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Special Issue: Superintelligence Guest Editors: Ryan Carey Matthijs Maas Nell Watson Roman Yampolskiy

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Special Issue: Superintelligence Guest Editors: Ryan Carey Matthijs Maas Nell Watson Roman Yampolskiy Volume 41 Number 4 December 2017 Special Issue: Superintelligence Guest Editors: Ryan Carey Matthijs Maas Nell Watson Roman Yampolskiy 1977 Editorial Boards Informatica is a journal primarily covering intelligent systems in Editorial Board the European computer science, informatics and cognitive com- Juan Carlos Augusto (Argentina) munity; scientific and educational as well as technical, commer- Vladimir Batagelj (Slovenia) cial and industrial. Its basic aim is to enhance communications Francesco Bergadano (Italy) between different European structures on the basis of equal rights Marco Botta (Italy) and international refereeing. It publishes scientific papers accep- Pavel Brazdil (Portugal) ted by at least two referees outside the author’s country. In addi- Andrej Brodnik (Slovenia) tion, it contains information about conferences, opinions, critical Ivan Bruha (Canada) examinations of existing publications and news. Finally, major Wray Buntine (Finland) practical achievements and innovations in the computer and infor- Zhihua Cui (China) mation industry are presented through commercial publications as Aleksander Denisiuk (Poland) well as through independent evaluations. Hubert L. Dreyfus (USA) Editing and refereeing are distributed. Each editor from the Jozo Dujmovic´ (USA) Editorial Board can conduct the refereeing process by appointing Johann Eder (Austria) two new referees or referees from the Board of Referees or Edi- George Eleftherakis (Greece) torial Board. Referees should not be from the author’s country. If Ling Feng (China) new referees are appointed, their names will appear in the list of Vladimir A. Fomichov (Russia) referees. Each paper bears the name of the editor who appointed Maria Ganzha (Poland) the referees. Each editor can propose new members for the Edi- Sumit Goyal (India) torial Board or referees. Editors and referees inactive for a longer Marjan Gusevˇ (Macedonia) period can be automatically replaced. Changes in the Editorial N. Jaisankar (India) Board are confirmed by the Executive Editors. Dariusz Jacek Jakobczak´ (Poland) The coordination necessary is made through the Executive Edi- Dimitris Kanellopoulos (Greece) tors who examine the reviews, sort the accepted articles and main- Samee Ullah Khan (USA) tain appropriate international distribution. The Executive Board Hiroaki Kitano (Japan) is appointed by the Society Informatika. Informatica is parti- Igor Kononenko (Slovenia) ally supported by the Slovenian Ministry of Higher Education, Miroslav Kubat (USA) Science and Technology. Ante Lauc (Croatia) Each author is guaranteed to receive the reviews of his article. Jadran Lenarciˇ cˇ (Slovenia) When accepted, publication in Informatica is guaranteed in less Shiguo Lian (China) than one year after the Executive Editors receive the corrected Suzana Loskovska (Macedonia) version of the article. Ramon L. de Mantaras (Spain) Natividad Mart´ınez Madrid (Germany) Executive Editor – Editor in Chief Sando Martinciˇ c-Ipi´ siˇ c´ (Croatia) Matjazˇ Gams Angelo Montanari (Italy) Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Pavol Navrat´ (Slovakia) Phone: +386 1 4773 900, Fax: +386 1 251 93 85 Jerzy R. Nawrocki (Poland) [email protected] Nadia Nedjah (Brasil) http://dis.ijs.si/mezi/matjaz.html Franc Novak (Slovenia) Editor Emeritus Marcin Paprzycki (USA/Poland) Anton P. Zeleznikarˇ Wiesław Pawłowski (Poland) Volaricevaˇ 8, Ljubljana, Slovenia Ivana Podnar Zarkoˇ (Croatia) [email protected] Karl H. Pribram (USA) http://lea.hamradio.si/˜s51em/ Luc De Raedt (Belgium) Shahram Rahimi (USA) Executive Associate Editor - Deputy Managing Editor Dejan Rakovic´ (Serbia) Mitja Lustrek,ˇ Jozefˇ Stefan Institute Jean Ramaekers (Belgium) [email protected] Wilhelm Rossak (Germany) Executive Associate Editor - Technical Editor Ivan Rozman (Slovenia) Drago Torkar, Jozefˇ Stefan Institute Sugata Sanyal (India) Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Walter Schempp (Germany) Phone: +386 1 4773 900, Fax: +386 1 251 93 85 Johannes Schwinn (Germany) [email protected] Zhongzhi Shi (China) Oliviero Stock (Italy) Contact Associate Editors Robert Trappl (Austria) Europe, Africa: Matjaz Gams Terry Winograd (USA) N. and S. America: Shahram Rahimi Stefan Wrobel (Germany) Asia, Australia: Ling Feng Konrad Wrona (France) Overview papers: Maria Ganzha, Wiesław Pawłowski, Xindong Wu (USA) Aleksander Denisiuk Yudong Zhang (China) Rushan Ziatdinov (Russia & Turkey) Informatica 41 (2017) 383–386 383 Editor-in-Chief's Introduction to the Special Issue on ‟Superintelligence”, AI and an Overview of IJCAI 2017 This editorial consists of two parts: first, an introduction Law, Conflict and Crisis (CILCC). He holds an M.Sc. in to the Superintelligence special issue and, second, the International Relations from the University of Edinburgh. traditional AI and IJCAI overview, which this year has His research interests include the safe governance of been a little delayed. artificial intelligence and the effects of emerging technologies on strategic stability, amongst others. He is 1 Superintelligence special issue also a Junior Associate of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute. Being Editor-In-Chief means many tedious hours of Ryan Carey is a research intern in AI safety at Ought rapid proof-reading for all the papers, several times, as Inc and a research affiliate at the Centre for Study of well as choosing interesting special issues and writing Existential Risk. He edited the Effective Altruism editorials. One of the great joys of the editorial work is to Handbook, a compilation of essays about how to do more see an excellent special issue delivered, like this one on good with limited resources. He also founded the superintelligence. Let me shed some light on the editorial Effective Altruism Forum and cofounded Effective part of the special issue. Altruism Melbourne. First of all, with help from colleagues at the Future While the quality of any journal issue comes down to of Life Institute we came across Roman Yampolskiy, the authors of the papers, the editors of the special issue born in Latvia and a graduate of the University of deserve particular attention as well. Buffalo. His book “Artificial Superintelligence: A Last but not least, let me thank Tine Kolenik, a Futuristic Approach” (Figure 1) represents a more student that helped me with this special issue, and Drago technically oriented viewpoint than Bostrom’s Torkar, technical editor of Informatica, for special efforts philosophical “Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, with the editorial system. Strategies”. He is an associate at the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, a think tank that analyses global risks to the survival of human civilization. Whatever the case, 2 AI and IJCAI 2017 Roman gave a major boost to the superintelligence The progress of artificial intelligence (AI) is certainly special issue. fast and furious from the technical point of view. Each year there are scores of new achievements in academia, gaming, industry, and real life, having implications for the way we live and work. For example, autonomous vehicles are improving constantly, and are being introduced into more and more countries. Recently, IJCAI presented its annual general overview of the AI SOTA and progress. Figure 1: Yampolskiy's book on Artificial Superintelligence. Three more special editors joined in the following Figure 2: Increase in the number of IJCAI papers in weeks: Nell Watson, Matthijs Maas and Ryan Carrey. recent years. Nell Watson is an engineer and futurist thinker, a The 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial kind of Northern Irish Ray Kurzweil, the latest probably Intelligence was held in Melbourne, Australia in August the best-known singularity enthusiast and forecaster. She 2017 [6]. Melbourne has been judged the world's most also advises The Lifeboat Foundation, helping to pinpoint liveable city for the seventh year running and indeed it is the trajectories of human progress. She works at the safe, clean, uncrowded, full of green nature and Singularity University and the United Nations architectural wonders. It is a prosperous city that hosted a University. prosperous scientific event! Matthijs Maas is a PhD Fellow in Law and Policy on The growth in AI is indicated by the number of Global Catastrophic and Existential Threats at the papers submitted to the IJCAI conference (Figure 2). In University of Copenhagen’s Centre for International 384 Informatica 41 (2017) 383–386 M. Gams 2016 in New York there were 2294 papers, while in 2017 2 is originally played in matches between two teams of in Melbourne, 2540 papers were reviewed. The growth five players, with each team occupying and defending has been steady since 2009. their own separate base on the map. Each of the ten players independently controls a powerful character, known as a "hero", who all have unique abilities and differing styles of play. During a match, the player collects experience points and items for their heroes in order to successfully fight the opposing team's heroes, who are doing the same. A team wins by being the first to destroy a large structure located in the opposing team's base, called the "Ancient", which is guarded by defensive towers.” Regarding the methods, reinforcement learning and deep neural networks were the most commonly applied; however, the AI field at IJCAI 2017 was presented for Figure 3: Papers per country at IJCAI 2017. more than 10 major areas. Various types of deep neural networks (DNNs) A study of the papers submitted per country (Figure continue their excellence in visual recognition tasks and
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