DOCSLIB.ORG

Coal Map of South America

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coal Map of South America U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY COAL MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA By Jean N. Weaver and Gordon H. Wood, Jr. Pamphlet to accompany COAL INVESTIGATIONS MAP C-145 CONTENTS Summary 1 Introduction 1 Background 1 Methods 1 Definitions and Criteria Used in this Report 2 Sedimentary Basins 2 Coal Basins, Fields, and Occurrences 2 Age 2 Rank 2 Rank classes and rank groups of coal 3 Peat 3 Coal and Peat Deposits 3 Age of South American Coal Deposits 3 Mississippian Coal 4 Pennsylvanian, Pennsylvanian and Permian, and Permian Coal Triassic Coal 4 Jurassic Coal 4 Cretaceous Coal 4 Tertiary Coal 4 Peat - 4 Explanation of Selected Columns in the Tabular Data for each Country Internal Administrative Area (Internal Adm. Area) 4 Map Number 5 Coal Field, Occurrence/Mine Name 5 Operator 5 Mine Type 5 Recovery Activity 5 Number of beds 5 Coal Quality Parameters 5 Summary 5 Acknowledgments 5 Selected References 6 South American Counterparts 12 TABLES Coal Mines and Occurrences in Argentina 16 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Bolivia 19 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Brazil 21 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Chile 27 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Colombia 29 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Ecuador 31 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Guyana 32 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Paraguay 33 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Peru 34 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Suriname 39 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Uruguay 40 Coal Mines and Occurrences in Venezuela 41 Contents III SUMMARY result of library research and it did not include updated infor­ mation from scientists and others in the coal-bearing coun­ All nine countries that were visited in South America tries of South America. During the Fall of 1991, the senior contain coal deposits. Some coal deposits are more econom­ author (Weaver) visited Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Peru, ical to exploit than others, but all have been or could be Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Bolivia. The developed to some extent for local use. Export of Venezue­ purpose of the nine-country visit was twofold: (1) to discuss lan and Colombian coal will probably increase in the near with geologists and other authorities in each country the future. Deforestation is an environmental concern in many quantity, quality, and distribution of known coal resources parts of South America. For this reason, coal as an alterna­ and the status of coal recovery and utilization and (2) to tive energy source could be developed. If and when this hap­ inform them of the current role of coal research in the U.S. pens, opportunities could be present for the United States Geological Survey. Paraguay was not visited because of time and foreign companies to invest in and (or) cooperatively constraints. Guyana and Suriname were visited in the spring conduct coal exploration, development, mining, and utiliza­ of 1993. tion programs in South America. INTRODUCTION METHODS This report was prepared to provide (1) a map of the coal The geologic and mining engineering literature on the fields and occurrences of coal in South America; (2) written coal fields and coal occurrences of South America range documentation and references of the coal deposits identified from modern formal published reports to letters and other on the coal map; and (3) data regarding the quality of the coal informal documents that date back as far as the late 1700's. in each deposit. Because of the great range in age of reports and in the exper­ The authors hope this report, which we believe to be the tise of their authors, the quality of the reports ranges from most complete compilation of published data on coal for the poor to excellent. Some reports state without further infor­ continent, will provide coal resource information to help mation that coal was exposed in a river bed, canyon wall, or guide exploration, development, mining, industrial and on a hillside. Other reports provide much data, which may or domestic use, export and import of coal, and aid in land-use may not include precise locations, age designations of coal planning throughout South America. On first examination, beds, ranks of coal, chemical analyses, stratigraphy, thick­ our research seems to substantiate a common belief that coal nesses of overburden, thicknesses of coal beds, mine maps resources of South America are small. However, the data and cross sections, petrographic descriptions of coal, and gathered for this report indicate that this belief may be erro­ postulated depositional environments of coal. Only a few neous. Such an error is easily understood because much, if reports include enough data to be considered as adequately not most, of South America's coal-bearing rocks are con­ describing an individual mine, group of mines, or a coal cealed from view by (1) thick jungle and associated soils, (2) field. Consequently, the authors adopted the following meth­ younger volcanic rocks, (3) non-coal-bearing Tertiary and ods and guidelines for assessing South American coal Quaternary valley fill adjacent to mountain ranges, and (4) resources. complex structural features within nearly inaccessible high 1. No attempt was made to estimate the coal resources mountain ranges. These factors have made it exceedingly (recoverable coal) of the individual mines, occurrences, and difficult for geologists and explorers, who have mostly worked without the aid of adequate maps, to find and evalu­ coal fields of South America. ate the coal potential of South America. 2. Data presented for individual coal occurrences were Reports on the geology, mining, and paleobotany-pale- derived from the credited coal company or geological sur­ ontology of coal and coal-bearing rocks in South America vey (s) or mining companies of the country. helped us classify coal fields and coal occurrences as to their 3. The coal map is comprehensive and shows most of the age, rank, depth of burial, number of beds, and sulfur and ash known coal fields and reported occurrences. This is in con­ content. A list of selected references by nation is included, trast to most published maps which show only "major" coal and a section has been included which lists the most perti­ fields and occurrences. The map also shows areas that may nent references used in this study. In addition, data was be underlain by coal and where the geology suggests that obtained from written and oral communications with foreign coal could be present. coal authorities during the visits to each country. Information on the size of coal fields and coal occur­ rences in South America is summarized on the map. The BACKGROUND map clearly shows that many occurrences can be grouped into fields because such occurrences have a common geo­ This study was started by the late Gordon H. Wood, Jr. logic history. Each coal field or coal occurrence shown on The original compilation, completed before his death, was a the map is identified by a serial number that is unique within each country. In the tables for each country, each coal COAL BASINS, FIELDS, AND OCCURRENCES deposit is further identified by a name, or where there is no name, that fact is indicated. Each deposit listing also has Coal basins can be coincident with sedimentary basins. supporting data gathered from the literature or from cooper­ In many cases, however, coal basins are part of larger sedi­ ating specialists from the South American countries. mentary basins. Because of local and regional tectonic dis­ turbances, some coal basins have been deformed. Coal fields and coal basins can be areally coincident; DEFINITIONS AND CRITERIA however, coal fields are commonly smaller than coal basins and their boundaries are commonly geographically and eco­ USED IN THIS REPORT nomically defined. Coal occurrences usually are reports of coal of undeter­ Identified coal-in-place. Known coal occurrence. Loca­ mined extent. Occurrences may range from organic material tion, rank, quantity, quality, and depth of burial are known or such as coalified wood in otherwise non-coal-bearing rocks, are estimated from specific geologic evidence. Identified coal to preliminary indications of economically valuable coal may be at any depth of burial, but it will not be more than 3 deposits. mi (4.8 km) from the point where a coal thickness is measured (Wood and others, 1983). The areas on the map marked by symbols and colors for rank designation and geologic age, AGE respectively, are known coal occurrences. Hypothetical coal-in-place. Coal which probably exists The geologic ages of the coal-bearing rocks of each coal at depth, is more than 3 mi (4.8 km) from points of thickness field and occurrence are reported in the tables for each coun­ measurement, is believed to be similar to known coal occur­ try and are shown on the map. Colors represent ages of the rences that surround points of measurement, and is a logical coal-bearing rocks. Geologic age assignments follow those extension of known coal (identified coal-in-place). On the accepted by the U.S. Geological Survey. The Periods are map these areas appear as pink areas surrounding areas of abbreviated in the tables as follows: Carboniferous = Carb., known coal occurrence. Mississippian = Miss., Pennsylvanian = Penn., Permian = Speculative coal-in-place. Undiscovered coal that is Perm., Triassic = Tri., Jurassic = Jur., Cretaceous = Cret., postulated to exist in (1) geologic settings suitable for the Tertiary = Tert., and Quaternary = Quat. Age assignments formation of peat from swamp deposits and the formation of straddling period boundaries are shown, for example, as peat to coal, or (2) areas where coal beds are hidden in the Perm./Carb. Where the coal is mostly of one age, that period subsurface because of burial by younger sedimentary or vol­ is placed first as Perm./Carb.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cardinal Glass-NIE World of Wonder 11-19-20
    Opening The Windows Of Curiosity Sponsored by Sometimes called the May Flower or the Christmas Orchid, Spec Ad-NIE World Of Wonder 2019 Supporting Ed Top Colombia’s national flower Exploring the realms of history, science, nature and technology is rare and grows high in the cloud forests. The national flag has three horizontal bands of yellow, blue and red. EveryCOLOMBIA color has a different meaning: This South American country is famous for its proud Red symbolizes the blood spilled in people, coffee, emeralds, flowers and, unfortunately, the war for independence. Yellow represents the land’s gold its illegal drug traffic. Colombia is also notable as a and abundant natural riches. Blue signifies the land’s highly diverse country — it is estimated that 1 in every 10 seas, its liberty and sovereignty. Cattleya species of flora and fauna on earth can be found here. trianae orchid In a word Riohacha Just the facts The official name of Colombia Area 440,831 sq. mi. Santa Marta is the Republic of (1,141,748 sq. km) Colombia. It was named for Caribbean Barranquilla Population 50,372,424 the explorer Christopher Co- Sea Valledupar lumbus. The country’s name is Capital city Bogotá Panama pronounced koh-LOHM-bee-ah. Highest elevation City Early Spanish colonists called Montería Pico Cristóbal Colón PANAMA Colombia is the the land New Granada. VENEZUELA 18,947 ft. (5,775 m) Cauca Cúcuta only country in Atrato River South America that Lowest elevation Sea level Looking back River Arauca has coastlines on Agriculture Coffee, cut Medellín both the Pacific Before the Spanish arrived in Puerto Carreño flowers, bananas, rice, tobacco, Pacific Quibdó Ocean and the 1499, the region was inhabited Tunja Caribbean Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Part III - Administrative, Procedural, and Miscellaneous
    Part III - Administrative, Procedural, and Miscellaneous Determination of Housing Cost Amounts Eligible for Exclusion or Deduction for 2010 Notice 2010-27 SECTION 1. PURPOSE This notice provides adjustments to the limitation on housing expenses for purposes of section 911 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) for specific locations for 2010. These adjustments are made on the basis of geographic differences in housing costs relative to housing costs in the United States. SECTION 2. BACKGROUND Section 911(a) of the Code allows a qualified individual to elect to exclude from gross income the foreign earned income and housing cost amount of such individual. Section 911(c)(1) defines the term “housing cost amount” as an amount equal to the excess of (A) the housing expenses of an individual for the taxable year to the extent such expenses do not exceed the amount determined under section 911(c)(2), over (B) 16 percent of the exclusion amount (computed on a daily basis) in effect under section 911(b)(2)(D) for the calendar year in which such taxable year begins ($250.68 per day for 2010, or $91,500 for the full year), multiplied by the number of days of that taxable year within the applicable period described in section 911(d)(1). The applicable period is the period during which the individual meets the tax home requirement of section 911(d)(1) and either the bona fide residence requirement of section 911(d)(1)(A) or the physical presence requirement of section 911(d)(1)(B). Assuming that the entire taxable year of a qualified individual is within the applicable period, the section 911(c)(1)(B) amount for 2010 is $14,640 ($91,500 x .16).
    [Show full text]
  • Inclusive Protected Area Management in the Amazon: the Importance of Social Networks Over Ecological Knowledge
    Sustainability 2012, 4, 3260-3278; doi:10.3390/su4123260 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article Inclusive Protected Area Management in the Amazon: The Importance of Social Networks over Ecological Knowledge Paula Ungar 1,* and Roger Strand 2 1 Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Research on Biological Resources, Avenida Paseo de Bolívar (Circunvalar) 16–20, Bogotá, Colombia 2 Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7805, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +57-1-3202-767; Fax: +57-1-320-2767. Received: 3 September 2012; in revised form: 5 November 2012 / Accepted: 16 November 2012 / Published: 30 November 2012 Abstract: In the Amacayacu National Park in Colombia, which partially overlaps with Indigenous territories, several elements of an inclusive protected area management model have been implemented since the 1990s. In particular, a dialogue between scientific researchers, indigenous people and park staff has been promoted for the co-production of biological and cultural knowledge for decision-making. This paper, based on a four-year ethnographic study of the park, shows how knowledge products about different components of the socio-ecosystem neither were efficiently obtained nor were of much importance in park management activities. Rather, the knowledge pertinent to park staff in planning and management is the know-how required for the maintenance and mobilization of multi-scale social-ecological networks. We argue that the dominant models for protected area management—both top-down and inclusive models—underestimate the sociopolitical realm in which research is expected to take place, over-emphasize ecological knowledge as necessary for management and hold a too strong belief in decision-making as a rational, organized response to diagnosis of the PA, rather than acknowledging that thick complexity needs a different form of action.
    [Show full text]
  • Travel Birdwatching Birds of Colombia
    Travel Birdwatching Birds of Colombia Bogotá – Tolima - Eje Cafetero - Amazonas Program # 04 description: Day 01. Bogotá: Arrival at Bogotá, the capital of Colombia. Welcoming reception at the airport and transportation to the hotel. Accommodation. Day 02. Bogotá: Breakfast in the hotel and transportation to Swamp Martos of Guatavita, 2600 – 3150 m above sea level. This area offers more than 2000 ha of forest mists, wetlands and upland moors, where we can see more than 100 species that live there between the endemic, endangered and migratory: Brown-breasted Parakeet; Bogota Rail; Black-billed Mountain Toucan; Torrent Duck; White capped Tanager; Rufous-brwed Conebill. Day 03. Bogotá: Breakfast in the hotel of Bogotá and fieldtrip for two days to the Natural Park Chicaque. This park is located 40 minutes away from the capital of Colombia between 2100 and 270 m. above sea level. There are 300 ha of oak forests (Quercus humboldtii). Here we will able to see more than 210 species of birds of different colors and incomparable beauty, among these are: Rufous-browed Conebill; Flame-faced Tanager; Saffron-crowned Tanager; Esmerald Toucan; Capped Conebiill; Black Inca Endemic); Turquoise Dacnis (endemic). Day 04. Chicaque - Tolima: Breakfast in the hotel and transportation to the Canyon of Combeima in the department of Tolima. During the road trip we will visit the Hacienda La Coloma, where the coffee that is exported is produced. There will we learn all the different processes of how the seeds are selected and how to differentiate quality coffee. Lunch and accommodation in the city of Ibagué, the capital of Tolima.
    [Show full text]
  • South America Highlights
    Responsible Travel Travel offers some of the most liberating and rewarding experiences in life, but it can also be a force for positive change in the world, if you travel responsibly. In contrast, traveling without a thought to where you put your time or money can often do more harm than good. Throughout this book we recommend ecotourism operations and community-sponsored tours whenever available. Community-managed tourism is especially important when vis- iting indigenous communities, which are often exploited by businesses that channel little money back into the community. Some backpackers are infamous for excessive bartering and taking only the cheapest tours. Keep in mind that low prices may mean a less safe, less environmentally sensitive tour (espe- cially true in the Amazon Basin and the Salar de Uyuni, among other places); in the market- place unrealistically low prices can negatively impact the livelihood of struggling vendors. See also p24 for general info on social etiquette while traveling, Responsible Travel sec- tions in individual chapter directories for country-specific information, and the GreenDex ( p1062 ) for a list of sustainable-tourism options across the region. TIPS TO KEEP IN MIND Bring a water filter or water purifier Respect local traditions Dress appropri­ Don’t contribute to the enormous waste ately when visiting churches, shrines and left by discarded plastic water bottles. more conservative communities. Don’t litter Sure, many locals do it, but Buyer beware Don’t buy souvenirs or many also frown upon it. products made from coral or any other animal material. Hire responsible guides Make sure they Spend at the source Buy crafts directly have a good reputation and respect the from artisans themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • National Administrative Department of Statistics
    NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS Methodology for the Codification of the Political- Administrative Division of Colombia -DIVIPOLA- 0 NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS JORGE BUSTAMANTE ROLDÁN Director CHRISTIAN JARAMILLO HERRERA Deputy Director MARIO CHAMIE MAZZILLO General Secretary Technical Directors NELCY ARAQUE GARCIA Regulation, Planning, Standardization and Normalization EDUARDO EFRAÍN FREIRE DELGADO Methodology and Statistical Production LILIANA ACEVEDO ARENAS Census and Demography MIGUEL ÁNGEL CÁRDENAS CONTRERAS Geostatistics ANA VICTORIA VEGA ACEVEDO Synthesis and National Accounts CAROLINA GUTIÉRREZ HERNÁNDEZ Diffusion, Marketing and Statistical Culture National Administrative Department of Statistics – DANE MIGUEL ÁNGEL CÁRDENAS CONTRERAS Geostatistics Division Geostatistical Research and Development Coordination (DIG) DANE Cesar Alberto Maldonado Maya Olga Marina López Salinas Proofreading in Spanish: Alba Lucía Núñez Benítez Translation: Juan Belisario González Sánchez Proofreading in English: Ximena Díaz Gómez CONTENTS Page PRESENTATION 6 INTRODUCTION 7 1. BACKGROUND 8 1.1. Evolution of the Political-Administrative Division of Colombia 8 1.2. Evolution of the Codification of the Political-Administrative Division of Colombia 12 2. DESIGN OF DIVIPOLA 15 2.1. Thematic/methodological design 15 2.1.1. Information needs 15 2.1.2. Objectives 15 2.1.3. Scope 15 2.1.4. Reference framework 16 2.1.5. Nomenclatures and Classifications used 22 2.1.6. Methodology 24 2.2 DIVIPOLA elaboration design 27 2.2.1. Collection or compilation of information 28 2.3. IT Design 28 2.3.1. DIVIPOLA Administration Module 28 2.4. Design of Quality Control Methods and Mechanisms 32 2.4.1. Quality Control Mechanism 32 2.5. Products Delivery and Diffusion 33 2.5.1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pan Amazon Rain Forest Between Conservation and Poverty Alleviation
    Sascha Müller Berliner Str. 92A D– 13467 Berlin Germany [email protected] San Martín de Amacayacu, 12th of April2006 THE PAN AMAZON RAIN FOREST BETWEEN CONSERVATION AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: PROPERTY RIGHTS REGIMES AT THE TRIPLE BORDER IN THE SOUTHERN COLOMBIAN TRAPECIO AMAZONICO1 1 Introduction: The Pan Amazon Rainforest between conservation and poverty.................. 1 2 Theoretical framework: Deforestation of the rainforest as a problem of “social dilemmas” ........................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Decentralization, external regulation, and self-governance..................................... 4 2.2 Structural heterogeneity in the context of CPR........................................................ 5 3 Legal framework in and around the Amazon Trapeze of Colombia................................... 7 3.1 De jure property rights governing the natural resources in Colombia and its indigenous territories .......................................................................................... 7 3.2 The new forest law: Opportunity for development or the end of the forest? ......... 11 3.3 Broad legal aspects of Peru and Brazil regarding forest management................... 12 4 Analyses of property rights regimes in the resguardo TiCoYa and at the triple boarder: The status quo and resulting patterns of interaction ........................................... 13 4.1 The Resguardo TiCoYa of Puerto Nariño.............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Islas De Tierra Firme: ¿Un Modelo Para El Caribe Continental
    Memorias. Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe E-ISSN: 1794-8886 [email protected] Universidad del Norte Colombia Shrimpton Masson, Margaret Islas de tierra firme: ¿un modelo para el Caribe continental? El caso de Yucatán Memorias. Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe, núm. 25, enero-abril, 2015, pp. 178-208 Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=85536228008 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto MEMORIAS ! REVISTA DIGITAL DE HISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA DESDE EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO ! Islas de tierra firme: ¿un modelo para el Caribe continental? El caso de Yucatán Continental Islands: a model for the mainland Caribbean? The case of Yucatan Margaret Shrimpton Masson Doctora en Ciencias Filológicas por la Universidad de La Habana (Cuba); M.Phil. en Estudios Latinoamericanos por la University of Cambridge (UK); BA en Literatura Inglesa y Español por la University of Leeds (UK). Desde 1990 es profesora e investigadora en el área de Literatura Latinoamericana, de la Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (Mexico). [email protected] ! Agradecimientos La elaboración de este artículo fue posible gracias a dos instancias: una, con el doble apoyo institucional de la Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (programa PIFI 2012-13), y el Instituto José María Luís Mora para realizar una estancia de investigación breve en el marco del proyecto “Fronteras en Vilo”, de la Dra.
    [Show full text]
  • The Following List of Recognized Grand Lodges Is Arranged Alphabetically by Location
    The following list of recognized Grand Lodges is arranged alphabetically by location. Updated December 3, 2020 Country and/or State City Grand Lodge Name Africa: Benin Cotonou Grand Lodge of Benin Africa: Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Grand Lodge of Burkina Faso Africa: Congo Brazzaville Grand Lodge of Congo Africa: Gabon Libreville Grand Lodge of Gabon Africa: Ivory Coast Abidjan Grand Lodge of the Ivory Coast Africa: Mali Bamako Malian National Grand Lodge Africa: Mauritius Tamarin Grand Lodge of Mauritius Africa: Morocco Rabat Grand Lodge of the Kingdom of Morocco Africa: Niger Niamey Grand Lodge of Niger Africa: Senegal Dakar Grand Lodge of Senegal Africa: South Africa Orange Grove Grand Lodge of South Africa Africa: Togo Lome National Grand Lodge of Togo Albania Tirana Grand Lodge of Albania Andorra Andorra la Vella Grand Lodge of Andorra Argentina Buenos Aires Grand Lodge of Argentina Armenia Yerevan Grand Lodge of Armenia Australia: New South Wales Sydney The United Grand Lodge of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory Australia: Queensland Brisbane Grand Lodge of Queensland Australia: South Australia Adelaide Grand Lodge of South Australia Australia: Tasmania Hobart Grand Lodge of Tasmania Australia: Victoria East Melbourne United Grand Lodge of Victoria Australia: Western Australia East Perth Grand Lodge of Western Australia Austria Vienna Grand Lodge of Austria Azerbaijan Baku National Grand Lodge of Azerbaijan Belgium Brussels Regular Grand Lodge of Belgium Bolivia La Paz Grand Lodge of Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil Country Handbook 1
    Brazil Country Handbook 1. This handbook provides basic reference information on Brazil, including its geography, history, government, military forces, and communications and trans- portation networks. This information is intended to familiarize military personnel with local customs and area knowledge to assist them during their assignment to Brazil. 2. This product is published under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Intelligence Production Program (DoDIPP) with the Marine Corps Intel- ligence Activity designated as the community coordinator for the Country Hand- book Program. This product reflects the coordinated U.S. Defense Intelligence Community position on Brazil. 3. Dissemination and use of this publication is restricted to official military and government personnel from the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, NATO member countries, and other countries as required and designated for support of coalition operations. 4. The photos and text reproduced herein have been extracted solely for research, comment, and information reporting, and are intended for fair use by designated personnel in their official duties, including local reproduction for train- ing. Further dissemination of copyrighted material contained in this document, to include excerpts and graphics, is strictly prohibited under Title 17, U.S. Code. CONTENTS KEY FACTS. 1 U.S. MISSION . 2 U.S. Embassy. 2 U.S. Consulates . 2 Travel Advisories. 7 Entry Requirements . 7 Passport/Visa Requirements . 7 Immunization Requirements. 7 Custom Restrictions . 7 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE . 8 Geography . 8 Land Statistics. 8 Boundaries . 8 Border Disputes . 10 Bodies of Water. 10 Topography . 16 Cross-Country Movement. 18 Climate. 19 Precipitation . 24 Environment . 24 Phenomena . 24 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION .
    [Show full text]
  • Livro Ingles 2008.PMD
    Human Rights in Brazil 2008 A Report by Network for Social Justice and Human Rights Human Rights in Brazil 2008 A Report by the Network for Social Justice and Human Rights Edited by: Evanize Sydow e Maria Luisa Mendonça Photos: João Roberto Ripper Graphic Design: Carlos Vasconcelos Pitombo Administrative Assistance: Marta Soares, Magali Godói e Silvana Silva Translation Editor and Coordinator: Sheila Rutz Translators: Ariane Dalla Déa, Ayla Tiago, Bethany Bloomston, Bruce Gilbert, Chad J. Ribordy, Charlotte Casey, Jamie Wick, Sheila Rutz, Siobhan Hayes Sponsor: Heinrich Böll Foundation Network for Social Justice and Human Rights Address:Rua Castro Alves, 945 01532-001, São Paulo, SP Phone: 55-11-32711237 - Fax: 55-11-32714878 Email: [email protected] www.social.org.br Table of contents Preface .................................................................................. 009 Kenarik Boujikian Felippe Introduction ............................................................................ 011 I. Human Rights in the Countryside Agrarian Policy under Lula Administration ..................................... 019 José Juliano de Carvalho Filho Fighting for Human Rights is Not a Crime ...................................... 027 Antônio Canuto Criminalization of Social Movements in Brazil ................................. 035 Aton Fon Filho e Suzana Angélica Paim Figueredo “State of Emergency” in Rio Grande do Sul and the criminalization of the MST ...................................................................................... 039
    [Show full text]
  • Kimberly Clark's 2012 Sustainability Report
    KIMBERLY CLARK’S 2012 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT LETTER OF THE PRESIDENT (GRI 1.1; 1.2; 2.9) In the year 2012 we have already been able to accomplish half of the targets set forth in our 2015 Vision. During these three years, since 2009, the whole team of K-C has been performing consistent work, in partnership with our suppliers, clients, government, NGOs and communities. Our whole effort has provided us with several external acknowledgments, which evidences that we have been walking on the right path. In 2012, we have been highlighted in the most relevant business publications of the country, Model Company by the Exame Magazine Sustainability Guide and we have been considered the Champion Company in Social-environmental Responsibility by Época Negócios Magazine. Furthermore, we have been ranked 18th in the list of the “50 Top Sustainable Companies according to the Media”, an annual survey of the companies that have been more present in the press with subject matters like sustainability, by ‘A Imprensa’ magazine. These conquests have also had internal impact, contributing for our recognition as one of the best companies to work for, in Brazil, in Latin America and in the World. On the background of this whole story is Kimberly-Clark’s effort to apply sustainability as its business strategy, not only in management of the natural resources used in our production, but also in the offer of products increasingly less environmental impacts. Therefore, there is huge effort in the development of our chain value, in alignment with the clients’ strategies, in collaboration with the authorities to leverage Public Policies and in aligning the company’s agenda with the way we do our business.
    [Show full text]