The War of 1812
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The Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815) the Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815) The Battle of New Orleans occurred on January 8, 1815, which, interestingly, was after American and British negotiators signed the Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) but before word of the treaty’s signing reached North America. Given the American victory, most Americans concluded the British agreed to the treaty because of the battle’s outcome and hence most Americans believed the United States had won the war, which was not the case. Great Britain had long considered an attack on the American gulf coast. Early efforts had failed. By the time British forces first arrived along Florida’s Gulf Coast, then still part of the Spanish empire, Major General Andrew Jackson had defeated hostile Creek Indians near Horseshoe Bend and forced Creek leaders to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, ending British hopes of Native American help in the forthcoming campaign. Still, in August 1814 British forces landed at Pensacola in Spanish Florida to use it as a staging base for attacks on Mobile, Alabama, or New Orleans and the Mississippi River. Jackson’s subsequent attack on Pensacola, and the British destruction of the town’s fortifications before retreating, left the base useless to the British and the Americans. In fall 1814, it seemed Britain’s two-decade long war with France had ended with the exile of Napoleon Bonaparte to the island of Elba off the northeast coast of Italy. The British were able to transfer more warships and battle-tested troops to expand their control of the American coastline and to invade New Orleans, an important port for goods and agricultural bounty coming down the Mississippi River and full of valuable cotton and sugar. -
Rationality, Pirates, and the Law: a Retrospective
LEESON.OFFTOPRINTER.CORREX.SECOND (DO NOT DELETE) 6/17/2010 6:44 PM RATIONALITY, PIRATES, AND THE LAW: A RETROSPECTIVE * PETER T. LEESON TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................1219 I. Antipiracy Law Before 1700 ....................................................1220 II. Antipiracy Law After 1700 .......................................................1222 III. The Hard-Plucked Fruit of Antipiracy Legal Reform and Pirates’ Response .....................................................................1224 Conclusion .........................................................................................1229 INTRODUCTION In the late 1720s, Caribbean piracy was brought to a screeching halt. An enhanced British naval presence was partly responsible for bringing pirates to their end. But the most important factor contributing to this result was a series of early eighteenth-century legal changes that made it possible to prosecute pirates effectively. This short Article’s purpose is to recount those legal changes and document their effectiveness. Its other purpose is to analyze pirates’ response to the legal changes designed to exterminate them, which succeeded, at least partly, in frustrating the British government’s goal. By providing a retrospective look at antipiracy law and pirates’ reactions to that law, my hope is to supply some useful material for thinking about how to use the law to address the contemporary piracy problem. * Visiting Professor of Economics, -
Was The War of 1812. Impressment (Or Impressing Sailors). The
Binder Page ______________ Name _________________________________________________ Period _____________ The War of 1812 Date____________________ PRESIDENT- JAMES MADISON James Madison was known as the “Father of the Constitution” and is sometimes also called the “Father of the Bill of Rights”. He had helped write the Constitution and the Federalist Papers that helped insure that the Constitution would be ratified. However, like his friend Jefferson, he was in the Democratic-Republican party. When Jefferson was President, Madison was his Secretary of State. After Jefferson’s two terms, Madison was elected as our 4th president. By far, the most important thing that happened in his presidency was the War of 1812 . CAUSES OF THE WAR OF 1812 The causes of the War of 1812 are tied to the enormous amount of fighting that had been taking place between Britain and France. The French leader, was trying to take over Europe and Britain was trying to stop him. Americans were making profits trading with both sides. Both Britain and France were forbidding the Americans to trade with the other side. In spite of the fact that the Americans claimed to be neutral, both sides stopped American ships bound for their enemy. Since the British had the stronger navy, they were more effective at stopping American shipping and were seen at the bigger problem. To make matters worse, the British were also forcing British citizens to fight in the their navy. Drafted sailors was a practice known as impressment (or impressing sailors). The British believed that British citizens anywhere in the world could be forced to serve in His Majesty’s Navy. -
The Ambiguous Patriotism of Jack Tar in the American Revolution Paul A
Loyalty and Liberty: The Ambiguous Patriotism of Jack Tar in the American Revolution Paul A. Gilje University of Oklahoma What motivated JackTar in the American Revolution? An examination of American sailors both on ships and as prisoners of war demonstrates that the seamen who served aboard American vessels during the revolution fit neither a romanticized notion of class consciousness nor the ideal of a patriot minute man gone to sea to defend a new nation.' While a sailor could express ideas about liberty and nationalism that matched George Washington and Ben Franklin in zeal and commitment, a mixxture of concerns and loyalties often interceded. For many sailors the issue was seldom simply a question of loyalty and liberty. Some men shifted their position to suit the situation; others ex- pressed a variety of motives almost simultaneously. Sailors could have stronger attachments to shipmates or to a hometown, than to ideas or to a country. They might also have mercenary motives. Most just struggled to survive in a tumultuous age of revolution and change. Jack Tar, it turns out, had his own agenda, which might hold steadfast amid the most turbulent gale, or alter course following the slightest shift of a breeze.2 In tracing the sailor's path in these varying winds we will find that seamen do not quite fit the mold cast by Jesse Lemisch in his path breaking essays on the "inarticulate" Jack Tar in the American Revolution. Lemisch argued that the sailor had a concern for "liberty and right" that led to a "complex aware- ness that certain values larger than himself exist and that he is the victim not only of cruelty and hardship but also, in the light of those values, of injus- tice."3 Instead, we will discover that sailors had much in common with their land based brethren described by the new military historians. -
The War of 1812: the Rise of American Nationalism
University of Washington Tacoma UW Tacoma Digital Commons History Undergraduate Theses History Winter 2016 The aW r of 1812: The Rise of American Nationalism Paul Hanseling [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/history_theses Part of the European History Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Hanseling, Paul, "The aW r of 1812: The Rise of American Nationalism" (2016). History Undergraduate Theses. 27. https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/history_theses/27 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UW Tacoma Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of UW Tacoma Digital Commons. The War of 1812: The Rise of American Nationalism A Senior Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation Undergraduate History Program of the University of Washington Tacoma By Paul Hanseling University of Washington Tacoma March 2016 Advisor: Dr. Allen 1 Abstract On June 18, 1812, United States President, James Madison, signed a Declaration of War against Great Britain. What brought these two nations to such a dramatic impasse? Madison’s War Message to Congress gives some hint as to the American grievances: impressment of American sailors; unnecessary, “mock” blockades and disruption of American shipping; violations of American neutral rights; and incursions into American coastal waters.1 By far, the most vocal point of contention was impressment, or the forcible enlistment of men in the navy. For their part, Great Britain viewed every measure disputed by Americans as a necessity as they waged war against the Continental advances of Napoleon and for maintaining the economic stability of the British people. -
Who Was Jack Tar?: Aspects of the Social History of Boston, Massachusetts Seamen, 1700-1770
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1972 Who Was Jack Tar?: Aspects of the Social History of Boston, Massachusetts Seamen, 1700-1770 Clark Joseph Strickland College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Strickland, Clark Joseph, "Who Was Jack Tar?: Aspects of the Social History of Boston, Massachusetts Seamen, 1700-1770" (1972). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624780. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-v75p-nz66 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHO WAS JACK TAR? ASPECTS OF THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SEAMEN, 1700 - 1770 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Clark J. Strickland 1972 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of f.hoV*A W *Y»onn ViA 1 AT*omon WAMVA* +*VW <s f* AyV A +•V A4VIac» V4 ^ OW f Master of Arts Clark J, Strickland Author Approved, July 1972 Richard Maxwell Brown PhilipsJ U Funigiello J oj Se ii 5 8 5 2 7 3 Cojk TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT........................................... iv CHAPTER I. -
The Knowles Riot of 1747 and Transatlantic Opposition to Impressment Jonathan Feld Princeton University
Penn History Review Volume 24 Article 5 Issue 2 Penn History Review 4-5-2019 Commerce and Conflict: The Knowles Riot of 1747 and Transatlantic Opposition to Impressment Jonathan Feld Princeton University This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/phr/vol24/iss2/5 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Commerce and Conflict Commerce and Conflict: The Knowles Riot of 1747 and Transatlantic Opposition to Impressment Jonathan Feld Princeton University In 1742, William Shirley, governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, gave a foreboding speech to the colony’s House of Representatives. In it, he called for a law that would prohibit impressment, the forced recruitment of merchant sail- ors into the Royal Navy. Shirley wanted the House to “pass an Act for effectually preventing this evil Practice” that would oth- erwise create a “great charge and Trouble to this government in providing Seamen for his Majesty’s Ships of War.”1 While arguing against impressment on account of these difficulties, he also cited the human cost incurred by “officers…impress- ing Men indiscriminately to the Great Grievance of particular families,” pointing to impressment’s effects on Boston’s sailors.2 Shirley also asked for an “account of the progress made in the Works at Castle William,” a fortification overlooking the entrance to Boston Harbor, in the hopes that its construction would be completed quickly.3 Little did he know, these issues would soon be linked together in an imminent crisis in the colony. Five years later, in the fall of 1747, Commodore Charles Knowles of the Royal Navy made port in Boston as his squad- ron sailed from Louisbourg to his new command in the West Indies. -
A Medley of Cultures: Louisiana History at the Cabildo
A Medley of Cultures: Louisiana History at the Cabildo Chapter 1 Introduction This book is the result of research conducted for an exhibition on Louisiana history prepared by the Louisiana State Museum and presented within the walls of the historic Spanish Cabildo, constructed in the 1790s. All the words written for the exhibition script would not fit on those walls, however, so these pages augment that text. The exhibition presents a chronological and thematic view of Louisiana history from early contact between American Indians and Europeans through the era of Reconstruction. One of the main themes is the long history of ethnic and racial diversity that shaped Louisiana. Thus, the exhibition—and this book—are heavily social and economic, rather than political, in their subject matter. They incorporate the findings of the "new" social history to examine the everyday lives of "common folk" rather than concentrate solely upon the historical markers of "great white men." In this work I chose a topical, rather than a chronological, approach to Louisiana's history. Each chapter focuses on a particular subject such as recreation and leisure, disease and death, ethnicity and race, or education. In addition, individual chapters look at three major events in Louisiana history: the Battle of New Orleans, the Civil War, and Reconstruction. Organization by topic allows the reader to peruse the entire work or look in depth only at subjects of special interest. For readers interested in learning even more about a particular topic, a list of additional readings follows each chapter. Before we journey into the social and economic past of Louisiana, let us look briefly at the state's political history. -
•A Maritime History of the United States
The Eagle’s Webbed Feet The Eagle’s Webbed Feet •A Maritime History ofA theMaritime United History ofStates the United States A To Defend a New Country (& Creating a “New” Navy) “Don’t give up the ship” “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Barbary Pirates • State sponsored piracy of long standing • Active piracy • Tribute • After 1783, American vessels were subject to capture • However, Portuguese blockade kept them out of the Atlantic • By 1785, US is routinely paying ransom and tribute to the Barbary States • Treaty with Morocco (1783) • Treaty with Algiers (1785) • 15 years of tribute would follow (up to $1M / year) Resurgence • 1789 – New constitution authorizes a Navy (over significant protests) • No action, no money • In 1793, Portugal ends Gibraltar blockade • Algiers then captures 11 American merchant ships in the Atlantic • Demands ever increasing tribute • Causes Congress to finally act in two ways (Diplomacy & a Navy) • Naval Act of 1794 (Passed by 2 votes) • The “Six Frigates” • Manning (incl. marines) • Strong opposition led to cancellation clause • 1796 – Peace accord with Algiers • President Washington forces the issue on three frigates The Six Frigates • Three 44’s, Two 38’s, and one 36 • Arguably the best frigates in the world at the time • Royal Navy report • Achieved that elusive balance that warships strive for: “To outfight anything it USS Constitution couldn’t outrun” Quasi-War with France • 1789- French Revolution • By 1796 several issues erupt between France and the U.S. • Trade deal with England • Stopped paying our debt owed to the crown (not the republic) • French deployed privateers which seized 316 ships in 1796 alone • 1798 – The X,Y,Z affair • Congress authorizes completion of the other three frigates and the procurement of a small fleet • July 7 1798 – Congress authorized the Navy to attack French warships • Big American advantage – British blockade of French warships. -
Pirates Vs. Press Gangs: the Battle for the Atlantic História (São Paulo), Vol
História (São Paulo) ISSN: 0101-9074 ISSN: 1980-4369 Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho Brunsman, Denver Pirates vs. Press Gangs: The Battle for the Atlantic História (São Paulo), vol. 38, e2019004, 2019 Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-4369e2019004 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=221065057004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative ARTICLES PIRATES VS. Denver PRESS GANGS: BRUNSMAN The Battle for the Atlantic [email protected] Piratas vs. Bandos de Recrutamento: George Washington A Batalha pelo Atlântico University Washington, D.C., USA ABSTRACT RESUMO Pirates in the Atlantic Ocean have excited Os piratas instigam a imaginação coletiva imaginations ever since they stole from desde quando saqueavam navios mercantes merchant ships and battled naval vessels in e lutavam por embarcações no Oceano the Age of Sail. But pirates also illustrate an Atlântico, durante a Idade da Vela. Não underappreciated process in the development obstante, os piratas também contribuem para of modern states and empires: the struggle ilustrar um processo por vezes subestimado between state and non-state actors to no estudo do desenvolvimento dos Estados e establish a monopoly of violence on the Impérios modernos: a luta entre atores estatais high seas. This essay traces this contest over e não estatais para estabelecer o monopólio violence in three stages: (1) the challenge da violência no alto-mar. -
Forced Labor and the Land of Liberty
Forced Labor and the Land of Liberty: Naval Impressment, the Atlantic Slave Trade, and the British Empire in the Eighteenth Century by Gregory Kent Weimer Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in the History Program Youngstown State University December, 2007 Forced Labor and the Land of Liberty: Naval Impressment, the Atlantic Slave Trade, and the British Empire in the Eighteenth Century Gregory Kent Weimer I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: _______________________________________________________________ Gregory Kent Weimer, Student Date Approvals: _____________________________________________________________ Dr. Martha Pallante, Thesis Advisor Date ____________________________________________________________ Dr. Diane Barnes, Committee Member Date ____________________________________________________________ Dr. David Simonelli, Committee Member Date ____________________________________________________________ Peter J. Kavinsky, Dean of Graduate Studies Date iii Abstract British naval impressment and slavery were two major social issues in the British Empire in the long-eighteenth century. Scholars have explored each issue separately, however little has been done comparing both at length. Secondary sources, political theorem, and laws, frame the role of naval impressment and slavery in the eighteenth century British Empire. The two court cases, Rex versus Tubbs and Rex versus Knowles, exemplify each issue in the governmental realm of the eighteenth century. As such, naval impressment and slavery became major imperial issues throughout the eighteenth century, and although social reformer challenged the problems associated with the growth of each institution, the necessity to the empire blocked any far-reaching changes. -
The Capture of Detroit 1812 by R. Taylor
The Capture of Detroit 1812 by R. Taylor On July 11th 1812, 2,500 American troops under General Hull reached the Detroit River and camped at Fort Detroit. At Amherstburg on the Canadian side of the river were 100 British regulars, 300 militia and 150 Indians led by Tecumseh. Hull crossed the Detroit and made his headquarters in a Canadian farm house. He issued a proclamation, which was printed for distribution among Canadians. It began: INHABITANTS OF CANADA After thirty years of peace and prosperity, the United States have been driven to arms. The injuries and aggressions, the insults and indignities of Great Britain have once more left no alternative but manly resistance or unconditional submission. The army under my command has invaded your country. The standard of the union now waves over the territory of Canada. To the peaceful and unoffending inhabitants it brings neither danger nor difficulty. I come to find enemies, not to make them; I come to protect not to injure you ... I have a force which will break down all opposition, and that force is but the vanguard of a much greater. If, contrary to your own interest, and the just expectations of my country, you should take part in the approaching contest, you will be considered and treated as enemies, and the horrors and calamities of war will stalk you ... General Hull was so preoccupied with his attempts to terrify Canadians with printed words that he neglected to protect American forts on Lake Michigan. As a result, a small force of British and Indians captured Fort Michilimackinac, while other Indians seized Fort Dearborn (Chicago).