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A Clay Ball with a Cypro-Minoan Inscription from Tiryns

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A Clay Ball with a Cypro-Minoan Inscription from Tiryns https://publications.dainst.org iDAI.publications ELEKTRONISCHE PUBLIKATIONEN DES DEUTSCHEN ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS Dies ist ein digitaler Sonderdruck des Beitrags / This is a digital offprint of the article Melissa Vetters A Clay Ball with a Cypro-Minoan Inscription from Tiryns aus / from Archäologischer Anzeiger Ausgabe / Issue 2 • 2011 Seite / Page 1–49 https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa/99/4770 • urn:nbn:de:0048-journals.aa-2011-2-p1-49-v4770.8 Verantwortliche Redaktion / Publishing editor Redaktion der Zentrale | Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Weitere Informationen unter / For further information see https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa ISSN der Online-Ausgabe / ISSN of the online edition 2510-4713 Verlag / Publisher Hirmer Verlag GmbH, München ©2017 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Zentrale, Podbielskiallee 69–71, 14195 Berlin, Tel: +49 30 187711-0 Email: [email protected] / Web: dainst.org Nutzungsbedingungen: Mit dem Herunterladen erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen (https://publications.dainst.org/terms-of-use) von iDAI.publications an. Die Nutzung der Inhalte ist ausschließlich privaten Nutzerinnen / Nutzern für den eigenen wissenschaftlichen und sonstigen privaten Gebrauch gestattet. Sämtliche Texte, Bilder und sonstige Inhalte in diesem Dokument unterliegen dem Schutz des Urheberrechts gemäß dem Urheberrechtsgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Inhalte können von Ihnen nur dann genutzt und vervielfältigt werden, wenn Ihnen dies im Einzelfall durch den Rechteinhaber oder die Schrankenregelungen des Urheberrechts gestattet ist. Jede Art der Nutzung zu gewerblichen Zwecken ist untersagt. Zu den Möglichkeiten einer Lizensierung von Nutzungsrechten wenden Sie sich bitte direkt an die verantwortlichen Herausgeberinnen/Herausgeber der entsprechenden Publikationsorgane oder an die Online-Redaktion des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts ([email protected]). Terms of use: By downloading you accept the terms of use (https://publications.dainst.org/terms-of-use) of iDAI.publications. All materials including texts, articles, images and other content contained in this document are subject to the German copyright. The contents are for personal use only and may only be reproduced or made accessible to third parties if you have gained permission from the copyright owner. Any form of commercial use is expressly prohibited. When seeking the granting of licenses of use or permission to reproduce any kind of material please contact the responsible editors of the publications or contact the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut ([email protected]). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Melissa Vetters A Clay Ball with a Cypro-Minoan Inscription from Tiryns Introduction Recently, networks of trade, communication and movements of people in the Eastern Mediterranean during the later part of the Late Bronze Age (13th– 11th cent. B.C.E.) have been the subjects of much debate in Aegean archaeol- ogy1. Based on material remains excavated in both Greece and the Levant, intricate interconnections seem to emerge between these two geographically distant societies which also differed in terms of political and social organisa- tion. The Mycenaean settlement of Tiryns in the Argolid (fig. 1) is one of the core sites in the discussion of these interaction patterns. Here, excavated artefacts not only attest to contact with contemporary societies in Cyprus and the North Levantine coast during the Mycenaean palatial period (ca. 1400– 1200 B.C.E., LH IIIA–B) but also to a continuation of such relationships after the collapse of palatial societies on the Greek mainland (ca. 1200–1050 B.C.E., LH IIIC)2. This article aims to add further evidence to the material corpus of Mycenaean – East Mediterranean, especially Cypriot, interconnections and to discuss the nature of these relationships as far as Tiryns is concerned. A tiny, seemingly inconspicuous find forms the basis for the ensuing dis- cussion. This small clay ball with a Cypro-Minoan inscription excavated in settlement layers of the Lower Citadel in Tiryns is, however, the first of its kind found outside Cyprus. Since the clay ball (TN 2413) stems from an area with This article is part of an ongoing research Reinhard Jung provided me with valuable 1 The literature on this topic is vast; see project on »Cross-Craft-Interaction in comments and criticism for which I thank e. g. Cline 1994; Hirschfeld 1996a; Jung the cross-cultural context of the Late him very much. All views expressed and 2009; Karageorghis 1999; Lolos 2003; Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean« by all remaining errors are, of course, my Maran 2004; Maran 2009, 246 f.; Rutter Ann Brysbaert (principal investigator) own. Alkestis Papadimitriou of the 4th 1999; Sherratt 2000; Sherratt 2003a; Yon and myself within the larger »Tracing Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical 2003. Networks: Craft Traditions in the Antiquities at Nauplia is to be whole- 2 See especially Maran 2004; Stock- Ancient Mediterranean and Beyond« heartedly thanked for her support as well. hammer 2008, 323–325. 327. project <www.tracingnetworks.org> I gratefully acknowledge the logistical 3 TN refers to the »Tracing Networks« (06.06.2012) funded by the Leverhulme support of the German Archaeological database number of the object. This Trust. First and foremost, I would like to Institute at Athens and its director, Wolf- database is part of the project »Cross Craft thank Ann Brysbaert for all her unflag- Dietrich Niemeier, who has generously Interaction in the Cross-Cultural Context ging support, the many fruitful discussions permitted me the use of all facilities. I am of the Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediter- and the best collaborative atmosphere also indebted to Hans Birk and Roxana ranean« within the Leverhulme-funded one could wish for. Many thanks are also Docsan for their help with digital images programme »Tracing Networks: Craft due to Joseph Maran as director of the and to Ingrid Keller and Catherine Parnell Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean Tiryns excavations, who has been very for proof-reading the English text. Last, and Beyond«, for further information supportive of our research project and but not least, the guards of the Tiryns see <http://www.tracingnetworks.org/ has paved the way for studies of Cypriot storerooms have facilitated all organisa- content/web/cross_craft_interaction.jsp> and/or Near Eastern traits in the Late tional and practical matters at Tiryns, for (06.06.2012). Bronze Age Tirynthian material remains. which I thank them very much. AA 2011/2, 1–49 2 Melissa Vetters strong indications of contact with the Eastern Mediterranean during the final Fig. 1 Tiryns. Plan of the different areas palatial phase, its stratigraphic position is of utmost importance and hence its find context is assessed in some detail below. Based on the contextual analysis of this find and an overview of other objects found in Tiryns but ultimately originating in Cyprus or the Levantine coast, some preliminary hypotheses as to the form, frequency and intensity of contact during the Mycenaean palatial and post-palatial periods are presented at the end of this paper. Cypro-Minoan Script/s and Inscribed Media on Cyprus Before embarking on a discussion of stratigraphical details, the development and function of scripts on Cyprus in contrast to the Mycenaean mainland is reviewed here. This will provide a background for a contextualisation of the clay ball and other Cypriot marks on pottery in Tiryns. Cypro-Minoan (CM) is not yet deciphered4, but according to communis opinio it is a modified version of the Aegean Linear A script and was adopted on Cyprus in the 16th cent. B.C.E.5. The CM signs apparently denote one or several syllabic 4 For a history of research see Hiller Cypro-Minoan script/s on Cyprus and Linear A signs to Cyprus); the so-called 1985; Palaima 1989, 141–147; on the Syrian littoral (mainly Ugarit); cf. Archaic Cypro-Minoan script denoted problems with the decipherment of Ferrara 2009, 259 on the difficulties of on Enkomi tablet 1885 represents an Cypro-Minoan see Palaima 1989, finding any archaeological evidence for already modified stage of the donor’s sign 147–152. contacts between Crete and Cyprus in repertoire. 5 Heubeck 1979, 54–64. 70 f. gives the century before the earliest attestations a slightly outdated general overview of Cypro-Minoan (i. e. the problem of on the development and spread of transmission of a writing system based on AA 2011/2, 1–49 AA 2011/2, 1–49 A Clay Ball with a Cypro-Minoan Inscription from Tiryns 3 scripts prevalently written from left to right6. The questions as to whether CM comprises one or up to three different scripts and denotes one or more languages are highly contested amongst scholars. Emilia Masson originally devised a classification of four different variants of CM7, whereby the oldest testimonies are characterized as Archaic CM or CM 08, while most CM in- scriptions found on Cyprus fall into her class of CM I9. According to Masson, CM II comprises the signs encountered on three clay tablets from Enkomi and reflects a process of ›cuneiformization‹10. The CM signs found on eight objects in the Levant, mostly in Ugarit, are assigned to class CM III11. There are 114 different signs so far, if one adds up all identified signs in Masson’s three CM systems12. Jean-Pierre Olivier has recently published a holistic edition of all CM inscriptions13; he cautiously follows Masson in the general distinction of the signs into CM I, II and III but has revised some of her signs14. Thomas Palaima and Silvia Ferrara15 are the strongest advocates for a unification of the different CM classes: Palaima suggests that Linear A signs were initially adopted and adapted on Cyprus, because the entire Aegean syllabic system could easily have been applied to a new language, whereas this would have been difficult with Sumerian and Akkadian cuneiform16. Furthermore, he argues that the CM signs represent one script and that one language is denoted by this script. Differences in the ductus or even the occurrence of signs so far singular to CM I, II or III are, according to Palaima, only due to differences in chronology, 6 Dikaios 1967, 84; Heubeck 1979, 72; 2007, 415.
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