TITANIC - Una Breve Storia

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TITANIC - Una Breve Storia TITANIC - Una breve Storia ... RMS TITANIC - Una breve Storia ... Secondo di tre transatlantici, il RMS Titanic, assieme ai suoi due gemelli Olympic e Britannic fu progettato per offrire un collegamento settimanale di linea con l'America e garantire il dominio delle rotte oceaniche alla White Star Linne. Costruito presso i cantieri Harland and Wolff di Belfast, il Titanic rappresentava la massima espressione della tecnologia navale di quei tempi ed era il più grande e lussuoso transatlantico del mondo. Durante il suo viaggio inaugurale da Southampton a New York, via Cherbourg e Queensrown, entrò in collisione con un iceberg alle 23,40 (ora di bordo) di domenica 14 aprile 1912. L'impatto provocò alcune falle lungo la fiancata destra del transatlantico, che affondò 2 ore e 40 minuti più 1 / 39 TITANIC - Una breve Storia ... tardi (alle 2,20 del 15 aprile) spezzandosi in due tronconi. Nel naufragio persero la vita 1.518 dei 2.223 passeggeri imbarcati compresi i 900 uomini dell'equipaggio; solo 705 persone riuscirono a salvarsi, alcune delle quali morirono subito dopo essere stati salvati dal Carpathia. L'evento suscitò un'enorme impressione sull'opinione pubblica e portò alla convocazione della prima “conferenza sulla sicurezza della vita umana in mare”. Il Titanic, come le gemelle RMS Olympic e Britannic, era stato progettato per competere con il Lusitania e il Mauretania, transatlantici della compagnia rivale Cunard Line che erano all'epoca le navi più lussuose, veloci e imponenti tra quelle impegnate sulle rotte transatlantiche. Poiché svolgeva anche il servizio postale, le fu assegnato il prefisso RMS ( Royal Mail Ship ) oltre a SS ( Steam ship ,nave a vapore) . La nave era stata disegnata da William Pirrie, presidente della Harland and Wolff, e dall'architetto navale Thomas Andrews, che era il capo progettista. La costruzione del Titanic , finanziata dall'armatore americanoJohn Pierpont Morgan con la sua società International Mercantile Marine Co., iniziò il 31 marzo 1909; lo scafo fu varato il 31 maggio 1911 e le sovrastrutture furono completate il 31 marzo dell'anno seguente. Venne registrato nel registro navale del porto di Liverpool col numero ufficiale N. 131428 e sigla telegrafica "MGY". Il costo finale del transatlantico fu di 7,5 milioni di dollari del 1912, 2 / 39 TITANIC - Una breve Storia ... equivalenti a 180 milioni di dollari del 2012. Il Titanic era lungo 269 metri e largo 28, aveva una stazza di 46.328 tons e l'altezza del ponte sulla linea di galleggiamento era di 18 metri (53 metri l'altezza totale). Sebbene avesse la stessa lunghezza dell' Olympic , aveva un tonnellaggio lordo maggiore per via del maggiore spazio interno, dovuto principalmente alla chiusura di parte della passeggiata sul ponte "A" con finestre parzialmente apribili. La propulsione era a vapore (era un piroscafo, a differenza delle successive imbarcazioni – definite motonavi – dotate dimotori Diesel), con quattro cilindri contrapposti invertibili a triplice espansione (macchine alternative) più una turbina Parson a bassa pressione. Le macchine alternative del Titanic e dell' Olympic restano le più grandi mai costruite, occupavano quattro piani in altezza sviluppando quasi 38 MW (51 000 CV ) di potenza e muovevano le due eliche laterali. La turbina muoveva la sola elica centrale. Le 29 caldaie, aventi un diametro di 5 metri ciascuna, erano in grado di bruciare circa 728 tonnellate di carbone al giorno. La velocità massima era di 23 nodi (43 K/m ), inferiore di tre nodi rispetto alla velocità del Mauretania. Solamente tre dei quattro fumaioli erano funzionanti, il quarto aveva solo la funzione di presa d'aria e fu aggiunto per rendere la figura della nave più imponente; erano dipinti in ocra e nero, come voleva la tradizione della White Star, mentre il rosso era il colore della Cunard Line. 3 / 39 TITANIC - Una breve Storia ... La nave aveva una capacità utile di 3.547 persone tra passeggeri ed equipaggio. L'allestimento di bordo comprendeva tra l'altro una piscina coperta di 9 m × 4 m s ul ponte D, sul modello dell' Olympic (per la prima volta su una nave), una palestra, un bagno turco e un campo di squash . Le cabine di prima classe erano rifinite con la massima sfarzosità. C'erano 34 suite, ognuna delle quali dotata di soggiorno, sala di lettura e sala da fumo; ogni suite era arredata in stile diverso. Erano disponibili tre ascensori per la prima classe e, come novità, un ascensore anche per la seconda classe. La terza classe valeva la seconda sulle altre navi, ed era decorata con legno di pino verniciato di bianco, pareti smaltate e sedie di teak. Nel ristorante di terza classe era collocato un pianoforte. Il Titanic era un gioiello di tecnologia ed era ritenuto praticamente inaffondabile. La sua stazione radio era considerata (con l' Olympic ) la più moderna e potente mai installata su un bastimento, la sua portata raggiungeva una distanza di 400 miglia (650 km) e le antenne erano collocate sui due alberi maestri ad un'altezza di 60 metri e distanti tra loro 180 metri (in caso di emergenza, il generatore elettrico poteva essere sostituito da un generatore diesel). Il ponte lance era dotato delle nuovissime gru "Welin", in grado di sostenere complessivamente 4 / 39 TITANIC - Una breve Storia ... 32 lance di salvataggio e ammainarne 64 (alla fine furono montate soltanto 16 lance). La chiglia della nave aveva un doppio fondo cellulare e lo scafo era suddiviso in 16 compartimenti stagni, le cui porte a ghigliottina si potevano chiudere automaticamente dal ponte di comando (in mancanza di energia elettrica si potevano chiudere sfruttando la forza di gravità). Questi compartimenti, però, non attraversavano tutta l'altezza dello scafo ma si fermavano al ponte E (più o meno a metà dello scafo, per dare più spazio alla disposizione delle sale). Il Titanic avrebbe potuto galleggiare anche con due dei compartimenti intermedi allagati oppure con tutti i primi quattro compartimenti di prua allagati. Lo scontro con l'iceberg causò però l'allagamento dei primi cinque compartimenti prodieri. I Costi Alla consegna il transatlantico Titanic costò circa 7,5 milioni di dollari (167 milioni di dollari del 2010 ), il biglietto di sola andata per New York, in suite di prima classe, costava 3.10o dollari dell'epoca, circa 40.000 euro del 2012 , mentre in appartamento di prima classe costava 4.350 dollari (o 870 sterline del 1912 pari a 83.200 dollari del 2007, circa 64.100 euro), in cabina di prima classe 150 dollari (o 30 sterline dell'epoca, pari a 2.975 dollari del 2007 o 2300 euro), in cabina di seconda classe 60 dollari (o 12 sterline dell'epoca pari a 1.200 dollari del 2007, ovvero circa 930 euro), mentre un biglietto di terza classe solo 32-40 dollari (6-8 sterline dell'epoca, circa 595-793 dollari del 2007, fra i 458 e i 610 euro); inviare un telegramma privato di 10 parole dal servizio telegrafico di bordo costava 3,12 dollari (12 scellini e 6 pence di allora, l'equivalente di 62 dollari del 2007, 48 euro) e 9 pence per ogni parola aggiuntiva. Una partita asquash 50 cent. ed una seduta al bagno turco 1 dollaro (rispettivamente 9 e 18 dollari odierni) 5 / 39 TITANIC - Una breve Storia ... Ed ora il calcolo degli stipendi del personale nel 1912 rapportati al controvalore di un secolo dopo (del 2012). Lo stipendio mensile del capitano Smith ammontava a 105 sterline (circa 6 050 dollari attuali), mentre quello di un marinaio era di 5 sterline al mese (290 dollari attuali), quello di una vedetta era di 5 sterline e 5 scellini (320 dollari attuali) e quello di una hostess era di 3 sterline e 10 scellini (attuali 190 dollari), mentre il salario medio di ciascun operaio addetto alla costruzione della nave era mensilmente pari a poco più d'una sterlina (corrispondente a circa 60 dollari odierni). I telegrafisti avevano stipendi diversi: a Philips spettavano 4 sterline e 5 scellini per il viaggio, mentre a Bride solo 2 sterline, 2 scellini e 6 penny. Il primo e unico viaggio del Titanic La durata del viaggio inaugurale del grande transatlantico era prevista di dieci giorni. Dopo la sua ultimazione, il 31 marzo 1912, la nave partì da Belfast il 2 aprile per giungere a Southampton due giorni dopo. La nave partì per il suo primo (e ultimo) viaggio il 10 aprile 1912 da Southhampton (Regno Unito) alle 12,00 verso New York , comandata dal capitano Edward John Smith. Per lui, il viaggio del nuovo transatlantico costituiva l'ultimo comando prima del pensionamento, e rappresentava il coronamento di una lunga e brillante carriera durata oltre 40 anni. In una sua celebre dichiarazione aveva affermato di non riuscire a immaginare alcun tipo d'infortunio che potesse accadere a questi nuovi transatlantici, poiché la tecnica di costruzione era andata ben oltre gli incidenti che si potessero allora immaginare. Egli volle al suo fianco un comandante in seconda più esperto di quello che gli era stato assegnato e, all'ultimo momento, chiese alla Compagnia di trasferire Henry Wilde sul Titanic, almeno per il viaggio inaugurale Wilde, che prima si trovava sull' Oly mpic , subentrò così a William Murdoch, il quale retrocesse al rango di 1° ufficiale; il 1° ufficiale 6 / 39 TITANIC - Una breve Storia ... Charles Lightoller diventò il 2°, mentre il 2° fu trasferito (nello svuotare in fretta l'armadietto dei propri effetti personali, egli – inavvertitamente – pose in valigia pure le chiavi dell'armadietto in cui erano custoditi i binocoli). Sembra che Wilde non fosse entusiasta dell'improvviso cambiamento e prima dello scalo a Queenstown scrisse alla sorella: “Questa nave continua a non piacermi, mi dà una strana sensazione”. Molti passeggeri della seconda classe, precedentemente prenotati su altre navi, vennero dirottati sul Titanic a causa di uno sciopero nelle forniture di carbone.
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