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A Study of English Loanwords in Chinese Through Chinese Newswriting

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A Study of English Loanwords in Chinese Through Chinese Newswriting South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1983 A Study of English Loanwords in Chinese through Chinese Newswriting Wendy Yeun-wen Pao Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Pao, Wendy Yeun-wen, "A Study of English Loanwords in Chinese through Chinese Newswriting" (1983). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5749. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/5749 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. • A STUDY OF ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN CHINESE THROUGH CHINESE NEWSWRITING BY WENDY YEUN-WEN PAO A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts, Major in Speech, South Dakota State University 1983 A STUDY OF ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN CHINESE THROUGH CHINESE NEWSWRITING This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the degree, Master of Arts, and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this thesis does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. Juditf1?Zivanovic Date Thesis Adviser Judith z&a,novic Date ad, Department of Speech ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely express my appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Judith Zivanovic, for her constant assistance and helpful instruction throughout this study. The support and encouragement from Dr. Harold Widvey is also appreciated. I also thank my friends in Taiwan, Shiau Shyh-Jang and Wang Huey-Ling, for their assistance. I also thank Edward L. s. Chen and Ila Asmus for their support. Finally, I particularly express my love and appreciation to my parents for their love and support. WYWP TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 Origin of the Problem 1 Statement of Purpose . 3 Procedure ••••. 3 Design of Study .•.. •..•• 8 Definition of Terms .. • 10 Possible Contribution •••..... 13 Endnotes . 14 II. BACKGROUND . 16 General Phenomena of Linguistic Borrowing 16 Evolution of the Chinese Language . 23 Summary . • • . • . • . 2 8 Endnotes . • . 30 III. THE TRANSLITERATION OF LOANWORDS IN CHINE�E 32 Phonological Modifications of English Loan­ words in Chinese .••.. •... •.. 32 Semantic Distribution of English Trans­ literated Loanwords in Chinese . 46 Summary . 47 Endnotes ............ 49 IV. LOAN-TRANSLATIONS, LOAN-BLENDS, INDEPENDENT HYBRIDS, AND LOANWORDS OF DOUBLET OR MULTIPLE BORROWED FORMS IN CHINESE .... 52 An Analysis of Methods of Loan-Translation . 52 Types of Loan-Blends . • . 55 Types of Independent Hybrids . 61 Analysis of English Translated Words in the Data . • . 63 Analysis of English Loanwords in Chinese of Doublet or Multiple New-Coined Words 68 Admixture of English With Chinese 83 Summary . 84 Endnotes . • . • . 86 Chapter Page V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 88 Summary . • •. 88 Conclusions . •. 91 Recommendation for Further Study 94 96 APPENDIX I. APPENDIX II 101 APPENDIX III 104 APPENDIX IV 107 APPENDIX V •. 109 APPENDIX VI 123 APPENDIX VII .. 135 APPENDIX VIII 138 APPENDIX IX 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14 7 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Semantic Distribution of English Trans- literated Loanwords in Chinese . • . • . • 47 2. Types of English Loanwords in Chinese . • • 65 3. Semantic Distribution of English Loan-Blends in Chinese . • . • . • . 65 4. Semantic Distribution of English Independent Hybrids in Chinese . • . • . • . • . 66 5. Semantic Distribution -of English Word-for-Word Loan-Translations in Chinese . • . 67 6. Semantic Distribution of English Descriptive Loan-Translations in Chinese . 68 7. Semantic Distribution of English Loan-Blends, Independent Hybrids, Word-for-Word Loan­ Translations, Descriptive Loan-Translations in Chinese . • . • . 69 8. Semantic Distribution of Loanwords of Doublet or Multiple New-Coined Forms . • . 83 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Origin of the Problem The advancement of science and technology has expanded the living space of the world's population, and, at the same time, has extended the capacity for communica­ tion among nations. This factor has encouraged extensive contact between Taiwan and the West. During the past thirty years in Taiwan, the prosperity of Taiwan's economy, which becomes attractive to Western commerce transactions; travel; exchange of highly advanced technology; extensive diplomatic relationships between Taiwan and foreign countries, and so forth have accelerated the mutual influence between Taiwan and the West, most specifically America. Through this process, an implantation of foreign culture and knowledge is accomplished by a linguistic 1 2 borrowing and phonemic and morphemic modification of the foreign terms. The great difference between the Chinese and the English languages causes unavoidable difficulty for the 2 3 linguistic borrowing in Chinese. Either translation or 4 transliteration is the medium for transformation of the 5 loanwords into Chinese characters which are similar to the meaning of the loanwords. Since Chinese is a mono­ 7 8 syllabic language, 6 the disyllabic or polysyllabic features of the transliterated loanwords often produce a possible ambiguity of the meaning in the Chinese sentence. Lately, translation has played a dominant role in the borrowing of the foreign words, and some of the trans­ literation of the loanwords in the past has been gradually abolished and replaced by translation.9 In addition to the problems mentioned above, writing the same loanwords in various translations or transliterations also may decrease the efficiency of the communication. Therefore, the researcher is interested in an exploration of the extent of standardization of the Chinese characters selected for translation or transliter­ ation. The previous studies on loanwords in Chinese stress the technical analysis of the phonemes and morphemes of the original language and the target language. The present study, however, will include the examination and classifi­ cation of the loanwords in current Chinese newswriting in Taiwan in terms of semantic domains. 3 Statement of Purpose The purpose of the present study, therefore, is to 10 reseach the sinified loanwords found in current news­ papers. More specifically, answers to the following questions are to be discovered: 1. How extensive is the standardization of the conventional translation or transliteration of English 1 loanwords in Chinese in terms of explicative hybrid, 1 loan-blend,12 independent hybrid,13 word-for-word transla- 14 l t.ion, descriptive . t rans 1a t·ion, S and dou bl et? lG 2. What kind of proportion of these English loan­ words in Chinese exist in selected newswriting in terms of the socio-political, technical-scientific, scholarly, sports, and business-economic terminology? Procedure 1. The following procedure has been employed to accomplish this study: Review of the Literature Since this study could be reviewed in the areas of speech (or communication) and language, the review of these areas was included. The review of communication and/ or speech was accomplished in the following manner. a. Review of Communication Monographs from 1934 through 1982, The Speech Communication Association. 4 b. Review of Speech Abstracts Vol III, 1972, Long Beach, California State College, Department of Speech Communication. Only Vol. III, 1972 available in the library. c. Review of Communication Abstracts from 1978 through 1982, Sage Publications, Inc. , 275 South Beverly Drive, Beverly Hills, California 90212. d. Review of American Doctoral Dissertations from 1960 through 1980 was accomplished in the areas of Language and Literature, and Speech. Patricia Colling, Editor, Helen Greenway, Publisher, University Microfilm International. e. Review of Bibliographic Annual in Speech Communication from 1970 through 1975, a Publication of the Speech Communication Association. f. Review of Master's Theses in the Arts and Social Science 1976-1981, edited by H. M. Silvey, Research Publications, Cedar Falls, Iowa. g. Review of Index to Journal in Communication Studies Through 1979, compiled by Ronald J. Matlon, Published by the Speech Communication Association. h. Review of Masters Abstracts from 1962 through 1982, Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. 5 After these previous studies were carefully sur­ veyed, it verifies no duplicate study exists concerning an investigation of the loanwords in Chinese through current Chinese newswriting. The review of the language area was accomplished in the following manner: a. Review of The Modern Language Journal from 1949 through 1982, published by the National Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations. b. Review of Language from 1979 through 1982, Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, edited by William Bright, Waverly Press, Inc. , Baltimore, Maryland. c. Review of Language and Language Behavior Abstracts from 1967 through 1976, United States Inter­ national University. The survey of the previous studies mentioned above verifies no duplicate study exists. Review of MLA Bibliography from 1964 through 1980 was accomplished in the Sino-Tibetan section of the Non­ Indo-European Linguistics.
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