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figures are in italics; tables/boxes are in bold aging and periodontal disease anticoagulant therapy epidemiology, 212–213 ADP anticoagulant platelet inhibitor, A periodontal inflammation, systemic 257–258 acetaminophen (paracetamol), 92, 95, 99, 270, diseases and aging, 218 cyclooxygenase inhibitors, 257 275 risk indicators/population, 213–215 warfarin, 257 acidulated phosphate fluoride (AFP), 195 susceptibility, 215–218 antihistamines, 256 actinic cheilitis (solar cheilitis), 72 alcohol aphasia, 345 Actinic elastosis of lower lip, 235 dementia, 112 Appletree dental truck, 330 Actinomyces gerencseriae, 186 mouth cancer, 158 apraxia, 345 Actinomyces Israelii, 186 oral cancer, 136, 236 Arthritis and oral hygiene/denture insertion,72 Active coronal/root caries in mandibular sugars, 138 ‘artificial salivas’, 251 anterior teeth,74 tooth wear, 139 Assessment tools for oral examination,76 activities of daily living (ADL), 64, 70, 121–122, alendronate see bisphosphonate asthma 315 allergy dental management, 97–98 acupuncture (salivary stimulation), 251 dental management, 82–83 overview, 97 adaptation overview, 82 Atrophic mandibular posterior ridge,75 aging, 56 aloe vera, 251 attrition (occlusal wear), 73–74 response, 13 Alveolar bone loss prevention, 160 Attrition (occlusal wear), 74 theories, 7 alveolar ridge, 75, 142 atypical presentation of disease, 62 Addison’s disease, 72, 94 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) auditory function ADP antagonist platelet inhibitor, 257–258 communication, 34 presbycusis, 29 adrenal gland disorders dementia, 106–112 tinnitus, 30 dental management, 94 depression, 103 Average fees for dental services, 319 hyperadrenocortism (Cushing’s disease), gingival plaque, 351 Avlund Scales see Physical Activities of Daily 17, 21, 94 neurological/neuromuscular disorders, Living hypoadrenocortism (Addison’s disease), 72, 96 94 oral disease, 351 B patients taking steroids, 94–95 treatment plans, 176 Baby Boomer generation, 41, 166 adverse drug reactions (ADRs), 69, 145–146, WHO classification, 346 bacteraemia from dental procedures 150, 152 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons angina, 90 Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (AAOS), 99, 100 arrhythmias, 90–91 ‘Dental drugs’, 150 American Association for Retired Persons cardiac pacemakers, 90 Signs,69 (AARP), 47, 57 congestive heart failure, 90 Types, 145 American Dental Association (ADA), 99, 100, coronary artery bypass graft, 89–90 affective disorders 116, 167 coronary stents, 90 bipolar disorders, 104 American Heart Association (AHA), heart transplantation, 90 depression, 103–104 88–89 hypertension, 91 oral health, 112 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), myocardial infarction, 89 African Americans (US), 55 167–168, 256 basal metabolic rate, 9 age/disease interactions, 62 COPYRIGHTEDamifostine, 252 MATERIALbasic periodontal examination (BPE), aged tooth clinical challenges amyloid precursor protein, 107 277–279 operative dental procedures, 203–204 anesthetic agents Behaviouralproblemsinadultwithdementia pulp breakdown and old teeth, 204 intravenous sedation, 256–257 (causes), 350 pulp symptoms/reaction patterns, nitrous oxide, 256 Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid-bulla, 202–203 oral sedation, 256 230 root canal treatment, 204–207 Anderson, Ferguson, 61 benign mucous membrane permphigoid, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 29 anethole trihione, 252 229 age-related changes anetholetrilone, 252 bidi smoking (India), 233–234 age-related physiological changes, 61–62 angina, 271 BidiSmokingandOralLeukoplakiain teeth and oral mucosa, 12 angular cheilitis, 113, 228, 251 Mumbai, India, 234

Textbook of Geriatric Dentistry,ThirdEdition.EditedbyPoulHolm-Pedersen,AngusW.G.WallsandJonathanA.Ship. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Trim size: Trim Size: 216mm x 279mm Holm bindex.tex V3 - 05/25/2015 11:50 A.M. Page 362

362 Index

biology/physiology and aging C caries (older persons) cells - molecular mechanisms, 8–9 Caenorhabditis elegans,8 clinical appearance of root caries, 187–188 cells - renewal and telomere loss theory, ‘calcified canals’,207 coronal caries, 183–184 10–11 calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), 265 detection tools, 190–191 immunological changes, 13–14 calcitrol, 20 diagnosis, 189–190 mitochondria, 10 calcium and bone/muscle loss, 17, 19 diet, 187, 193–196 oral environment, 12–13 Cancer epidemiology, 181–182, 182–184 organ systems, 12 chemotherapy,87 fluoride, 187 oxidative stress theory, 9–10 head/neck radiotherapy,85 histopathology of root caries and pulp salivary glands and secretion, 12–13 cancer dentine, 188–189 biology/physiology and aging overview, 84–85 identification/reduction of risk, 191–193 somatic mutation and DNA damage radiation therapy, 85–86 introduction, 181 theories, 9–10 see also oral cancer lesions, 188 what is aging and why does it occur?, Candida albicans, 155, 228, 229 operative management, 196–197 7–8 Candida hyphae, 228 oral hygiene, 194–195 biopsies Candida sp., 155, 156, 157, 162, 233 prevention, 191–192 fine needle aspiration biopsy, 263 , 248–249 risk factors, 185–187 techniques, 262–263 candidosis, 73, 227–228, 340, 357 root caries, 184–185 Biopsy technique, 262 cantilever bridges, 291 saliva, 187 Bireen, James E., 39 Cardiac conditions and endocarditis - summary, 197 bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis prophylaxis with dental treatment,88 caries (oral hygiene) (BON), 268 cardiovascular (CVD) disorders fluoride, 195–196 Bisphosphonate induced osteonecrosis of jaw, bacteraemia from dental treatment risk mechanical, 194–195 358 assessment, 89–91 Caries prevalence in older populations, 182 bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, nutrition and oral health, 135–136 caries (risk factors) ibandronate) other considerations, 91 caries history, 185 mechanism of action, 17–18 overview, 88–89 periodontal disease, 186 osteonecrosis, 147, 258 caries plaque and microflora, 186–187 osteopenia/osteoporosis in men, 22 caries, 73–74 tissues exposed, 185 osteoporosis, 99, 268 coronal, 183 Caries risk in older populations, 183 root canal treatment, 204 operative dental procedures, 203–204 cataracts, 29 bleeding disorders peridontal disease, 139, 186 cell-mediated response, 13 coagulapathies of interest to dentistry, prevention, 191–196 cell renewal and telomere loss theory, 10–11 83–84 screening, 277–279 Cellular damage and aging,11 common medicines that predispose to Caries Associated with Restorations (CARs), cerebral vascular disease bleeding, 84 181 dental management, 92 dental management, 84 caries (detection tools) overview, 91 overview, 83 DIAGNOdent, 190 cerebrovascular accident (CVA), 71, 91 bleeding and medications, 84 electronic caries monitor, 190–191 cevimeline, 251, 338, 358 Blood pressure for adults quantitative laser fluorescence, 190 C. glabrata, 157 (classification/management),91 caries (diagnosis) chat rooms, 52 Body composition/physiological function location of lesions, 189–190 Chemical plaque control, 156 and macro/micro nutrition, 131 plaque, 189 chemotherapy (cancer) Bone grafts, 261 root caries description, 184, 189 oral complications, 87–88 bone loss see bone and muscle (aging); visual/radiographical examination, 189 overview, 86 osteopenia caries (epidemiological studies) patient assessment, 86–87 bone mineral density (BMD), 17, 18, 20–21 numbers of teeth, 182 chewing ‘bone multicellular unit’,18 restorations, 182–183 comfort, 280 bone and muscle (aging) surfaces at risk, 182 foods choice, 139–141 bone loss, 18 caries (identification/reduction of risk) China and social supports/family relations, 49 bone loss in craniofacial skeleton, 22 bacteria, 191–193 chlorhexidine (CHX), 156, 193, 196, 336–337 bone remodelling, 18–19 chemical intervention, 193 cholesterol, 135–6 cardiac and smooth muscle loss, 23–24 diet, 193 Chronic impairments/habits in persons aged immobilization and muscle/bone loss, 24 genetic modification of bacteria, 193 65+,6 mineral metabolism and bone, 19–20 oral hygiene, 193 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease molecular mediators of remodelling, 19 vaccination, 193 (COPD), 98 osteopenea/osteoporosis, 18, 20–22 caries management by risk assessment C. krusei, 157 sarcopenia, 22–23, 24 (CAMBRA), 117 clarithromycin, 150 summary, 17–18 caries (nutrition/oral health), 137–139 Classification of Behavioural and Mental bromhexine, 252 alcohol, 138 Disorders (WHO), 346 Buccal mucosa (dessicated), 248 erosive or acid-mediated dissolution of Clinical variables and quality of life, 302 burning mouth syndrome (BMS), 158, tooth tissue, 139 clinical assessment of elderly patients 238–239, 266, 272–273 periodontal disease, 139 conclusions, 78 Bur and root canal chamber, 205 smoking, 138–139 geriatric medicine principles, 61–65 Butler, Robert, 40 sugars, 137–138 introduction, 61 Trim size: Trim Size: 216mm x 279mm Holm bindex.tex V3 - 05/25/2015 11:50 A.M. Page 363

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patient assessment, 66–78 Cushing’s disease, 17, 21, 94 Denture stomatitis prevalence, 229 patient behaviour, 65 cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, 257 desire to look attractive, 317 clinical management of cognitively impaired diabetes mellitus older adult/terminally ill patient D dehydration, 93 cognitively impaired older adult, 345–354 degenerative neuromuscular disorders dental management, 93 essential concepts, 359 dental management, 97 history, 92 terminally ill patients, 355–359 motor neuron disease, 97 hyperglycemia, 92–93 Clinical radiographic examination of multiple sclerosis, 97 hypoglycemia, 92–93 head/neck (cancer patients),85 deletions (DNA), 8 nutrition and oral health, 135 clotrimazole, 86 dementia obesity, 134 cognitively impaired older adults care givers communication, 34–35 overview, 92–93 dementia care, 348–349 communication with patients, 34 salivary gland, 93 dementia diagnosis, 347 orofacial pain in older adults, 266 type I, II, 135 dementia treatment, 347–348 see also cognitively impaired older adults; xerostomia, 93 extent/severity of oral diseases/conditions, confusion and delirium Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental 350–351 Dementia (geriatric minimal intervention), 353 Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), rational dental care for dementia patients, Dementia and oral disease in older adult, 351 345 353–354 Dementia treatment (modifying factors), 353 Dietary Intake restraint, consent, legal guardians and demography (expanding elderly population) CVD risk, 135 ethical issues with dementia individual aging/population aging, 3 Nutrients and dental status, 138 patients, 352–353 introduction, 1 diet (caries) treatment planning/dental care and general population aging, 1–3 chewing efficiency, 194 anesthesia for dementia patients, population aging/geriatric dentistry, 3–4 frequency of sugars intake, 187, 193 354–355 Dental care malnourishment, 194 what is dementia?, 345–347 ASA classification, 168 starches, 194 who has dementia?, 347 elderly patients (planning/delivery), 166 sugars replacement, 193–194 cognitive processes (aging) dental caries see caries diphenylhydramine (Benadryl©), 256 constancy/change, 43 dental hygienists, 161, 162, 320, 339 Directors of Nursing (DONs), 327 coping mechanisms, 44 Dental hygienists, 161, 162 disability in old age - oral health decision-making and reasoning, 42–43 dental practitioner (sensory/cognitive decline conclusions, 128 intellectual function, 41–42 in patients) consequences, 128 memory, 42 cognitive, 32–33 disability pathway, 119–121 personality/adjustment, 43 visual/auditory, 31–32 disablement process, 119 stress/coping, 43–44 Dental procedures (AHA) functional ability in older populations, Common chronic impairments/habits in endocarditis prophylaxis,88 122–123 persons aged 65+,62 regimens,89 gender differences, 124–125 Common co-existing conditions in dental residency programmes, 320 measurement, 121–122 institutionalized elderly,63 Dental services utilization,36 oral disability pathway, 125–127 Communication techniques during dental Dental Treatment of Homebound Persons, risk factors, 121 examination of cognitively impaired Kentucky, US, 332–333 selection due to mortality, 123–124 adult, 350 Dentine-pulp complex responses to injury disability pathway Composite aged tooth, 202 aging pulp tissue, 201 disability, 120–121 Computer and PDA drug information cementum changes, 202 functional limitations, 120 software, 152 internal calcification of pulp, 201–202 impairments, 120 confusion and delirium (dementia) tertiary dentine deposition, 200–201 pathology, 119 Alzheimer’s disease, 106–108 dentoalveolar surgery in elderly patients Disablement process, 120, 121 ethanol abuse, 111–112 extractions, 259 disease chronicity, 62 frontotemporal, 110 planning, 258 disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs Lewy bodies/Parkinsonism, 110–111 preprosthetic surgery, 258–259 (DMARDS), 98, 99 normal pressure hydrocephalus, 111 Denture irrigation hyperplasia prevalence, disease-related changes, 61–62 secondary to diverse physiological 230 Disposable soma theory,8 disturbances, 112 dentures DMF (Decayed, Missing, Filled), 182 vascular, 108–110, 346 case studies, 177–179 DMFS (Decayed, Missing, Filled, Surface), congestiveheartfailure(CHF),90 dementia patients, 113 182 consulting dentist, 339–340 hygiene, 161, 250, 298–299 DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled, Tooth), 182 coping (aging), 56 ‘neutral zone’, 174, 295 DNA coronal caries, 183–184 overlay, 175 deletions, 8 Coronal dentine–pulp interface, 199 plaque control, 298–299 drosophila melangaster,9 Coronal pulp, 202 recall, maintenance and repair, 296 insertions, 8 Coronal/root caries, 184 removable partial, 140, 175, 290 mitochondria (mDNA), 10 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), saliva, 296 point mutations, 8 89–90 xerostomia, 295 somatic mutation/damage theories, 9–10 coronary artery disease (CAD), 90 Dentures drug abuse and addiction C-reactive protein (CRP), 271 duplication technique, 295 alcoholism, 92 Creutzfeld–Jakob disease, 111, 345–6 labelling, 294 dental management, 92 Trim size: Trim Size: 216mm x 279mm Holm bindex.tex V3 - 05/25/2015 11:50 A.M. 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drug abuse and addiction (continued) fluoride H history and physical findings, 92 caries in older persons, 187 Handbook of Aging and the Individual,39 overview, 91–92 gels, pastes and rinses, 195–196 Harman, Denham, 9 Drugs milk, 196 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 93 Adverse reactions, 150 preventive/non-operative strategies, 196 ‘Hayflick limit’ (telomere shortening), 11 Internet based websites, 151 preventive oral health care for elderly head and neck cancer (HNC), 274 Oral health/management, 147 people, 156–157 Headrests, 333 Reference text books, 151 rice, 196 Health effects of drugs in affective disorders, Dry mouth treatments in elderly patients, 250 toothpaste, 336 115–116 dualX-rayabsorptiometry(DXA,DEXA),18, treatment planning, 171 Health Information Survey, 1984, US, 141 20, 22 water, 195 health promotion, 319 fluoride (preventive/non-operative strategies) Health-related quality of life measures, E casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium 304–305 Edentulism rates in US, 313 phosphate, 196 herpes zoster, 273 edentulous patient (complete dentures) chlorhexidine, 196 high density lipoprotein (HDL), 135 description, 294–295 ozone, 196 Hip fracture (12 month survival),21 immediate, 293–294 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), US, histopathology of root caries and pulp dentine oldest old, 295–296 152, 251, 273 arrested root caries, 189 Edentulous patients (pre/post treatment) foods cementum, 188–189 (OHIP), 308 texture, 142 initial/advanced root dentine caries, 189 Educational attainment by age cohort, 35 see also nutrition; oral health and foods history taking Elder-friendly communities concept, 47–48, 57 choice family history, 82 Elderly population of the world, 324 ‘frailty’ phenotype, 17 past medical history, 81–82 electrical stimulation (saliva), 251 free radicals, 9 social history, 82 Electric toothbrushes, 161 Freud, Sigmund, 40 systems review, 82 electronic caries monitor (ECM), 190–191 functional loss (older people), 64 hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 22 endocrine disorders Functional presentation of illness,64 hospice, 325 adrenal gland, 94–95 Hospital readmissions (nutrient supplements/ diabetes mellitus, 92–93 G controls), 132 thyroid gland, 93–94 Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease, 139 humoral response, 13 Endodontic file and root canal chamber, 205 General Anesthesia (dental treatment Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome endodontic therapy, 172 planning guidelines), 356 (HGPS), 12 Energy intakes, 133 general anesthesia (GA), 354–355 Hydra and senescence, 10 erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 271 Geriatric assessment dimensions,67 hydrazine (Vistaril©), 256 erythromycin, 150 Geriatric medicine hydrocortisone, 94–5 erythroplakia, 234–235 assessment,67 hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), 86 Ethics/Conduct code, 169 principles,61 hypertension, 91 executive functioning (aging), 42 geriatric medicine principles ‘idiopathic osteoporosis’,21 Experimental gingivitis, 215 age/disease interactions, 62 Extension Bridge for abutment teeth, 291 age-related physiological changes, 61–62 I extraoral clinical examination atypical presentation of disease, 62 immunological changes, 13–14 breath, 72 disease chronicity, 62 Implant-retained lower overdenture, 178 ears, 72 functional loss, 64 implants, 176, 179 eyes, 71 function and disease, 64–65 Implants facial form, 70–71 multiple pathology, 62–64 Mandibular, 260 hair, 71 polypharmacy, 64 Placement indications, 260 hands, 71 Geriatric Minimal Intervention Dentistry Retained overdenture, 260 lymphnodes,72 (GMID), 353 implants in elderly patients neck, 72 Geriatric mobile unit and dental office, 335 atrophic mandible/dental mental nerve sinuses, 72 giant cell arteritis (GCA), 270–271 compression, 262 , 71 Gingiva/clean teeth young/old comparison, 216 bone grafting, 261 temporomandibular joint/mastication Gingiva mestastasis from breast carcinoma, 239 denture-induced hyperplasia, 262 muscles, 72 gingivitis/periodontitis description, 259–260 etiology, 211 fraenectomy, 261–262 F periodontal disease pathogenesis, maxillary tuberosity reduction, 262 Facial symmetry,70 211–212 partially dentate patients, 260–261 Fatigue in daily activities, 123 Glass ionomer, 172, 177, 197 vestibuloplasty, 262 Fatigued/not fatigued 70 year old women with glass ionomer cements (GICs), 197 Implants for overdentures, 298 functional decline, 124 Glass Ionomer (Ketac Molar™)andcarious innate immune response, 13 filial piety belief, 50 lesions, 177 insertions (DNA), 8 fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), 263 glaucoma, 29 Institutionalized elderly conditions,63 flavour enhancers and food, 142 glossodynia (painful tongue), 230 instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), Florida Dental Care Study, 316 glossopyrosis (burning tongue), 230 64, 70, 122 Fluid-attenuation inversion recovery images Glostrup Aging Studies (Denmark), 122, 126 intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), 252 (FLAIR), 109 Graves’ disease (thyroid), 93 Interacting dimensions of geriatric assessment,67 Trim size: Trim Size: 216mm x 279mm Holm bindex.tex V3 - 05/25/2015 11:50 A.M. 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Interdental spaces, 290 lymphoma, 247 Medications review, 146 interdisciplinary team Lymphoma (palate), 239 medicines that predispose to bleeding consulting dentist, 339–340 aspirin, 84 dental hygienist, 339 M clopidogrel (Plavix™),84 dietician, 339 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 109, 271 dabigatran (Pradaxa™),84 patient, 339 Malaligned occlusion/fractured teeth,76 drug interactions, 84 pharmacist, 339 Mandibular implants, 260 heparin, low molecular weight heparins, 84 physician, 339 Manual dexterity, 290 warfarin, 84 social worker, 339 Maxillary molar lingual recession,75 Medigap (insurance), 314 intergenerational transfers (resources), 51 Maxillary sinuses and bone atrophy, 259 memory see learning and memory Internet, 51 M-CSF (macrophage-colony stimulating Men/women (65+) with different diseases, 125 Interpersonal communication,28 factor), 19 Men/women with/without caries and functional Interventions for prevention of behavioural Mechanical plaque removal, 221 abilities, 127 problems (dementia), 349 Medicaid, 319 Mesiodistal fracture, 203 intraoral and perioral soft/hard tissue medical examination/assessment metronidazole, 150 examination allergies, 69 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 107 alveolar ridge, 75 cognitive/mental status, 70 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, 207 occlusion, 75–76 communication, 66–67 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), periodontium, 74–75 description, 67–70 70–71 soft tissue/dry mouth, 72–73 diet history, 69 Min-Mental State Examination (MMSE),71 tooth structure loss, caries and restorations, functional assessment, 70 MI paste (Tooth Mousse), 338, 340 73–74 ID (identification), 67 mitochondria Ivoclar (Lactobilli/Strep Mutans), 192 laboratory assessment, 69–70 aging, 10 medications, 68–69 DNA, 10 J physical examination, 69 Mob-H (Mobility–Help) scale, 122–123 Japan social history, 69 mobile dental units, 331–332 society, 49 vital signs, 69 Mobility and number of teeth, chewing and Sugar consumption/dental caries in children, medical examination/assessment (history), 67 regular use of dentist, 126 137 past, 67–68 Mob-T (Mobility–Tiredness) scale, 122–123 teledentistry, 330 present illness, 67 Mortality rates (ASA), 256 Jung, Carl, 40 taking, 66 mucocutaneous diseases medical issues in dental care of older adults benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, K elderly patients, 81 229–230 ketoconazole, 150 history taking, 81–82 denture irritation hyperplasia, 230 medical history, 81 , 229 L medical management of surgical comorbidities mucosal-associated B cell (MALT) lymphomas, laboratory testing, 77 anticoagulant therapy, 257–258 247 Laclede Oral Balance products, 338 biopsies, 262–263 mucosa Lactobacilli, 172, 186, 192 bisphosphonate therapy, 254 disease treatment, 158 late-life delusional/paranoid psychoses, dental implants in elderly patients, 259–262 disorders and medications, 147 105–106 dentoalveolar surgery in elderly patients, infections, 155 learning and memory 258–259 inflammatory disease, 134, 156, 227 cognitive processes, 42 key points, 263 lesions prevalence, 227 perceptual speed, 30 mucosal fragility/impaired healing, 258 multidrug-resistance (MDR) forms, 98 secondary memory, 30–31 medical problems (oral health care) multiple pathology, 72 ‘‘leisure” term, 54 allergy, 82–83 multiple sclerosis, 97 leukoariosis, 109 bleeding disorders, 83–84 muscle loss see sarcopenia , 231–234 cancer, 84–88 Muscle mass and age, 132 Leukoplakia, 231–233 cardiovascular disorders, 88–91 myocardial infarction (MI), 89 lichen planus, 228 cerebral vascular disease, 91 myosin heavy chains (MyHCs), 24 lifespan perspective of aging, 40 drug abuse and addiction, 91–92 Lip cancer incidence in Denmark, 237 endocrine disorders, 92–93 N liver disease liver disease, 95 National Cancer Institute, US, 274 dental management, 95 neurological/neuromuscular disorders, National Diet and Nutrition Survey for people hepatitisA,B,C,D,95 96–97 aged 65+, UK, 133 post–liver transplant, 95 pulmonary diseases, 97–98 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 311, ‘Long Teeth’, 290 renal disorders, 95–96 313 long-term facility care (LTC), 160, 314 rheumatological diseases, osteoarthritis, National Health and Nutrition and lorazepam (Ativan©), 256 osteoporosis and prosthetic joints, Examination Survey (NHANES) III, Low haematological intake in older people, 98–100 US, 135, 141 134 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS), National Institute of Aging, US, 0 Low income elders’ reasons for not using dental 314 National Survey of Oral Health, 1985–6, US, services, 316 Medicare (health insurance), 40 212 Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI), 133 Medication non-compliance in elderly Natural products and dental management, Lubben Social Network Scale, 48–49 patients, 153 147 Trim size: Trim Size: 216mm x 279mm Holm bindex.tex V3 - 05/25/2015 11:50 A.M. Page 366

366 Index

nervous system diseases, burning mouth research to improve dental service 5. portable dentistry interventions, 331–333 syndrome, 230–231 utilization, 319–320 6. hospital–based/dental school-based neurological/neuromuscular disorders residence, 314 mobile programmes, 333–335 Alzheimer’s disease, 96 social support, 316–317 oral health–related quality of life degenerative neuromuscular disorders, 97 Older people and micronutrients intakes, 133 clinical intervention studies, 307–308 dementia, 96 Olovnikov, Alexei, 11 descriptive population studies, 306–307 dental management, 97 operative dental procedures health/disease models, 301–302 medical history, 96 caries management, 203–204 health status measurement, 305–306 motor neurone disease, 97 pulp capping and pulpotomy, 204 health status measures, 304–305 Parkinson’s disease, 96 Oral cancer, 236, 238–239 older people, 302 seizures/epilepsy, 96–97 oral cancer oral health status measurement, 306 Neuropathic pain, 272 alcohol, 236 subjective appraisal of oral health ‘Neutral zone’ (dentures), 174, 295 clinical features, 236–237 (qualitative methodology), 203–204 Niue (Polynesia) and older people status, 50 diagnosis/referral, 237–238 summary/future, 08–309 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), 239–240 epidemiology/etiology, 236 theoretical framework for measurement, non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES), 138 nutrition, 135 302–303 NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory prevention, 158–159 uses to date/remaining problems, 306 drugs), 99, 150, 257, 269, 270, 275 tobacco, 236 what is quality of life?, 301 nurse aides (NAs), 335 tongue, 236 Oralhygienecareprotocolsforolderadults, Nutrients intake in 65+ adults (dental status), Oral Cancer incidence in men, 237 337 138 Oral cancer prevention, 159 oral hygiene (caries) nutrition and oral health for older persons Oral conditions in patients fluoride, 195–196 age requirements, 132–134 affective disorders, 112 mechanical, 194–195 dental caries, 137–139 dementia, 113 Oral hygiene in patient with dementia, 156 foods choice, 139–140 psychotic disorders, 113 Oral/intravenous sedation medication, 256 introduction, 131–132 Oral disability pathway, 126 oral/maxillofacial surgery for geriatric patients masticatory efficiency, 140–141 Oral disease prevention problems, 161 anesthesia, 255 oral mucosa, 136 Oral-facial disorders medication introduction, 255 periodontal disease, 139 (administration/prescribing), 149 local anesthesia, 255–256 summary, 142 oral health care programmes for homebound medical management of surgical systemic disease etiology, 134–136 people, nursing home residents comorbidities, 257–258 taste and smell, 141–142 and elderly inpatients sedation/general anesthesia, 256–257 texture of foods, 142 epidemiology, 323–324 oral mucosa see also vitamins homebound people, 324–325 alcohol, 136 nutrition and oral health for older persons hospice, 325–326 iron, vitamin B12 and folate, 136 (age requirements) institutionalized people, 326 prevalence, 227 energy, 132 interdisciplinary team, 338–339 smoking, 136 micronutrients intakes, 133–134 introduction, 323 oral mucosa (common diseases - infectious physiological function, 134 oral health status/needs, 326–327 origin) protein intake, 133 population definition, 323 angular cheilitis, 228–229 preventive programmes, 335–338 candidosis, 227–228 O programmes, 327–335 denture stomatitis, 228 obesity and nutrition (oral health) summary, 340–341 oral rehabilitation in elderly patients CVD, 134 Oral health - conceptual model for measurement, caries (screening), 277 Diabetes, 134 303 conventional/implant born reconstruction, hypertension, 134 oral health and foods choice 283–284 stroke, 134 chewing efficiency, digestion and foods dental prostheses efficiency, 296 occlusion, 75–76 choice, 139–140 edentulous patients, 293–295 oestrogen deficiency, 17 dietary change prevention, 141 implant placement, 297–298 older adults’ use of dental services masticatory efficiency, 140 implant-supported overdentures, 296–297 best predictors of utilization, masticatory efficiency and digestion, masticatory function/chewing ability, 297 317–318 140–141 opportunistic infections, 277 demographic variables, 311–313 Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), 306–308 overdentures, 292–293 dental attitudes, 316 Oral health improvement for elderly patients partially dentate patients reconstruction, dental/medical insurance, 314 (model), 162 282–283 dental provider characteristics oral health in patients with psychiatric periodontal disease (screening), 277–279 (help/hinder), 318 disorders plaque control and denture hygiene, dentition/health status, 314–315 affective disorders, 112–113 298–299 education/income, 313–314 psychotic disorders, 113 pretherapeutic single tooth prognosis, 279 hope for the future, 318–319 Oral health measurement (model), 303 recall, maintenance and repair, 296 introduction/definitions, 311 oral health programmes reduced dentition, 292 physical access/mobility, 315 1. transfer to dental office/practice, 327–329 removable dental prosthesis, 287–290 psychosocial variables as barriers/enablers, 2. on-site dental programmes, 329–330 subjective chewing therapy, 280–281 315–316, 317 3. teledentistry, 330 teeth replacement with acid-etched racial/ethnic differences, 313 4. mobile dental vans, 330 composite-bonded bridges, 291–292 Trim size: Trim Size: 216mm x 279mm Holm bindex.tex V3 - 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treatment goals, 279–282 gingivitis/peridontitis, 211–212 pharmacodynamics and dental treatment planning, 282–283, 284–287 maintenance, 223 management, 148–152 oral sequelae of head/neck radiotherapy periodontal treatment and prophylaxis, Physical Activities of Daily Living (PADL, infections, 86 219–221, 221–223 Avlund Scales), 122 mucositis, 85 prognosis, 218–219 physiological age-changes osteoradionecrosis (ORN), 86 pathology/treatment of oral mucosal diseases physiological changes in pulp, 200 taste loss, 86 clinical/histological changes in aging oral physiological peritubular dentine, 200 xerostomia, 86 mucosa, 226–227 secondary dentine deposition, 200 Oral side effects of drug classes, 148 common diseases, 227–229 tooth formation, 199–200 Oral specific measures of health, 306 monocutaneous diseases, 229–230 pilocarpine, 251, 338, 358 Oral symptoms enquiries,68 nervous system, 230–231 plaque organ systems, 12 oral cancer, 236–239 control and dental hygiene (dentures), Orofacial pain in older adults, 266–267 other malignancies, 239–240 298–299 orofacial pain in older adults periodontal aspects of normal oral mucosa, prevention, 155 age-related change in pain 225–226 plaque and microflora perception/reporting, 265 premalignant lesions, 231–235 gingival architecture, 186 burning mouth syndrome, 272–273 solar lip damage, 235–236 oral hygiene, 186 chronic trigeminal pathology/treatment of pulp disease partial denture, 186 neuropathy/non-odontogenic aged tooth clinical challenges, 202–207 visual acuity, 186–187 toothache, 273–274 age-related changes in dentine/pulp Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor, 1, 134 common causes, 266–268 complex, 199 point mutations (DNA), 8 dementia, 266 conclusions, 207 polymyalgiarheumatica(PMR),270 dentofacial pain, 268–269 dentine/pulp complex responses to injury, polypharmacy, 64, 252 giant cell arteritis, 270–271 200–202 Poor oral hygiene cycles in nursing homes, headache, 270 introduction, 199 336 head/neck cancer, 274 operative dental procedures, 203–204 Portable Chairs, 333 neuropathic pain, 271 physiological age-changes, 199–200 Portable dental equipment, 334 pain management in older patients, patient assessment Portable units, 331 274–275 diagnostic aids, 76–77 positron emission tomography (PET), 271 postherpetic neuralgia, 273 differential, 78 postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), 273 reaction/adaptation to pain in older adults, examination/assessment, 70–72 premalignancy lesions 265–266 intraoral and perioral soft/hard tissue erythoplakia, 234 referred cardiac pain, 271 examination, 72–73 leukoplakia, 231–232 salivary disorders, 269 medical examination/assessment, 66–70 verrucous hyperplasia, 234–235 temporomandibular disorders, 269 oral examination/assessment, 70–76 preventive oral health care for elderly people treatment, 266 plan, 78 barriers, 160–161 trigeminal neuralgia, 272 prosthetics, 77–78 bone loss, 159–160 osteoarthritis (OA), 99 patient behaviour cancer, 158–159 Osteoclast development regulation,19 illness severity, 65 cavity, 155 osteomyelitis, 268 under-reporting of symptoms/disease, 65 chemical plaque control, 156 osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), 268 Pearl, Raymond, 9 dental erosion, 157 osteopenia/osteoporosis Peridontally compromised molar (root canal examples, 161–162 definition, 18 treatment), 204 fluorides, 156–157 men, 20–22 Periodontal breakdown, 222 geriatric services, 162–163 osteoporosis periodontal disease healthier lifestyle, 162 dental management, 99 aging, 212–215 mechanical cleaning, 156 overview, 99 care, 172, 175–176 mucosal diseases, 157–158 WHO definition, 159 caries, 139, 186 plaque induced diseases, 155 osteoprotegerin (OPG), 19 gingivitis/periodontitis, 211–212 services planning, 160 osteoradionecrosis (ORN), 86 screening, 277–279 temporomandibular dysfuction/myofascial over-the-counter (OTC) products/medications, susceptibility, 215–218 pain, 160 146, 338 periodontal screening record (PSR), 277 xerostomia and burning mouth, 158 oxidative stress theory (aging), 9–10 Periodontal treatment, 220 ‘primary osteoporosis’, 18, 21 periodontium, 74–75 primary (working) memory, 30 P pharmacology and aging Principle of Ethics/Code of Professional pain management in older patients, 274–275 conclusions, 152–153 Conduct (ADA), 352 Palliative care (oral conditions), 357 introduction, 145–146 Private practitioner reports of older people in parathyroid hormone (PTH), 17, 20 medical conditions and dental care, 146 practice, 319–320 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone loss,20 medication as indicator of medical Professional Code of ethics/conduct, 169 Parkinson’s disease, 96, 108, 110–111, 142, 159, conditions, 146 Proportion of men/women with good functional 295 medications and dental prescribing, ability, 122 pathology/treatment of gingivitis/periodontitis 159–150 prosthetic joints in aging individuals non-compliance to medication, 152 dental management, 100 aging/periodontal disease, 212–218 oral side effects of medications, history, 99–100 conclusions, 223 147–148 overview, 99 Trim size: Trim Size: 216mm x 279mm Holm bindex.tex V3 - 05/25/2015 11:50 A.M. 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368 Index

Pseudomembraneous candidiasis Retained teeth/Quality of Life - Australia/UK hypofunction, 147, 337 head/neck cancer, 249 (OHIP), 307 imaging, 248–249 palate,72 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 269 Sjögren’s syndrome, 247 pseudomembranous lesions, 228 dental management, 99 Salivary gland ducts (histologic organization), psychiatric disorders in old age (implications overview, 98 246 for dental practitioners) rheumatological diseases, osteoarthritis, Salivary hypofunction, 246 affective disorders, 109–110 osteoporosis and prosthetic joints Salivary hypofunction anxiety disorders, 104–105 osteoarthritis, 99 Medications, 246 confusion and delirium, 106–112 osteoporosis, 99 Older adults, 246 dental management, 114–117 prosthetic joints, 99–100 Salivary problems (questions),73 introduction, 109 rheumatoid arthritis, 98–99 sarcopenia (muscle loss), 22–23, 24 late-life delusional/paranoid psychoses, risedronate see bisphosphonate Saunders, Cicely, 325 105–106 Risk factors for poor oral health (psychiatric Secondary dentine deposition, 200 oral health in patients, 112–114 conditions), 114 secondary (long-term) memory, 30–31 risk factors/indicators for oral disease, 114 root canal treatment ‘secondary osteoporosis’, 21 Psychiatric patients (treatment), 114 canal enlargement, 207 sedation/general anesthesia psychology (aging) canal identification, 205–206 anesthetic agents, 256 ageism, 41 canal negotiation/enlargement, 206–207 intravenous sedation, 256–257 background, 39 elective treatment, 204 selective oestrogen receptor modulators cognitive processes, 41–44 pulp chamber access, 205 (SERMs), 17–18, 19 conclusions, 44 treatment, 204, 207 self-concept, 317 history, 39 root caries, 173, 184–185 self-efficacy, 317 insights for clinicians, 44 Root caries sensory changes and communications in lifespan/life course, 40–41 Severity, 173 practitioner–aged patient relationship psychosocial variables as barriers/enablers Treatment, 173 aging, 28–29 dental attitudes, 316 Root caries activity in older adults, 191 auditory function, 29–30 perceived versus normative needs, 315–316 Root Caries Index, 182, 185 communications, 28 social support, 316–317 Root Caries Index, 185 conclusions, 37 pulmonary disease Root surface decay on buccal mucosa margins, cultural differences/competences, 35–36 asthma, 97–98 249 dementia, 34, 34–35 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 98 dental care system, 35–36 pulmonary tuberculosis, 98 S dental communication, 27–28 pulp assessment, 77 saliva dental practitioner, 31–33 Pulp (old/young) following trauma, 203 caries, 187 introduction, 27 Pulp stones removal, 206 dentures, 296 memory and learning, 30–31 purified protein derivative (PPD), 98 dysfunction, 336 nonverbal communication, 33–34 flow, 158 oral-sensory functions, 36–37 Q formation, 245–246 sensory changes, 28–29 Quality of life glands/aging, 246–247 visual function, 29–30 Clinical variables, 302 glands and secretion, 12–13 Sensory and cognitive decline in older Dimensions, 305 hypofunction, 86, 147 patients,33 Health-related measures, 304 interdental spaces, 290 sertraline, 110 secretion, 245 Severely worn prostheses and shift in mandibular R substitutes/buffers, 338 position,78 radiation therapy (RT) for cancer, 85–86, 274 taste, 36, 141 shortened dental arch, 280–282 radiographic assessment, 76 Saliva-check mutans kit, 192 Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) Radiograph (periapical pathology),77 Salivary flow and xerostomia treatment, 158 autoimmune disease, 246, 247, 249 radiographs, 76–77 salivary functions/disorders in older adults cevimeline, 251 raloxifene, 18 clinical evaluation, 247–248 diagnosis, 250 RANKL (nuclear factor kappa B ligand), 19 clinical examination, 246 dryness of mouth, 65, 73, 247 reactive oxygen species (ROS), 139 etiology of salivary hypofunction, 247 etiology, 247 Recaldent CPP-ACP mouth crème, 338 introduction, 245 facial form, 70 reciprocity concept, 48 orofacial pain, 269 lymphoma, 247 ReferenceNutrientIntake(RFI),133 past/present medical history, 248 pharmacotherapy, 158 Removable partial denture (s) (RPD), 290, 291 preventive therapies, 250 pilocarpine, 251 removable partial denture (s) (RPD), 140, 290, saliva formation, 245–246 rheumatoid arthritis, 99, 251–2, 269 291, 304 salivary stimulation, 251 salivary gland, 247–249 renal disorders serological evaluation, 249–250 scintigraphy, 249 dental management, 96 symptomatic treatment, 250–251 systemic disorders, 252 overview, 95–96 systemic disorders, 252 smell identification, 37 renal transplants, 96 systemic stimulation, 251 smoking, 138, 139 Renal/hepatic function guidelines, 149 treatment strategies, 250 Social Security Act 1935, US, 312 Residential setting and caries rate, 315 see also Sjögren’s syndrome; xerostomia society and environment (aging) respiratory quotients (RQ), 9 salivary gland community resources, 56–57 Restraint guidelines, 352 biopsy, 249 intergenerational assistance, 51 Trim size: Trim Size: 216mm x 279mm Holm bindex.tex V3 - 05/25/2015 11:50 A.M. Page 369

Index 369

introduction, 47 Tertiary dentine deposition, 201 V leisure roles, 54 texture of foods, 142 vascular dementia, 108–110, 346 older adults in community, 47–48 Thigh muscle scan,23 varicella zoster virus (VZV), 273 retirement as time of productivity, 53–54 thyroid gland disorders Verbal communication disorders associated with role changes, 56 dental management, 93 dementia,34 role changes/productivity, 52–53 hyperthyroidism, 93 verrucous hyperplasia, 234–235 social networks/support, 48–49 hypothyroidism, 93–94 Verrucous hyperplasia, 234–235 social supports/family relations in tinnitus, 30 Vertebral fracture and age,21 traditional cultures, 48–51 tobacco Visiting Nurse Association, 333 social supports interventions, 51–52 leukoplakia, 232 Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), 307 voluntary associations/volunteers, 55 oral cancer, 236 visual function volunteering, 55–56 tongue accommodation, 29 Socioeconomic events and dentistry, 312 burning, 230 colour, depth/distance perception, 29 sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), 336 cancer, 236 light/dark adaptation, 29 solar lip damage, 235–236 colour, 170 vitamins somatic mutation and DNA damage theories dorsum (dry/depapillated), 248 B12, 61, 131, 133, 134 (aging), 9–10 painful, 230 C, 133, 134, 138 Splinting saves teeth, 174 tooth D, 17, 19–21, 131, 133, 134 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 159, 236, 237 wear and alcohol, 139 E, 251 ‘staying busy’ in old age, 52 see also aged tooth clinical challenges Strep mutans, 186, 192 Topical anesthetics for mucositis pain,86 W Streptococcus anginosus, 186 transfer to dental office/practice warfarin Streptococcus mutans, 172 appointment times, 328–329 alcoholism, 92 sugars communications, 329 anticoagulation, 89, 91, 96, 150, 257 alcohol, 138 continence, 328 artificial heart valves, 88 diet, 137 legal/ethical issues, 329 atrial fibrillation, 70 frequency/quantity intake, 137–138 person’s activity level, 328 bleeding disorders, 83–4 importance, 138 transferability, 328 medications, 82 medicines, 138 transient ischaemic attack (TIA), 91 Watch-winding motion for root canal Sugar (sucrose) consumption and dental caries in Transportability of long-term care residents, negotiation, 207 Japanese children, 137 328 wear and tear theory of aging, 7 Survival probability after fracture,21 Treatment planning wound healing, 226 systemic disease etiology Dementia, 353 Whysurvive:BeingoldinAmerica,40 cardiovascular disease, 135–136 General Anesthesia, 356 World Health Organization (WHO) diabetes mellitus, 135 Implants, 283–7 Alzheimer’s disease classification, obesity, 134–135 Phases, 171 346 oral cancer, 135 treatment planning for geriatric patients edentulism (disability/handicap), accurate data/diagnosis, 169–171 117, 296 T conclusions, 179 impairment, disability and handicap taste dental practice, 165 classification, 303 function, 36 ethics, 167–168 men/women oral health strategies, loss, 86 evidence to evaluate alternatives, 169 160–161 saliva, 36, 141 fundamentals, 167 osteoporosis, 159 types, 142 geriatric plans, 176–179 preventive services for elderly people, 160 unami (savoury), 142 implants, 176 taste and smell (aging) introduction, 165 X smell perception, 142 periodontal care, 175–176 xerostomia (dry mouth) taste perception, 141–142, 148 plan, 171–172 anti-seizure medications, 97 T-cell receptor, 13 prosthodontic care, 174 dementia, 113 Teeth positioning in neutral zone, 175 treatment, 172, 172–173 dentures, 295 telomere shortening, 13 who are geriatric patients?, diabetes, 93 temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), 160, 165–167 hypertension, 91 266, 269 triazolam (Halcion©), 256 medications, 147 temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 269–270, 274 tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), nocturnal, 252 tension type headache (TTHA), 270 273–274, 275 prevention, 158, 336 terminally ill patients trigeminal neuralgia (TN), 272, 273–274 radiotherapy, 86 oral conditions in palliative care, 356–359 rheumatoid arthritis, 99 Oral problems (prevalence), 325 U salivary gland hypofunction, 248, 337 What is palliative oral care?, 355–356 unami (savoury taste), 142 salivary stimulation, 251 Terminally ill patients (care), 356 underreporting of symptoms/disease, 65 Xerostomia inventory (XI), 338