Tinashe, you were my inspiration and motivation throughout the period of study. To my parents Mr and Mrs Chimedza, thank you for the love and sacrifice that has seen me go this far. I am also grateful to the war veterans for sacrificing their time to share experiences and my friends too many to mention by name for spiritual support. Last but not least I would like to thank Mr Maunganidze and Prof Mudhovozi for the support they gave me.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008
    A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008 A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008 By Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008, by Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo This book first published 2009 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2009 by Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-1360-5, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-1360-0 To Kelebogile Clara and Ruvimbo Heather And to the memory of Eddison. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................. xiii Preface....................................................................................................... xv Summary ................................................................................................. xvii Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Chapter One............................................................................................. 11 From the Occupation of Mashonaland to the Ndebele and Shona Risings,
    [Show full text]
  • Sanctions and Human Rights: the Role of Sanctions in International Security, Peace Building and the Protection of Civilian’S Rights and Well-Being
    DOCTORAL THESIS SANCTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: THE ROLE OF SANCTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, PEACE BUILDING AND THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN’S RIGHTS AND WELL-BEING. CASE STUDIES OF IRAN AND ZIMBABWE. STUDENT: CHIDIEBERE, C. OGBONNA SUPERVISORS: DR. JOSÉ ÁNGEL RUIZ JIMÉNEZ DR. SOFIA HERRERO RICO Castellón, 2016 Dedication To my parents: Nze, George and Lolo, Veronica Ogbonna And to my two brothers: Chukwunyere and Iheanyichukwu And my Love: Chigozie, R. Okeke i Epigraph i will not sit head bent in silence while children are fed sour bread and dull water i will not sit head bent in silence while people rant for the justice of death i will not sit head bent in silence while gossip destroys the souls of human beings i will not sit head bent in silence at any stage of my life and i will depart this world with words spitting from my lips like bullets …too many pass this way heads bent in silence (Alan Corkish, 2003) ii Acknowledgements It has been years of thorough commitment, thorough hard-work and unquantifiable experience. May I use this opportunity to say a big thank you to everybody that contributed in one way or the other to my success, sustenance and improvement over these years of intensive academic pursuit. Of special mention are my parents Nze, George and Lolo, Veronica Ogbonna. Also my appreciation goes to Gabriela Fernández, Barrister Uzoma Ogbonna, Mr. Kelvin Iroegbu, Chinedu Anyanwu, Magnus Umunnakwe and Mr. Lawrence Ubani. More so, it is imperative to acknowledge my past teachers and academic counsellors, who set the stage running through meticulous advice, guidance, inspiration and constructive criticisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe: Human Rights in Crisis
    Zimbabwe: human rights in crisis Shadow report to the African Commission on Human and Peoples‘ Rights May 2007 This report is a response to the state report submitted by the government of Zimbabwe to the African Commission on Human and Peoples‘ Rights. Each chapter of this report was produced by a different human rights organization, and each organization takes responsibility for the content of its chapter. CONTENTS Introduction ..................................................................................3 Context ........................................................................................ 3 This shadow report ........................................................................ 4 Chapter 1: Human rights violations under the land reform programme and Operation Murambatsvina ...................................5 Human rights violations under the land reform programme................. 6 Human rights violations during Operation Murambatsvina................. 11 Conclusion.................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2: Attacks on the rule of law ..........................................18 Independence of the courts: Article 26........................................... 18 Respecting and implementing Charter rights: Article 1 ..................... 22 Equality before the law and equal protection of the law: Article 3 ..... 22 Liberty and security: Article 6 ....................................................... 24 The right to a fair trial: Article 7...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Decline of Zimbabwe Has Mainly Been Caused by Poor Monetary Policies and Failure of Fiscal Policies to Control the Budget Deficit
    Volume 3 Article 9 2009 The conomicE Decline of Zimbabwe Chidochashe L. Munangagwa Gettysburg College Class of 2011 Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ger Part of the African Studies Commons, International Economics Commons, Public Economics Commons, and the Regional Economics Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Munangagwa, Chidochashe L. (2009) "The cE onomic Decline of Zimbabwe," Gettysburg Economic Review: Vol. 3 , Article 9. Available at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ger/vol3/iss1/9 This open access article is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The conomicE Decline of Zimbabwe Abstract For the past decade, Zimbabwe has been experiencing an economic decline that has resulted in an inflation rate of 231 million percent and an unemployment rate of over 90 percent. Past research has concluded that the economic decline of Zimbabwe has mainly been caused by poor monetary policies and failure of fiscal policies to control the budget deficit. This research aimed to closely examine some of these policies that the Zimbabwean government implemented, the effects of these policies on economic activity, employment and inflation levels in the country. By interviewing many economic analysts in Zimbabwe, I managed to gather the main causes of the country’s decline. In an effort to understand the effects of inflation on a country, I looked at other developing countries that have survived similar economic challenges and assessed some of the steps they took to overcome the challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Over Again Human Rights Abuses and Flawed Electoral Conditions in Zimbabwe’S Coming General Elections
    March 2008 Volume 20, No. 2(A) All Over Again Human Rights Abuses and Flawed Electoral Conditions in Zimbabwe’s Coming General Elections Glossary of Acronyms .............................................................................................. 1 I. Summary..............................................................................................................2 II. Methodology........................................................................................................5 III. Recommendations ............................................................................................. 6 To the Government of Zimbabwe........................................................................ 6 To Opposition Parties..........................................................................................7 To the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission ..............................................................7 To the Southern African Development Community ...............................................7 To Local and International Observers ................................................................. 8 IV. Background.........................................................................................................9 State-Sponsored Violence and Intimidation against Opposition Members and Human Rights Defenders in 2007 ......................................................................10 Failure of SADC Mediation Talks........................................................................ 11 V. Electoral Institutions
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Aid Annual Report and Accounts 2016/17
    Christian Aid annual report and accounts 2016/17 We believe in life before death Cover: Children in Jharkhand, India hold freshly caught fish. Our partner set up a community fishery project as part of our Poorest Areas Civil Society programme, helping 4,000 people from excluded communities to earn a sustainable income from fishing. Photographer: Firoz Ahmad England and Wales registered charity number. 1105851 Scotland charity number. SC039150 UK company number. 5171525 Registered with The Charity Commission for Northern Ireland NIC101631 Company number NI059154 Republic of Ireland Charity Commission number 20014162 Company number 426928. The Christian Aid name and logo are trademarks of Christian Aid. Christian Aid is a member of ACT Alliance. © Christian Aid September 2017 J33061 Contents Letter from the Chair 4 Letter from the Chief Executive 5 Objectives and activities 6 Our work around the world 7 Highlights from our year 8 Strategic report 9 Power to change institutions 9 The right to essential services 13 Fair shares in a constrained world 16 Equality for all 19 Tackling violence, building peace 22 Our humanitarian work 25 Supporter partnerships 28 Plans for the future 30 Principal risks 32 Financial review 41 Structure, governance and management 47 Statement of Trustees’ Responsibilities 55 Auditor’s report 56 Financial statements 58 Reference and administrative details 93 Acknowledgements 95 4 Christian Aid Annual Report 2016/17 Letter from the Chair Letter from the Chair This has been a year of unusual upheaval in public life, warm response to our South Sudan appeal, while the nationally and internationally. There has been a revolt Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) appeal for East against internationalism, a deepened suspicion of Africa has raised £55m for the 16 million people facing globalised identities and agencies, and palpable anger starvation and conflict in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • "Torture" As a Human Rights Violation in Zimbabwe
    A General Legislative Analysis of "Torture" as a HumanH CHITIMIRA Rights & Violation P MOKONE in ZimbabwePER / PELJ 2017 (20) 1 H Chitimira* and P Mokone** Abstract Pioneer in peer -reviewed, open access online law publications Several challenges involving torture-related human rights violations have been reported in Zimbabwe from the late 1970s Author to date. Notably, these torture-related human rights violations were problematic during the liberation war era in Zimbabwe. Regrettably, such violations are allegedly still prevalent, Howard Chitimira Pontsho Mokone especially prior to and/or during general political elections in Zimbabwe. Accordingly, this article investigates torture as a Affiliation human rights violation in Zimbabwe, inter alia by focusing on the role of selected law enforcement agencies in the protection of North-West University human rights in Zimbabwe. The article also discusses the legal South Africa position on torture and the perpetration of torture against ordinary people prior to as well as after independence in Email Zimbabwe. This is done to investigate the adequacy of the legal [email protected] framework in Zimbabwe with regard to the combatting of torture. [email protected] In relation to this, selected regional and international legal frameworks against torture are briefly discussed in order to Date published determine possible measures that could be utilised in Zimbabwe. The authors submit that although the Constitution of 6 June 2017 Zimbabwe Amendment (No 20) Act, 2013 (Zimbabwe Constitution, 2013) prohibits torture, more may still need to be Editor Dr A Gildenhuys done to enhance the combatting of torture in Zimbabwe. For instance, apart from the prohibition contained in the Zimbabwe How to cite this article Constitution, 2013, there is no legislation that expressly outlaws torture in Zimbabwe.
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe: the Transitional Government and Implications for US
    Zimbabwe: The Transitional Government and Implications for U.S. Policy Lauren Ploch Analyst in African Affairs October 27, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34509 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Zimbabwe: The Transitional Government and Implications for U.S. Policy Summary The U.S. government, which has expressed concerns regarding the rule of law in Zimbabwe for over a decade and which has long been critical of President Robert Mugabe, has been cautious in its engagement with the country’s three-year-old power-sharing government. That government, which includes members of the former opposition, has improved economic and humanitarian conditions during its ongoing transitional rule. However, significant concerns about the country’s political future remain. Zimbabwe’s March 2008 elections resulted in the party of long-serving President Mugabe losing its parliamentary majority for the first time since independence. Opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai received more votes than Mugabe in the presidential race, but fell short of the needed margin for victory. Tsvangirai later withdrew his name from the ballot days before the required runoff, amid widespread political violence. Mugabe was thus declared the winner. In September 2008, after weeks of negotiations, Tsvangirai and Mugabe reached an agreement to form a unity government, with Mugabe remaining head of state. Tsvangirai became prime minister and cabinet and gubernatorial positions were divided among the parties. Disputes delayed implementation of the agreement until February 2009, when members of the opposition were sworn in alongside former rivals as ministers in a new government. The parties to the power-sharing agreement have faced significant challenges in working together to promote political reconciliation and in addressing serious economic and humanitarian needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxford Department of International Development Report 2013
    OxfOrd department Of internatiOnal develOpment RepoRt 2013 the challenge • two-thirds of humankind live in developing countries, where most of the world’s worst deprivation is located. Understanding these societies is of central importance to any enquiry into the human condition. • International action to reduce poverty, inequality and vulnerability of people and nations must be based on critical yet rigorous knowledge. Universities have a special duty to create and share this. What We can contRIbUte • the six postgraduate programmes and six specialised research groups of the oxford Department of International Development give us unequalled depth of scholarship in key themes of this enquiry. • our interdisciplinary approach has strong roots in oxford faculties (economics, politics, international relations, anthropology, sociology, history, law, geography, management, population health and area studies) and multidisciplinary graduate colleges. • We specialise in academic research and research training, drawing on a worldwide network of partners. We are not constrained by aid agency agendas, and thus can explore new and old problems from a critical standpoint. oUR objectIves • Influencing thetheory, analysis and practice of development worldwide to the benefit of disadvantaged people and countries; supporting international networks and local institutions involved in this endeavour; engaging with the global epistemic community and contested policy agendas. • Worldwide attraction of the best postgraduate students; recruitment of outstanding
    [Show full text]