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Implementering Av VBS System I Sverige

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Implementering Av VBS System I Sverige Examensarbete 15 högskolepoäng C-nivå Implementering av VBS system i Sverige Asmaa Tarek och Zhir Farhad Byggingenjörsprogrammet 180 högskolepoäng Örebro vårterminen 2020 Examinator: Mats Persson Implementation of VBS system in Sweden ​ Örebro universitet Örebro University Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik School of Science and Technology 701 82 Örebro SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden FÖRORD VBS (voided biaxial slab) är en teknik som går ut på att minimera betongen i plattorna och ersätta med ihåliga plastbollar istället. På så sätt reduceras betongplattans vikt, vilket medför fördelar till konstruktionen. Det tillämpas på flera håll i världen och i denna rapport görs en undersökning om VBS kan implementeras i Sverige också. Fördelar och nackdelar av VBS systemet lyfts fram och jämförs med konventionell massiv betongplatta. Detta examensarbete är utförd av Asmaa Tarek och Zhir Farhad som är studenter vid Örebro universitet, högskoleingenjörsprogrammet i byggteknik. 1 2 SAMMANFATTNING Betong är idag ett av de material som vi använder mest i byggbranschen och det har sina följder. Mer än 50 % av energiutsläppen från byggplatsen kommer från cementtillverkningen. Voided biaxial slab eller VBS är en revolutionerande teknik där man gjuter in plastbollar i betongen tillsammans med armeringen. Arbetstiden samt torktiden kortas ned samtidigt som vi bevarar hållfastheten och dess funktionalitet. I den här rapporten kommer vi titta närmare på VBS teknik och jämföra det med konventionell betongplatta och se om tekniken är lämplig för att implementeras i Sverige. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod i form av källanalys från internet och tryckta källor. Även en komparativ metod i de fallen vi har hittat information från mer än en källa. Rapporten kommer enbart fokusera på betongplattor och våningsavskiljande bjälklag. VBS används i horisontella plan endast. Tak och väggar är därför uteslutna. Tekniken kommer presenteras i form av viktiga aspekter för dess överlevnad i den svenska marknaden såsom ekonomi, strukturella fördelar och hållbarhet. Resultatet visar att VBS rent ekonomiskt nästan bara är positivt jämfört med den konventionella betongplattan som endast består av armerad betong. Konstruktionsmässigt är VBS ett konkurrenskraftigt alternativ till armerad betong. Böjhållfastheten är detsamma som armerad betong. Andra bra positiva aspekter är miljövänligheten, arbetsmiljömässigt, energikonsumtion och värmeisolering. De mindre bra egenskaperna är sämre prestanda i skjuvmotstånd, brandmotstånd och ljudisolering. VBS kan implementeras i Sverige men för att plast ska introduceras i en så pass stor skala så behövs en infrastruktur. Den bör tillgodose hållbart produktion av Bubbledeck och separera materialen vid rivning. Tekniken medför stora fördelar men trots det kan företagen få svårt att motivera sig till att bygga med VBS när betong är så lättillgängligt och varit med så länge. Nyckelord: VBS, Voided biaxial slab, bubbledeck, Cobiax, Bubble Deck, U-boot, ​ betongplatta, ihålig betongplatta, voided slab, platteknik, platta, betongbjälklag. 3 ABSTRACT Concrete is today one of the materials we use most in the construction industry and it has its consequences. More than 50% of the energy emissions from the construction site come from cement production. Voided biaxial slab or VBS is a revolutionary technique in which plastic balls are cast into the concrete together with the reinforcement. The working time and the drying time are reduced while maintaining the strength and its functionality. In this report, we will take a closer look at VBS technology and compare it with conventional concrete slab and see if the technology is suitable for implementation in Sweden. We have used a qualitative method in the form of source analysis from the Internet and printed sources. Also a comparative method in cases where we have found information from more than one source. The report will focus solely on concrete slabs and floor separating flooring. VBS is used in horizontal planes only. Roofs and walls are therefore excluded. The technology will be presented in the form of important aspects for its survival in the Swedish market such as economy, structural benefits and sustainability. The result shows that VBS is financially almost only positive compared to the conventional concrete slab, which consists only of reinforced concrete. In terms of design, VBS is a competitive alternative to reinforced concrete. The flexural strength is the same as reinforced concrete. Other good positive aspects are environmental friendliness, work environment, energy consumption and heat insulation. The less good features are poor performance in shear resistance, fire resistance and sound insulation. VBS can be implemented in Sweden but for plastic to be introduced on such a large scale, an infrastructure is needed. It should meet the sustainable production of Bubbledeck and separate the materials during demolition. The technology brings great benefits, but despite this, companies can find it difficult to motivate them to build with VBS when concrete is so easily accessible and has been around for so long. Keywords: VBS, Voided biaxial slab, bubble deck, Cobiax, Bubble Deck, U-boot, concrete ​ slab, hollow concrete slab, voided slab, slab technique, slab, concrete floor slab. 4 INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING FÖRORD 1 SAMMANFATTNING 3 ABSTRACT 4 INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING 5 SYMBOLER 6 1 INLEDNING 7 1.1 BAKGRUND 7 1.2 SYFTE 7 1.3 AVGRÄNSNING 7 1.4 METODIK 7 2 VBS SYSTEM 7 2.1 VARIANTER AV VBS 8 2.2 HÅLLFASTHET 10 2.3 BRANDSÄKERHET 11 2.4 VÄRMEISOLERING 12 2.5 LJUDISOLERING 13 2.6 EKONOMI 14 2.7 MILJÖASPEKT 15 2.8 ARBETSUTFÖRANDE 16 2.9 KOLLAPS 17 2.10 VBS PROJEKT 19 3 RESULTAT OCH ANALYS 19 4 SLUTSATS 22 5 DISKUSSION OCH FORTSATT ARBETE 23 REFERENSER 24 5 SYMBOLER λ = värmekonduktivitet som anger hur bra ett material isolerar d = isoleringsskiktet tjocklek angivet i meter 6 1 INLEDNING 1.1 BAKGRUND I dagsläget är armerad betong det konstruktionsmaterial som används mest. Om vi på något sätt kan minska mängden betong men samtidigt bevara hållfastheten så bygger vi mer miljövänligt. Betong har fört byggsektorn världen över till en ny era av modernisering, men tillverkningen står idag för mer än hälften av klimatpåverkan under byggprocessen. Inom byggsektorn är plast ingenting nytt utan används i flera områden med stor framgång. Plast finns i många vardagliga produkter och nästan all plast kan återvinnas upp till nio gånger. På så sätt skapas en cykel som kan gå flera varv innan materialet tappar sin funktion. Därför är VBS (voided biaxial slab) en intressant metod som vi borde titta närmare på i Sverige. Tekniken har haft stora framgångar i Nordamerika och börjat användas på flera håll även i den europeiska byggbranschen. 1.2 SYFTE Syftet med den här rapporten är att undersöka tekniska egenskaper av VBS och jämföra med den traditionella massiva betongplattan. På så vis är det möjligt att dra slutsatsen om VBS är hållbart i längden, om det är fördelaktigt att implementera systemet i Sverige och om det är en teknik som kan ersätta den traditionella betongplattan. 1.3 AVGRÄNSNING I det här arbetet granskas enbart plattor som konstruktionsdel eftersom VBS teknik endast avser betongplattor. VBS tekniken kommer redovisas ur samtliga aspekter: varianter av VBS, hållfasthet, brandsäkerhet, värmeisolering, ljudisolering, ekonomi, miljö, arbetsutförande, kollaps och exempel på VBS projekt. 1.4 METODIK Uppsatsen består främst av informationssökning på internet och litteraturstudier. Eftersom tekniken fortfarande är relativ ny och färsk på marknaden finns det få rapporter om VBS. De rapporter som finns är oftast utförda för planerade konstruktioner och är oftast projektspecifika. 2 VBS SYSTEM Plattor konstrueras för att motstå vertikala belastningar i byggnader. För att undvika buller, vibrationer och nedböjning ökas tjockleken på plattorna. Att öka tjockleken på plattan leder i sin tur till ökat antal pelare, fundament och mängd betong och armering. VBS (voided biaxial slab), även kallat bubble deck, är ett system för betongplattor som används i syfte att minska egenvikten av plattan och ger på så sätt en hel del fördelar. VBS metoden går ut på att eliminera en del av betongen från mitten av plattan som inte har någon strukturell funktion, genom att istället montera in ihåliga plastbubblor. På så sätt minskar egenvikten av plattan 7 med ca. 30-40% och även belastningen på byggnaden. Den här metoden är känd som ett effektivt system som minskat plattans egenvikt. Metoden är licensierad och lanserades i Danmark i syfte att spara betong och energi i byggnader (Bais, Bhendale & Pande 2018). 2.1 VARIANTER AV VBS Det finns flera varianter av VBS system på marknaden. Här nämns Bubble Deck-, Cobiax- och U-boot teknik. Alla tre teknikerna har funktionen att ersätta icke funktionell betong med hålrum av plast. De tre teknikerna har olika form på plastmaterialet vilket ger en skillnad i plattans tjocklek. VBS metoderna beskrivs från olika perspektiv, dock har de många gemensamma egenskaper. Observera att varje egenskap inte repeteras för varje teknik och att egenskaperna som lyfts upp gäller generellt för VBS systemet. Jorgen Bruenig uppfann den första tvåaxliga ihåliga plattan på 1990-talet i Danmark. I dag är tekniken känd som Bubble Deck (se figur 1) och den nya prefabricerade tekniken används i många byggprojekt i världen. Bubblorna tillverkas i sfärisk eller ellipsoidal form. Högdensitets polyetenplast (HDPE) används vid tillverkning av bubblorna. Vanligtvis används material som inte är poröst för
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