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Iran's Networks of Influence in the Middle East
an strategic dossier IRAN’S NETWORKS OF INFLUENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST published by The International Institute for Strategic Studies ARUNDEL HOUSE | 6 TEMPLE PLACE | LONDON | WC2R 2PG | UK 1 an strategic dossier IRAN’S NETWORKS OF INFLUENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST The International Institute for Strategic Studies ARUNDEL HOUSE | 6 TEMPLE PLACE | LONDON | WC2R 2PG | UK DIRECTOR-GENERAL AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE Dr John Chipman This publication has been prepared by the Director-General and Chief Executive of the Institute and his staff. It incorporates commissioned contributions from recognised subject experts, which were reviewed by a range of experts in the field. The IISS would like to thank the various individuals who contributed their expertise to the compilation of this dossier. The responsibility for the contents is ours alone. The views expressed herein do not, and indeed cannot, represent a consensus of views among the worldwide membership of the Institute as a whole. First published November 2019 by the International Institute for Strategic Studies. © 2019 The International Institute for Strategic Studies cover images: Top: Background: A Lebanese Hizbullah fighter near Arsal, Lebanon, 26 July 2017 (Anwar Amro/AFP/ Getty Images); main images, top–bottom: Popular Mobilisation Units fighters launch missiles targeting the village of Salmani, south of Mosul, in Iraq’s Nineva province, 30 October 2016 (Ahmad Al-Rubaye/AFP/Getty Images); Major- General Qasem Soleimani, commander of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) attends a meeting between Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei (not pictured) and the IRGC in Tehran, 18 September 2016 (by Pool/Press Office of Iranian Supreme Leader/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images); Pro-government forces at a funeral ceremony at the Sayyida Zainab mosque in Damascus, Syria, 26 April 2017 (Louai Beshara/AFP/Getty Images) Printed and bound in the UK by Hobbs the Printers Ltd. -
BWFA Holds Training Seminar
THURSDAY-MARCH 11, 2021 Sport 05 BWFA holds The life and career of Rashid Khan, Afghanistan’s cricket prodigy training seminar The life and career of Afghani- At a provincial Twenty20 young man was missing. He had id, nothing,” said Hashmi. stan cricketer Rashid Khan has seen match in Kabul, playing for a club had to dash over to Afghanistan to On one occasion, Rashid was the theatrical treatment: The cur- called Kochian, Abdulrahimzai play in a tournament. dropped due to a dispute in the tains parted one day and there he watched an unknown teenager, of This to and fro was due to team and Hashmi went to his home was. small built, batting like a dervish. Rashid’s nomadic boyhood, often to make peace. Among a cast of romantic, co- “He was opening, he scored as part of a business family along- “The next time I went to the lourful cricketers from the coun- try’s fairy tale, stood the teen prod- igy, the one player ready-made for the biggest stage. Online profiles feature Rash- id’s One-Day International (ODI) debut at the age of 17, the 25 teams he has represented in various for- mats, his admiration for Pakistan’s Shahid Afridi, that whippy, whirly action, dead-eye wrong ’un, strik- ing ability with the bat, athleticism in the field and the ICC T20 Play- er of the Decade title, even though he played in only half of it. But what about the other parts of the man that was known as Rashid Arman, the sixth of 11 brothers? The dreamer who thought he would become the fam- KABUL: The Basketball four teams from female athletes tend the international competi- ily’s first doctor? The computer Wheelchair Federation of Afghan- with each team consisting of ten tions, as well,” Zirak said. -
The Shiite Jihad in Syria and Its Regional Effects
THE SHIITE JIHAD IN SYRIA AND ITS REGIONAL EFFECTS Phillip Smyth This piece is dedicated to the memory of a true scholar, friend, and mensch, Barry Rubin. I would never have been able to complete such an undertaking without his confidence in me. POLICY FOCUS 138 THE SHIITE JIHAD IN SYRIA AND ITS REGIONAL EFFECTS PHILLIP SMYTH THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY www.washingtoninstitute.org The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessarily those of The Washington Institute, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2015 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050 Washington, DC 20036 www.washingtoninstitute.org Design: 1000colors Photo: Sayyeda Zainab mosque, Damascus (Ahmad al Husseini). CONTENTS Acronyms | iv 1 introduction | 1 2 the NArrAtive of JihAd | 3 3 cAll to JihAd: clericAl Views of the Shiite JihAd in SyriA | 13 4 Building An Army for ZAinab | 21 5 the WeB of Multiplying Shiite IslAmist MilitiAs in SyriA | 37 6 Joining of Fronts: Blowback in IrAq And Lebanon | 48 7 policy RecommendAtions | 55 8 notes And Sources | 58 ABout the Author | 80 APPENDICES (ONLINE ONLY) 1 phAses of Shiite MilitiA -
The Failure of Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Iraq
BUILDING STATES, FAILING NATIONS: THE FAILURE OF POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION IN IRAQ Hawzhin Azeez B.A., M.A. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2013 Newcastle Business School, Faculty of Business and Law The University of Newcastle, Australia. The thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to the final version of my thesis being made available worldwide when deposited in the University’s Digital Repository**, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. **Unless an Embargo has been approved for a determined period. Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the support of my supervisors Dr. Robert Imre and Dr. Tod Moore. Dr. Imre came on board at an exceptionally crucial time and rescued my confidence and desire to proceed with my research. Since then, his constant guidance and support, particularly in the form of emotional support and motivation has been profound in encouraging me to continue with the research. Dr. Imre has also been crucial in encouraging my confidence in teaching, one of my life's greatest passions, in addition to supporting my efforts at publications. Dr. Tod Moore likewise inherited a haphazard thesis and provided valuable feedback and support which was crucial to the completion of the thesis. -
Shiite-Militias-In-S
The Implementation of Iran’s Axis of Influence Dr. Shimon Karmi The Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC)’s Air Force giving his threatening address regarding the USA with several of the Iranian militia’s flags in the background. Source: https://ara.tv/2dup7. (accessed: 16.02.2020) 1 Table of Contents The Shi’ite Militias in Syria: The Implementation of Iran’s Axis of Influence……………………………………………………. 1 Executive Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 The Shi’ite Militias in Syria: In Practice………………………………………………………….………………………………………………….. 7 The Financial Cost of the Militias’ Funding …………………………………………………………………………….…………………………. 9 About the Research ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………. 9 The Harakat Hizballah al-Nujaba Movement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 Asa’ib Ahl al-Hag ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13 Liwa Fatemiyoun ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 Liwa Zainabyon from Pakistan …………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………… 21 Liwa Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas ……………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………. 22 The Dhu al-Fiqar Brigade ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23 Kataib Sayyid al-Shuhada …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26 Revolutionary Guards' Basij ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 The Villages’ Army: A New Militia in Syria ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29 Flaws of the -
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/ " 5( $# %$ / %$ / / SIDISrtVUU@IB!&!!"&#S@B9IV69P99I !%! %! ' -&%1-* 2345 1+,.,1.% 01)$' +12$3 "# 9 --(39 12083(13 44 10(,!2140, (-,1403 ,3,0- 2 20,1212 ,0(1.2, &13-0- 9232-243011-4 4-12-1&-2 (-,2(0 ,?(-2(&1? ( #0 :;--, :<= >"$- $# 6 " " 236 7829: 24 7 %&' ! ' ,-,.-/0- (-,1 n a major victory for India, R Ithe International Court of Justice (ICJ) on Wednesday ruled that Pakistan must review the death sentence to Indian national Kulbhushan Jadhav, who has been sentenced to death by a Pakistani military court on charges of “espionage and terrorism”. India hailed the ICJ verdict "# with Prime Minister Narendra Modi saying “truth and justice” 0- (-,1/-0.2 have prevailed. “We welcome today’s ver- '-+ ) 1) 2 he 15 rebel Congress-JD(S) dict in the @CIJ_ICJ. Truth and - TMLAs cannot be forced to justice have prevailed. $ %&' take part in the proceedings of Congratulations to the ICJ for the ongoing Assembly session a verdict based on extensive ment directive immediately. while Speaker KR Ramesh study of facts. I am sure “This judgment validates Kumar enjoys the freedom to ! "" # $ %&' Kulbhushan Jadhav will get India’s position on the case. ' P) * "+ ,)- .%/) /' 0 ! decide on their resignations justice. Our Government will We’ll continue to work vigor- ' - - $ %&' within such time-frame as con- looks inevitable. lic mandate, setting a “terrible always work for the safety and ously for Jadhav’s early release sidered appropriate by him. While Speaker Kumar wel- judicial precedent”. welfare of every Indian,” the and return to India,” he said. access to Kulbhushan, to visit there was a three-week delay in said it was “undisputed” fact This is the crux of the comed the court decision and The court order on pleas by PM tweeted. -
Of Resistance Language and Literature
Journal of Language Horizons, Alzahra University — 65 Volume 2, Issue 1, Spring – Summer 2018 (Biannual – Serial No. 3) — 65 further risk of annihilation. Therefore, while the play shows the escape route out of the network of power relations, it also points to the improbability of such a solution in reality. References Bigsby, C. (2004). David Mamet: All true stories. In H. Bloom (Ed.), David Mamet (Bloom’s modern critical views) (pp. 163-202). Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Boon, K. A., & Mamet, D. (2011). Ethics and capitalism in the screenplays of David Mamet. Literature/Film Quarterly, 39(3), 174-189. Cullick, J. S. (1994). “Always be closing”: Competition and the discourse of closure in David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross. Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, Growing Literacy of 8(2), 23-36. Fisher, B. D. (2010). Berlioz’s the damnation of Faust. Boca Raton, Florida: Opera Resistance in “the Curriculum Journeys Publishing. Fornet-Betancourt, R., Becker, H., Gomez-Müller, A., & Gauthier, J.D. (1987). The ethic of Garden” of Resistance care for the self as a practice of freedom: An interview with Michel Foucault on January 20, 1984. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 12(2-3), 112-131. 1 Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Language and Literature New York: Vintage Books. Foucault, M. (1988). Politics, philosophy, culture: Interviews and other writings, 1977- 2 1984. (L. D. Kritzman, Ed., & A. Sheridan, Trans.). New York: Routledge, Chapman Sareh Poursaduqi* and Hall Inc. Sue-san Ghahremani Ghajar3 Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972- Muhammadreza Sangari4 1977. -
Sayyid Ali Husayn Sistani: Revitalising the Najaf Marja’Iyya in Post-2003 Iraq
CIDOB • Barcelona Centre for International for Affairs Centre CIDOB • Barcelona documents E-ISSN: 2339-9570 : B 11.000-2014 D.L. època nova CIDOB 09 DECEMBER 2020 SAYYID ALI HUSAYN SISTANI: REVITALISING THE NAJAF MARJA’IYYA IN POST-2003 IRAQ Antonella Caruso, Founder and Director, LAMEDINA Institute for International Dialogue [email protected] Religious scholars are neither angels nor infallible tive methodology for solving issues arising from conflicting Shiite religious scholar, al-Qatif, Saudi Arabia hadith,1 his studies on comparative fiqh and his reference to (Saffar, 2018: 118, 286) modern sciences and cultures. His distinguished circle of mentors and disciples has contributed to further enhancing Sistani as a supreme religious authority his scholarly prestige.2 Sistani, above all, is a Shia supreme religious authority, a Beside his knowledge in matters of Islamic law (sharia) and marja’ al-taqlid. The title, which means “point of reference for jurisprudence, Sistani’s authority is paramount for the mil- emulation”, developed during the 18th and 19th centuries and lions of Shiites in Iraq and throughout the world. For them, indicates the highest Shiite religious authority, above even he is the utmost point of reference, the source of emulation in Ayatollah. As the most their quest for the correct im- knowledgeable among Abstract: This article is an in-depth portrait of Sayyid Ali Husayn plementation of God’s com- them, Shiite religious Sistani as a supreme religious authority (marja’ al-taqlid) in Shia Is- mand. His popularity can in lam. It identifies his religious priorities in dealing with the post-2003 scholars have ever since Iraqi state and examines his political interventions in the light of his fact be measured by the vast deferred to the marja’ al- traditional religious responsibilities as marja’. -
P17 2 Layout 1
TUESDAY, APRIL 19, 2016 SPORTS ‘Superwoman’ Ratchanok Intanon set sights on Olympics SINGAPORE: Ratchanok Intanon set to seal her third successive Superseries redemption for Ratchanok, who was said her body is starting to feel the grounds of the Bangkok dessert factory her sights on Olympic glory after title in as many weeks, after triumphs in heartbroken after she was eliminated in strain from playing consecutive compe- where her parents worked. becoming world number one-and said India and Malaysia. the London 2012 quarter-finals. titions. “I didn’t enjoy badminton at first. I she would be seen as “superwoman” if Ratchanok, who became bad- “After I lost, I felt bad and I couldn’t “When I woke up, I felt like my legs just did training but didn’t feel that I she wins Thailand’s first ever badminton minton’s youngest ever world champion sleep. I’ve never felt that way before,” were weaker,” said the native of wanted to be athlete. I just trained not medal in Rio. The 21-year-old, who won in 2013, will displace Spain’s Carolina she said. “I wanted to close my eyes but I Thailand’s Yasothon province. “I may be to disturb my parents while they were the Singapore Open to reach the Marin as number one when the rank- could not stop thinking about the loss.” tired but if I can make people in working,” she said. women’s singles top ranking for the first ings are updated on Thursday. Ratchanok added: “I don’t want to pres- Thailand smile and be happy, that’s “Now, I enjoy it because it is my time, said a medal of any colour would “I didn’t think about winning three sure myself but I think I have a chance okay.” Despite her fatigue, Ratchanok career. -
Pro Ling the Islamic State
B D C A P Number 13, November 2014 Proling the Islamic State Charles Lister PROFILING THE ISLAMIC STATE Charles Lister Brookings The Brookings Institution is a private non-profit organization. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars. Brookings recognizes that the value it provides to any supporter is in its absolute commitment to quality, independence and impact. Activities supported by its donors reflect this commitment and the analysis and recommendations are not determined by any donation. Copyright © 2014 Brookings Institution THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 U.S.A. www.brookings.edu BROOKINGS DOHA CENTER Saha 43, Building 63, West Bay, Doha, Qatar www.brookings.edu/doha Table of Contents I. Executive Summary ...............................................................................................1 II. Introduction ........................................................................................................4 III. Part I: 15 Years of Evolution ................................................................................6 1999-2003: From Jordan to Afghanistan ..................................................6 2003-04: Initiating Iraq’s Insurgency -
13875 Wednesday FEBRUARY 3, 2021 Bahman 15, 1399 Jumada Al Thani 20, 1442
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 42nd year No.13875 Wednesday FEBRUARY 3, 2021 Bahman 15, 1399 Jumada Al thani 20, 1442 Iraqi FM to arrive Iran basketball 75 idle mines in Tehran on paired with the U.S. revived in Markazi Congratulations on birthday of Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra (SA) Wednesday Page 2 in Olympics Page 3 Province Page 4 and Mother’s Day Iran successfully launches new domestically-built satellite carrier American bottleneck TEHRAN - The Iranian Defense Ministry most powerful engine consuming solid fuel. See page 3 has launched a new satellite carrier with a Zoljenah can carry a satellite weighing powerful engine running on solid fuel, the 220 kg into an orbit 500 kilometers above national TV announced late on Monday the Earth. by showing films of the launch. According to Hosseini, Iran has now In a televised interview on Monday, Ah- three operational satellite carriers, name- mad Hosseini, spokesman for the Ministry ly Zoljenah, Sarir, and Soroush. Sarir is of Defense Aerospace Organization, said capable of carrying a payload of one ton Helmand water right to be the new domestically-designed satellite into a height of 1,000 km and is going to carrier, named Zoljenah, has been launched replace Simorgh. provided after 48-year pursuit in a research program that employs Iran’s Continued on page 2 Capital market realizes over $119b of financing in 10 months TEHRAN - Iranian Minister of Finance and 21),” Dejpasand said in the 102nd dialogue Economic Affairs Farhad Dejpasand has council of the government and the private said that the capital market has realized sector on Monday. -
Iran's Foreign Policy in Iraq and Syria After 2011 by Ezgi Uzun, Ph.D
GRF Young Academics Program brings together young GLOBAL RELATIONS FORUM YOUNG ACADEMICS PROGRAM academics who are currently pursuing or have recently ANALYSIS PAPER SERIES No.6 completed their doctoral studies. The goal of this program is to provide a forum for accomplished young academics to discuss and debate long-term policy challenges. The GRF Young Academics Program Publications consist of policy and analysis paper series written by the GRF’s Young Academics. Iran’s Foreign Policy in Iraq and Through this program, GRF is establishing an expanding Syria after 2011 network of young academics to enrich policy discussions in both the national and international spheres. For more information about Global Relations Forum (GRF) and GRF Young Academics Program, you can visit: EZGİ UZUN www.gif.org.tr Ph.D. in Political Science, Sabancı University Ezgi Uzun, currently an instructor at Sabancı University in Istanbul, studies Iran’s foreign policy and security culture. Her wider research interests include the role of religion in international politics, transnational religious networks, sectarianism, religious insurgencies, and popular mobilization forces in the Middle East with a geographical focus on Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Her doctoral dissertation examines Iran’s “Axis of Resistance” policy in the Middle East, with a specific focus on the Islamic Republic’s religious ideology and ties to transnational Shia networks in Iraq and Syria. Her previous research concentrated on Iran’s nuclear program and its ramifi cations for regional power transitions. She has co-authored two publications on nuclear politics, “Bureaucrats, Ayatollahs, and Persian Politics: Explaining the Shift in Iranian Foreign Policy” and “The Path to an Entrenching Alliance: Utilitarianism and Historical Institutionalism in Committing to NATO’s Missile Defense System.” She was a visiting scholar at the Arnold A.