Configuration and Transition of Business Models in the ICT Industry: a Study of Content Management Systems

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Configuration and Transition of Business Models in the ICT Industry: a Study of Content Management Systems UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT ECONOMIE EN BEDRIJFSKUNDE ACADEMIEJAAR 2011 – 2012 Configuration and Transition of Business Models in the ICT Industry: a Study of Content Management Systems Masterproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Master of Science in de Toegepaste Economische Wetenschappen: Handelsingenieur Reinout Denys Gert Vanhaverbeke onder leiding van Prof. dr. Bart Clarysse UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT ECONOMIE EN BEDRIJFSKUNDE ACADEMIEJAAR 2011 – 2012 Configuration and Transition of Business Models in the ICT Industry: a Study of Content Management Systems Masterproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Master of Science in de Toegepaste Economische Wetenschappen: Handelsingenieur Reinout Denys Gert Vanhaverbeke onder leiding van Prof. dr. Bart Clarysse Permission The authors hereby grant Ghent University the right to make this master thesis available for consultation. The reader is granted the right to copy parts of this master thesis for personal use only, explicitly mentioning the source when referring to the contents of this master thesis. Redistribution or publication of this document, partly or entirely, in any form, with or without modification, without prior written approval of both authors, is forbidden. Reinout Denys Gert Vanhaverbeke May 2012 May 2012 Acknowledgements This master thesis is the final step to obtain the certificate of Master of Science in Business Engineering. Without help we would not have been able to finish this master thesis. Therefore we would like to say special thanks to several people. First and foremost, we would like to thank our promoter Prof. dr. Bart Clarysse for giving us the opportunity to write this master thesis and gain an in-depth knowledge in the interesting world of business models and ICT firms. Furthermore, we are very appreciative of the support from research assistant Aarti Mahajan from the department of management, innovation and entrepreneurship. As she was always prepared to meet with us, her support kept us on the right track during the whole execution of our master thesis. We are also very appreciative of the input of Prof. dr. ir. Frank Gielen. Both his classes and the extra information he provided us with, were very useful. This work was only possible thanks to the input of multiple business professionals: Bart De Waele, Ben Hodous, Brian Brown, Dean Smith, Eddy Lalou, Eric Kuhnen, Franz Maruna, Rob Gietema, Sam Keller, Sjoerd van Elferen and Tim Geyssens. All of them provided us with insights on the structure and functioning of their companies, which constitute the fundamentals of our work. We also want to thank Annelies Vandenberghe for proofreading this master thesis, and Piet Vanhaverbeke, Sarah Praet and Gertjan Verdickt for reviewing parts of this master thesis. To conclude we also want to express our appreciation to our parents and friends for supporting us during the stressful and intense period for completing this master thesis. Reinout Denys & Gert Vanhaverbeke, May 2012 I Samenvatting (Dutch Summary) In deze thesis gaan we na hoe verschillende bedrijven zich organiseren om hun product aan de klant te brengen. We focussen ons hiervoor op ICT bedrijven en meer in het bijzonder op aanbieders van Content Management Systemen. Een belangrijk onderscheid dat moet gemaakt worden zijn de twee grote strekkingen binnen de softwarewereld. Aan de ene kant betreft het de ‘closed source’-bedrijven, waarbinnen de broncode van het product geheim blijft en aan de andere kant vindt men de ‘open source’-bedrijven die hun broncode vrijgeven en met behulp van een ‘community’ deze verder ontwikkelen. In een uitgebreid literatuuronderzoek bespreken we de belangrijkste thema’s die noodzakelijk zijn voor het verdere verloop van dit onderzoek. Eerst en vooral wordt het concept omtrent business modellen behandeld. Dit concept is nog vrij nieuw aangezien het pas midden de jaren negentig in literatuur opgedoken is. Sinds de internetzeepbel is het echter een zeer populair begrip geworden. Ondanks de populariteit van dit begrip is in de literatuur geen algemeen aanvaarde conclusie over business modellen te vinden. In de eerste plaats werden vooral toepassingen van business modellen van internetbedrijven besproken, maar al snel werd duidelijk dat het concept ook voor andere bedrijven interessant is. Een business model speelt een grote rol in de prestaties en levensvatbaarheid van een bedrijf aangezien het de grote lijnen van het waardecreatieproces en het leveren van die waarde aan de eindklant beschrijft. Door de grote verscheidenheid aan visies is het moeilijk een eenduidige betekenis aan het begrip te binden. Toch komen verschillende aspecten meermaals terug. Op basis van die aspecten kan de volgende definitie opgesteld worden: “Een business model is een raamwerk dat de basislogica van een bedrijf omtrent het creëren en leveren van waarde aan zijn klanten bespreekt. Rekening houdend met de bijdrage van noodzakelijke middelen, activiteiten en partners voor het bedrijf en de financiële consequenties van deze acties.” In de literatuur wordt dit raamwerk dikwijls verder opgesplitst in specifieke componenten met elk hun belangrijke bouwstenen. Deze onderverdelingen maken het mogelijk om een business model te begrijpen en er over te kunnen communiceren. Volgens het werk van Osterwalder (2010) kunnen er over het algemeen 4 grote componenten geïsoleerd II worden: product, klanten, infrastructuur en financiën. De bouwstenen bespreken binnen elke component hoe ze bijdragen tot de algemene werking van een onderneming. product: waardepropositie: welke waarde in de vorm van een product of service het bedrijf de klanten wil bieden op basis van de klantbehoeftes klanten: klantensegmenten: welke doelgroep(en) het bedrijf tracht te bereiken distributiekanalen: op welke manier het bedrijf zijn klant zal bereiken klantenrelaties: op welke manier het bedrijf met zijn klanten communiceert infrastructuur: middelen: welke middelen en vaardigheden het bedrijf moet bezitten om te kunnen voldoen aan hun waardepropositie activiteiten: de activiteiten die waarde creëren en leveren aan de klant partnernetwerk: betreft het netwerk van leveranciers en partners en welke activiteiten door het bedrijf zelf en welke extern worden gedaan financiën: kosten: welke kosten gemaakt moeten worden voor het creëren en het leveren van de waarde aan de klanten inkomsten: de inkomsten die het bedrijf genereert door het leveren van de waardepropositie aan de klant Verder moet nog opgemerkt worden dat een business model niet gelijk is aan een strategie. Magretta (2002) merkt hierbij op dat elk bedrijf vroeg of laat geconfronteerd zal worden met concurrentie. Hoe een bedrijf hier mee omgaat, wordt bepaald door de strategie. Op die manier zullen strategie en een business model elkaar dus aanvullen. Het tweede deel van de literatuurstudie bespreekt ‘open source’. Dit principe gaat in tegen de standaarden van ‘closed source’-softwarebedrijven. Dergelijke bedrijven bieden hun software aan in de vorm van licenties voor het gebruik ervan, bijvoorbeeld Microsoft. ‘Open source’ houdt over het algemeen in dat de broncode vrij beschikbaar gemaakt wordt. Het beschikbaar stellen van de broncode in ‘open source’ wordt ondersteund door het bestaan van verschillende licenties waaronder de code wordt uitgebracht. Deze licenties III kunnen van verschillende aard zijn. Algemeen worden de licenties onderverdeeld onder de categoriën ‘permissive’ en ‘restrictive’. Dit komt neer op het al dan niet beschikbaar maken van de code om gebruikt te worden in ‘closed source’-software. Deze licenties zijn nodig om twee redenen. Enerzijds, wordt op die manier het initiële eigendom van het auteursrecht gevrijwaard. Anderzijds zorgen deze licenties dat verdere ontwikkelingen van de software ook gedeeld worden met de hele ‘community’. Bedrijven kunnen op verschillende manieren ‘open source’-software gebruiken om inkomsten en zelfs winst te generen. Ze kunnen de code gebruiken bij het ontwikkelen van een nieuw product dat ze dan aanbieden aan hun klanten of ze kunnen het volledige ‘open source’-product bundelen met bestaande producten en/of services en op die manier aanbieden aan hun klanten. Het derde deel binnen de literatuurstudie behandelt ‘content management’. We spitsen ons hierop toe omdat binnen dit segment een breed aanbod van zowel ‘closed source’- als ‘open source’-bedrijven beschikbaar is. ‘Content management’-systemen hebben over het algemeen drie basis functionaliteiten, nl. verzamelen, managen en publiceren van ‘content’ (informatie). Specifiek wordt het gebruikt voor websites waarbij de controle in handen is van de eigenaar van de informatie in plaats van in handen van de informaticus. Met een ‘content management’-systeem kunnen personen zonder tussenkomst van een informaticus de inhoud van hun website aanpassen. Dit principe blijkt niet enkel interessant te zijn voor websites, maar ook bedrijven zien het potentieel van het principe. Zij gebruiken dergelijke systemen voor het managen van informatie binnen alle lagen van het bedrijf. Een laatste thema binnen de literatuurstudie omvat een beperkte uiteenzetting omtrent ‘Software as a Service (SaaS)’. Dit principe wordt binnen de ICT wereld gezien als belangrijke trend binnen de industrie en is dus zeker ook van toepassing op ‘content management’-systemen. SaaS kan kort samengevat worden als software die beschikbaar gesteld wordt en toegankelijk is via het internet. Het principe is interessant voor bedrijven omdat op die manier een nieuwe groep klanten interessant
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