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CFRP Strenghtening of Concrete Slabs, with and Without Openings 2005:87 LICENTIATE T H E SI S CFRP Strengthening of Concrete Slabs, with and without Openings Experiment, Analysis, Design and Field Application Ola Enochsson Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Structural Engineering 2005:87|: 02-757|: -c -- 05⁄87 -- LICENTIATE THESIS CFRP Strengthening of Concrete Slabs, with and without Openings Experiment, Analysis, Design and Field Application Ola Enochsson Luleå 2005 Division of Structural Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Luleå University of Technology SE - 971 87 LULEÅ www.cee.ltu.se construction.project.ltu.se Preface Preface The research work presented in this thesis has been financed by SKANSKA and SBUF (The Development Fund of the Swedish Construction Industry), and partly by the European Union regional funds and Sto Scandinavia AB. M.Sc. Anders Ericsson and doctoral student Tobias Larsson are acknowledged for the initial work during the pilot study while performing their Master’s thesis, Ericsson & Larsson (2003). M.Sc. Piotr Rusinowski is greatly acknowledged for his participation during the test, the preparation of the specimens and his excellent work with his Master’s thesis, Rusinowski (2005). His and Tech Lic Joakim Lundqvist’s work with making the FE-models and the FE-analyses, has contributed significantly to the outcome of this research. The work by Mr. Håkan Johansson, Mr. Lars Åström, Mr. Hans-Olov Johansson and M.Sc. Georg Danielsson at Testlab, Luleå University of Technology, are also greatly appreciated in the discussion, preparation and carrying out of the laboratory experiments. My supervisors Prof. Thomas Olofsson and Prof. Björn Täljsten are acknowledged for giving me the opportunity to perform this study and for their engagement in all situations, during the whole journey. Finally, to my family: Aina, Kevin and Jennifer – you have sacrificed a lot and I hope that something good can come out from this, for your sakes, too. Luleå in November 2005 Ola Enochsson I CFRP Strengthening of Concrete Slabs, with and without Openings II Abstract Abstract Rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures with externally bonded FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) has been a viable technique for at least a decade. The most common way to strengthen a structure is in flexure where the design normally follows traditional concrete design, with exceptions for control of bond and anchorage related to the FRP. The method is also used for strengthening in shear and torsion, as well as for strengthening of columns. An interesting and useful application is strengthening of slabs or walls without or with openings. In the latter situation, FRP sheets or plates are very suitable; not only because of their strength, but also due to the simplicity in the execution in comparison to traditional steel girders or other lintel systems. Even though many benefits have been shown in the use of FRP strengthening of openings in practical applications, not much research have been presented in the scientific literature. In this licentiate thesis, the results from laboratory tests on strengthened slabs loaded with a uniformly distributed load are analyzed with analytical and numerical methods. The slabs with openings have been strengthened with CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers) sheets and are compared to traditionally steel reinforced slabs, both with and without openings. The results from the tests show that slabs with openings can be strengthened with externally bonded CFRP sheets. The performance is, in comparison, even better than for traditionally steel reinforced slabs if bond failure can be avoided. The numerical and analytical evaluations are in good agreement with the experimental results. III CFRP Strengthening of Concrete Slabs, with and without Openings The case study presented in chapter 5, shows a practical design application of a courtyard deck strengthened with CFRP using epoxy bonded plates. It also points out the difficulties in retrofitting of existing structures. Since the information was inadequate when the original design was performed, an active design approach was used i.e. the design was changed when the true site conditions was revealed during the reconstruction work. IV Notations and Abbreviations Notations and Abbreviations Explanations in the text of notations or abbreviations in direct conjunction to their appearance have preference to what is treated here. Roman upper case letters A Area, [m2] 2 As Area reinforcement steel, [m ] c Length to zero shear, [m] E Young’s modulus, [N/m2] F Sectional force, [N] Fc Column support load, [N] fcck Concrete compression strength, [Pa] ftck Concrete tensile strength, [Pa] fyk Steel yield strength, [Pa] 2 Gf Fracture energy, [Nm/mm ] L Length, [m] Md Designing bending moment, [Nm] Mx Bending moment in x-direction, [Nm] My Bending moment in y-direction, [Nm] P Point load or reaction force, [N] Pc Column support load, [N] V CFRP Strengthening of Concrete Slabs, with and without Openings Roman lower case letters m Distributed designing bending moment, [kNm] m Mechanical reinforcement ratio, [-] mav Average bending moment, [kNm] mbal Balanced mechanical reinforcement ratio, [-] md Designing bending moment, [kNm] mf Bending field moment, [kNm] ms Balanced support moment, [kNm] Greek lower case letters ν Poissons ratio, [-] εcu Concrete ultimate strain, [-] εs Steel strain, [-] ı Stresses, [Pa] Abbreviations CFRP Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers CEN The Committee European Normalisation CSHM Civil Structural Health Monitoring EN European Norm FE(M) Finite Element (Method) FRP Fibre Reinforced Polymers ISO International Standardisation Organisation LVDT Linear Voltage Displacement Transducer SM Strip Method SLS Serviceability Limit State ULS Ultimate Limit State YL Yield Line Theory VI Table of Contents Table of Contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................I ABSTRACT......................................................................................................III NOTATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................V TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................ VII 1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................1 1.2 Aim and scope..................................................................................3 1.3 Method .............................................................................................3 1.4 Outline..............................................................................................4 2 STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES ...........................5 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................5 2.1.1 Strategies for maintenance, repair and upgrading................5 2.1.2 European standards...............................................................8 2.1.3 Repair and upgrading methods.............................................9 2.2 FRP in repair and strengthening of concrete construction.............11 2.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................11 2.2.2 FRP material and adhesives ...............................................12 2.2.3 FRP strengthening systems ................................................16 2.3 Design guidelines...........................................................................19 2.4 Design and strengthening methodology.........................................20 2.4.1 General ...............................................................................20 2.4.2 Evaluation of existing conditions.......................................21 2.4.3 Strengthening analysis........................................................21 VII CFRP Strengthening of Concrete Slabs, with and without Openings 2.4.4 Strengthening strategy and method.................................... 21 2.4.5 Strengthening procedure, control and follow up................ 22 2.5 Strengthening analyses of slabs ..................................................... 22 2.5.1 Short historical background ............................................... 22 2.5.2 Swedish design methods .................................................... 23 2.5.3 Recent research.................................................................. 24 3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.................................................................... 27 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 27 3.2 Test setup....................................................................................... 28 3.3 Specimen........................................................................................ 32 3.4 Test procedure................................................................................ 37 3.5 Experimental result........................................................................ 37 4 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 43 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 43 4.2 Simplified analytical method ......................................................... 43 4.3 Numerical analysis........................................................................
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