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The Crickets of New Caledonia (Gryllidae) Author(S): Daniel Otte, Richard D

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The Crickets of New Caledonia (Gryllidae) Author(S): Daniel Otte, Richard D Academy of Natural Sciences The Crickets of New Caledonia (Gryllidae) Author(s): Daniel Otte, Richard D. Alexander, William Cade Source: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 139, No. 1 (1987), pp. 375-457 Published by: Academy of Natural Sciences Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4064904 Accessed: 17/06/2010 02:31 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ans. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Academy of Natural Sciences is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. http://www.jstor.org Proceedings of The Academy of NaturalSciences of Philadelphia139: 375457, 1987 The Cricketsof New Caledonia(Gryllidae) DANIELOTTE Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 RICHARDD. ALEXANDER Museum of Zoology, Universityof Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 WILLIAMCADE Biological Sciences, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1 Canada ABSTRACr.-In New Caledonia the family Gryllidae is representedby 12 subfamilies, 28 genera and at least 87 species. In this work we describenine new genera and55 new species. The New Caledonian fauna, though close to Australia, is very distinctive and is representedby several species groups (Notosciobia, Koghiella, Tremellia,Agnotecous, Adenopterus, Archenopterus, Calscirtus, and Matu- anus) which have radiatedon the island.Much of this faunaseems to have radiatedalong the now mainly submarineNorfolk Ridge,[New Caledonia,crickets, Gryllidae, new species, songs, systematics, types] HISTORY OF NEW CALEDONIA Rise). It laterfused to become a partof the active eastern margin of the much larger Australian The islandof New Caledonia,centrally located plate which was moving in a northerlydirection amongthe submarineridges, marginalbasins, into the Pacific Plate, and was accompanied by andisland arcs of theSouth West Pacific forms a the emergence of land along its eastern margins. majorlink in thechain of islandsrunning between The block now contains two marine ridges, New Guineaand New Zealand.It is situatedon unitedin the south in the vicinity of westernNew a submergedridge which is partof the former Zealand. The more eastern Norfolk Ridge runs tectonicblock that detached from Austro-Antarc- from New Zealand to New Caledonia and in- tica between78 and56 millionyears ago. The cludes NorfolkIsland near its center.The western blockwas split by the New Caledonia B asin, now ridge, theLord Howe Rise, runs from New Zeal- locatedbetween Norfolk and Lord Howe islands, andin aNNW directiontowards Queensland, but about 65 m.y. ago (Ballance 1980; Coleman then at Lord Howe Island bends north to the 1980). This was a relatively shortlivedplate ChesterfieldReefs. New Caledoniais partof the whichgrew in surfacethrough the formationof Inner Melanesian Arc (Carey 1938b; Glaessner new sea floor along its westernand southern 1950) which extends from the easternmost point margins (between Australiaand Lord Howe of New Guinea through New Caledonia and 375 376 D. OTTE,R. D. ALEXANDERAND W. CADE 1. New Caledonia 2. Loyalty Islands 3. Lord Howe Island 4. Norfolk Island 5. New Zealand 6. Solomon Islands 7. Vanuatu 8. Fiji 9. Samoa 10. Chesterfield Reefs 4 4 j2 FI.1.Psiin fNe aldna nth ouhes acfc Tasman Sea FIG.... 1 i o Norfolk Island to New Zealand. This arcis much neighbors are Vanuatu (the New Hebrides) 480 older than anotherarc to the northwhich devel- kmNNE andtheLoyalty Islandsless than 150km oped when a new front was establishedbetween to the east. This narrow island (ca.390 km long Australian and Pacific plates; the newer Outer and on averge 50 km wide) is much older than Melanesian Arc extends from northern New neighboringisland groups. Its geological history Guinea through New Britain, the Solomons, relates more to northernNew Zealand and south- Vanuatu,Fiji, and Samoa, then southwardsto the east New Guinea. Its mountainousterrain, made KermadecGroup. up of ultramaficrocks, was producedthrough sea Today New Caledoniais a FrenchTerritory in floor overthrustfrom the east sometime in the the southwest Pacific positioned at approxi- middle of the Tertiary.The three highest points mately 21S 166E; it lies about a thousandmiles are Mt Panie (1628m) in the north, Me Maoya northeastof Brisbane, Australia,and a thousand (iSOOm) in the center, and Mt Humboldt miles NNE of New Zealand. Its nearest island (1618m) in the south. CRICKETSOF NEW CALEDONIA 377 New Caledoniais one of theolder land masses larly in New Guinea,though some elements were in Australasia.The first emergence of landin the restrictedto certainhabitats such as high altitudes areawas probablyin the upperJurassic. Creta- or poor soils. In such habitatsthe flora has held ceousdeposits contain coal and suggest that alter- its own and has even advanced westwards into nationof landand marine facies took place until the OrientalRegion. furtherepisodes of upliftoccurred in theEocene, afterwhich land in thearea was probably always CONNECTIONSTOAUSTRALIA presentin greateror lesseramounts. This would meanthat land was in existenceat thetime of the The more ancient southern elements in New dispersalof Gondwanalandfrom the beginning Caledonia are most evident in the groups with of the Cretacousonwards and could be reflected poor powers of dispersalsuch as, among insects, in the compositionof the floraand fauna. the Ephemeropteraand Cerambycidae,but much New Caledoniais notedfor its old,diverse and less so in the more dispersive ones such as the highlyendemic flora. Itcontains many presumed Lepidopteraand to some extent the birds (Hol- relictsfrom a CretaceousAustralasian-Antarctic loway 1977). These old connections are pre- flora which probablyreached New Caledonia dominantlywith Australiaor with Australiaand beforethe openingof the TasmanSea. Thatsea New Zealand together, particularyin the flora. subsequentdyisolated the islandfrom the rain- There are few exclusive connections with New forest taxa flowing into Australasiafrom the Zealand,except in some insect groups such as the Orientaltropics. The New Zealandflora may Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Ceram- have arisenin a similarmanner and was also bycidae. Phytogeographicpatterns suggest that shieldedfrom competitionfrom new invaders exclusive links between New Caledonia and fromthe north. New Zealand could have arisen through the Moremodem taxa did reachNew Caledonia, extinction of Australian representatives during some directlyfrom Australia,possibly mainly the increaseof aridityand the consequentrestric- duringperiodic exposures of the Chesterfield tion of rainforests on the Australian continent Reefs, but mostly throughassociation with the throughout the later Tertiary. Such extinction InnerMelanesian Arc fromNew Guinea. would have been most likely in groupsdependent As Australiamoved northwards,Indo-Ma- on tropical rainforest conditions (Holloway layanelements began to penetrateit in theearly 1977). Tertiary,and this increased greatly in theclosing Colonization of New Caledonia from Austra- stagesof the Oligocene.Before and duringthe lia may have occurred on several occasions Miocene, access to Australasiawas probably throughthe ChesterfieldIslands and almost cer- mainlyfrom China via Taiwan,the Philippines, tainly did during recent glaciations. andthe OuterMelanesian Arc, thento parts of the For highly disperisve groups of Lepidoptera innerArc andAustralia. the presence of these stepping stones was not Priorto theinflux of Indo-Malayanelements a essential, as indicated by the number of vagrant Melanesianbiota had established itself all along Australianspecies of Macroheterocerarecorded the innerMelanesian Arc as shownby similari- on Norfolk over a period of six years (Holloway ties betweenthe vegetationof subtropicalNew 1977). Zealand,montane New Caledoniaand highland A chain of islands on the LordHowe Rise may New Guinea. As the land area increasedin have provided a route for interchange between Indonesiain the Plioceneand Pleistocene, nu- New Caledonia and New Zealand. merous more competitivebut less dispersive The floristic and faunisticdifferences between Orientalplant taxa moved into Melanesiaand New Caledonia and Fiji are large and Vanuatu, displacedmuch of theMelanesian flora, particu- though much closer to New Caledonia, has a 378 D. O1TE,R. D. ALEXANDERAND W. CADE %~~~~~~~~~ FIG. 2. New Caledonia, showing general relief. biotawhich is muchmore closely relatedto that teredNew Caledoniaalong the Inner Melanesian of Fiji. Arccannot be determineduntil
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