PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

S e.Jt.i.e..6 C - No. 2

stlcs. Department of l1nlul Pacific Stud'" It.esearch School of al Unlverslq, The Australian Nation lox". P.O.• Cant.erra, A.C. T .. A"'"

CANALA DICTIONARY (NEW CALEDONIA)

by

George W. Grace

Department of Linguistics

Research School of Pacific Studies

THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Grace, G.W. Canala dictionary (New Caledonia). C-2, x + 138 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. DOI:10.15144/PL-C2.cover ©1975 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published by the L�ngu�¢��c C��cle 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series:

SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS

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EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve.

ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions , should be addre ssed to:

The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS,

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Box 4, P.O.,

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Australia.

Copyright (§) George W. Grace. First published 1975.

The editors are indebted to the Au stralian National University for help in the production of this series .

This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund .

National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 122 8 ACKN OWLEDG EMEN TS

The data contained herein were obtained in New Caledonia in the summers of 19 71-1973. The research was supported by National Science Foundation grant GS-28548. Most of the information was provided by Kasovimoin C�sar and M�ouainon Arsenes of Nanon K�n�rou and by N�denon Lucien of M�hou� (Canala). Whatever value this Dictionary has is due to the efforts they made and the skill they displayed in dredging up information from their memories and in analyzing it and formulating it in a manner understandable to me. However, whatever errors have crept in in the expression of this information in English must be attributed to me alone. Many others contributed to this work. I would like to mention in particular the grand chef Kataoui Gustave and Father Fran�ois Burck. I was fortunate to have access to materials on the language collected by the distinguished scholar, Father J. Neyret, and currently stored in the Catholic Mission in Canala. Andr� G. Haudricourt of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique generously made available the materials in his possession.

iii INTRODU CTION

The language treated herein is popularly known as the "langue de Canala". I have reluctantly adopted this designation for the title out of concern for the misfortunes that are likely to befall a name that cannot be represented in the unadorned Latin alphabet. It is more properly naa Xarac11, and is the language of the Xarac11 people (pa Xarac11). It is spoken along a stretch of the east coast of New Caledonia embracing Canala and Nak�ty and in the parallel portions of the central mountain chain including upper valleys of the western slopes. It was also formerly spoken on the western coastal plain in the vicinity of Boulouparis. There appears to be a considerable degree of mutual intelligibility with the Haragure language of Thio (or more precisely, of several villages in the Thio-Borindi area). Within Xarac11 proper there are some dialect differences. There were some differences between the forms I obtained in Canala and Nanon K�n�rou. One speaker told me that these represented two of three distinguishable dialects of the language, the third being identified with the village of Oui Poin. However, I was not able to obtain further confirmation of this dialect classification. In any event, forms which I could confirm for only one of the two areas covered here are indicated by the initials [C] or [NK] enclosed in brackets. Where I obtained contrasting forms for the two areas, I provide cross references. The ultimate objective of the research in which these data were collected is historical reconstruction. In this and other southern New Caledonia languages it appears that a large portion of the words of more than a single syllable represent sequences of more than one morpheme at some point in their history. The identification of these morphemes (or etyma) is of particular interest to comparative research. I have therefore attempted to make such identification to the extent that it has been possible to do so with some degree of confidence. In some cases I have been influenced in making the identifications by comparisons with data from related languages, especially the language of La Foa (reserve of Grand Couli) on which I was working at the same time.

iv v

In some instances, even though I have felt that I had identified the same morpheme in two or more different words, I have not been able to find it in isolation. In some such cases I have made a separate entry for the morpheme but have not attempted to translate it, simply listing the words in which it was found to occur. In some cases I was able to propose a translation. Even for many morphemes that could be elicited in isolation, I have provided examples of longer words or other contexts in which they occur. Conversely, in entries for polymorphemic words I have given cross references to the constituent morphemes where possible. vi

Ortho graphy

The phonemes are as follows:

Consonants: voiceless fricatives

voiceless stops pW p t

prenasalized stops bW b d j 9 gW

nasals mW m n n I)

other: w, v, y, r.

Vowels:

1- u i 1= U

e e 0 a

e 1\ ::> e i\ 5

a 11

All vowels except e and 0 tend to become nasalized before nasal or prenasalized consonants. I believe that there is no overt contrast between nasalized and non-nasalized vowels in that context. Since the vowel generally belongs to a different morpheme from that of the follow­ ing consonant, it is presumably inherently either nasalized or non­ nasalized. However, for the spelling to represent the presence or absence of underlying nasalization would require that all of the morphemes of such forms be correctly identified, and that is not always possible. In fact, in some cases what I am calling morphemes are surely morphemes only in a historical sense. In order to avoid putting for­ ward misleading information I have omitted the tilde from aH vowels that immediately precede a nasal or prenasalized consonant.

Alphabetizat ion

Long vowels are written as sequences of identical vowels. For purpoRes of alphabetization no distinction is made between long and short vowels or between nasalized and non-nasalized vowels. The alphabetical order employed is as follows:

a, b, bW , c , C;, d, e , e, e, f, g, gW , i, j, k, kW, m, mW , n , n, 1), 0,

::>, 1\, 1->, pW , r, �, t, u, 1-, v, w, x, xW , y.

Other Structural No tes

The object and most other noun phrases of the proposition follow the vii

verb. On the other hand, pronominal subjects always precede the verb. Noun subjects may also precede the verb. However, a common construction involves simultaneously a noun and coreferential third person pronoun. The pronoun precedes the verb in the usual position while the noun, preceded by the particle, na, is placed somewhere after the verb. The placement of word boundaries is not at all clear. While it appears that a substantial portion of the entries of more than a single syllable represent sequences of more than one morpheme at some point in their history, it is not certain how many are the result of currently productive processes. There are only a few kinds of sequences that are characterized by morphophonemic alternations. One such sequence is that of an active verb (usually of one syllable) followed by a stative verb (usually of two syllables) in which the initial consonant of the second morpheme alternates between a voiceless stop and prenasalized voiced stop articulation according to the preceding form (cf. kai , kE, koro , puru, tia, etc.). Such constructions denote a type of action directed to­ ward an object which induces a particular resultant state in the object, e. g. , tu-puru (literally 'bend-sever') 'to break in two by bending' (e.g., as one breaks a stick). Some morphophonemic phenomena also appear in the expression of possession. The expression of possession does not vary according to whether the possessor is designated by a noun or a pronoun, nor is there a specialized set of pronouns restricted to possessive con­ structions. Inalienable possession is expressed by placing the noun or pronoun designating the possessor immediately after the noun designating the possessed object. The final vowel of many morphemes is lengthened when those morphemes are put in the inalienable possess­ ive construction. Examples of possessed forms are given in the vocabulary to indicate those words which are subject to inalienable possession and to vowel lengthening. The examples generally employ the singular pronouns.

These are: na 'my', ro 'thy', and rE 'his, her, its'. A small number of roots have a different pattern with ra for the first person singular and usually with nasal harmony and vowel assimilation between the pronoun and the preceding root (cf. �E 'at the home of', dunE 'parents', nEkE 'starchy food', nEnE 'food, nEQE '(garden) crop', nEwi 'fatty food', winE 'drink', and xE 'foot, hand'). The expression of alienable possession differs from the regular pattern of expression of inalienable possession in that the element rE intervenes between the morphemes designating the possessed and possessor viii

and that the third person singular possessive pronoun is e, rather than reo

Other Informati on in Entri es

I have provided occasional cross references to antonyms (ant: ) and synonyms (syn: ) and in a few cases with the symbol [= ] to words that I am assured are identical in reference (usually involving plants or animals). For the names of animals and plants I have attempted to provide the local French name (to be found following the entry and enclosed in quotation marks) where I had it. CANALA-ENGLISH DICTIONARY Grace, G.W. Canala dictionary (New Caledonia). C-2, x + 138 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. DOI:10.15144/PL-C2.cover ©1975 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 1

A adoo woman 's skirt (syn : jHdoo). a 1. (demonstrat ive enclitic) here , near . adoanu furthest (in a specified direction) . a 2. demonstrative proclitic. adoubwa that (thing , fact , event ) (cf. a 3. agentive , attribute marker a, dou, bWa). (in many examp les below) . adu hollowed stone used in sorcery . a 4. exclamat ion of surprise.

aee original , old, traditional a 5. (in: akwee , ase, at+). (ant : dopoo). a 6. (in: fea, m�a, teseea , aee leaning. tet-i-a , toseea ).

afAdA stranger, new arrival a exclamat ion (responding when (cf. fAdA). called, or asking for repetition a, of something not understood). agoo�� kind of eel of mangroves. aa in : aguu a sound. aa f e , me, see move back , forward, down a little . aguuxa sound of a voice, echo aa pe fe, pe m� move it back , (cf. aguu , xa ). forward a little . agWi whole , entire , complete. abaa to emerge from concealment , be born , be found (lost object), aipa wild plant (with star­ appear (probably related to paa). shaped leaf) . The tuber was eaten in time of famine . abWara rat (indigenous variety) (syn : bWar a muruga). ajii kind of bird (which sucks fl owers) (cf. a, jii). abWia the casuarina tree (generic name) . ajopuru [NK] someone who wanders about , a vagab ond [he "cut s acaa 1. fisherman or hunter (cf. other's" paths] (cf. jopu ru, a, caa) . [e] joopuru) .

acaa 2. fifteen . ake (tightly) in : fAAke to tie tightly. acii cross-cousin of same sex beeke to tie tightly. (related to dotec ii, dudotec ii, biake to turn (as a screw) paaci i, paadec i i). unt il the fit is tight . si i eke to sew tight . acijairebWaakwe kind of fish [lit : who jump s higher than the akeke one which bites (cf. mountains ] "aiguilette" (cf. a, keke). a, cii , jai , bWaakwe). ako shoulder harness , strap s acoremWe thumb [lit : who peels passing over shoulders to hold the taro ] (cf. a, coo , mwe). a burden. ayeren5 a laggard (cf. a, �e re , akoona my harness. n5) . (in: neeko.)

ada food (cf. a, da) . akofi kind of pincers made by bending rib of coconut leaf in ade a rush used in weaving mats, two - used to handle hot stones baskets. in cook ing .

Grace, G.W. Canala dictionary (New Caledonia). C-2, x + 138 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. DOI:10.15144/PL-C2.1 ©1975 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2

akootee small crab , said to lie in : in wait to pinch people [sai d chief. to contain koo "hide" an d tee apuu tepa "see" ]. apuu pia war chief. apuu dou the possessor of a thing . akW££ there , farther (cf. a, kW££ ). apuu caa fisherman or hunter. apuu kWe the master or owner of a wat er hole. amar£ [NK] the remains of a god [master of various processes (cf. a, ma , apuu bWaakw£ the mountain ]. [C] amaare ). (Related to paabu. ) amaar£ [C] the remains of apWe a kind of black shrimp various processes (cf. a, maa , living at bottom of wat er­ [NK] amare ). falls . am£t� small fi sh of mangroves [lit : who sleeps ] [= biote]. apw£i exclamat ion of longing or regret . amian£ sparks (cf. mia , n£). apw£ni exclamat ion of longing or regret for a dead person . amu in the past , yesterday .

ara n£ wood of a fire . amWaa middle finger (cf. a, In : mwaa) (syn : kamw aa) . ara n£ mia burning brand. ana today , the present . ara n £ m£ extinguished wood from fire xaa r£ ana the present season . (n£ "fire" , mia ana to immediately . "red" , m£ "extinguished" ).

arawida tall gras s, covered at anai a bird (sings dur ing the planting season) [lit : wh o high tide (from language of plant s], "tourterelle verte" . La Foa) .

aar£ tomorrow , in the future . ane what? anii when? (future ) (cf. nin o aara to signal to come , using a part i cular han d signal . aniina when? (past ) (cf. anii, aara me signal to come . n a) • ari a bird, "pigeon vert" . anoa extra , surplus (cf. noa ). a�£ forward, ahead. anu stay . a�in£ a kind of shellfish - anid£ k�r£ three stones on which long in shape . the pot is placed for cook ing (cf. fiid e). a�u£r£n£ mud daub er wasp [lit : who blows fire ]. apaa father (vocat ive ) (see pan££-). ataar£XAA index finger (cf. a, taa , XAA). ap£r£daa mo rning star [lit : who brings the day ]. ateco a pigeon , "collier blanc". apii person having responsibility at� there at the foot of the for burials. mountains (cf. a, t';') . apuu he who possesses something , atiri have fa ith , hope , count has control of it. on , rely on . 3

ato anything carried in the ba9ii to encount er an ob stacle , sacred basket , including in­ to be blocked (probably related strument s for poisoning to cr1-1- "push") . magically . baexo large bird, "buse" . aixa talking chief, specialist in orat ory , genealogy , etc. bamG kind of fig tree. ( c f. a, 1-, xa ). banii how much? (cf. ba, nii). awara wh ite by exception (as an albino), also the name of a banG cer emonial warclub carried white reed (probably related by women in dances . to pwara). bara in: axa chief [lit : he who speaks] baraarnwE taro leaf stalk. (cf. a, xa ). nEbara node , where two branches separate. axo large cicada - lives in ni a oul i, cries in evening baramaxa kind of plant (used around November. for making cord) "alo�s". aXA fog , mist , clouds near baraamwE taro leaf stalk . horizon . Whence , scars produced on upper arm with burning taro aXnrE xaroda specialist who stalks as sign of mourning . makes (xu) the xa roda. Whence today : black arm band as sign of mourning (cf. bara, axwairE effect , result of some­ rnwE) . thing (cf. a, xWai). bara other , additional , next , axWE high . al so , moreover . a wEi axwE the highest one . (in toaxwE .) baaru two (cf. ba , ru ). axWErE jora kind of turtle with baarurE the second (on e) . big head that eats clams [lit : who eat s clam s ]. basee three (cf. ba, �ee) . axwirE the maker. baseerE the third (on e) . axwir E kWa the builder of the bata to fear . boat (cf. a, xWj) . bata wi cara [C] to respect (cf. ayaaru to be consoled, to stop crying. bata xWj car a) .

bata xwi cara to respect (cf. bata , cara; [C] bata wi B cara) .

baweenG midrib of coconut frond ba 1. in : [nu "coconut" ]. banii how much? baaru two . bawi to replace, replacement ba�ee three. ( syn: rna ta) (cf. wj ) . ba 2. boiled taro stalk given be compani on , companion member to babies to suck . of a set . in : baabWi to coax , tempt (probably beena my ... relat ed to bW i "soft"). dube two brothers . 4

pabe several brothers . benei remember, keep in mind nebe a set of things that go ( s yn : be pip ir i ) . together. bepe to be afraid of falling bebere look to right and left , (syn : mwamwa). look around (cf. bere ). bepipiri to remember , keep in beebwa perpetual companion , mind (syn : benei). faithful friend (cf. be , bWa ). bepuu the base, beginning (e.g. , bere to look at , see . base of a tree-trunk ). Founder of a genealogy . A thing left by mWa be re turn and look . (in: bebere.) and represe ntative of the an ­ cestors (cf. be "bottom" , puu) . berece to look for , seek (cf. be puuna my ... be re , ce ) (syn : pi ice). bere pWe to be pregnant (be, pWe ). be�a flat (e.g. , the ground , a rock). beeri old , mature.

be 1. a length of something . be �oo wind instrument made of in : reed; generally , a whi stle (cf. be , �oo). bdoo a whistle. kWa be yaa bamboo raft . beti to separate, keep separat e, n i be yaa joint of bamboo . rather than put in a single of bede a message [lit : joint pile . To divide into shares. sugar cane J. (Syn : bope .) (See bA. ) bexe extreme (lower ) end (e.g. , of a taro ). be 2. rear end , bottom. bexe mWe bottom end of taro my ... bena tuber . be k�re bottom of the pot . (Cf. b e , xe .) (in: bere pWe , bexe , pube , bepuu. ) ba 1. buttocks . be 3. small river fi sh , "lochon baana my ... blanc". ba 2. barrier , fence . A ring of be 4. to tie by wrapping with men in war . vines (in: bebu buru, bekw i i). ba mWere a fenced enclosure .

bebuburu upper rook structure baa to limp . of house (cf. be , buburu). bani penis. bede a me ssage . Originally a piece of sugar cane (this along bara to be furious . with other things wa s delivere d secretly to a person to notify barada arrow or small spear with him of a dec larat ion of war , multiple points (jo has only etc. ). (Probably be , de. ) one point). befago to tie loosely (cf. be , baramie kind of fish (probably a fago) . surgeon fish , said to be related to dawa). be eke to tie tight ly (cf. be , ake). baxirina kind of wild vine. bekWii fibers to tie parts of bi vulva . house (cf. be , kW i i). b i i re her ... 5

bii to be deflated, to be or drowning) (cf. mE ). sunken (of cheek , belly) (in: mWab i i). boornE a river fish , "gran d lochon de rivi�re". biakE to turn unt il the fit is tight (e.g. , a screw ) (cf. bornou sleep-walker (cf. mou). biri, ake;) . bona fan , fly whi sk , tai l (of bii9E pouch of the sling [lit : cow , horse ). vulva of sling]. bonaana my ... To swing something to drive to loosen by twisting bifago away flies (perhap s (as a screw) , loosened, bo "strike" , na "fly" ). loosely assembled (cf. biri, fago) . boraa [NK] variety of taro (cf. [e] bura a). bikoro to break , crush by turn­ ing, as in twi sting a vine in bosa medicine (general term) . two , or in grinding coffee in a mill (cf. biri, ko r o ). bo 1. to boil. bine alongside , next to, bo 2. rhythmic cries to guide adj oining. dance movements. bi nerE xWai alongside the road . b55 to clear a field. (In bi neree next to it . olden days , to beat down the to bi neree next to it . gras s with sticks .) biinei carry pressed between bodudu to mutter , mumble. the arm an d the side . boornE forehead (cf. mE ). biote small fish of mangroves [= a mE t + ] . boornErEca having a receding hair line (cf. boomE). biri 1. to rotate , twist , turn . bOPE a length , segment . biri 2. to walk along on the same bOPE kWaa a length of WOOd , level (neither uphill nor a stick , cut or broken across down ) (contrast pere, ee) . � the grain . bOPE ya a a length, joint , 1. bisa a freshwat er shrimp . stalk , of bamboo . bopE rE a piece of it . 2. [e] loosen (as screw) , bisa (Contrast bfl; syn : bE .) unwind (as rope ) (cf. bi ri , � a; [NK] b i � A) . boou kind of bird of prey (simi lar to, but smaller than , [NK] loosen (as screw) , bisA baexo) , "buse". unwind (as rope ) (cf. bi ri , [e] �A; bi sa) . bfl 1. to move , budge (in: b flci, bflcn;: , bApE ri i, bASa, bASA, very many . bisAi kaabflpErii , bflXUU, +b A) . bitiri to tighten by twisting, bfl 2. a piece (e.g. , of wood) as a screw , nut (cf. bi ri , cut with the grain . t+r+) . bA kWaa a plank . bo hit with club , stick. bA ya a a split length of bamboo . (Contrast bE , bOPE.) bOErnE to kill (cf. bo, mE ). bACi to be surprised, to start bornE to suffocate (as from smoke 6

with surprise ( = bACi��) (cf. meb�t� dented, bent out of b A) • shape . mib�t� to fold something ; bACisi to start with surprise fold over . ( = bAci) (cf. bA). tob�t� a meeting . To pull together into a pile . bA�ie ab solutely not ( = vayie). xab�t� collapse by squeezing in hand. bAperii to imitate (cf. bA, (Presumably related to p�t�.) pe r i i ) . bASa [C] to work loose from bonds , etc. (cf. bA, sa; [NK] BW b ASA) • iol 1. demonstrative enclitic [NK] to work loose from b a bASA (indicates vaguer location than bonds , et c. (cf. bA, S A; [C] a or na). b ASa) . biola 2. head , top . bAXUU to dance badly (cf. bA, xuu) . bWaana my ...

bu to smell (perceive odor) , an biola 3. to remain , be situated, odor . wait , aft erwards , later (syn: noo). buu soft , ripe (of fruit). bWadogie serpentine (the stone buburu to cross at right angles used for the axe blade) . (weave , planks supporting roof) (in: bebuburu, �buburu, bWaii balloon fish . xWabuburu) . bWaiti mushroom with a black budu [C] net bag used to carry powder used as black paint for stones for sling. dancers . Also black paint from burned candlenut . bue kind of tree . Has hard wood. "Tabou" . bWaakwe mountain .

buraa [C ] variety of taro (cf. bWarnata a bird. It catches [ NK ] b 0 r a a) . fish . (Sometimes called bWemata, "buse chauve".) buru (sever , break or cut in two) ; (in: kaburu , [kAburu]); biola mia bald [lit: head-red]. (variant of pu ru); (see pi= r;). bWaamia small bird with red burua nautilus . he ad [lit : head-red].

busee fragrant (cf. bU). the top of the house biola , mw a) . bi flying fox. biola nii the sout hern part of the biriri an edible fungus that island - towards Noum� a [lit : grows on dry wood similar to head-island] . XA� , but brownish in color. bWafiowe water conduit (cf. nowe) . biti (to crush , collapse). in : bWaQu anchor , an choring . to wad up , crump le (as kAb�t� bWao the top of the bottom posts paper) . of the round house (where the to crumple in burning keb�t � wall joins the roof) . To attach (as fire crumples paper ). 7

the roof to the bWa�. bWere some , a numb er of, a portion, part [ = bWete]. bWaapWE war club shaped like bird's beak [lit : head-turtle ]. bWesa kind of crab [bwe "crab" ] . bWara to remain a little while bWete some , a number of (cf. bWa , raj . [= bWerE J. bWaramuruga native rat , white in bWi 1. soft , slow . color (probably related to fe abWj go slowly . pWiha "white") (syn : abwara) . bWi 2. the last one of a number bWaraWE roofing of straw with of things . roots placed outwards . bWj j re its end , the last of bWasake small taro field. it . (in: bWj fAdA , bWjmWea .) bWati stomach . bWii 1. variety of taro . bWaatuu pile , heap (e.g. , of sand, coconuts) [bwa "head" , bWii 2. kind of tree (leaves tuu "stack" ]. taken as purge by pregnant women) . bWawI [NK] dull , of a point (ant : mjjd�) (cf. [C] bWawii). bWifAdA the last of a group of people walking (cf. bWj, fAdA) . bWawII [C] dull , of a point (ant : mjjd�) (cf. [NK] bWawi) . bWirnwea the last month (now December) (cf. bWj, mWea). bWaaxe knee (cf. bWa , xe). bWipWi a cowry (larger than bWaxica bald. wacj c j) . bWaxIcara scorpion. bWiyaa to smell bad (bWj re­ lated to bu?) (cf. yaa) . bWaax5 to be mute. bWaxurnE elbow (cf. bWa , me). c bwaxuneI pillow. ca 1. in : bWefi55 [NK] crazy (cf. n55) . cat+ enter , set (sun , moon) . bWexee kind of lizard with green catoa emerge , rise (sun , belly . moon) . bWex� navel . ca 2. clear field with hatchet or machete. bWex��na my ... ca 3. exclamation of impatience bWe crab . with what someone is saying. bWekaay� the boundaries of the ca be di strusting , suspicious . public place (xWaj��aa) of the village . caa 1. to glare , be glaring (of light ) . kind of small green crab "crab" ]. caa 2. to pick fruit , etc. (e.g. , coffee , orange , banana) . bWernata variant name for bWamata. 8

caa 3. to hunt or fish . carnia to hurt , superficial pain as from pinch, burn , scrat ch cada to moan , groan . (in: nexacamia ). capuru hold in hand and break capWa to strip off bark (cf. (cf. puru) . caa , pwa) . cara to feel shame . ci 1. sand islet . catoa to go out , rise (sun , ci 2. to exorcise evil spirits moon) , to arrive , occur (cf. from a sacred place using ca , toa) . special medicines . cati enter, set (sun , moon) ci 3. a group of things . (cf. ca , tf) . ci deeri a group of people . ci nfi a group of islands. cee 1. swollen (as swelling on body) . c�� (of water) to rise and spread , as when damme d up (in: cee 2. to land (of a boat) . kWaacii , kWeciire, pw a ci i). cec�� [NK] inexact(ly} , approx­ cii to jump , fly . imate( ly} , indi s criminate(ly} . da cec�� to eat indiscriminate­ cia 1. to make netting . ly . kamuru ce c�� a person of no cia 2. to set up a pole in the particular qualities . ground by pl unging it into the xa ce c�� to speak indi s crim­ ground with the hands . inately , to slander . (Cf. [C] CIIC�� .) cibe� variety of yam . ce 1. inflate. cic�de a bird , "martin p&cheur" . ce 2. toward (a destination or cik�puru to traverse (cf. pu r u) . objective) , in order that . (in: b e r e ce, ceje, �ace , narace , cinei a bolt of cloth that has pi ice, pi� iice, xace .) not yet been cut . cee border of mat where weaving c��� a kind of bird (said to be ends . onomat opoetic) "souffleur" . ce je why? (cf. ce , je). ciri to prosper, do well, grow well (crops) . cene 1. a gift given in return for one that has been received. citia to divide , as land, to tear the pan danus leaf (cf. cene 2. to hold on the open hand. t i a) • ca 1. to hiss (of a pot that is cit�pWe to lift in the arms (cf. on the point of boiling) . pWe) . ca 2. catch on something (as ciiwi to help someone with a foot on vine when running), to task . trip. coa 1. a vine of the seashore, caa remove bark (as n i aou 1 i ) , the seeds were used for a game . the entire circumference at once. To husk a coconut , coa 2. to pare , as with a knife . using a pointed instrument . cokwa to finish , cease . 9

c� to detach , take off a hook . c�� to remove the skin , as to remove strips of bark . To peel (as taro stem with thumb ). 9a 1. to catch , as game , fish. c�cl to remove and soften bark ; �a 2. strike , beat , cut , cut t o work it while removing it off , break ground with a tool. (cf. c��, trT). 9a 3. in : c�u towards . trace to try to guess something . c�una towards me . capari to recall. (And prob ably cat i "to learn" , CAC�� [C] inexact(ly) , approx­ �axw£r£ "to Ob�y" .) imate(ly) , loose(ly) , indis­ criminate(ly) (cf. [NK] cec��). �aa 1. in: trakai to brush against something. cAria tremble (as from cold) . �aanii to touch with the hand. caataa to embrace. cu to cry (of a kind of bird �aat�P£rE to waken by touch­ when it hears a noise). ing . (And probably others .) cuu to open (door , pot , et c.). 9aa 2. to be bad , to harm , cucu to try to make someone damage . laugh . caa spread out , wide (as branches cucuan£ the traditional right­ • of a tree); open (e.g. , of hand man of the chief who book) ; un folded (e.g. , of mat) . served as his messenger . (Possibly relat ed to �E£, �ii. ) cue seated , to sit . �aab� 1. bark-cloth beater. cue �ee sit down . caterpillar . cume i to tease (cf. mei). 9ace to try to guess something cura to put , or to be , in , among , (cf. tra, ce)o under (as taro , yam in the coals ). 9ada ceremonial dance offering gifts in repayment for some­ curu to tie a knot . thing . To perform the dance. cusa [C] to untie a knot (cf. 9adA to push oneself into an up­ curu, �a) . right position with the hands placed on some support ing d1. comb . object (in: �tradA). ci 2. to dig up , extract (as �aa where?, how? tubers ), harvest . cakai to brush against, barely c� ku yam harvest . • touch (cf. traa, kai). 3. ci to cause to ignite , to caakul to treat a sick person kindle (nowadays , to strike a • (general term) . match). c� ree top stick of fire plOW . 9aame to snuff out , ext inguish (as a fire) , to scotch a rumor cii name of a clan . ( c f. me) . cicuameti dolphin . 10

9amwan�� the first banking random , a pastime of the young . with earth in taro cultivat ion , to do this banking . gege [C] very (with mWaa "long") . canEr snacks , food offered to mWaa y e y e very long . • those who are helping with work (cf. xW ine i). <;:ede e [NK ] to listen (cf. [C ] yedee). 9aanii to touch with the hand. «ep5r5 [NK] a kind of fish trap capari to recall , remember (cf. used in streams (cf. [C] • a, pa ri) (syn : na rapa ri) . � ye:p5 r 5 ) . to cover enti rely . «apumW ere ge 1- (at) the home of. 9ara to pass among the heaps of Iter a at my home . food at a dance (as done by y�r� at thy home . guests when they arrive ). ye:re: at his home . �e: r i at their home . �a�a 1. walking cane . 9e: 2. to set something apart , 9a�a 2. [NK ] to cover something out of the way . (as with a blanket ), to wrap a ye: gi to set off to the side. coat around one (cf. [C ] as�) . � �e: n5 to set off to the rear . ye: mai to set off toward the 9asi [C ] to cover something (as front . with a blanket ), to wrap a coat (See yere: .) around one (cf. [NK] crasa) . 9e: 3. to err. �aa�ii completely covered. fe: ye: to take the wr ong path. 9aataa to put one 's arms around , xa ce: to make a mistake in grasp in the arms , embrace spe�king. (cf. taa). in: I)u ye: clumsy. 9ati to learn (cf. ya ). ye:nene to stumble in walking.

9aa t�pere to awaken by touching. 9e: 4. the sling.

«ai formerly , of a former «e 1. woman , sister (of a man) . practice, used to. yeere:na my sister . na xW i ya� wa I us ed to do . ge 2. possible . formerly (cf. 9aina ya�) . Itere: xW i re: wa it can be done , it is feasible . yawi to chas e something away (cf. wi ). «e: e:- way of acting , of proceed­ ing , style . yaawia knot of war (a knotted string of native "money" sent «e:e: young sea mullet . to potent ial allies to reque st their aid) . «ee to branch out (tree). To boast . (in: yeefue:, ye:e: nii , ye:e:niri , yeeru, yee s ee , saayEE. ) (Possibly related to yaa , crr.) ge big , fat , great , to grow , increase. «e:dee [C ] to listen (ct'. [NK] It e dee) . gee to go about throwing sticks as spears at targets chosen at 9e:de:nuru right , right-handed 11

(cf. nuru). in sewing. �ipwea to stub th e fingers . cedeyaa left, left-handed , • clumsy (cf. yaa ). �i 2. crumbs, sawdust, wood powder , etc. �££fue four branches (cf. �££ , fue l . 9i 1. to work material such as bark to render it flexible ; �ege stone . (possibly related to �i ri) . genene to stumb le in walking �i 2. stop a hole with leaves or (cf. �e ). ni aoul i bark .

�eenii how many branches? (cf. 9i 3. to wedge (e. g. , a post) in �H , nii). the position desired.

�eenfrf five branche s (cf. �E£ , 9i 4. to blow (wind) . n;:r;:). 9i 5. spark . �el)u to work . 9ii 1. elephantiasis. [C) a kind of fish trap cep3r3• used in streams (cf. [NK] 9ii 2. make hissing sound to c;:ep3r3). attract attention .

�£ra my place, home (cf. �e ). �ii 1. too spread out, scattered, not well formed (of tr ee �ere 1. his place , home (cf. C;e ). branches), disheveled (of hair); (possibly relate d to �aa , c;:EE). �ere 2. to move away , out of the way . �ii 2. kind of bat with a tail. c;:e r e 9 i to step aside. sustaining wall of garden. c;:e re ii3 to back off.

�igi 2. a fish weir, made of yiri to soften , singe, by hold­ vines . ing in the fire (possibly related to yi). �ija 1. a shell bracelet worn just above the elbow . yirirebi small insectivorous bat, lives in grottos . �ija 2. rays of light . 9iritara to look at with ad­ sunbeam . clJaa kamia miration , pleasure (cf. tara). � ijaarE its rays . �ita kind of bat (these bats to poke , prick or stab yikE are said to post a sentry) . (outward motion) (cf. <; i, ke) . yitiri to pierce , as with a to tack ab out (sailing) . 9iki needle in sewing (cf. y i , t 1- ri·) . �ikWE wrinkled, withered, drooping. cixara to walk favoring a foot , • to avoid putting the full cirnaabii butterfly (various weight on it . • kinds ) (see kutuo) . yixu to work like a child, not 9irnaagoo a kind of beetle . seriously (possibly relat ed to xuu) . �irnEgi sweat . ci mEgi jo sweating. �O 1. cherry tree . (Said to cont ain mEg i "hot" , with ci related to n I "liquid" : yO 2. to recomp ense (as root thus djuice of the heat " .) crops to coastal people for fish , etc.). �iirnErE in : yOO to curse , invoke the wrath yi imErE ku a small yam tuber of the ancestors upon (syn : growing alongside , but separate xap:> ) . from, a larger one (called its "mother" ) [if it adheres to the yora to be soft , malleable, as mother it is called ni rE ku - de sired of mud , dough , mashed "bud of the yam" ] (ci imEre kWe potatoes. said to be used in �ome dialects for "bank of river" ). ni imEre k W e y:> 1. (to hit) . in : 9irniagate lightning . y:>t1- r1- to drive in nail, stake . 9inei to set fire to. y:>kai to pound in order to crush . 9ipe to be suspended, hang . y:>k:>r:> to break with instru­ ment . yiporu to peel something , or y:>:>me to knock out or kill. remove bark from a tree with y:>pu ru cut , chop in two . an instrument (cf. yi , p oru) yO�A1- to miss with a blow . (syn : caa). y:>:>te to make a noise . yoti a split something . yipWea to stub the fingers y:>vexia cause to cry by hit­ against something (cf. yi , ting . pWea ) . y:>xia cause to cry by hitting.

9ipwei to prop something up in yO 2. to gossip, a gossip. the desired position (upright , level) (cf. yi , pilei ). 9:> 3. to make a horizontal move­ ment of hand as in brushing cir� kind of bird, "h'ron gris something . • de nuit". 13

in: �ome completely (with pWa �ogWere to throw backhand. "white") . pWa yome completely white. �o 4. rock covered ground . �oome to knock out or kill (cf. �5 to fall , drop (as fruit , or �o , me ). leaves , from tree) . yopixi brush off (as dust ), �oo 1. pi lou cer emony , song , sweep with broom , be swept dance . away (as roof, tablecloth) by wind. �oo 2. to dive for fish or shellfish. yopuru to cut in two (cf. �o , puru) . �55 canna. �ore to bypass, avoid. �oobaexo a dance (dance of the baexo) (cf. �oo, baexo) . na yore taa ri I bypass them . (Syn : koiii .) �oobeo 1. a fragment of a pot torch [= which has been blackened by 95r5 ;;5 r5 ]. smoke (large fragments - e.g. , containing too much half a pot - were used as yorobWi cooking vessels). water , as of moistened earth prepared for taro field [bwi "soft" �oobeo 2. a black shore bird, ]. "h� ron noir" . �OS ee to carry in the hand with the arm extended down (as 9oobeo 3. the name of a con­ stellation . carrying a basket by the handle ) . �oobo to work around the house or otherwi se work at something 90S epWiri to turn earth in . Also to rehitch a that is not one 's main business. garden horse , boat , in one place after another (cf. sepWiri) . 900ci a plant (cordyline). to miss with a blow (cf. �ogwere to throw backhand (cf. 90S Ai �o , gWe r e) . �o , �Ai-) . yoote to make noise (�f. �o, tel . �oi 1. to dip water (as with a bowl ) . 90tia to split something (cf. , t i a ) . �oi 2. [NK] the indigenous wooden �o spade . To dig with the spade , to scoop earth out with a spade 90tiri to drive in , as a nail into wood, or a stake into the (cf. [C] = �Ai ). ground (cf. �o, ti-ri-) . cokai to pound in order to crush 90Vexia to make someone cry by • (cf. p, kai ) . striking him [= � o x i a ] (cf. yO , x ) 90koi to mix earth with water , i a . using a spade (cf. �o i, koi ). �owi to be exhausted (of the supply of something). �okoro to break (crack or shatter) with an instrument (cf. �o , ko ro). 90wiri to do something excessive­ ly , too much (syn : nul. �omara to bring news , tell some­ thing new (cf. �o ). 90xia to make someone cry by 14

striking him [= �ovexia] (cf. 9i 1. to be born . �o , xi a) . 9i 2. kind of reed. 9Ade o dry taro field . yii to extend hand, push some­ 9Ai 1. [C] the indi genous wooden thing forward, to insert , spade . To spade . (Cf. [NK] pi .) (of plant ) to grow .

9Ai 2. to give a gift in return 9ii 1. stick placed in hole in for one that one has received. which yam will be planted.

9Akoi [C] to mix earth with c;:ii 2. to block passage , to wat er using a spade [= �okoi ] fence . (cf. c;Ai , koi ). 9i� 3. prickles (as on bamb oo 9u 1 . to trim something to the and sugar cane) . desired size (syn: ji ). c;:ic;:i very (with xubwe "short") . 9u 2. to mark , write . xubwe c;�

9u 3. drive something out of a 9ii xaciA to point , indicate by hole with a stick (in fishing). pointing finger (cf. cr++, xac i A) . 9uU 1. to treat (a sick person) .

a metal file. D 9ua to make small cuts in order to bleed a pati ent . da 1. to cut well (of a sharp 9o.a wild yam. edge ) .

<;:uade silently, so as not to be da 2. 1. to eat (corresponds to heard. nene "food" ). 2. (of a sore , etc .) to spread . xa cruade speak in a low voice, wh isper. daa day , light , we ather.

�o.ara to hide something . dae a hard wood used to make war club s [grows in red soil and c;:ue to put . dry forest ]. crue �ee to put down (on the ground) . daa mere clear weather (cf. daa , (Possibly related to C;U in c; utuu, me re) . cruxWe£taa. ) damia irritated, inflamed (of 9umw ere to close (e.g. , a door , a skin after repeated scratching) hole ) (also , "shut upl" ) (cf. [mi1i "red" ]. mwere). dana chin . 9uru to attach , tie [cruru, as danaana my chin . cont rasted with curu, may in­ volve several knots ]. daao [C] kind of ant that makes big mud structures (cf. [NK] 9utuu to pile something up (cf. tuu) daau) . (cr u possibly related to

daau [NK] kind of ant that makes di 1. put on a sarong . big mud structures (cf. [C] daao) . di 2. 1. to flex (a long flex­ ible object ) by shaking it . dawa a sea fish (up to approx­ 2. [NK] the longest war spear imat ely eighteen inches long , (that was so flexed in dancing). tail cuts like razor ) (prob­ ( C f. [C] we di .) ab ly a surgeon-fish) "daoua" . di 3. to seep from the ground daXAri xuure to adopt a child (water) . [da "eat" , xAr. "raise child" , xuu "child" ]. dii 1. to persist . To refuse to go when told to do so . de sugarcane . 2. to remain as a residue . d i i me de , me de d i i re the last a flood. dee remaining oran ges . diire, di i ku, di i mWe the dew. denab:> remaining part of it , of the yams , of the taro , what is left to be taut . deere of them. dewe prosperity (ant : kirica) 3. cont inuous , cont inuously . (syn : mWaci ri ). tei di i, xa di i to cry, talk , conti nuously . de another one , once more , to (Syn : naal)e , nue be born . .) dia 1. (to split , tear) (in : de 1. kind of hawk . kadia, [kA dia], kWadia, me d ia, I)idia, pWadia) (variant of tia). de 2. liver . deEna my liver. dia 2. in an unnatural , adulter­ at ed , state : (1) salty , stained dEE de af . or soiled, greasy ; (2) suffer­ ing the effects of too much depinE namesake - someone or food or drink ; (3) faceti ous , something bearing the same not straightforward. name as another . didi completely (with pWara depu again (cf. de , pu) . "white") pWa ra didi . deeri people, persons . dinuu (of water) to seep through something (cf. d i, nuu). de 1. kind of tree wh ich grows in wet places , inner bark used dinur [C] (of water) to seep for cord. through something (cf. d i, nui). de 2. back (of person) , behind. dipu Li fou Island.

dee na my back , behind me . dookii evil spirit wh o can change form to work sorcery [= tooki i ]. de 3. to join two pieces of something at the ends or dopwa the young (animals or edges (in : tade, sude, persons), youth . • de ) . d:> 1. true , genuine , correct(ly) , de 4. to pole a boat , pole for proper (ly) . poling boat . d:> 2. backb one , spine . dea clay suitable for pottery . d:>:>na my backbone . 16

i n: doomwa the center post of dopoo new , different the conical house. (syn : maadou) (ant : aee) . do 3. (only , alone ) . in : doopo north wind. dosaa only one . doopwimer e kind of long eel dobaaru only two . that live s in the mud in Etc . mangrove swamps . na do fe re I'm going alone (empty-handed) . doroo- the principal , highest , dopere take (it) (without most out st an ding of a group . giving any compensation) . dosaapa few. doroore its main one , its dosaapwe not quite . chief. do 4. chicken . doru 1. a kind of tree (resembles poplar but branches more spread). do 5. (of eyes) weak , blind. doru 2. large barracuda. do 6. shallow . dosaapa a small numb er of (cf. naT do to plant too shallow . do, saa). (Ant : t+. ) dosaapwe not quite, almost (cf. doo 1. earth. do , saa, pwe). doo 2. a kind of curved flute. dotamWa to believe (cf. tamwa) . The reed from wh ich it is made . do tepa the true word. doobwe drum [made of bark of a fig tree ]. dota (a pair of individuals linked by a part i cular kin mud. doo bwi relation) . [= kotoo bW i ] (cf. doo , bW i ). in : dotaci i a pair of cross cousins . dodou 1. inaccurate, wrong . dotakWe i a married coup le . 2. spirit to which errors are dota�AA fat her 's sister and imputed. brother's child. grandfather and true yam . dotaxe re do ku gr andchild or mother 's brother and sister's child. dokwe fr esh water (cf. do , kWe). dotacii a pair of cross-cousins dookwe river channel . (cf. dota, aci i). do mWa the conical indigenous dotakWei a married coup le house. (husband and wife ) (cf. dota) (kwe i may be related to kWee doomwa the cent er post of the "wife" , kWeeto "husband" ). conical house (cf. do , mwa). dotasAA aunt [father 's sister ] domwaari wh irlwind , waterspout an d nephew or niece (cf. dota, (cf. mwaari). �AA). a kind of large fly donane grandfather an d grand­ (blowfly?) "mouche bleue" . dotaxere child, or mother 's brother and nephew or niece (cf. dota, dopere take it (without giving xe re-). any recompense) (cf. do , pe l. 17

dou something , thing , event , dunoro thy ... cont ingency . dunE rE his ... (Cf. du, nE .) doxou mat , kind of pandanus [probably do "true" , xouJ. duo two things, a pair . duo dou na those two things . doyaa whale . (See du.) dA 1. threaten with an object . dupu the first two (of a series) (cf. du , pu) . dA 2. not ou pigeon . duru banyan . dAdA qui et , calm , st ill. taa dAdA be still . dU�Exe ten (cf. du, �E, xe: ). (Syn : tA. ) duxuu a pair of sons (cf. du, du l. two . xuu) . du 2. put on a hat . di 1. to suffice, be suitable , correspond, agree. du 3. large black clam found in rE wa d�, wa d� that 's mangrove s. E enough . duu to tame . di 2. price. duu whirring noise (projectile d�rEE its price. passing through the air , motor , distant voices) . di 3. to poison . Plant used to provide a fish poison. dube two brothers (cf. du, be ). rE n5 d�rEE he is poisoning himself with it (said of one dance (generic) . duubWia who drinks heavily) . mother and daughter dUCEdotane 4. (to fall against something , ( cf. . di du, �e , do t al inj ure oneself in falling). in : ducu booms attaching float to hull of outrigger canoe . d�kE to be injured or damaged in falling . dudotacii a pair of cross-cous ins d�t�r� to be injured by fall­ (cf. du, dota, ac i i). ing on a pointed obj ect . dUEi vocat ive , dual . Also di 5. (to punch as with the respectful , especially with fiat ) . brother-in-law (cf. du, wE i). in : d�kE to strike with the fist . dufA twins. d�SA� to miss with a punch. ba�ee dufA triplets. (Cf. du. ) didi (of two things) on the same level , in line , neck an d neck , dukadotane father and son (cf. al ike. du, dota, perhaps ka ). dikE 1. to hit with the fist dukwa double canoe (cf. du, kwa). (cf. H, kE). dumi! two siblings (cf. du , miT) . dikE 2. to be injured or damaged in falling (cf. di-, kE ). dunE the (true ) parents. diri: in : dunara my ... 18

Qedfrf (or Qadfrf) wh irlpool. akii expression indicating un­ xadfrf to prick the hand on certainty [= axwa J. something . xadfrf to catch with the hand , axWa expression indi cating un­ hold, restrain . certainty [= ak i i J. (Probably a variant of tfrf.) disAi to miss with the fist (with a punch) (cf. df , SAf). F ditiri to injure oneself by falling onto a pointed object fa (causative prefix) (in numerous examples below). (cf. df , thf) . faa to ask (questions ). faa wa to ask for something. E faa coconut leaf mat rolled or eedu trail , track , spoor (of unrolled to cover doorway . animal or person) . faabaa to announce (the arrival of) something . To announce a marriage , to preach, to reveal E (cf. fa , abaa). fabaarure to be the second (in e 1. exclamat ion of disbelief. a sequence) (cf. fa , ba , ru) . e 2. him , her (third person faabWi to aid, relieve , assuage , singular ) . mitigat e (cf. fa , a, bWi ). ee belonging to. facara to cause someone to feel shame , to make him feel bad eena belonging to me . (cf. fa , ca r a). ek� exclamation of pity. facokwa ceremonially to mark the ere 1. the "contents" , the completion of something (cf. essence of something. fa , cokwa ). ere caa the game being hunt ed. facue to set something down (cf. fa , cue). ere 2. one [third per son impersonal J. fa�e to honor , as a chief (cf.

fa , er e) • eremWarnWaa��� the performers in a comi c performance in masks fae to tie vines (as yams , beans ) terminating the war pi lou (cf. to the pole which they ar e to ErE , mWamwa , er��) . climb.

faae e to lean something (cf. fa , aee).

fag� (slack) . in : a yes . bifag� to loosen by twisting , aa exclamat ion , responding when as a screw, loosened, loosely one has been called. assemb led (cf. bi ri ). fAfago tied loosely (cf. fAi l. aaaa to yawn (onomat opoetic) . befag� tied loosely (cf. be). siifag� sewed loosely (cf. sii). 19

faj e to hang something (e.g. , (in: tofea) (cf. fe , a). clothing ) (cf. fa , jE). fe noo arrive late (cf. fe , noo). faakA to constrict , to dr aw in , so as to take less room (cf. fera to go briefly ; a temporary fa , a, kA) . departure (cf. fe , raj. fak�e dance performed by the feraa to hunt flying foxes by audience when legends were lying in wait for their return being recounted. to their nesting place in the morning. famegoro breaking something (cf. fa , me go ro). feri to lean something against something (syn : �afere ). fameti: to level , make level (cf. fa , me t + ) . feete follow. feete e follow him. famo tree , "hetre" . [Said to be fe "go" plus tee "see" = keep in view. ] famo am1a tree (cf. famo , mia) "hetre rouge" . fa§e an exchange betw�en coastal and mountain people initiated famo ap �ara tree (cf. famo , by the later, who go to the p�ar�) "hetre blanc". coast with gifts of taro , game etc. fara to count . fi to lie. fat�a 1. to stop something , restrain (cf. fa , t��) . fi e lie to him. fataa 2. stand [something], set fi stick on which fish and eels upright (cf. fa , taa) . are strung for smoking . faate to run after . fii to poison someone or some­ thing (magically ). faate e run after him. fida to tap, rap with an fatara to ask a que stion , to instrument . To confer an end­ que stion . To ask for . over-end movement to something (as in throwing a long obj ect ). favaa black coating of soot in the house . fieme to stun or kill with a blow (as from a stick ) (cf. me ). faayaaru to give someone some­ thing to induce him to be fio laziness. consoled, to stop crying (especially of children ) (cf. fA 1. to build up by adding fa , ayaaru) . pieces , as , to make a stone wall or to pile yams or taros. fe go , direction away from speaker , farther. fA 2. kind of forest tree , "tamanou" . fee 1. to grope , as in the dark , to poke in a hole for fish, fAdA to walk . eel. fe fAdA to go for a walk . fee 2. an insect that inhabits hairy part s of the body (body fAfago tied loosely (cf. fAi , louse?). fago) . fea where one goes , is going fAi to at tach, bind (in: fAAke , fAfago , fAp+t+, fAVii). 20

fAAke to tie tightly (cf. fAi , the hand. ake ) . (Variant of kai .) f Ap.iti: tie things together gaka (bird) indigenous crow. (cf. f A i, pHf). gara 1. spider . fAVii tie two things together (cf. ffli , vi i). gar a 2. brilliant (e.g. , sun , glare ) . fue [NK] (four). (Syn : jikara. ) in : gas� to go and return , make a k�refue four . round trip (cf. ��) . ceefue four br anches. n efue in four days . ge in : nege [el, nage [NK] four times . p55fue to deny . f.i.i kind of white mangrove . mWege to go again , to redo something . He [e) (four ) . in : ge 1. in : kArAf+e four . kage (kAge) to pinch between p55f+e four times. the fingers. ( C f. [ NK ] f u e . ) tage (tege) to stone (throw stones at ). f.ir.i to braid. To whip with a (Variant of k e. ) cord or switch. ge 2. from (the point of depar­ f.ir.ipwepwe having a lumpy sur­ ture ) . face , rough (not smooth). re ge i where did he come from? re ge Noum�a , re ge me Noum�a he has come , is coming , fr om Noum�a. G (Contrast ke .) ga 1. 1. color. 2. to tatoo. ge 3. thou.

gaa re its color. gee grandmother . ga 2. to sculpt , carve wood. geregere coconut tree fibers. ga 3. a game (throwing darts of gi to the side , out of the way . coconut leaf at target of banana bark) . fe gi get out of the way . (Contrast 9 i i "[ far ] away" .) ga 4. in : gii 1. away. garenu a cluster of coconut s with the supporting stalk fe gi i go away . (nu = coconut). xuru gi i run away , flee . pe gii take away . gaga very , completely (with (Contrast gi "[slight dis­ f)1=r1= "black" ). plac ement ] out of the way". ) gai (to mash , crush , flatten ). gii 2. to harm someone indirectly , in : by damaging his property. to work (knead) kaga i, (kAga i) in : with the fingers. gici 1. mega i mashed, flattened. cigici to wad up (pap er, cloth , xaga i to squeeze , crush , in �tc.) . 21

kag ici [NK] to pulverize be­ trasted with casting a net tween the fingers. where an edge is held) (cf. kAgici [C] to pulverize gWere , nul . between the fingers . gWepe:re: to hit with a thrown gici 2. to wash (clothing). stone (cf. gWe re , pe: r e:).

gie: hat chet. gWere to throw , throw out , toss onto. giki to tickle . gWe�Ai to miss target with a gineere adze. stone one has thr own (cf. gWere, SAf.). goo to vomit (syn : noa). gWetia break , by throwing (as gokoo kind of bird , "h� ron a plate) or by hitting with blanc" , "long cou" . something thrown (cf. gWe re , t i a) • goro (to crack , shatter ) (in: kagoro , [kAgoro ], kWagoro , gWetuu 1. to break something (as me:goro , Qigoro, pWagoro) the tender stalk of a plant ) (variant of kor o). with a thrown stone (cf. gWe re , t u) . gou you [dual ], also used as respect form to a single gWetuu 2. to throw · things onto a person . pile , thus piling them up (cf. gWere , tuu). gowi vomit something up (cf. goo , wi ) (syn : noa) . gWe:e: at some other time , past or future . gAgA way of fi shing with a line (used for river mullet ). gWe:e: caf.na formerly done. gWe:e: p Wafe: sometime in the future . gu me . gWe:e: caina the customs of the gupWe:i to be noisy in mourning t for a chief (to drive away pas , formerly done (cf. gWe:e:, the mourning ) (probably craf. , na). related to aguu) . gWe:e: na formerly , an cient , of long ago (cf. g W e: e: , na). guru testicles an d scrotum. gWe:ri to attempt to fr ighten a small child away from some activity by pretending that hidden dangers th reaten him.

gWa second growth of a plant , second vine of a yam plant . gWakli narrow (cf. kli) . i 1. (int errogative ). gWea to paint , dye , color , something. in : ke:i from where? gWekoro to break something with to i where? an object thr own at it (cf. Hi where? ( = t i i , tH). gWere , ko r o) . i 2. (it appears likely that a gWepanu to complet ely release suffix of thi s shape is involved something in throwing (con- in forms such as : jimWamWai , 22

diniH [e], cro i f" i ) . as from the fields or , nowadays , a store. i 3. exclamation of warning. jatiri to suffer a puncture by i 4. (always , incessant ly) . coming down up on a pointed object (cf. ja, t�r�) . k� xai you talk incessantly . k� fe:i t� Cana 1 a you are jaau [NK] specialist in deter­ always going to Canala. mining auguries , foreseeing future , diagnosing illness and ii kind of sea fish . treating , etc. (cf. [e) jaa o) . ia exclamat ion (ouch! ). jaawi kind of river crab (hides among stones). inu to learn (said to be a word of recent introduction ). jaxuj u to joke , tease. iri we , plural , inclusive . re: jaxuj u wa re: he is teasing him.

je 1. kind of coral (branching J coral? ). je 2. snare for birds or rats. ja 1. kind of sea fish . jemoo casuarina, shore variety. ja 2. to dig with digging stick. jerere [e] small cicada - lives jaa 1. push thr ough high grass. in coffee orchards (cf. [NK] j i i r i i ) . jaa 2. kind of fern that grows in forest clearings. j e: 1. to hang , dangle . in : jai to surpass , exceed (also serves as the usual means of jEke: to kick . expressing comparative degr ee) . je:pwea to stub the toe against something . jana to exchange goods - jE�e:E to tow with a rope . especially in the regular exchanges between inland and j e: 2. what ? (in: ce:j e:,ke:waj e:, coastal people. xije:, wije). jaao [e] specialist in deter­ je:e: rainy season (January­ mining auguries , foreseeing February ) . future , diagnosing illness and treat ing , etc . (cf. [NK] je:biri to shift repeate dly (of j aau) . wind) . jarakoo mud . je:do to help oneself to the goods of the host as was done by jaari variety of taro. visiting relatives on the occasion of a birth . ja�o to close the circle, the arc . To take a course so as je:ke: 1. a plant grown for greens. to intercept an ot her . (Cf. �o.) jEke: 2. to kick (something or ja�omWere to take a short cut s omeon e) (cf. j e:,k e: ) . so as to head off someone (cf. ja�o, mwere). jEfi5 to hang upside down (as flying foxes) (cf. je:, n5). jatu to go to fetch provi sions 23

jEpWea to stub the toes (cf. another. jE, pWea ). And possibly : nEj i cluster of fruit . jErJpE what thing? (what is it?) [= jJJpE ]. ji 5. to cut down in size , to trim , shap e (as wood) (syn : jESEE to tow with a rope (cf. � u). jE, �EE). ji 6. breast . j E S Ai to mi ss with a kick (cf. j E, � Ai-). ji 7. to nurse (of baby) . jEtiri hurt the foot by swing­ jii 1. to draw liquid from ing it against a point ed something , as with the mouth. obj ect (cf. jE, ti-r.j.). To suck. 2. (Today ) to drink through a straw . ja grotto, cave in rock for­ mation of mount ainside . jii raise up in the air with hand. jaa 1. to rub . jia weapon (generic) . jaa 2. haze , fog , smoke. jiaana my weapon . jaa dJJ wat er vapor rising from jibi clitoris. the ground. jib iirE her ... jaa kJ clouds scattered by the wind. jibWaa- in: jibWaadJJ the comb of a ja kWa a kind of sandy earth rooster . (alluvial soil in coastal jibWaakWetaa a series of waves, areas ), good for yam culti­ rollers . vation. jiE oyster . jaa kWe fog. jikai to cut into small pieces flame , smoke . jaa ne (cf. ji, kai ). in : ji 1. jikara brilliant (e.g. , sun or a j i a he re (it is). glare ) (syn : ga ra). a ji na there (it is). jikE 1. kind of fish (probably ji 2. in: a lutjanid) "bec de cane". to hit with something jipErE jikE 2. shuttle (weaving ), thrown . netting needle. jiS Ai- to miss with something thrown . jikWii the top , as of a tree. jiwi to dislodge (as a fruit ) with something thrown . jikWi inE flame . ji 3. in : jimWamWai to decorate , embellish (cf. ji, mWamwa ). xWaj ijiaarE its gill . armpit . xWaj ime jinaari to lick (cf. j ii, naar i). puj i ka ramE [NK] eyebrow , eyelash. jinei to attach one thing to another , as to pin on a medal , ji 4. in : to saddle a horse. jim WamWai to decorate, embellish. jinei to attach one thing to jiQa kind of rush growing in 24

marshes , formerly woven for j� 2. spear , thorn . bed-covers. j��na my spear . j �� re its thorn , his spear . jipere to hit with a thrown stone . j � 3. to flow .

J1puru to sever with knife j�� fall from normal place (e.g. , across longitudinal axis ripe bananas , straw from old (cf. ji , puru) . roof) .

jiipWee squeeze with hand to j�ke to mark something with express liqu id, as to wring small holes using a pointed out wet clothing. To milk instrument (cf. j�, ke ). a cow. (Cf. jii, p W ee.) j�k�r� hat ch [actually , crack jiirii [NK] small cicada (cf. the egg to permit young bird [e] jerere). to come out ] (cf. j�, k� r �).

jiria kind of bird [parrot? ]. j�me to peter out , to come to an end , said of a stream or ji�ee to cooperate (of two or road that so ends . The last more persons) in carrying a survivor of a family (upon heavy obj ect . whose death the family will be extingui shed). [j� "flow" ?] ji�Ai to miss target with object one has thr own (cf. ji, j� muu�aa to drip , drop by drop �Af.) . (j� "flow" ).

jitia to cut along longitudinal j�n5 to lower one 's head (e.g. , axis (cf. t i a) . as a gesture of respect ).

jiwi 1. to draw milk by nursing j�pe 1. what ? (cf. pe , j� at the breast (cf. ji, wi ). related to j e ?).

jiwi 2. to dislodge something, j�pe 2. hair grown long in front as fruit from a tree by throw­ can be either braided or combe d ing a stone (cf. ji, wi ). back.

jiwi oysters whi ch attach to j�pi 1. to skip (stones) on the rocks (probably related to water. j i e). j�pi 2. to light fire , to cause joo top crossed sticks support­ to kindle , ignite . ing roofing of men 's house. j�pine matche s (cf. j�pi , ne). jop� flat carved pieces on either side of the door of the conical j�puru in : xWai j�puru a short­ house. cut [xwai "road" ].

jora giant clam . j��puru [e] someone who wanders about , a vagabond (cf. j�, puru; j� 1. in: [NK] aj�puru). j�ke to mark something with small holes using a pointed j�r� to spread , be scattered instrument . (e.g. , straw , water). j�k�r� to crack an egg shell by pecking . j�u the principal reef. j�puru (cut across) as in xWai j�puru a short cut . j�xutu a boil (sore ) [j� "flow"? ]. 2 5

ju a sharp sucking action . To in : suck, as in drawing juice kacasa (kacas�) to cover , from an orange . usi ng the fingers. kap�t� to pick up , gather , a ju semi-closed, constricted so numb er of things with the that passage is restricted fingers . [cont rast s��, completely And possibly : blocked]. Hoarse. To heal ka ri i to gather , pick up . (of a wound or sore). (Syn : mo. ) ka 4. exclamat ion of impat ience. juu 1. center , he art (of wood) , ka [NK] (with the fingers) (in: core . kaburu, kabwi , kadia, kagai , juure kWaa heart of a tree , kage , kagici , kag�r� , kane , heartwood. kanee ) (cf. [C] kii). juu 2. reconciliation , assembly , kaa to wade , to ford. a group , troop , flock . kaa thin , gaunt . jupWara kind of edible shell­ fish of the river [snail ]. kabae lizard totem of Koh village . jurufii kind of lizard, a totem. kabaxWi edible shellfish found jurunu small leaf stalks of on seashore . coconut , used to make brooms [nil "coconut" ]. kaab� kind of bird, lives in marshes , "rile noir" . juxWari saliva , to spit (probably ju "suck" ). kaabAperii ring finger [general sense : the one that follows j� a kind of forest tree . the movements of the others ] (cf. ka , bA, peri i). j�� men 's sarong. kaburu [NK] to break in two with j��d�� woman 's skirt (syn : ad� �). the fingers (cf. ka , buru; [C] kAburu) .

kabWi 1. shaded , in the shadow. K kabWi 2. [NK] to pick (as grass , leaves) with the fingers (cf. ka 1. (agent ). ka ; [C] kAb wi). in : kaabAperi i the ring finger. kacaa kind of pandan� s (found in kamwaa the middle finger . forest ) . kapweedi the little finger. ka toa (that ) which arises . kacipwada [NK] a kind of river And possibly : fish (cf. [C] wi icr�� ) "pet ite kamTa sun . aiguillette". kamuru person. kana hook for picking fruit . kaaciri [C] to laugh at , make kapwaa partly white. fun of. ka 2. an enemy (one to be killed ka9asa [NK] to cover , using the and eaten). fingers (cf. ka , crasa; [C] kacraH). ka 3. (apparent var iant of ka , kii "with the fingers".) kacas� [C] to cover , using the fin gers (cf. ka, craH; [NK] 26

ka

karamE eye . ke 2. basket . my eye . karamE rEna keaxara an uphill part of the taro field. karii to pick up , gat her [= kapt-ti-]. keb� basket of coconut leaf (smaller than pora , pot i i) pan danus leaf basket. kasi (cf. ke ). (of an upright pole) kata kete 1. to cu t into something , leaning , not straight ; (of incise , carve . sun) past the meridian , de scending ; (of a bird or kete 2. fast , swift . airplane) banking . kE 1. in : katara a carved figure placed at threshold of house . �ikE to prick or stab with outward motion . kate [C] kind of pandanus - it di-kE to hit with the fi st. was this kind that was planted di-kE to be injured or damaged and used for mats [= d�x�u]. in falling . j�kE to mark with small holes kata [C] place where a yam wi ll by means of a pointed instrument. be planted in the trench be­ kEkE to bit.e . tween two ridges. p�kE to prick or stab . sEkE (tEkd to slap. kaLoa 1. [C] numerous . (Variant : gE .)

ku katoa numerous yams . kE 2. (originating ) from . (Cf. [NK] katua. ) rE kE i he is (or iginally) katoa 2. [C] which rises , from where? emerges. (In: kEwa , kEna, kEtoa. ) (Contrast gE .) jaa nE katoa smoke is rising (Cf. ka , toa.) kE 3. (bite ) . in : katua 1. yam variety ("chief yam") . kEkE bite. kEpuru break with teeth. katua 2. [NK] nume rous (cf. [C] katoa) . kE 4. to be fitted together well , tightly . kauuk IJa a sea bird, "h�ron blanc" . k£ 1. to eat starches (see kai question part icle . nEkE) . kavara ghost of an cestor assum­ k£ 2. to burn , be consumed by ing the form of a woman fi re (in: kEbi-ti-). [= yaace:J. k£ 3. stick , pole (in: kEgiE, kawi 1. to drip water (as a k£kuuwee , kEkIJitamIJa , roof) . kEmaa��� ). kawi 2. a warc lub of kEE 1. manner , way , state , "morgenstern" form . time (of) . kEExa manner of speaking. big , massive . kax£ k EEbIJa situation. k EEk�d�rEE its greenness. ke 1. particle indicating plural (syn : mi r i). kEE 2. to creep (of vine) . 28

kee carry on shoulder , back. kere with , what one brings with one (not human companions , see kebit� to crumple something in me ) (comp are also mli ). burning it (as a fire crumples paper) (cf. k e , bH�). kere 1. the essence , essent ial part , product , result . keeb�a situation , placement (lit . kere n�d� the truth. manner of being situated] (cf. kere nu coconut meat . kee , ). b�a ke re k u the edible part of the yam . kegie axe handle (cf. k e , gie) kere k�aa the taproot of a [= xe 9 i eJ. tree. aker e m� ara something which is [NK] the other part of a kei 1. not serious , which provokes meal , condiment [meals were laughter. conceived as consist ing of two kere me t+ a dream. part s - starches , and everything kere fi a lie. else - each being the kei of the other ]. kere 2. [NK] in : ke ire its condiment . ke ref ue four . (Cf. [ e) kai .) ker enuru five . (Cf. [e] k'Arli. ) kei 2. whence? (from where? ) (cf. ke , i). kerefue [NK] four (cf. k e r e , fue ; (e) klirlif+e ). keke bite (cf. ke , ke ). kerefuere (NK] the fourth (one). keekee kind of bird (lar ge , green , with wh it e belly , crest ) kere rnet� a dream (cf. k e r e , "pigeon vert". me H) . po st at dance to wh ich kekuuwee kerenawa yellow . food and other exchanges were att ached (cf. ke , k uuw e e . ) kerenuru (NK] five (cf. k e r e , nuru ; [e) klirAn �r�). kek�itarn�a the curve d sapling or pole used for the k� ita m� a kerenuru saa [NK] six. snare (cf. ke , k�i tam� a) . kerex�a the bottom side (as of kernaa��� pole used as taboo a shelf or table top). An sign (cf. ke , m aacr�� ). object which is second or sub­ ordinate with respect to kern�adi a vine that grows wild an other , subordinates. and has a tuber that was eaten [this was paired as "the female" kes� a kind of wild vine - paired with a related plant , ke�� or as "the male" with kem�adi "the kel�� "the male" ] "magnagna" . female ", "magnagna" . to smother plant s (of keern�fre kete place , location , region . vines and weeds ) [kee "c reep" , "close" ]. m�ere ketoa fr om up ab ove , downward (cf. ke , toa). kena from there (cf. ke , na) . kee �dii disobedience (cf. kee (human ) body (possibly keni [e) "manner" , di i). ke "post", ni "bone" ] (cf. [NK] kAn i) . kewa from , hence , thence, because (cf. k e , wa ). kepuru to break with the teeth (cf. ke , p u r u). 29

kEwaj E why ? ( cf. kE , wa , jd. the water , or a tree trunk to the coast . kEExa xwai a reply ( cf. kEE , xa , xWai ). kiiwE a wide plank used to block the doorway of the conical kEExiri way of running ( motor , house . automobile , et c. ) ( cf. xir i) . ko 1. kind of tree . kaa curved , crooked. ko 2. catch with a snare , lasso kai [e] the other part of a ( see na) . meal , condiment [ me als were conceived as consist ing of k� 1. ( prefix indicating two part s - starches , and abundance ) . in : everything else - each being k�mE i grassy. the kai of the other ] . k�mEnEn�we [ region] full of kai rE its condiment . old taro fields . ( Cf . [NK] k E i . ) bWa ak�k�t� head full of lice. k�t�� full of dirt , dirty . kara in : k� 2. cloud. kara x� u strip of pandanus prepared for weaving . k�� 1. a kind- of tree . kara kW i i fibers for a rope . kara nE matches. k�� 2. to hide . kari candlenut . k�� 3. finger , toe , branch. katE octopus . k��rE its branch. k��xE' finger , toe . kii 1. in : k��mE' rE' branch ( of tree) , claw ( of crab ) . nE'k i i probably . ak i i expression indicating beginning of the day cf. un certainty. k��daa ( daa) (k55 may be variant of dark blue-green color . kii 2. kind of tree, "ch� ne­ k�d� ) gomme " . k�d� green , blue , dark. kii to rake , scrat ch with finger, [NK] elephant ear taro cf. dig with the hand. k�E ( [e] kWEd . kii d�� to rake the ground with the fingers . k�i to scoop , scrape , away matter from the surface of something , kidai bury [ contains kii dig and as to scoop away loose soil, to variant of ta� bury ] . scoop off the spoiled portions of a tuber ( in : ��k�i ). kipuru to saw through ( cf. kiri , pu ru) . k�ke small drainage dit ch at upper end of yam field. kiri a saw, to saw. k�rnaa to yawn . kiri make cord by rolling two strands on thigh. k�rnEi ab ounding in grass , grassy ( c f. b, mE i ) . kirica to be in famine , want ( ant : mWa c i r i, dewe ) . k�rnEnEn�we 1. abounding in old taro fields . 2. Figurat ively , kirikici the logs used as rollers a heavily lined forehead ( cf. in moving a canoe to or out of k� , me: , nEii�we ). 3 0

kooma outrigger boom-float kAna my skin. stanchions (cf. koo "branch" , rna "kind of tree" ). kAburu [C) to break in two with the finger (cf. kA, buru; [NK] koni to bypass, avoid (syn : �orE). kaburu) . kOPE E to reach for something kAbiti to wad up , crump le (as (as to plunge the arm into a paper ) (cf. kA , b1-ti-). hole , in fishing, to catch whatever is inside ) [probably kAbWi [C) to pick (as gra ss , PE "t ake" ]. leaves) with the fingers (cf. k A; [NK] k a b wi) . kopu a wild vine - now fed to pigs . kAdia [C) to break , tear , with the fingers (cf. kA , dia; kopua kind of tree , "6rythrine [NK] k a d i a ) • peuplier". kAgai [C) to work (knead ) with koro (to crack , shatter ) (in: the fingers (cf. kA, gai ; bikoro, �okoro , gWekoro, [NK] kagai). jokoro , pukoro, takoro). (Variant : goro.) kAgE 1. [C) to pinch between the fingers (cf. kA, gE ; [NK] kooro 1. a kind of palm tree kagE ) . [= ki-mwa ]. kAgE 2. [C) a tree (cf. [NK] kooro 2. the heart of the palm kagE ) "bois jaune" . tree. The port ion of a taro tuber just below the base of kAgici [C) to pulverize between the leaf stalk. the fingers (cf. kA, gici ; [NK] kagici ). koropaa simple dugout (no planks added to sides) with outrigger. kAgoro [C) to shatter with the fingers (cf. kA , goro ; [NK] koru immature , young , tender . kagoro) . koto kind of caterpillar that kAne [C) to pick up , pick out , bores into dry wood to make pinch , pull (e.g. , small its cocoon , "ver de bancoulier" . plant s) one at a time , with the fingers (cf. kA , n e ; [NK] kotoo dirty , full of dirt (cf. kane ) . ko, too is variant of doo) . kAnee [C) to choose (cf. kA, kou to scratch (to relieve itch) , nee ; [NK] kanee). to dig with the hands , to remove clods of earth after the ground kAni [NK] (human ) body . has been broken . kAnina my body . kA 1. [C) (with the fingers) (Cf. [C) kErli.) (in: kAburu, kAbi-ti-, kAbwi , kAdia, kAgai , kAgE , kAgici , kArA [C) in : kAgoro , kAne , kAnee) (cf. [NK] kArAfi-E four . ka). kArAnf:r; five . (Cf. [NK] kere.) kA 2. narrow . kArAHE [C) four (cf. kArA , HE ; kA 3. breadfr uit . [NK] kerE fuE). kA 4. papaya. kArAniri [C) five (cf. kArA , n;r;) (cf. [NK] kerEnuru). kA 5. skin , bark . 31

kAri 1. a snail, "bulime apii for transmitt al to the blanc" . 2. Today , a flat dead man's family [probably iron (perhaps because the ku "cutting for plant ing" , snail shell was formerly and me "dead" ]. used to scrape pandanus strips in preparat ion for kumwara sweet potato. plaiting ). kufiei the Isle of Pines. kAi malay apple . kura shrimp , crayfish. yam . ku kura ke p�kWetaa crayfish. nose. ku 1. kurume tongue . kuuna my nose . kutu� butterfly (see � imaabi i). ku 2. upper end of a valley [= kukete]. kuuwee to put food exchanges on the post [ke kuuwee ] designed ku 3. a cutting for plant ing. for them . taro cutting . ku mWe kuxwa gun [probably borrowed]. 4. kG tree that grows in red kuxware source of river (cf. ku, soil, hardwood. xwa re ). 5. the first smoke of a fire ku ki thou . that is beginning to catch - preceding the flames. To begin kicii a kind of plant that takes to smoke (of fire that is root on a tree of another catching ). species - it develop s large branches [cii "jump" ]. kuu name of a clan . kid�� earthenware pot [probably kua 1. house post s. variant of k�re , d��]. kua 2. hermit crab [ = kua rnAt A]. kie to be hardened, congealed , of butter , grease , when cold; kua mAtA hermit crab [= kua ] . dried mud.

kub� kind of worm or grub found kimwa drum [dry base of frond of in the ground in mangrove a type of palm], the species of swamps ; it is eaten raw. palm so employed [= k��r� ].

kubAA a tree growing in the red kire pot . soil areas . k�reena my pot . kubwa� kind of fish , "loche de pal�tuv iers" . kiire kind of reef fi sh .

kudu string of coconut fibre. kiti lou se.

kuga a kind of coral (has hollow kixe to be stiff, sore. circular protuberances that cut the feet ).

kukete the upper end of a KW valley (cf. ku). kWa kind of reef fish . kume something of value (nat ive money or yam or taro ston es) left by a dead person with the 3 2

kWadia split with pointed kWe l. water. instrument . kWagoro split with pointed kWe 2. gourd. instrument . kWavi i squeeze one person or kWe 3. to dance. thing against something . kWee l. digging stick. kWa 2. boat . kWee 2. kind of sea fish , "loche" . kWaana my boat . kWee 3. image (sculpture , re­ kWa 3 . int estines , rope . flection in wat er , etc.), kWana my intestin es. spirit , soul . kWeena my spirit . kWaa tree , wood. kWecaa to strip a twig of its kWa be yaa raft of bamboo (cf. bark , or a leaf, to obtain the kWa "boat" , be , ya a "bamb oo"). stem. kWaacii to block , hold back , rn�r� wat er in which food and hence ac cumulat e and kWe has been cooked [lit . water - spread wat er (cf. ci i). cooked ]. kwaacire bottom wood of fire kWere straw (general ). plow (so ft wood) [kwaa "wood" , c� "ignite" ]. kWetaa salt water , wave . kWada thr oat [kwa "rope" , da kWexarie a gourd (this, with a "food" ]. netting of cords around it , was used to carry water; kWade wind. kWe "water" , xari "wrap" ). kWadia to split something with kWexo ear wax or any matter a pointed instrument , as a dr aining from the ear . nail splits wood (cf. kWa , d i a) . kWa duci double canoe (cf. dU) . kWe 1. full , high tide . kWagoro to split something wit � transverse ridge of a a pointed instrument , as a nall kWe 2. mount ain . split s wood (cf. kWa , goro). fiidookwe the "backbone" of a kWafiinepwi midrib of banana leaf. ridge - its crest . kWara 1. jealous , envious . kWee 1. there , farther (in: akwee ). kWara 2. subject (of a chief) . kWee- 2. root . kWari a kind of tree , "acaj ou" . kWeere its root . kWarii grasshopper . kWee 3. [C] elephant ear taro ( c f. [NK] koe) . kWa siire boat made with planks added to sides of the dugout kWee- wife. hull (kwa "boat", �i i "sew" ). kWeena my wife . kWavii to squeeze, press , one person or thing against some­ kWe ace a big tide [kwe "high thing (cf. kWa , vi i). tid�" , �e "big" ] (contrast xuu kWe ) . 33

the moment of high kWE bac' iiE kWiErnE to stun , kill , with a tide [ represented as pushing blow ( cf. kWi , mE l. off from shore to start it s descent ] [ kwE "high tide" , kWiikari to wh ip with a liana ba��� "to recoil from an or a switch. obstacle" ]. kWinaa the heart of something kWE ciirE tidal wave ( cf. kWE ( cf. naa). "high tide" , ci i). kWi net� rainbow [ lit : tail of kWEi to splash water ont o some­ thunder ] . thing. kWi� everything related to an kWEEkwere millipede . activity etc. ; its parapher­ nalia. kWE rn�re high tide that comes kWi� xu gardening tools. during the night , descending in the morning . kWipuru sever , as with axe ( cf. kWi , puru) . kW�re 1. cord of flying fox hair , used as valuable in gift kWita a kind of forest tree. exchanges. kWiitaa kind of sea fish lest , for fear that , kWere 2. ( caranx ) , "carangue". in order that ( something) not ( happen ) ( ant : nar a). kWitamWa noose for rat , birds , etc. kWEti tired, weak ( as when ill) . kwitia to split something ( with kWEEt�- husband. an implement ) ( cf. kWi , tia). kWEEt�na my husband . kWi 1. in : M kWiatap� make noise in hammer­ ing on something. kWi EmE to stun , kill, with a rna to come unt ied ( of a knot ) . blow. kWitia to split with an rna 1. [NK] to chew, to extract implement . the essence of something ; the kW i puru sever , as with an axe . remains of something that has been chewed, burned, etc . penis, also tail of fish. kWi 2. amanE something that has been kWi irE his ... burned , charcoal [nE "fire" ] . amade , pumade the remains of kWii vine , rope , vein , sinew, sugar cane that has been chewed tendon . [ de "sugar cane" ] . ( Cf. ama r E; [C] maa. ) kWiatap� make noise in hammering on something ( cf. kW i, tap�). rna 2. recognized, acclaimed for remarkable ab ilities or force kWi��� dragonfly . of character .

kWiidawa double-edged iron axe rnaa a large bird living on some [ kwi "tail", dawa "a sea fish of the islands to the north of with a tail that cuts"] . the main island ( Albatross? ) . Said to signal the approach of kWiE rain . cyclones. kWiE xWa rain falls , it rains. rnaa 1. [C] to chew ( cf. amaarE , 3 4

maada; [NK] rna ). 2. To have a foreboding of ill . maa 2. descended (of water level ) . mara 2. cracked , showing cracks . maa 3. 1. now , in the present maradi sea snake . moment . mari Mare Island. re wa maa abaa he has just been born. marii fast (syn : maniri). amaa me now come (as when it has just become possible). mata raw, green (not ripe) , new maa aj ia now , that 's it . (unused); the descendant s or 2. new , a new kind. replac ement of a person [new personnel ]. (Syn : bawi .) maa ku a new variety of yam . a new kind of car . ma a loto maatara kind of crab that digs maa dou (something) new. in the earth and bui lds a pile 3. finally , definitively . (two or three feet high ) of earth at the mouth of its hole . maayoo taboo sign made of straw. maai: kind of fig tree, the bark mada blood. is used as a drum . his blood. madaare me to be mis sing from its place. maada to chew something , swal­ paame teeth missing. lowing the juice and rejecting the rest (cf. ma/maa , da). mee cat [= mimi].

made troubled , cloudy (e.g. , of meo wet . water) . meep5r5 a kind of wild pandanus maadou new (cf. maa , dou) (syn : [= p 5 r5 ]. dopoo) . meere variegated (color) , choppy madi bitter. (water) , unclear (of eyes , as of an old person). mai [NK] to precede , lead off , take the lead. me 1. grammat ical part icle, in order that , that , then , if, let amai the first . it be that. (Cf. [C] maH. ) me 2. extinguished , dead , un­ [c] to precede , lead off , maai conscious (in: boerne , borne , take the lead. yaame , yoome , fieme , kW i eme , amaa i the first . pa i i me , pWaame , saame , taame) . ( C f. [NK] mH .) me 3. the point of an object , mama lungs. end (or beginning). me re gie the cutting edg e of mamwere to close the mout h (cf. the axe . ma/maa , mwere ). mere ji nipple. me re 51-1- deaf . fast (syn: man iri ma rii). me re xuu the first born child. mere kWe the beginning of the mara to garden , a garden . incoming tide. me rE Si i fish hook . mara 1. 1. to lose one 's com­ posure , as when nervous , me 4. kind of tree (has red anxious , or when tickled. 35

flowers which attract flying med�� lumps on the head of a foxes) "faux tamanou". child caused by lice. me 5. a kind of design with mEgai mashed, flattened (e.g. , cord, usually associated with of fruits). the tying of parts of the house ku mEgai flattened nose. frame (but could also be woven (Cf. me , ga i.) into mat , etc.). megi hot , warm. me 1. (deserted, abandoned) . in : meg�r� broken (as plate, cup ) mEnEn�we former taro field. (cf. me , g�r�). mEnEpArA former yam field. mexua former village site . mei 1. to bully , act as a bully. mEmwa former house site. mei 2. grass. me 2. (stative , attributive?). in : me ek� kind of tree (bark used as fish poison) . mEbftf dented, bent out of shape . mene! to forget , forgotten. mEb� light (weight ). met;:ee heavy . mEnan pierced, perforat ed (cf. mEdia to split (intr.), be me , null) . split . megai mashed , flattened. menu! [C] pierced (cf. me , nlli). mEgi hot . mEg�r� broken . meQiri to be unconscious (cf. mEnE I forgotten. me , Q;r; "black" ). mEnuu (mEnui ) pierced. mEQ;r; unconscious . mEre 1. light . me 3. arm , fin (of tortoise), me rE re daa the light of day . branch (of tree) , stalk. me re rE kamia the light of the sun. merEna my arm . merekwaa branch of a tree. 2. Clear , transparent , un­ ob structed (view) . me 4. come (in: mea). ketE mE rE a clearing , a clear space with unobstructed view . me 5. and , with (in the com­ kWe mE rE clear , transparent pany of) (contrast kE rE , rnA) . water. (Syn : pe r!.) me e a tree , "'rythrine � 'pines" . mere 1. (copy) . mea hither , working this way in : (cf. me , a). me rekWere to imitate someone . meb� light (weight ) (cf. me ). fme re to copy an action , a manner , procedure . mebiti to be dented, bent out of shape (cf. me , bHf) . mere 2. be hungry .

megee heavy (cf. me , probably, mere 3. cooked, ripe . t;:e "big, fat"). merekWere to imit at e a person mEdE citrus (general) (originally or thing (cf. me re). indigenous inedible citrus). mEre §ii fish hook (cf. mE , �ii). mE dia to split (intransitive ), to be split (cf. me , dial. mEresii 1. deaf. 2. Kind of 36

bird (it does not hear sounds, mij�� 2. kind of wild fig bear­ does not fly , unt il one is ing fruit eaten by not ou and right up on it ). flying fox. m�ri fast , prompt . mimi cat [= mee ].

mero parrot fish. miri 1. plaited plate. me�ee early in the morning. miri 2. ones. a miri a these. me�o the prevailing wind , trade wind . miiri to be disinclined, to be angry , to refuse. me ��� to have a cold [��� "blocked" ]. mi�a specialist in augury (interpret ing omens) in north met� lying down . of the island. to sleep. meti�e miyaa sign of imminent mis­ fortune or death , the sign is me t�kii to dream . given by abnormal behavior of an an imal or person . rna tree (used for posts and stake for yam vines) "gafac". re xW i miyaa (Cf. yaa.) mt 1. to fold something, also to roll a cigarette. mo 1. joist supporting roofing .

mi 2. kind of climb ing fern . mo 2. sink , drown , shipwreck [ = mutu]. mii wat ermelon . mo 3. healed (of a boil , wound) mii in : (syn : j a) . two siblings. dumii moa sneeze. paml I three or more siblings. three or more siblings. nepamii mofAdA the gift that one gives in arriving somewhere ["the mia 1. to urinate. sign of one 's passing" ] (cf. f AdA) . mia 2. red. mo (with the foot). mia 3. open [e.g. , door ]. in: cua wide open. amia moco ri i to slip (on slippery gr�und) . sea urchin . mia 4. mo kai to step on , tramp le . mO�A� make a false step and to fold something, fold mib�t� fall. over (cf. mi , b�t�) . moote to tap with the foot . mot�r� to hurt the foot by mida to be powerful , to be st epping on pointed obj ect . possessed of an inherent mo pwea to bend something with virtue (plant , person). the foot . trash (to be swept up ). midaa m5 night . sharp (of points, e.g. , miido mo o first , as to be the first to saw, needle) (ant : bWawii , do something , or to do some­ bWawi ). thing for the first time . mi j�� 1. the beche-de-mer . 3 7

toa m�� to arrive (at a CUe m�rA sit down to rest . place) for the first time . me t10 m�r� lie down to rest . 2. to wither (as leaves left m� ��r11 to slip (as on sli­ in the sun). pery ground) (cf. m� ). m�rAwak we small high tide (as m�kai step on , trample (cf. occurs in cert ain seasons of m� , ka i). the year ) [mAr� "withered" ]. m�pWea to bend something with mAtA dry . the foot (cf. m� , p W e a ). mu a place in which one has m5r5 1. finish , stop , already . vested rights from previous use or use by one 's ancestors. m5r5 2. perforation , hole. mu tepa rena my speaking place, m��Ai make a false step , as in place where I am ent itled to crossing stream on stones , speak. an d fall (cf. m� , �A1o). mu xWaina my road , road wh ich I am entit led to use . m��te to tap with the foot (cf. m� , te). muda rotten. m��ti not to see something , to mudaa [NK] the hand-held part of be able to find it . the sling (mudaa �e) (cf. [e] mudee ) . na m��ti I cannot see it , find it . mudee [e] the hand-held part of the sling (mudee ye ) (cf. [NK] m�tiri to hurt the foot by mUdaa). stepping on a pointed obj ect ( c f. m� , t + r + ) . mudu the last , smallest of a group . m�u hav ing eye s closed , in­ attent i ve . mudue- younger sibling of the same sex. m� 1. with , also. mudue re his young brother , her pe e m� take it along , too. younger sister (cf. mudu). (Contrast kere , me .) muge kaori tree. m� 2. fontanel . m��re its ... mura necklace . m� 3. foaming (as sea) , foam , muraxe ankle (cf. mura , xe ). bubble . muru 1. to be alive , to be full mAA nat ive money . after eating. m�� 1. snore , bleat (as sheep) . muru 2. maggot . m�� 2. to be somnolent , half mu sasa a sea bird [ described as asleep . a "white gull wh ich does not dive"; related to kauukwa , mAAbWi to breathe (cf. m�A) . y��b e � ] • m�r� 1. bird. mutu to sink (as boat), drown [= mo ]. m�r� 2. 1. to rest . mii name of a clan . taa m� r� stop to rest . 3 8

mii cold, damp (contrast mWaakwe a sea animal (jelly­ x:>:>a ) • fish? ), brought in by high tide [pr obably kWe "high tide" ] "vessie".

mWamia a poisonous species of spider . the brain. mWa 1. mWamW a 1. to organize, equ ip , clothe something. mWa 2. lost , get lost. mWamWa 2. chest (body part ). mWa l. house. mWamWaana my ... mWaana my ... mWamWa 3. to be afraid of fal­ mWa to shine , as the sun . 2. ling (syn : bepe). to dodge, as a blow . mWa 3. mWamWaa long (time). mWaa l. naked. bWa mWamwaa to stay a long t ime (cf. m W a a ) • mWaa 2. long , far , of long duration. mWaan:>:> spider web [mwa "hou se" , n:>:> "spider"]. mWaa to glide , soar (as birds ). mWara to give light though not mWabii sunken , deflated, not directly visible , as the sun full (e.g. , cheeks when teeth at dawn or twilight (related are missing , an orange that is to mWa? , mWacaa? possibly con­ not well filled out ) (cf. bii). tains ra j. mWacaa light . mWara 1. again , repeat ing an action. mWacaa kamTa sunlight . the mWacaa paari kete n:>:>na mWara 2. laugh , smile , play , light illuminates that place amuse on eself. down there (cf. caa ) (related to mWa? , mWa ra ? ). mWarate variety of sugar cane (te may be related to de "sugar mWaciri to have peace , prosper­ cane") . ity, plenty (cf. ci ri ) (ant : k i rica) (syn: dewe ). mWarI to float . the conical meeting house mWaad:> mWaari to turn , revolve (as a (cf. mWa , d:» . windmill) . mWad:>ya owl . mWaa�ered:>tepa council house (cf. mWa , se , re , d:> , tepa). mWa ibee house of women and children. mWa�E covered , overcast (weather). mWajuu net used for eels . kamTa mWasE [Possibly se "cover ' lid" [C], mWaake the goods of a family , but [NK] has SA for lid. ] valuables , nat ive money . mWa teku house having a roof mWa koo rectangular house , the with two slop es , with one slope roof has only one slope which proj ecting up extending beyond terminates in an overhang. its juncture with the other . mWakGli kind of spider. mWaal: smoot h. 39

rnWa xWasu hut made for temporary rnwiEdou something big [= shelter at gardens (also xwasu). mW inEdou] (cr. mWie , dou).

rnWe to bathe . rnWija a kind of sea fish (re­ lated to the nakErE , but has rnWee kind of sea fish , "picot". a shorter nose ).

rnWea moon , month. rnwifiE- mother . mW inera my mother. itch. rnweE mW inoro thy mother. mW inErE his (her ) mother . taro. rnwE (See naa.) rnWee 1. women 's part of the rnwifiEdou something big [= village , on either side of the mW iEdou]. central place (xWajosaa). rnwiri demonstrative , that (thing ) rnWee 2. mother 's brother . previously ment ioned. mWEEna my uncle .

rnwE abusee variety of taro (cf. busee). N

rnWEge go, leave (go again aft er na 1. (in: kEna , pWana, rona , having arrived) , to redo some­ tEna, tonal. thing . mWEge me to come back . na 2. subject marker .

rnwEi walk on all fours. na 3. demonstrat ive enclitic, there (farther than a). mWE i koo to sneak along on all fours. na 4. past tense marker. rnWeepu kind of banyan , "banian na 5. I, me . blanc" . na housefly . rnW �r� (close). in : naa 1. the center , the heart of �umwere close , shut up . something (e.g. , a tree trunk , kEEmwe re to smother plant s (of a tuber) . vines , weeds ). naarE its heart . mamwe re to close the mouth. naa xa rac�� the xa rac�� lan­ nEgemWere to withhold the guage . truth . pWi imwere to close something. n�a 2. to de sire, ask for , xWamwer� the end , the last of. implore. rnwi the mark left by something , naa mE t��E to be slee py . the scar . naabu to begin. mwii xWa naa scar of a knife wound. nae begin weaving a mat , basket , etc. rnwii kind of clam that buries self in ground. nage [NK] to deny (cf. [C] nEge). rnwie big, great , import ant . nagernWere [NK] to withhold the mwie axa high chief. truth (cf. nage , mWere) (cf. mwie xuu eldest son . [C] nEgemWere). 4 0

nakararn£ face , figure , carved stand up . figure. naxWa mouth. nakaram£ r£na my face. (Cf. ka ram£ . ) naxwana my mouth . naakWetaa polished stone head of naxW£ meat , and all other foods ceremonial axe ["hache osten­ for which xw£ "to eat" is used soire" ]. (see xW£ , n£wi) . naarniri kind of fish (mullet ). ne pull something out of the ground . narnWa today . nee to stroke , wipe . nane wasp. nep�t� hand signal (palm forward) naaQ£ the residue , what remains commanding warriors to sneak of a pile of things aft er most forward through the woods ( n ee , have been removed [probably naa pH+? ) . "cent er"] (syn: di i, nu£). netaa to uproot something, nara 1. to think , love . eradicate (cf. n e, taa). in : net:> thunder .' narac£ to think about some­ thing , reflect on , puzzle over . nexA to know , know how to , be narapari to recall something , ab le to. to succeed in finding it in one 's memory . nexA tarnWa to recognize , under­ stand (cf. nexA , tamwa). nara 2. in order that (ant : kwere). n£ 1. grammat ical part icle (in future tense constructions). narac£ to think about something (cf. nadi , ce )o n£ 2. collective prefix , indicat­ ing a set or a unit (in numer­ narapari to recollect , recall , something that had been for­ ous examples below) . gotten (cf. nara, pari ) (syn : n£ 3. fire , firewood. yapar i). n£ 4. leaf. narayaa to miss someone who has died and be very sad (cf. nara , n£r£ its leaf . yaa) . n£kwaa leaf of a tree. naari [C] to lick . ne 1. to have a taste. r£ ne ma d� it tastes bitter. nai to plant . ne 2. mangrove with edible fruit . nawa 1. sand. ne 3. plume , mane , dorsal fin , nawa 2. 1. a kind of wild plant . feather headdress. Such a plant was pulled up and attached in front of the neer£ its fin (mane ) (plume ). assembly house to signal the n££naa dorsal fin of shark. beginning of the season for eat ing the new crop of yams . n££ raise the sail. 2. The season for eating yams . 3. Now , various non-indigenous n££ n55. cannas . nee 1. to be proud , arrogant , conceited , a show-off. nawi to raise up , lift high , 41

nee 2. choose. nEge [C] to deny (cf. [NK] nage ) . nebara node , place where two or more branches separate. negernWere [C] to withhold the truth (cf. n e g e , mWere) (cf. neba ra kWaa tree fork . [NK] nagemWere). (Syn : nemWagaa .) (Probably ne , b a ra . ) nei to spread something over a surface (mat , roofing , etc.). nebe a set of things that go together (cf. ne , be ). nei 1. (although the details are not clear , it is probable nebe in : that there is at least one nebe kWe an eddy , a water hole morpheme of this shape appear­ left when the river has dried ing in at least some of the up and ceased to flow . following : bEnei , b i i nei , nebe s��re [nepArA , nen�we ] the bWaxunei , cinei , yanei , yin ei, part of a yam or taro field j i nei, mEnei, t��nei , �c i nei , where the plant s are growing xAnei , xW inei ). thickest an d best . niH 2. how? neb�� the inside of any hollow­ what is it like? ed thing. re nei xu anei cultivated how? neb�� k W a the interior of a canoe hull . nejarak�� a muddy area, e.g. , a neb��re valley. mangrove swamp (cf. ne , (Cf. ne , b�� related to po. ) jarak��). neb�s�� the concavity formed by nEji a cluster of fruit , etc. something coiled into a loop nej i nu a cluster of coconuts. or arc (cf. neb�� , ���). nej ire its cluster. neb�s�rn£ the pit (front or inner nEjik�d� twilight (cf. k�d�). part when bent ) of the elbow (cf. n e b � b� ) . nejoo each of a series of rings in the roof frame of the nEbWirE wet place or mud (cf. conical house (cf. nE , joo). n E, bWi) • nEj� rib . nEca the whole of a clearing made in the forest ; figurative : nej��re his rib. all of a person's gardens (cf. nE , ca ). nEj��kWii a tangle of vines [probably nEj��, kW i i]. neC� rock covered area on �ount ainside (cf. nE ,

the world, earth , ground a garden , usually on ned�� nEkaacii" (cf. ne , d��). the river bank , used for grow­ ing small taros for later nEd�kwe a body of fresh wat er plant ing elsewhere . (cf. nE , d�kwe). nEke at� sacred basket (cf. ne , nE fuE [NK] in four days (cf. ne , ke , at�). fuel. 42

neke st archy food (corresponds nem5 2. the des ignated time for to ke "eat " ). something , the scheduled time. nakara my food. nem55 maay�� the end of the n�k� r� thy food. taboo. neke re his food. nem55 re its des ignated time (Cf. ne.) (especially , the beginning of the yam season). nekexua outside the hou se, out­ doors (cf. xua). nemWa tasteless, insip id, es­ pecially without salt (cf. ne nekii prob ably . "taste" ). nek� sky (cf. ne , k�). nemWagaa branching node of tree (syn : nebara). ne ek� a load made into, or put into , a back pack with straps nenaaxe the palm or sole (cf. passing over shoulders (cf. ne , probably naa "cent er" , XE ne , ak�) . "hand , foot") . nek� �daa beginning of the day , nene food (corresponds to da during the early part of the "eat" ). day (cf. ne , k��daa) . n e n a ra my food . nen�r� thy food. nek�t�� a stretch of bare earth , n e n ere his food . having no grass (cf. ne , b t � � ) . nene ear . nekwa between two members of a whole , complete , having series (as between yam plants, nenee no part mi ssing . yam rows , Sundays , et c. ). nekwaa ku between two yams . neneebwara 1. the part of a taro (Syn : nenuaa.) field which is flooded. neekwa food , provisions for a neneebwara 2. groin. boat trip (said to be a vari ant of nenekwa , q.v. ). nenekwa food , provisions for a boat trip [nene "food" , kWa nekwada throat (cf. ne , kWada). "boat"]. nekwek5 deep wat er (cf. ne , neni a row , series (e.g. , a kWe "water" , k5 said to be rank of soldiers , furrows of a vari ant of k�d� "dark blue­ garden , a series of waves). green"). nen i a series of waves. nen i a row of trees. nekWetaa the sea (cf. ne , kWetaa ). nenii bark cloth worn on arm in war as magical protection . nckWi� all of a man's possessions . ne k '/ i �n a my possessions . nenuu a parcel of something , (Cf. ne- , kW i�. ) wrapped (cf. n e , nuu). nemere kWaa the branches (the nenl:rl: [C] in five days (cf. ne , ramification) of the tree n1=rL (cL ne , me , k w aa) . neiiil)e nest . nemi sour (cf. ne "taste" ). nenil)ere its nest (Cf. ne , nil)e .) nem5 1. (during) last night (See Hubwa .) ( c f. n e, m5 ). 4 3

ne:nowe large taro field (cf. nowe ). �ee). ne:nuaa space, passage , between ne:se:e:de: (during ) last evening , things (e.g. , houses, posts ). the time of night fall (cf. ne: , �e:e:de: ) . ne:nuaa re: its spaces (of a set of like objects ). ne:saa oldest child of a family (Syn : ne:kwa.) (cf. �aa). ne:l)e: crop . neewa daughter . ne:l)ara my crop . neewana my daughter . ne:l)oro (or nOl)oro) thy crop . ne:l)e:re: his crop. ne:waaga a ditch or trench (as ne:l)e: r i their crop . between rows of a garden ). ne:pa the space between the ne:wi- food, meat . thighs . ne:winara my food. ne:paana my ... ne:winoro thy food. (Cf. ne: , pa "leg" .) ne:wine:re: his food. (See naxwe: , xwe: .) ne:parnii ' three or more siblings (cf. ne: , pamii). nexacarnia tart , acid [said to be ne "taste" , xa "voice" , camia ne:pere the area enclosed by a "pain"]. fence (cf. ne: , pere). ne:xate: a plac e for making a ne:pia battle field (cf. ne: , pia). fire (cf. ne: , xate:) . ne:p55kwe small (sheltered) bays ne:xee- possessions , what one wi thin a big bay (as Canal a lays claim to . Bay ) (cf. ne: , p5 "hollow , hole" , kWe "wate r"). ne:xe:e:na my possessions, a thing that I claim. ne:pArA yam field. (Syn : ne:kwiona.) ne:puu many . ne:xoaa an opening between part s of the reef, a pass. ne:puu dou many things . ne:xoo cemet ery (cf. ne: , xoo ne:piti to fold up (as a cloth "corpse"). that was spread) (cf. p�t�). ne:xooa sky [said to involve xoo ne:pwapwaakWe: the moment of high "spirit of dead" as they were tide. supposed to inhabit the sky]. ne:pWe inside . ne:xA a bundle of long ob jects ne:pweere: its interior . (wood, sugar cane , flowers , (Cf. ne: , p We .) etc. ) . ne:xAde bundle of sugar cane . ne:pweeke:te: valley (cf. ne:pwe , ne:xAkwaa bundle of sticks . ke:te: "region"). ne:e:xu girl . ne:ra continue doing something without stopping or changing. ne:xuru the day aft er tomorrow x w ine:ra to do for a long time , (in two days ) (cf. ne: , ru) . persistently. �Ane: ra to spade for a long ne:xipipi between . time , e.g. , without making the retaining walls . ne:x�p�p�re:e: what is between (among) them. ne:see in three days (cf. ne: , 44

nexW arnata a kind of grass. nia to clean a field , pick up trash before plant ing . nexwee (sugar cane for chew­ ing) . in : nia the duck (generic). nexweena my sugar cane. him , her . nexwee r� thy sugar cane. nie: nexweere hi s sugar cane . nime: to blink . ne:xweeri their sugar cane . (See xW i i.) nim� to tell a story (see xWanim�) . na 1. kind of yam. niniri unceasingly. na 2. snare (for birds , etc.), noose (see ko). ni�ru sweet [probably ne "tas te". x�ru "good" ]. na 3. fruit-picker (pole with noose or hook). niira plain , flat land (syn: n55re:). naa 1. shark . niri put on (a g�rment). naa 2. to sing along with another , to follow his singing . niyaa bitter [pr obably ne "taste", yaa "bad" ]. naa 1. knife (originally of bamboo) . no cord used to attach sail to boom and to mast . naa 2. kind of oyster , said to cut the feet if stepped upon . noo small caterpillar that eats yam stems and vines (larger nare: to slip (as on slippery than niirii) . surface ), slippery . xW ai nare: slippery path. noa 1. to belch , to bring some­ thing up from the stomach (see ni 1. name . �araxaa , g��) . n i ina my name . noa 2. extra, over , in surplus . ni 2. kind of shellfish found in frlO O anoa (or noa re:) 10 0 francs soft earth. over (the amount sought ); anoa (or noa re;) fr500 , frlOO nii 1. they (plural ). 10 0 fr ancs over the 500 franc target . nii 2. penis sheath. noarE extra, surplus (cf. noa). nii 1. in : noe seaward , direction toward anii when? the sea. banTi how much? cre:e:nii how many branches? n� discolored (e. g. , skin that p��nii how many times? has been burned) . nii 2. in : n5 1. part icle indicating an t��nii to hold something down , ongoing or habitual state or restrain. process. xaanii to squeeze one thing in n5 me he is coming. the hand . E na n 5 p a ii I am sick . nii 3. 1. to put something into n5 2. fish (general ). a container. 2. To swallow. 4 5

n:>:> 1. spider . fenu to go too far . wakenu work past quitting n:>:> 2. to soak in water. time . xW inu overdo . n:>:> 3. to be at (a place), mWaanu too long. remain , depend upon . ( See cr:>w i r i • ) re n:>:> kameere he is at home . coconut . (See bWa "stay" .) nu 3. 1. they (dual). n55 1. the top , at the top. nuu n55 re its top, atop. nuu 2. cocoon , something made into a package as a banana n55 2. sail. leaf wrapping food for cooking. n55 3. mosquito. nuu a kind of fresh wat er plant . n:>d:> honest , truthful (person) . nua 1. ancient (in: nuad:>u). ke re n:>d:> the truth. nua 2. inside one 's dwelling, one's shelter (a person 's n:>i in vain . house , an animal 's den , et c. ). xW i n:>i to do in vain. (See H+. ) nuad:>u a thing pertaining to the past , to ancient times (cf. n5 kWarii flying fish [lit : d:>u ) . fish , grasshopper ]. nub:> near . n:>:>m:>:>bwaakwe summit of the mount ain. nubu 1. kind of mangrove .

nubu 2. taboo (a magical im­ position - not a taboo sign) . n:>mwakWe spring , where water comes out . nue the remains, the rest . the rest of it . n:>mwari dam in taro field. n ue re nueku the rest of the yam( s). (Syn : n:>ra still at something , not d ii, naal)E: .) yet having left it (cf. n:>:> , nuetu a wind, from a bit farther ra ) . east than d:>:>p:>. n55re a plain (cf. n55 ) (syn : nui booms of outrigger. n i i ra ) • numara to offer something to n:>u 1. off shore wind. someone . n:>u 2. to ga+,her (cut st alks of) gr andfather. sugar cane . nunuu nu:> 1. forest . nA grammat ical particle , then , at that time , in that case, the stone fish, "raskasse" . when. nu:> 2. nuru 1. [NK] (five). nu 1. first person singular , me in : [= na]. kerenur u five . nu 2. to release, to free , to (Cf. [C] nirL ) exceed the limit , to send , to continue , cont inuously , st ill. nuru 2. to perform well (cut well, 46

knife ; carry well , something fiaak�aa rods used to support thrown ; see far ; go fast ). roofing . gie nuru sharp hatchet . xenuru sharp . fiari one of the steps in a pilou ceremony - all of the part ici­ nutoa to let someth ing out of pant s circle the arena. confinement (as a pig from a pen ) [nu "free" , toa "out"]. fiawa a kind of fish, "maquereau" . nu x�amAAb�i to exhale. fie (parent ). in : n� 1. hiccoughs , caving in , pane several classificatory landslide . parent s. dune the two (true ) parents. n� 2. nape of neck. fiee kind of forest tree (good n�i island. magic for tar o) , "bois de p�trole" . n�ni sluggish, not lively, restrained , weak (as in fiere a kind of bird (eat s fish, convalescence). but nests in crevices in mountains ) . n�n�rn�a [e] anxious , apprehen­ sive , intimidat ed (cf. n�ni) . fii 1. bone . niri [ e] (five ). nina my bone . in : fii 2. a vine, "salsepareille" . klirAniri five . �eeniri five branches. fii 3. bow (weapon ). neniri in five days . pooniri five times. nl. 1. liquid (as juice of fruit , (Cf. [NK] nuru.) et c. ). niire its juice .

N fii 2. a new shoot or bud on a plant . fia 1. to dam. fiii 1. in : fia 2. a kind of grass (now, nii pue to draw in a net in buffalo grass). fishing . (Possibly also in niburu. ) fiaa place wh ere current of a stream becomes faster . fiii 2. kind of bird, "hirondelle ordinaire". fiaa mother , vocative (see m� ine -). fiib� yaa joint of bamb oo (cf. ni , fiabere [NK] a foot-bridge , or be , yaa). something serving as such (cf. [e] nobere). fiiburu to stop someone who is doing something (cf. nii, buru). fiadi a kind of small pigeon . fiib� needle [probably n i "bon e" , fiakere a kind of fish (described b� "flying fox" ]. as about one and one half feet in length, having a long mouth fiida drink to accompany food like a saw , wh ich cuts. Related (cf. ni, da). to m'"' ija) "aiguillette" . fiidaa- alongside , beside . 4 7

to nidaare beside it . somethinp; (e.g .• a log) serv­ ing as such (cf. [NK] nabere ). fiide earth oven . noda echo. fiidepwere a portable oven ; food is wr apped along with a hot noda xa echo of a voice. stone in leaves and niaouli (Probably n5 "reversed" , possibly da "back" .) bark an d strapped on the back. The food cooks during the complicated, confused, journey. non5 1. muddled ; hence , tedious , dif­ ficult (of a task) , muddled , fiidookwe the crest of a ridge unclear (of a memory ). (cf. ni "bone" , do "spine" , Mult iple branched . kWe "ridg e"). 2. non5 kate the many-branched fiiji 1. milk (cf. ni , j i). stem on a coconut tree that holds the nuts (cf. kate ). fiiji 2. kind of river fish (Probably related to n5 , n55 , ([NK] also niju), "carpe" . n55ri . ) fiiju [NK] a river fish (also non55ri to be confused, not to n i j i ) . be able to remember clearly [= n55ri ] (cf. non5). ni kire wat er in pot in whi ch something has been cooked or n55ri to be confused, not to be is to be cooked. able to remember clearly [= non55ri ] (see non5). niimere edge , margin , border , rim, brow ridge. noro torch (of coc onut leaves, reeds , niaouli bark ) [= y5r5 ]. ni imere kWe bank of the river. nowe in : nimia urine [ni "liquid" , mia "urinate"] . bWanowe water conduit . nenowe large taro field. ni naxw a jawbone [ni "bone" , naxwa "mouth"]. fiuu 1. fruit fly . niDe a nest , a bed of straw. nuu 2. in : dinuu seep through . nixigi small crab (black) living in mangroves . menuu pierced. pinuu pierce with drill. tanuu drive pointed instrument n5 1. (reversed, turned around , through . upside down). in : xWanuu window. noduru aerial root s growing down from the banyan . nui [C] in : jen5 to hang up side down . dinui seep through . noda echo . menui pierced. �en5 to turn up side down . pinui pierce with drill. (Probably related to n55 , non5 , tanui drive pointed instrument n55ri , etc. ) through . n5 2. plat form for depositing caterpillar that eats yams yams for the chief. nuru (smaller than noo) . noo drunk , crazy (probably relat ed to n5 , n55ri , et c. ). nob ere [C] a foot -bridge , or 4 8

�ubeeri to be adroit , skillful , at something [lit : �u "move" , beeri "old people" ]. �a a bay at Nak�ty.

�aa scream. �uru to wash. �adiri [NK] whirlpool (cf. [C) �ed.j.r.j.) . �u�efa to continue to do some­ thing that was forbidden (cf. �efa ). �aju to harm by sorcery. �u , �Uxuu clumsy (cf. �u, xuu) .

�a�a very (with we re "small"). �i 1. caterpillar . ���re it s caterpillar (e.g. , we re � a � a extremely small. of a particular tree). fawe re � a �a extremely small. �i 2. a small bay within Canala �ari watch over, protect , wait for . Bay.

�aaru seed-plant s (kept for the �iri black. next season 's plant ing).

�e with (inst rument ), at (time) , during. o �e naaxa rac.j..j. in xarac.j..j. language . ooro to rejoice, be happy because of good luck . �ee 1. we , plural , exclusive .

�ee 2. to turn something so as to straight en or align it .

�eb�ea to bend (as a sapling) (cf. �ee) (b� e a apparently a variant of p�ea ). 55 exclamation (wat ch out! ).

�ediri [C) wh irlpool (cf. �ee , ��pe road (modern) (see x�ai). d-i-r.j.) (cf. [NK] �ad.j.r.j.) .

�i (variant of �iri) . in : p �ig�r� to crush (as a bottle ) by rolling under foot (or hand) . pa 1. (plural , human ) (in: pabe , �idia to tear (as paper or paabu, paac ii, paadacii , cloth) by rolling so. paadane, paad� , pakak� , pamii , pane , papa e ). �iri to roll under the hand or foot to crush. pa 2. leg . paana my leg. �55 we (dual , exclusive) . pa 1. (appar ent vari ant of pa �A to crawl on the stomach. plural , human ) (in: p aapi i, �A �uu p � e ir i to go on our p aa�) . stomachs . pa 2. tooth. QU move , fidget , agitate. paana my tooth . 49

paa in : pakak::> the interior - mountain­ dwelling - people (cf. pa). �epaa to proclaim , expound to public . pakwara subj ects, ministers , of xapaa speak up so as to be a chief (cf. pa, kWara). heard , begin to speak (of infant ) . pam! ! several siblings (cf. pa, (Probably related to abaa.) mii) • to paddle a boat . paba 1. panea father 's sister. 2. to plant plants, set paba pane e- father. posts, close together . paneena my father. pabe several brothers (cf. pa, paneere his father. be). pan::>::>r::> thy father. (See apaa.) paabu the masters (clans con­ trolling the sun , etc. ). paneeXU girls . its masters . paabure pane several classificatory (Cf. pa , abu probably related parents (including father 's to apuu. ) brother and mother's sister) (cf. pa , ne ). paca talkat ive . papa sheet supporting the yard paacii several cross-cousins (of of sail. someone) (cf. pa , aci i). papae you women (vocative ) (cf. term used for older brother . pa�e pa) . paade kind of war club [lit : paapenaa the base , support , of "tooth" (= beak) , "hawk" ]. the mast Cpa "leg" , pen�� "mast"Ja paadacii several (mutual ) cross­ cous ins (related to cf. aci i; paapii persons having respon­ pa) . sibility for burials (cf. p� , ap i i ). paadane a family (the father , mother , and children) (cf. . pal para eel (generic). padopwa the young, young people pari in : (cf. pa , dopwa) . n�rapari to recall something paad::> 1. men (vocative ) (cf. pa , that had been forgotten. d::» • x�p�ri to perceive , descry. 'rapari to recall. paad::> 2. chicken 's beak [lit : "tooth" , "chicken" ]. paari in : kaeepaari to illuminate some­ paee to feel , to have a presenti­ thing . ment of. paserEtepa spokesmen (cf. pa , �e , paete to make a complete harvest re , tepa) . of a taro field. paai children (sons and paii hurt , sick , dead. daught ers) . paiicee leprosy (cf. pai i, cee). paa� paad::> boys , sons. p��� p�e girls , daughters . p ai ime de a d (cf. P a ii, me ). paa� kEwana my fellows (of the 50

same source - clan , region , penE kete the leaders, the peop le, etc . ) . ( cf. pal . riches , of the region . pene kamuru a big , robust man . paibeeri elder , ancestor ( cf. pa , beer i) . penee choose and take [= pe reneE] ( cf. pe , neE). paaxa chiefs ( cf. pa, axa). pepoa Whet stone , stone used to pe sting ray. sharpen implements ( cf. pe , poa) . pee to defecate. pere in : to go up . pere jipere to hit with something thrown . petoa climb up something ( a gWepe re to hit with something mountain , a tree , vine climb­ thr own . ing pole) ; climb above ( as airplane above mount ain cf. ) ( pere 1. clear , unclouded, trans­ e , p re toa). parent , awake . pewi to pass in the excrement kWe pere clear, transparent [ e. g. , said of seeds so dis­ water. seminated by pigeons ] ( cf. ( Syn : me r e.) pee , wi ). pere 2. a fence. pe 1. in : pe ren ee choose and take [= how? xa ipe penee] ( cf. pe , nee). yaape who? what? j ope perii 1. to roll , as a ball. pe 2. to take , to. carry , convey , perii 2. to imitate. carry out , perform. xa pe ri i to repeat . pe 3. bed, shelf , etc . fe peri i to follow . xW i pe ri i to imitate. my bed. peena bA pe rii to imitate. peeku platform for storing yams. pesaa�aa necessary , needed, preferable , the most likely, stone mostly in compounds . pe 4. ( ) the best choice. stone yam shaped planted peku ( ) pe�aa�aa Paul , re ne xli Paul , with yam as good magic. especially , would know. pemwe taro-shaped stone used as taro magic. pesii fish hook and sinker ( cf. � i i ) . pe first cross-cousin of opposite sex. pe su summ it . peena my cousin . pe�uure bWaakwe summit of mount ain . ( pebWi to fall , to lose, to be ( Cf. �uu. ) de fe at ed [bWi " s oft "]. petoa pick up something ( cf. pEde to steal. pe , toa). pekari the pit of the stomach . peti 1. to praise oneself, boast . pe naa mast . k� pet� ro you're boasting. pEne in : 51

PEt� 2. plait (flat obj ect as (cf. picrii, cd . mat , plate, basket ). piy�� the niaouli - an indigenous pExa heart [lit : "stone", eucalyptus . "speech" ]. piiguru testicle (cf. pH , guru) . pa wild hibiscus . pirnad� the gall bladder (cf. pi parna pumice stone . "roe" , mad�) . pani to separate , take differ­ pin5 in : ent paths , come apart . xWa pin5 of several types , varieties. papa 1. di fferent , unlike , of xW a pin5 rE ku several varie­ another kind (ant : d�d�) . ties of yams. xWa pin 5 rE dEE r i people of papa 2. the cagou , an indigenous several races. nearly flightless bird. (Cf. xwa .) paaSErE to send (someone to do pinuu to pierce with a drill something) . (cf. nuu, pi related to pira; [C] pinu i). pata kind of tree , "tamanou de for&t" . pinui [C] to pierce with a drill (cf. nui , pi related to pi ra ; 1. fish roe . pi pi nuu) . di sease (now rare) of pi 2. pi�x5 to whistle (probably x5 children involving sores on "sing" ). lips and backside (probably yaws ) . piA me at , flesh. pi 1. to operate the fire plow , piArE it s flesh . or today , to strike a mat ch. 2. To break off a piece of pipiri near , in proximity to. tobacco. 3. To castrate an t ee pipi ri wat ch closely . animal . bEpipi ri to remember , keep in mind. pii 1. a kind of palm tree. pira drill [bow drill in ancient pii 2. sound produced by walking times ]. on dry branches, leaves . pii seed, in general , grain of sand , etc . piriri fast . piirE its seed. pitErii to roll on the ground, pia to fight , war . drag something on the gro und (with consequent soiling) . picari kind of bird , "rale" . pitii to glue , glued (figurat ive­ pi iCE look for (cf. cd . ly , to st ick close to) . Paul xAnei pitii w irE Pierre piyii 1. deflated (as a balloon) . Paul is always with [glued to] Pierre. piyii 2. to look for , seek [= pi If i i cd. piye kind of shore tree. piciicE to look for something po a kind of fish of mangrove swamp s. 52

poo 1. to pull something from p55 2. deep. the water . p55 3. alternate name , used by poe 2. husk of coconut (also some coastal people for the poonu) . wild pandanus elsewhere called p5r5 or meep5r5. poa 1. to sharpen . p55fu£ [NK) four times (cf. p55 , poa 2. to bear (of fruit tree) . fu£ ; [C) p55H£ ). poa 3. deep . p35f.i:£ [C) four times (cf. p55 , f�£ ; [NK) p55fu£ ). k£t£ poa deep place . k W e apoa deep water . p�k£ prick or st ab (cf. kg ). pokwe Ouvea Island. p�k�mwadi a plant , "haricot sauvage" . popoo dust (also sawdust ) settled on something . p���� i how many times? (cf. p55 , n I I ) • pora large basket of coconut leaves (larger than keb� , p��n1:n: [C) five times (cf. p55 , different weave from poti i ). n�r�) . pota small river fish , "lochon p5r5 kind of pandanus (wild , not nair" . used) [= p55 , meep5r5). potii big basket of coconut p�ru to peel (as a banana , yam , leaf. taro ) (syn : pW;3) . powee roughly round , spherical p55ru two time s (cf. p55 , ru) . (although not perfect in form as pWex3x3 ). p55see three times (cf. p55 , see). p� day aft er the yam festival when goods are displayed an d p�u after , behind , last [= pWau). bartered. p��we a native fowl , "poule p3 1. hole , hollow , depression. sultane" . p3 2. 1. joint of bamboo used pA a pole carried on the evening as cooking vessel. 2. The of the anniversary of the death species of bamboo so used. of a high chief and subsequently set up in the ground. The dance p3 3. wooden bailer , dipper performed in bringing out the (syn : soo) . pole inaugurates the pilou that terminated the mourning . p�� 1. to turn something (as the page of a book) , to remove bark pAAr£ his pole . from a tree by hand. PA to sort (as yams according to p�� 2. kind of wh ite earth . size) . p33 1. (times ). pu 1. in : in : saapu one time . p33ru two times . d£pu again . p55see three times. dupu the first two of a series . p55fu£ (p53H£) four times. p��nuru (p��n�r�) five times . pu 2. (physically touch some­ p��nTT how many times? thing so as to turn it , move it , 53

push it ). in : cause . puaxW££taa topple something. puure its cau se , etc . puvi i to pull together two (Presumably related to pu. ) things . pusepwTrT to turn over. pua stay , remain . puk� r� to grind, crush by rolling something over it. pua vasaa to stay together. to stay alone. pup�t� to fold something to­ pua saari gether on itself. pua atA to remain at peace . pua saa to stay together. pua x�� to maintain a fast , pu 3. pre fix [cf. P u e) be for e various morphemes designat ing to fast . different kinds of net . pube tail (of any bird or pukudu net of coconut fiber. animal with a feathered or furry tai l) . pu 4. (finger , toe) nail , scale (of fish) , shell (of turtle ). pube re its ... ( Probably pu �hair , feather� , pure n5 fish scale . be �bottom� . ) pure pW£ turt le she ll. pure x£ claw, hoof, finger or puubwafi�we beginning of the taro toe nail. field (cf. puu, bWaibwe ). pu 5. vacancy , empt iness , aptness pUe fishing net . to serve as a receptacle . pujikarame [NK] eyebrow or eye­ pure kWe empty bottle for lash = (cf. wat er. [ puka rame ] pu, ji , karame ; [C) punikarame). pu 6. the base (e.g. , of a eyelash , eyebrow ( = plant , the stalk or trunk where pukarame it emerges from the ground) . puj ikarame , punikarame). in : puk�r� grind, crush by rolling pure its base. under something (cf. pu , k�r �). puak� back pack with stra w tied at the base to support pumW a wall of house (cf. pu, the load. mwa) . pukwaa base of a tree . pum£ shoulder. punemu belt . behind the house , the pumwa my belt . wall of the house. punemuna puwinaa neck. pufiikarame [C] eyebrows and puwinaana my neck . eyelashes [ = puka rame ] (cf. pu , pupa thigh . karamE ; [NK] pujikarame). pupaana my thigh . (Presumably related to puu. ) pupiti to bring several things together , to fold together , as pu 1. feather , hair . in closing an umbrella (cf. pu, pure its feather . pHi-) . pubwa head hair . pupWiri carefully . pu 2. to come forth , emerge , as examine carefully. wat er in a spring , to flower. tee pup wiri pura 1. to make a speech . puu 1. in : puuru the second (yam pile). pura 2. to come up , emerge (as puusee the third (yam pile) . fr om a dive) . kWe water flows from the source , origin , beginning , pura puu 2. ground. 54

purekwe kind of tree , the leaf stopped, cleared up (weather ) has a concave form and is used (see puru , buru). to dip wat er (cf. pu) . piite a meeting , encounter , pureu dust (in the air) . junction . puru (sever , break or cut in piti (to bring things together ). two ) (in: capuru, cikopuru, in : c::>puru, j ipuru, j::>puru, kepuru, fAp�t� tie things together. k ipuru, kW ipuru, �epuru , kap�t� to pick up a number of tipuru, tup uru, and presumably things an d put them together. tapuru) (variant : buru) (see nep�t� hand signal (palm ph;:) . forward) for infiltrat ion through woods . puuru the second (as in count­ nep�t� to fold up (as a spread ing yam pi 1 e s) (cf. P u u, r u) . out cloth). pup�t� to bring together , pusaa pubis. fold something together on it­ pusaare his pubis. self. (Presumably related to b�t�. ) puusee the third (in counting piles of yams) (cf. puu, �ee) . pOs em! wing [p� "feather" , s! pw tf side" , me "arm" ]. pWa 1. in : pusepWiri to turn over on the side , to expose the bottom pWakWetaa seashore . (cf. pu, �epwTrT). pWan�w� beach . puu s::>pia the mat ernal clan (cf. pWa 2. the reverse , back , bottom . puu, s::>pia) . pWare it s bottom . to bank , bank earth around putu in : (as crops ). pWI 1. pWadia to split with a blunt puvii bring, press , two things instrument . together (cf. pu, vi i). pWag::>r::> to break , shatter with a stick , et c. pOxfrf run (person) (cf. x;:r;:) . pWaame to kill , stun , with a st ick, et c. pOxWI beard (cf. p� , xW� ). pOxWaj im! under arm hair (cf. dam up water. p� , xWaj im!) . obstruct water. fibers in coconut husk pOxW anO fruit . and also the fibrous sheets of 1. the coconut tree. pW�re its fruit . 2. A drop (of liquid). pi exhale smoke , blow wat er off mouth (rain , or after diving). pWI 4. to peel (as a banana) (syn : p::> ru) . pidi to each , for each , apiece , to all sides. pW I 5. beat clothes (balled up ) fe p�d� go , each in his own to wash them . way . pWI 6. white (a variant form ) pfrf broken , severed, interrupt ed, (especially with � ::>me ) 55

(probably related to pWar a) . pWe 2. the belly , the cent er or interior. pwacii to dam up water (cf. pWeerE his belly . pWa , c i i). pWe 3. to carry cradled in the to obstruct wat er (cf. pwade arms , as a baby . pwa) . pWee to express liquid from pWadenabo dew drops [pwa something. "drops" , denabo "dew" ]. pWea to bend. Also to pwadia to split something with "straight en out " a child by a blunt instrument (cf. pWa , corporal punishment . (Also d i a) . in : cipwea , jEpWea , mopwea, tupW� a; probably related to in the future : later than pWafE bWea in �Ebwea .) intended , expected, wished. pWece kind of fishing spear to break , shatter with pWagoro (larger than barada). a stick, etc. (c f. pWa , goro). pWex5x5 roun d , spherical pWakwe drop of water , tear (cf. (smoother and more regular in ) pWa, kWe . shap e than powee ). pWakwetaa seashore (cf. pWa , pWg 1. to be unimportant , in­ kWetaa ). sign ificant (oft en used to disparage what one offers pWaamE to kill , stun , with a another) . stick, etc. (cf. pWa , mE ). pWg 2. turtle . pwana afterwards (cf. pWa, na). pWEEdi the youngest child, pwan awa beach (cf. pWa , naw a). youngest member of the family , the last . pWanu nape of neck. pwanuuna my nape. pWEi in : (Cf. pWa "reverse" .) Ci pwE i to prop in the de sired p osition . pWa�ara European . tapWE i to prop in upright position with a stick. pWara white. Probably in : pwar� to cult ivat e (taro field) . gupWE i to be noisy in mourning for a chief ("to drive away pwari to be empty. the mourning" ). xapwE i to congr atulat e scmeone. pwaari to go all the way around Xi p wE i to announce the arrival something . of someone . (bwEi in XUUbwE i "to rejoice at pWau after , behind. good fortune" is probably related. ) pWauna after me. [= pou] pWg mWaa sea-cow [dugong ] [lit : (Cf. pWa. ) "long turtle" ]. to advance , move or pWaxWa pWErE break soil with digging ext end further . stick, shoot arrow , throw pWaxwa tEpa speak out . spear , shoot gun , drive into ground . pWe 1. high (ant : XUbwE ) . 56

pWErE to do something in the re 2. alienable pos session manner of. marker , of. k.· pWErE na you are doing it my way . ri third person plural pronoun . pWEti a bun dle of straw used in r� 1. second person singular a dance . pronoun . 2. at (syn : t � ) . pWi to emerge , extrude , ex­ r� trusion (e.g. , place on a there , thereupon tree where a branch is begin­ r�na [= t�na] (cf. ning to spr out , saliva coming r� , na). from dog 's mouth when it has third person dual pronoun . been running) . ru 1. pW i re naxw are froth of mouth. ru 2. (two) . pW i re kWaa sprout . in : baaru two . pwi banana. � EEru two branches. the day after tomorrow pWii to open (as a pot , door , nexuru book) . (i.e. in two days ). p55ru two times. the second (in count ing pWia pus . puuru yam piles). pWiimwErE to close something (door , pot ) (cf. pW i i, mWE rE ). y pWipWiri properly , in the right S manner . sa 1. strike with hatchet , tee pW i pW i r i wat ch carefully . machet e; chop . xw i pW ipwi r i to do it properly. cue pW ipwiri to sit down in the proper place . �a 2. to construct , found , create. to roll up (a cord , etc.). build a house. to found, establish , pWiit�nu to turn all the way a village. over , capsize (cf. pW ii, t�nu). sa [C] to untie (a rope) , detach (cf. [NK] �Ii) .

R �aa one .

thick. ra 1. (temporarily) . �aba in : �aaCEE one br anch, stem (cf. b W a ra to remain for a little � � a, crEE). while. ciera not yet . �akai to pulverize with a f era to go briefly - a tem­ hatchet or the like (cf. �a, porary departure . kai). n�ra still at something , not yet having left it . �aake several . ra 2. or . �aamE to kill (cf. � a, me l. rE 1. third person singular �amW a many . pronoun . 57

�ap�ri war club . come to a decision (cf. se, tE pa) . �aapu 1. one time (cf. �aa, pu) . set� to pass out of sight by �aapu 2. sudden , ab rupt . turning a corner or passing rE xW i �aapu he did it suddenly. over an obstacle .

�aari only . sexwai to explain (cf. �e, xWai ). gu �aari only me alone . SE 1. to dig up (taro). baaru �aari only two . SE mWE . ���£ at the side (of something, (See hrE.) e.g. , a room). �a�£ mWaa at the side of that SE 2. kind of shellfi sh . house. [= �££ mWaa] side , the other side. se£ mWaa at the side of that saa� Exe five . house ( = sas£mwaa). s££ bWaakwE on the other side �atia to split something (cf. of the mountain . � a, t i a) . s££ xWarE on the other side of the river . �ai each , each one , all . ri �a� m£ they all came . �£ 2. [C] the cover of something (Syn : wanii, xaa di .) (as a pot). serE its cover, lid. to be attent ive , wat c hful , savaa ( C f. [ NK ] � Ii.) in seeking to avo id something (syn : tavaa) . SEE 1. to pull, to dr ag . sawa lizard (generic ). SEE 2. a kind of fern .

se to say. SEaara to signal (ge sture) someone to come (cf. aar a). see 1. (three ). in : sEba to flap the wings . nE�ee in three days . basee three . SEEdE evening (night fall). � E e � ee three branches . p55see three times . �Efa to violate a rule , a puusee the third (in count ing prohibition . yam piles ). SEkE [NK] to slap (cf. kE , [C] see 2. to descend , downward, tE kE ) . low , late (in: tEseea , t�seea). SEfi5 to turn up side down , �eec� in warfare , dispose men reverse orientat ion (cf. "5). (hidden ) in a circle to sur­ round the enemy . SEpuru pull apart as rope (cf. � EE , puru) . �epaa to proclaim , expound , something to the public (cf. �e) s EpW iri to turn , return (possibly (probably related to abaa ). related to pWiri).

see��� (of taro field) to flood SErE 1. to dig up (yam) . and dry up intermittent ly (cf. SErE k u �ee , s��). (See sE.) to decide , agree upon , se tEpa SErE 2. small sea fish , found also in mangrove swamp s, �i� small river mullet. "poisson blanc" . �i�e barbed point , as of a �£r£ the lowe st of three high hook or harpoon . tides. �oo 1. bailer. 2. To empty �eri to put in a sloping posi­ water from something ; es­ tion, not fully upright . pecially , bail a boat (syn : p5 ) . �£�eex£ fifteen . �� to bend something into an �ewi to pull something loose ar c or circle , to turn back . from its place (e.g. , pull out a tuber , pull loose a reed (generic) . rope ) (cf. 5 e e, wi ). s�� 2. 1. empty (the genera l �ex5 cough [probably , x5 term) . 2. Low tide. "sing" ]. s�i to hit , to whip , to tap �aa 1. to me asure the cir cum­ (with stick) as in beating ference of something by put­ bark cloth or loosening bark ting the arms around it from tree . (possibly relat ed to taa , tr aataa ) . S�PE to reach for with the hand. �pe Ce to reach for to grasp. 2. to get into a magical �aa �S�pe tara to seek to investi­ state of purity (involve s gate with the hand. careful choice of companions , of what one eats , etc. in ��pia mat ernal clan [= puu order to be strong in war , s�pia]. etc. ) . s�ri to slander someone . �aa 3. the totem of a clan . s aan a my totem. s�tia to split (as wood) (cf. s � i , t i a) . �aa older brother or sister. �A 1. to burn a yam field. saana my older br other. sti 2. [NK] to unt ie a rope , �afere to lean [intransit ive ] detach (cf. [C] sa). against something (see fe ri ). �ti 3. [NK] the cover of something kind of straw. �aii (as pot) . �are needle-like tool used in stire its cover , lid. attaching thatch to roof. sti nidE niaouli bark used to cover earth oven (cf. [C] 5£) . �araxaa to belch (syn : noa). �titi- father 's sister. �i to assemble (as a canoe) , put sAtire his ... parts together . �lIru 1. to cut . 2. Subincision. �ii 1. fishing tackle. slli (to go astray , miss). sii 2. to se w. in : siieke to sew tight , sewed C�SIlf. miss with a blow. tight (cf. sii, akE ). d f-Sllf. miss with the fist . jeSllf. miss with a kick. �iifag� sewed loosely (cf. S ii, g"'eSIlf. miss with a thrown fag�) . obj ect . 59

ji�A+ miss with a thrown T object . to shoot a gun , or ta�A+ ta 1. (to shoot a gun or thrust throw a spear , and miss. with a stick , e.g. , a spear ) m� �A+ to make a false step (in: tak�r� , taamE , tanDD , (and slip , fall , et c.). tanDi , tapanD, tap�ru, tapuru , te�A+ to make a mistake in reading. tapWE i, taSA+ , tagWere , tawi ). 2. husk coconut by striking root in the ground (as ta �u the end on hard surface. pig , dugong ). ta 3. extract pus or a thorn l. chameleon . �uu from the skin , using a pin or thorn. �uu 2. onto. v ta 4. to write, mark , scratch, to pound , as with the suu 3. engrave something . fist or in hamme ring a nail. ta ni to wr ite one's name. suda to nail together two pieces of wood, end to end or edge to ta 5. (from? ). For example, e dge (cf. 5 u u, d a) . in: witaa ta pEna get it off the �UE to blow (on something). bed. in: jaa taa ta table dust off the �uEmE to blow out (e.g. , a table . candle). (Probably related to taa. )

�uEmE st ar . taa 1. to get rid of, to leave (behind) , abandon. �uupira 1. tree fern . 2. Name of a clan. taa 2. to net a freshwater shr imp (called bisa) with a �uru to burn something . porous basket .

�uta to cook (in pot). taa stand , upright , also stand still . �ut�r� to drive something into something. tabWaxwa the largest trochus . to nail, drive in sut+r+ fa� to tie together two pieces a nail . tada of something edge to edge , or (Cf. SUU, tt-r+.) end to end (cf. da).

�� pick fruit . tadi to be clean , cleared, more or less level (of ground ). ��� 1. [said to be vari ant of r 5 + + + "sh ak e " ] . tagE to stone , throw stones at na fE 5++ nD [lit : I go shake (apparently ta is variant of me ] I went in vain . te, cf. ge l [= t£gEJ. k+ xa 5++ r� you spoke in­ effectually (cf. n�i ). tagWere to shoot or thr ow a spear and hit the target (see �H 2. closed, ob structed. pWE rE) (cf. ta, gWere) (ant : ta�A+) . ��r�� to shake something. takE outrigger float [= wagE ].

tak�r� to pound , crush , with the end of a st ick (cf. ta, k�r�) . 60

taamE 1. to kill with a gun or tata completely (with mTa "red" ). a pointed weapon , such as a mTa tata. spear . 2. Now , kill or be dead , in general. tavaa to keep an eye on , keep ( C f. t a, mE .) wat ch on , someone or something (syn : savaa). tamW a to be acquainted with, know . tawi to dig up tubers with a stick (cf. ta, wi ). tanE an incense producing torch used to exorcise a possessing te a booming , rumbling noise spirit [various special woods (gunshot, thunder , something used] (probably nE "fire" ). falling). tafiuu to perforate by driving tee to see , catch sight of , a point ed in strument through keep wat ch on , observe . it (cf. ta, nuu; [C] tanuj ). tesAi to deviate (as in reading tanGi [C] to pierce , perforate, to misread - miss a letter , by driv ing a pointed instru­ skip a line) (cf. tee , SAi- ) . ment through it (cf. ta , nuT) (see tanuu) . tete very (with k�d� "dark blue or green" or with mEb� "light ta�a to stand in wait (cf. ri in we ight"). taa , �arj). k�d� tete tapanu to let go of , thus mEb� tete. actually throwing , a spear when the target (e.g. , a fish ) tE 1. to grope for something. is out of reach (cf. ta, nul. tE 2. in : tap� a noise of percussion or tEkE slap. detonat ion (as gun firing , tEti-ri- injure hand by slap ­ bamboo cracking). ping do wn on point . tap�ru to remove bark us ing a tE 3. (in: tEna , tEseea , tEtfa). pointed instrument (cf. ta , p� ru) . tE 4. disease in whi ch hair falls out . tapuru break gr ound with dig­ ging st ick for yam cultivation tE to throw (as a stone) (see (presumably ta, puru). g We re ) . sandalwood [borrowe d tapW akae tEE to hold a compet ition , con­ word? ]. test . backstroke in swimming , tapWaaru tEgE to thr ow at something to row , oar . [= tag£ ] (cf. tE, gE l. tapWEi to prop up , to prop in an tE'i to weep. upright position (as the stalk of a plant ) with a stick (cf. tE idii the mourning (weeping) ta, pWEi). over a dead person . tara to see, look at , inspect , tEi dfi-rE we ep for him . observe , find out . tEkE [C] to slap (cf. tE , kE ; tas A� to shoot or throw a spear [NK] sEkEl. and mi ss (see pWE rE ) (cf. ta , SAi-) (ant : tagWere ). tEna there , then (cf. tE, na). 61

tEpa speech, word, stat ement , xWa toa toward the mount ains . to di scuss. (in: kEtoa , t+toa.) tEseea below , positioned toa n55 find , come upon , come beneath (cf. tE, �ee, a). to, reach. tEtia near the mount ainside tookii evil spirit who can (cf. tE, t+, a). change form to work sorcery [= dooki i]. tEtiri to injure the hand by slapping down on somet hing to 1. in , at (in: toaxWE , tofEa , pointed (cf. tE , t+r+) . tona , to�eea , towa , tox u). ta 1. sentry. to 2. to drip. ta 2. ramifications , small too 1. in taro cultivation , at branches from the main stem, the appropriate time to dig a the main path, etc . small depression so that the shoots can emerge easily. tea to carry a large obj ect by encircling it with the arms . too 2. to dig with the hands . To pick up a handful of some­ taca to avo id a path , to leave thing. a path one was following (cf. t a , dO. t55 (with open hand? ). in : the wall covering of the tapo to push (upright conical house. To put on the toobErE obj ect ) into position. wall covering . tob+t+ a meeting, to pull to­ gether into a pile. tei 1. to pluck a bird. 1. to hold firm against 2. To gather fungus that grows toonei something to keep from falling. on dry wood (XA+ or b+r+r+). toonii to hold something down , to restrain . tai 2. bury. t55vi i to press one thing against anot her using the open ti to measure. hand . tii 1. 1. to st ick (as spear in toaxWE at , near , the top (cf. tree ). 2. To thread a string through something (as in to, axwE ). stringing beads ). toobErE to push an up right obj ect (as a post ) into the tii 2. where? [= t + i, t H ]. position desired (cf. t55). to split , tear (in: citia, tia tobiti a meeting . To bring to­

t:Ji 2. where? (cf. t:J, i). a fish or animal . t:Jna there , then (cf. t:J, na) . tAi to take something with the hand [as out of a basket ] t:J:Jnei to hold something firm [= t :J i ]. against something to keep it fr om falling (cL t55 , nej). tu (ben d) . in : tupuru to break by bending. t:J:Jnii to hold something down , tupWea to bend with the hands . to restrain (cf. t55 , nii). tus:J to bend something into an arc or circle. t:Jnu definitely , completely . gWe tuu to break something bWa t:Jnu remain forever , to (as the tender stalk of a st ay . plant ) with a thr own stone. pW i i t:Jnu to turn all the way over . tuu to put on top of , stack . (Possibly contains nu. ) tuu hooy i to mount a horse. t:Jpere to wake up , pay atten­ tubWa to brood (sit on eggs) tion , see clearly (cf. pere). (probably t uu, bWa) . t:Jpii straight . tubWawi 1. to br eak something , make it give way , by sitting t:JpWe to lift with the hand (cf. pWe). on it (cf. tubWa , wi ). to go to meet , to t:J�eea beneath , to a position tubWawi 2. pick up , someone wh o is to beneath (cf. t:J, see , a). accompany one somewhere . t:Jtaa to take leave (of one to come up (of something another) . tu£ plant ed) . t:Jtaar:J good-bye to you . (Cf. taa.) tupuru to break by bending (as st ick) (cf. tu, puru). t:Jt:J completely (with bwi "soft") . tupWa a cord with coconut fron ds attached used in fish drives . t55vii to press on e thing against another using the open hand tupWea to bend with the hands (cf. t55 , vi i). (as a reed) (cf. tu, p Wea). t:Jwa on , thereon , during , in turudi bee . (time) , additionally (cf. t:J, wa) . tU�:J to bend something into an arc or circle (cf. tu, s:J). t:JXU onto, on top of (cf. t :J , xu ). ti l. (deep). in : t+ to plant something tA 1. to decide , designate. na; deep. tA saa daa to name a day for (Ant : d:J .) something. ti 2. to, at (in: t+toa , t+w a). tA 2. calm , still , restrained. ti 3. enter , sink into, set n£kWetaa tA the sea is calm . (sun , moon) . f£ atA go slowly . (Syn : dAdA. ) ti 4. (at the foot of the tAbWi to remove the entrails of mountains ) . 63

in : striking [= ui iu]. tootf at the foot of the U11U exclamat ion at something mount ains. striking [= uaau]. atf there , at the foot of the mountains. uru we , dual , inclusive . tetfa near the mountainside . tH where? [= tfi , ti i ]. tl:i where? [= tff, tii] (cf. f t f, i). 10 1. (place of) (in: tbU a, Url: 1. (to prick , pierce , etc.). tbWao, tda , tda , and numerous in : other examples below). yitfrf to pierce as with 10 2. (although its meaning is needle in sewing . not clear , there seems to be at dft�r+ to injure oneself by least one additional [to �­ falling ont o a pointed object . "place of" ] prefix of this to pierce in coming jat�r� shap e found in such forms as down on a pointed obj ect . a�xa , kee�dii, fbl\, �buburu, jet�rf to swing foot against and many other forms appearing a point ed obj ect . below) . tet�r� to injure hand in slap­ ping down on a pointed obj ect . iba field for dry taro. mot�r� to step on a pointed object . ibeti to divide , share (cf. yot�r� to drive in a nail, a bet i). post . �utfrf to drive in (as a nail). lob1\ to move , be restless (as And probably bit�r� to tighten when one is getting ready to by twist ing . do something ) (cf. bl\). (Variant : d�r+' ) ibuburu one of three weaves tl:rl: 2. to say "ye s" , to consent . used for mat s. (The others are �nfi and �ml\rl\sl\s l\. ) near , adj acent to. tise (Cf. buburu.) [= xWabuburu] tfse Paul near Paul . (Probably t�, �e.) a seat (cf. +, bWa). titoa upward, toward a high ibwa 2. the normal plac e of place (cf. t�, toa). something (cf. �, bWa). tiwa to , pertaining to (cf. t�, ibwao stick which is bent into wa) • a circle to an chor the up­ right poles support ing the roof tixe [C] near , adj acent to. of the conical house. Where the roof support s are tied on . near Paul . tfxe Paul (Cf. �, bWao.) (See tHe. ) l:cinei the joint where two dug­ outs are joined end to end to make a large canoe . lJ icue to sit , be in session , hold uu it ching disease from eating a session (cf. �, cue). fish , "la gratte". icurnei to tease (cf. cumei). uaau exclamat ion at something 64

�c� to dig up , ext ract (as tub ers ) (cf. ct-) . �mUara place for playing (cf. �9ad A posts set up just out­ t-, muara). side the doorway of the house to aid old people leaving the �narapari thought , opinion , house to pass through the decision (cf. t-,nar apari). doorway stooped and then to straighten up (cf. to, cradA) . inarayaa to be sad (cf. narayaa).

�9arEbuafi an exercise in �nee pride, arrogance (cf. nee). preparation for war in which young warriors att empt to �n�i one of three weaves used cross a stream in the face of for mat s (the others are stones thrown with slings , t-buburu an d t-mArA�A�A) which must be dodged. [probably nti "island" ] [= xuant-i]. �9ixu to behave improperly toward someone , to mistreat ifiaa sandy place in a stream (cf. If i xu) . wh ere water begins to flow faster (cf. naa ). �90mara to tell news (cf. cromara). ioubeeri to be adroit at some­ thing (like the ancients) (cf. �da place to eat (e.g. , table) oubeeri ). (cf. t-, da). iouxuu to be maladroit at some­ �da the joint - where two things thing (cf. ouxuu). are joined end to end or edge to edge (cf. to, d a ) . ipaEtE to make a complete har­ vest of a taro field (cf. �fakue dance performed by the paEtd . audience when legends were being recounted (cf. fakue) . ipura to make a speech (cf. pura ) . �fataa place where something is stopped (cf. to, fataa). ip�r� interrupt ion , break , partition (cf. to, p1=r:n. �jana place for exchanging goods (cf. to,ja na) . ipiitE meeting , encounter, junction (cf. pt-t-tE). �j i� ee (of several people) to cooperate in carrying a heavy ipuacii place where one blocks object (cf. jiHe). wat er (cf. pUa c i i).

�kuara jealous , envious (cf. i�aa together , at one time (cf. kUara) . �aa).

�kuEti jealous (see kUEt i). i�erEtEpa chiefdom , headquarters of a chief (cf. to, �e, r E , �mara garden (cf. to,ma r a). tE p a ) .

�mere to imitate, copy , an ��aa hurricane (the strongest action or a manner (cf. me r e). cyclone ).

�mArA�A�A a weave used in making i�OPE a taro field planted after mats , characterized by changes the completion of yam planting . in the weave at selected places Th is was the signal that it was (contrast s with t-nt-i an d no longer necessary to avoid the t-buburu - the other mat weaves) taro fields as was the practice 6 5

during the yam planting (cf. vanea thus , in this manner. � :>pe) . vanei how? (cf. neT). is:>ri to slander (cf. �:>ri ). ve for ; for the purpose , role , isuda joint where two things of. are nailed together (cf. �, pWal)ara xW i farawa ve nekeri 5 u d . a) the Fr ench make bread for food (starch) . itada place where two things are joined together. A joint vei hot stones put on top of of the body (cf. �, tada) . the food in the oven . itakeca the bow drill . vii (two together) . ite a race . in : fAVi i tie two things together. ite the itch . kWavi i to press one thing (or person) against something. itubWa nest (cf. �, tubwa) xavi i to hold two things in (syn : nEfiil)£ l. the hand. puvi i to pull two things iwij:> place for drinking (cf. together . �, wi j:» . t55 vi i to press one thing against another using the open ixam:>:> the speech of the chief hand. at a war pilou when he re­ count s the legend for the first time (cf. xam:>:» (syn : �xap:>:» . w ixapeti pretence, conceit (cf. xap£t�) . wa 1. grammat ical particle. ixap:>:> the speech of the chief at a war pilou wh en he recount s wa 2. regarding, concerning, at , the legend for the first time on , thereat , thereon (in: (cf. xap:>:» (syn : t-xam:>::» . kewa, t:>wa, t�wa, wat�, wapwe). waacete [e] brackish , brackish­ ixaxwae [NK] to reply (cf. xa ; ness . [e] haxw ai ). wacici small cowry, the shell is ixaxwai [e] to reply (cf. xa , used to make necklaces , belts xwai ; [NK] �xaxwae). (related to bWipwi , but smaller) . ix:>ru to come to an agreement (cf. x:> ru). wage float of outrigger canoe [= take ]. ixX to reserve something for oneself, to take sides in some­ waa1 vocative, plural , also thing (cf. xX) . respectful (for males only) .

iyaru to tell riddles (cf. yaru) . warne grammat ical particle , then , next , aft erward (cf. wa).

warne ca coconut without water. v warnwatua hipbone . va certainly , true , genuine. wanii all (of a number) , al­ vayie not that one , not him, her, together . it , et c. (cf. va , y i e ) . 66

wapimu kind of small bird (it someone wh o persists in asking is supposed to bring news , it one to repeat . ab ruptly stops singing when one asks it the right question - wi l. (to di splace an object ). i.e. , the question that corre­ in : sponds to its news ). �awi to chase something away . 9�w i to vomit something up . wapWe the middle of something jiwi to draw milk in nursing. (cf. wa , pWe). jiwi to di slodge something with a mi ssile. waree a kind of yam . pew i to pass in the excrement . sewi to pull something loose wa§a the mud wall , on the side of from its place. the taro terrace opposite the taw i to dig up tubers with a mount ain slope , which retains st ick . the wat er on the terrace. tub Waw i to break something by sitting on it . wata variety of casuarina grow­ (And possibly in y�wi , kawi , ing on river bank s (same n aw i, c i i wi . ) variety as wayu). wi 2. the place of something, wat.i to set (of sun ) (cf. w a , ti-) . its present location or its proper place. wayu variety of casuarina grow­ ing in mountains , especially wi ree its place, also , with mineral bearing soils (same him, following him. variety as wata) . wi 3. exclamat ion when reminded wedi [C] the longest war spear , of something one was supposed thrown last when at close to do and forgot . quarters ([NK ] di , q.v. ). wii��� [C] a kind of river fi sh wee exclamation of surprise . ( c f. [ NK ] k a c i p wada) "p et it e aiguillett e" . we i the other , man , person (voc­ at ive and in demonstratives) . wie kind of fish (relat ed to nake re ). a We i a the other alongside , here . w�Je what ? what 's up? (reque st for a we i na the other , there . one to repeat what one has said) . wenara tide which is just begin­ rE wijE what 's the matter with ning to go out . him? (Cf. j E. ) were small . wij� to drink (see win e) . We §e the other side (of anyt hing - mountain, river , book). wina to leave something, to leave it alone . wesee kWe the other side of the w'l.ter . winaa the neck . (Cf. 5 e. ) winaana my neck . Weeta expression of annoyance at a person 's coming again or win3 1. to follow a spoor . a subject coming up again. 2. To continue , take up again something that was interrupt ed , weewa space (between the sky to follow through on something . [nex��a ] and the earth). winE (drink). we exc lamat ion of annoyance at winera my drink . 67

winer� thy drink . together, by squeezing in the wlnere his drink . hand (cf. xa , bH�). (See wij�.) xace to call (cf. xa , ee l . wiri you (plural). xacifl to show . wi�� kind of banana tree - does not give fruit , but has xac� string figures . edible rhizome . xacflc�� [C] to speak indiscrim­ witaa to remove , efface, throw inately , to slander (cf. xa , away , di scard, get rid of efle�� ; [NK] xaeee�� ). (cf. taa). xage to express oneself poorly , not find the right words (cf. xa , ere l. x xa9 ii to send someone away ( probably xa "speak" ). xa 1. speak . xaadi whole , all (cf. xevadi). xa 2. a bird, "hirondelle buis sonniere". xadi dirty . xa (gripping with the han d) . xadii to buy , pay (cf. d�) . in : xabibiri to hold tight in the xadiri 1. prick hand on some­ hand. thing (cf. xa , d�r�). xab�t� to collapse something by squeezing in the hand. xadiri 2. catch with hands , hold, xad�r� to pr ick the hand on support , re strain (cf. xa , something . Hr�) . xad�r� to catch and hold with the hand. xagai to squeeze , crush , in the xagai to crush in the hand. hand (cf. xa , gai ). xaamIJa to lose something from one 's hand. xai 1. where? how? xaan l I to squeeze one thing in the hand. xai 2. vertical pole for yam xapaee to find or ident ify vines to climb . something by feeling with the hand . xai ant . xapaii to hurt something by squeezing it with the hand. xaipe how? (cf. xa i, pel. xasepIJTrT to turn something over with the hand. xajifl Houailou. xav i I to hold two things in the hand. xam�� to give a speech recount­ ing a legend for the first time xaa 1. season , schedule , timing . as was done by the chief at the war pilou (cf. xa , m��) (syn : xaa 2. paddle , oar , pectoral fin. xap��). xaa to reinforce something; to xaamIJa to lose something fr om help someone . one 's hand (cf. xa , mIJa). xabibiri hold tight in hand xamIJa to put a roof on a house . (cf. xa ). xaanii to squeeze one thing in xabiti bring to gether , collapse the hand. 68

d� xaanTT go on an d touch xara my hand (cf. XE) . (take) it , don 't hesitate! ( Cf . xa , niT.) xaracii Canala and its hinter ­ land . xan� to ask permission; to request permission to use xari wr ap up . something, ask to borrow [probably xa "speak"]. xarid�� earthworm [probably do� "earth" ]. xan5 1. cent ipede . xaroda special yam rows formally xan5 2. an insect ("small fly" opening the yam gardening that flies in the evening season . and eats crops - oranges , beans , etc.). xa�EpWiri 1. to turn something over with the hand (cf. xa , xafiidE to cook (something) in hpwT rT). the oven (cf. nidE). xa�EpWiri 2. a ceremonial exchange xaoaa to shout something to of gifts that was observed on someone (cf. xa , oaa). certain occas ions. The intend­ ed recipient of the first gift xaao still , calm (of weather , proffered did not acc ept the sea) . gift unt il he had covered it with one of his own , an d that xapaa to speak up so that one one had been accepted by the can be heard clearly . To original donor . begin to speak (of an infant ). (Cf. xa , paa.) xa�� to tell someone to turn back (cf. xa , �o) . xapaEE to find or identify something by feeling with the xata 1. bark cloth. 2. A tree hand (cf. xa , paEE). the bark of which is the pr incipal source of barkcloth. xapaii to hurt something by squeezing it with the hand xatara to call to someone to see ( c f. xa , p a i i ) . if he is within hearing (cf. xa , tara). xapari to perceive , descry . xatE ashe s . xapEti to boast . xatii to quarrel [probably xa k+ xapEt+ you 're boasting . "speak" ]. (Cf. xa , pet+. ) xavii to hold two thi ngs in the to curse , invoke the wrath xap� hand (cf. xa , vii). of the ancestors upon (syn : «00 ) . xaxaE shellfish of seashore (edible , resembles trochus , but to give a speech recount ­ xap�� smaller , more pointed, white). ing a legend for the first time as was done by the chief to speak poorly, stutter , at the war pi lou (syn : xaxuu xamo�). also to keep up with the dis­ cussion poor ly (cf. xa , xuu) . xapWa a kind of coral (white). The principal coral of the xaayaaru to speak to someone wh o main reef. is crying in order to console him (cf. xa , ayaaru) . xapwEi to congratulate someone (cf. xa , pWEi). xe copulate . 69

xen� four long-shaped stones xe:�u kind of weevil described used to frame the hearth as eating fruit , paper , wood. area in the house. xevadi all [= xaadiJ. xe: 1. to paint . xeyaa dull , blunt ( cf. xe , yaa ). xe: 2. to compose , prepare . xa kind of cr ab of the seashore . xe: ��� compose a song. xe: te:pa to prepare one 's xaa to erect ( of penis) . words before speaking . xae: kind of stone ( probably xe: 3. to dig a hole in the serpent ine) . ground by scrat ching ( said, for example , of some kinds xata to dip , draw water. of crab ) . xi kind of grasshopper . xe 1. ( upward, up ) . �ue: t�axe put it higher. xii to grate , to shave , to bleed ( trans . ) . xe 2. in : xia small cry ( not as loud as sharp. xe:nuru I) aa) . xeyaa dull , blunt . xia kind of tree , grows in red xe 3. member ( hand or foot ) , soil, wood used for war spears . foot or hand pr int , handle . xa ra my hand. xija shell bracelet . x� r� thy hand. xe: re: his hand. xij e: what for? wh at is it xe ri their hands . wanted for? ( cf. je:). xe 4. time . ximara split , cracked ( cf. xi i, rnara ). xe ree or xere karnia the hour , time of day . xifii cricket ( insect ) . xe re da time to ea t ( also xaare: da). xipwe:i to announce the arrival time to relax ( also xere rnw ara of someone ( cf. pWe:i). xaare: rnwara) . xiri to give light , illuminate, xe 5. to swim . to burst into flames. xe: e: 1. kind of tree having small ne: xiri the fire catches, round fruit wh ich is used to flames. make glue , "gommier" . xiti sacred. xe: e: 2. sexually pr omiscuous , of d�u xi ti sacred thing . a man . xoota sardine . xe:baarukamuru forty . x� 1. kind of rush growing in xe:gie: axe handle ( syn : ke:gie:) . marshes . xe:nuru sharp ( cf. xe , nuru). x� 2. egg . xe:re: - grandson , gran ddaughter , x��re: its egg. sister 's son . x��d� hen egg.

xe: re:na my grandson . x� 3. to wat er ( as plants ) . xe�aakamuru twenty. 70

x5 to sing . Also to raise animals, etc. x�� 1. fasting , having an x�t� strong , hard, difficult . empty stomach. x�i an edible fungus that grows x� � 2. corpse , spirit of dead. on dry wood, similar to b+r+r+ , but whitish in color . xo�a comfortably cool and moist (contrast m;;). xu 1. to be pres ent , exist . Is there any x�cati to take refuge within re xu na farawa bread? something [cat+ "enter" , x� There is. said to be a contraction of re xu (See XW i . ) xuru "flee" ]. xu 2. kind of tree (used for x�d� kind of tree , planted in yam and taro fields , leaves sculptures), "houp" . eat en . xu 3. fault . x�omWaa kind of lizard, has xu rena my fault . long tail, a totem [said to (Cf. xuu. ) be xo� "spirit", mWaa "long" ]. xu 4. extremity, end. xorii to love , choose , want xure kW i ire its tail (fish) . (cf. [C] xWe ri i). [It is said that the end is herewith conceived of as the x�ru 1. good, pretty. 2. To agree , reach an agreement . small part of the obj ect , where it has tapered off , and may be related to xuu.] x�t� man , male , brother (of a woman ) . xu 1. on , on top of. xou something woven , mat , xu doo on the ground (in: clothing. t�xu) . x�yo to marry , married. xU 2. to cult ivate a garden . pax�y� married persons. offspring , descendant , ax�y� a married person . xuu 1. small one . x� kind of grass that grows in sea (eaten by turtles). xuu 2. (clumsy , clumsily , badly) (in: b�xuu, f)UXUU, xaxuu). x� to reserve something for village . oneself, to take sides in xu·a 1. something . xua 2. bottom end of yam. na x� saa pWj I reserve a banana for me (when they are xua ku . ripe ) . xubwe short . x� n�na take up for me , take my side (in a dispute) . to rejoice at good (See 1-xA.) xuubwei fortune . x�� sling for throwing spear . XUU9E girl (cf. xuu, �E) . x�nEi 1. customarilY, always . full . 2. To renew , replenish , to xuda stoke a fire . xudou something small (cf. xuu, x�ri to bear and raise children . d�u). 71

xuduu wild plant with edible xWamArA�A �A, xWamwaado , leaves, "brede-morelle". xWamwere , xWanara , xWanekii, xWanepa , xWan i mo , xWan+ i , xuj ou the top (visible part ) xWaxAr+) . of the reef (cf. xu, jou). hole , wound. a small tide xuu kWe [xuu xWare his wound. "small" , "high tide" ] kWe (Probably in : xWa�ee , (contrast e). kWe a� xWaj ijiaa- , xWaj ime, xWaj otoa , xWamewa , xwam5 r5 , xWanedaa , to be hanged with a cord xuna xWanene, xWanexwee , xWanuu, (cf. na) . xWare, naxwa , xwaxua). xuru to flee . (river) . in : xusa kind of pandanus of sea­ xWajotoa mouth of a river. shore (used for baskets). xWanedaa small creek. xWanexWee small creek . xuusi baby , or the baby of the xWare river. family (cf. xuu) . (Probably relat ed to xWa "hole" .) xutu a tree . The resin obtained from the leaf buds is used as xWa 4. (mouth) . in : a calking material . puxWa beard. naxwa mouth . for a long time . xutue pir e koxwa lip. re �ie xutue he departed long (Probably related to xWa ago , has been ab sent for a "hole".) long time. xWa 5. a numb er of (pos sibly in : xuuxoto boy [cf. xuu , xoto]. xWa�e ) . xi 1. to give , to bear (of a xWabuburu one of three weaves plant ) . used for mats (the others are xWan+i and xWamArA�A�A) xi 2. to (dat ive ). [= +buburu ] (probably xWa , buburu) . xipe cold. xwage much (possibly xWa xiri to run (of vehicles , motors , "numb er", �e "large" ). etc. ), make way , go forward . xwagee bay (general ).

xwada year. xw xwado conch shell .

dire ction , towards . xWagoo white trochus . which way? xwai to follow , pursue , go in a xWa 2. instead , different , con­ direction . trasting . axwa ire its effect. xWa i petoa upward. to fall (of rain). (Possibly relat ed to xWa "direction" .) lever, lift with lever . xwaii to peel sugar cane with xWa 1. kind, sort , unit , locus , the teeth. etc . (probably in : xwabuburu, xWako, xWame , xWamAAbw i , xWai i de. 7 2

xWanara reason , the faculty or locus of thought (cf. xwa , xwaie easy, uncomplicated (of n a ra) . a task). xwanedaa [C] small creeks (that xwai jopuru short cut (cf. sometimes dry up ) (= xwanexwee). xWai , jopuru). xWanEkii perhaps (cf. xWa , xwai mada blood vessel [xwai nEk i i ) . "path", mada "blood" ]. xwajaakete seashore. xWanEpa a step (in walking) xwajijiaa- gill . (cf. xWa , nepal. xWaj ijia are its gill . xWanExwee small creeks (that (Cf. xWa , j i . ) sometime s dry up ) (= [C] xWanEdaa) . xwaj ime armpit (cf. xWa, ji, me ) . xWanaa the boundary , edge , end of something. xwaj o �aa public place of village . t+ xWanaa... up to, unt il ... xwaj otoa mouth of a river (cf. xwanimo a story (cf. xWa , nimo) . xWa , jo, toa). xwanii one of three weave s used xwako noose , lasso, snare for for mat s (the others are birds , et c. (cf. xW a, ko) . xWabuburu and xWamArA�A�A) (probab ly n+ i "island" , cf. xWame stitch, me sh of netting xwa) [= +n+i ]. (probably xWa , me "design") . xWamewa opening through which one can see - in a wall , a xWapeyo the end of a furrow in valley , etc . (cf. xw a) . a taro field where water flows out . xwam5r5 perforation , hole (cf. xWa "hole", m5 r5 "hole"). xWapwatu kind of tree , wood used for spears . xWamAAbWi breath (cf. xwa , mAAbw i). xWamArA�A�A one of three weaves xWa�ee a large butterfly (smells used for mats (the others are bad, flies into houses at x"'an+i and x"'abuburu) night , attracted by light). [= +mArA�A� A] (cf. xwa) . xWa�a cooked taro leaves. xWam"'aado a family , the clan of (because each had a m"'aado ) xWasu hut made for temporary (cf. x"'a , m"'aado ). shelt er at gardens. (Also mWa xwHu.) xWam"' ere the rear , stern , the last , the end. xwata to hear . xWamwere kWa the stern of a disobedient (cf. boat . xwatadii xWata , d i i ). xwamwere xua the last house of the village . xWaxAri a generation (cf. xWa , (cr. xWa , mwere .) XAr+ ) • 73

xWaxua village gate , house XWiCE to att empt to do some­ door (cf. xWa , xLia) . thing , or to find out how to do it (cf. xW i , ee l. xWee kind of fig tree. xWija to throw reeds with the xWeepa calf of leg (cf. pal . sling (as spears were thrown) , a game of children . XWE eat meat , etc . (see naxwE , nEwT-) . xWinei the compensation (usually food) given for a service xWe excrement . rendered (see �aneT). xWee 1. to fall , topple (as xWiri to sell . tree or man) . 2. To pour something from a cont ainer. xWEi to pull up (or cut ) y grass, to clear a field. yaa 1. (not well done) (in: xW Enei how? (said to be �EdEyaa , narayaa, miyaa, niyaa, derived from xW i, neT). xeyaa , bWiya a). xWere in : yaa 2. who? �axwere to ob ey . xWeretEpa to give one 's yaacE evil spirit of dead [on answer (acceptance or woman 's side] living in the rejection ) to a proposal . forest [= kavara]. xWeretEpa a reply to a yaapE who? (cf. yaa , pE). proposal , accept ing or reject­ ing it (cf. xWe re , tEpa) . yaru to tell riddles (see +yar u). xW Erii [C] to love , choose , want (cf. x:::>r i i ) . yaya completely (with �aa ) (possibly related to �aa , vaal. xWi 1. make , do , be , exist , require (of time ) (see xu) . yaa bamboo. xWi 2. pull up tubers. yo name of a village at Thio. xWii chew (sugar cane ) (see y:::>WE to govern , to steer , nExwee). rudder of boat , tail.

ENGL ISH-CANALA DI CTIONARY

77

A ahead aSE.

aid (to) abandon taa faab Wi. alike ab le (be � to) nexA. d�df.

abounding - alive (to be �) mu ru. (in grass) bmE i . an - (in old taro fi elds ) (figuratively, of a person 's k:>mEnErlo we . gardens) n EC a • (to � sides) abrupt saapu. p�df. all sa�, xevad i. acclaimed (for remarkab le abil­ [of a number ] wan TT. ities or fo rce of character) (whole) xaad i . ma . almost d:>saapwE . acid nexacamTa . alone (emp ty - handed) na d:> fErE acquainted (to be � with) tamwa . (see d:» . alongside action (sharp sucking �) ju. bine, nidaa- . already addi tional ba ra. m5r5 . also adjacent (to) t-tse, [c] the. ba ra, mil . altogether adjoining bine. wanTT . always adopt (child) daXAr� xuurE. i, xAneT. amuse (oneself) adroit (at some thing ) I)ubeer i , mwara . �I)ubeer i. ancestor pa�beerT.

adze gineere . ancient gWEE na , nua . afraid (of fa lling) bEpE , and mWamwa . me . angry (to be �) after p:>u , pWau . mi iri. animal (a sea � [jellyfish] afterwards bWa , pWana . brought in by high tide ) again - mwaakwE . again dEpU . ankle muraxe . (repeating an action) mwara . announce - agitate I)u . (arrival) faabaa , Xipw Ei. ago - (a marriage) faabaa . (of long �) gWEE na . another (one) dE. (long �) [more emphasis than gWEE na ] gWEE na kara . ant - agree - (kind that makes big mud struc­ tures) [C] daao, [NK] daau . (to) d�, x:>ru . ant xaT. (upon) se tEpa. Department of Llnculstla. I\esearch School of Pacific St The Australian National University. Box 4, P.O., Canberra. A.c. T., 2600. Australl 78

anxious [C] ninfmwa. attach - (roof) apiece pidi. bWa�. (to) curu , fAi . h appear abaa . (one t ing to another - as to pin on a meda�, sadd�e a app �e (Ma �ay �) kAf. horse) jinEi. apprehensive [C] nin imwa . attempt - (to fr ighten sma�� chi�d from approximate (�y) cec�� , CAC�� . some activity by pre tending that hidden dangers threaten aptness (to serve as a recep­ him) gWer i . tac�e) pu . (to do some thing, or to find out how to do it) xWice. area - (rock covered � on mountain­ attentive (in seeking to avoid something) side ) necr� . �avaa . (a muddy �, e.g. , mangrove aunt (father 's sister) and nephew swamp ) nejarak�� . or niece (enc�osed by a fence) nepErE. d�ta�XX. avoid - arm mE ' (pass by) cr�re, k�"i. armpit (a path) taca . arrive - awake - (late) fe n�� . awake pErL (to) catea , tea . awaken (by touching) � aa t�pErE . arriva� (new) afAdA. away 9 i i . arrogance inEE . axe (doub�e-edged iron �) arrogant nEE . kWi idawa . arrow (with mu�tip�e points) barada . B ashes xa te. ask _ baby - baby xuu Sl . (questions) faa . v_ (a question ) fatara. (of the fami ly) xuu 5 I • (for) fatara , naa . back - (permission, � to borrow) xan� . (off) cere "5 . as�eep (ha �f) mXX . (of per�on) da. (reverse) pWa . assemb�e - [as a canoe ] �i. backbone d�. assemb �ed (�oose�y) bifag� . assemb�y juu. backstroke (in swimming) tapWaaru . assuage faabWi. bad - at - (to be �) caa . e (time ) De. (make to fe ��) facara . at r �, t �, t i, wa . (on, near, the top) t�axWe. 79 bag (net � used to carry stones bay - for sling) [C] budu . (small [she ltered ] �s within a big bay [as Canala Bay ]) bai ler - nEp55kwe . (wooden) p5 . (at Nakety) I) a . bailer �oo . (small, within Cana la Bay) 1)+. (general) xWa � e:e:. bald bWa mia , bWax ica. be - bamboo - (in, among, under) cura. (species used as cooking (at [a place ]) noo . vessel) p5 . be XW i . bamboo yaa . beach pWanawa . banana - beak (chicken 's) paado . banana pWi . (kind of � tree, does not give bear - fruit, but has edible rhizome) wi �o . (of fruit) poa . (and raise children) xArf. bank (to �; � earth around, as crops) pu tu . beard puxwa .

banking - beat - (first, with earth in taro beat ca . cu l tivation) �amwanoo . (� clot hes (balled up) to wa sh (of bird or airp lane) ka ta . them) pwa . banyan duru , mWEEpu . beater (bark cloth) yaabo . bark ki\ . because ke:wa . barracuda (large) doru . beche-de -mer mijff. barrier ba . bed - (of straw) nil)E. base - bed pE . (e .g., of a tree trunk) be:puu . (of mast) paape:naa . bee turud i. (e .g., of a plant, the stalk or trunk where it emerges from the beetle � imaagoo . ground) pu . begin - basket - (to smoke - of fire that is (of pandanus leaf) ka s i. catching) ku . basket ke . (to) naabu . (of coconut leaf) ke bo , pot i i. (weaving a ma t, basket, etc. ) (sacred) nEke ato. naE . (large � of coconut leaves (to speak - of an infant) (larger than kebo, different xa paa . weave fr om poti i)). pora . beginning - bat - (e .g., base of a tree trunk) (with a tail) c I I. be:puu . (sma ll insectivorous) (of the day) koodaa , nEkoodaa . cirir' Ebf. (said to post a sentry ) yite. (of incoming tide ) mErE kWe: (see mE) . bathe (to) mWe . (cause) puu . (of the taro field) puubwanowe . 80

behave (improperly toward (indigenous crow) gaka . someone) .j.c; ixu . [parrot? ] jiria. (lives in marshes) kaabo . behind de , pou , pWau. (sea �) kauukWa . (large, living on some islands belch (to) noa , saraxaa. to the north of the main island. [albatross? ] Said to signal the believe (to) dotamwa . approach of cyc lones. ) maa . (it does not hear sounds , does berry (the ) pWe . not fly, unti l one is right up to it) mErcSH. belonging (� to) �e . bird mArA. (sea � [described as a 'white below tEseea . gu ll which does not dive ', re­ lated to kauukwa , �oobeo ]) belt punEmu . musasa . (eats fi sh, but nests in bend - crevices in mountains) nere. (to � some thing with the (cagou, indigenous nearly foot) mopwea . flightless) papa . (sma r l�) (to �, as a sap ling) �Ebwea . wap imu . (to) pWea . bite - (something into an arc or circle) S o. (one which �s ) akEkE. (with hands , as a reed) tupwea . (to �) kEkE . (something into an arc or circle) tuso . bitter mad.j.,niy aa . beneath - black �h:;: . (positioned �) tEseea . bladder (gaU �) (�, to a position �) toseea . pimadL bleat (as sheep) bent (out of shape ) mEb.j.t.j.. mlili . bleed (trans .) beside iiidaa-. xi i. between - blind (of eyes) do. (two members of a series [as blink (to) nimE . yam plants, yam rows, Sundays, etc. ]) nEkwa . block - between nEx.j.p.j.p.j.. (to be �ed) �a�.j..j.. (passage) _ big c;e , kaxe , mWie , mWi Edou . crH . (to �, hold back and hence accumulate and spread wa ter) bind (to) fAi . kwaacii. bird - blood - (which sucks flowers) aJ I I. (sings during the planting blood mada . (vessel) season) ana:;:. xWai mada. (a) arT, cicodE, xa . blow - (large ) ba exo . (of prey) boou . (wind) cT . (which ca tches fish) bWamata . (wa ter off mouth [rain, or (small, with red head) after diving ]) p.j.. bWaamia. (on something) SUE. (kind of �) c io, c;ira , gokoo , � . keekee , iiiT , plca rl. blue kodo. (a black shore �) c;oobeo . blunt xeyaa . 81

boast �ee, pet+, xapet+. (�esJ how many ?) � eEnTT . (�esJ five) � eEn�r�. boat - (�esJ two) ereEru . boat k"'a . (�esJ three) cEe�ee. (made with planks added to branch k�� . • sides of the dugout hull) (of tree) me. k"'a �iirE. (the �esJ (the ramification of the tree) nemErE k"'aa . body - (mu ltiply �ed) ii�ii5 . (one) �aaeree. (human) [C] kEiii,[N K] kfliii. (sma ll - from main stem) tao (of fresh water) nEd�k"'e . breadfruit kfi. boil - (to) b� . break - (sore) j�x utu. ( c ru s h ) bibr � . (� ground) era . bolt (of cloth that has not yet (with instrument) c�k�r�. been cut) cineT. (some thing ) famEg�; �. (something with an object bone ii i. thrown at it) g"'ek�r�. (as tender stalk of plantJ boom with thrown stone) g"'etuu . (attaching float to outrigger (in two with fingers) [NK] canoe) ducu . kab uru , [C] kflburu . (of outrigg er) nuT. (with fingers) [NK] kad ia, [C] kfld ia. border - (with the teeth) kepuru . (off a piece of tobacco) pT. (of mat where weaving ends) (shatter with stickJ etc. ) CEE. p"'ag�r�. border iiiimErE. (soil with digging stick) p"'erE. born (to be) abaa , � +, de. (ground with digging stick for yam cu ltivation) tapuru . bottom bE, p"'a . (some thingJ make it give waYJ by sitting on it) tub"'awi . boundary - (by bendingJ as stick) tupuru. break +p;r:t. (�iesJ public place) b"'ekaa� �. (the) x"'anaa . breast j i . bow (weapon) iii . breath x"'amflflb"' i. boy xuux�t�. breathe (to) mflflb"'i. bracelet - bridge (foot �J or something (shellJ worn just above elbow) serving as such) [NK] iiab ere, c i j a . [C] ii�bere. ( s he ll) xija. brilliant (sunJ glare) gara , brackish(ness) [C] waacete. jikara . braid (to) f+r+. bring - (news) brain (the) m"'a . c�mara . (somethi�g up from the stomach) branch - nDa . (several things togetherJ to (out - tree) fo ld togetherJ as in closing an (�esJ four) umbre lla) pup+t+. 82

(press two things together) (large [smells bad, flies into puv i i. houses at ni�ht, attracted by (together, pull into a pile) light ]) xwasH. tobft+ . (together by squeezing in the buttocks ba . hand) xab+t+. buy (to) xadH. broken - bypass (to) [as plate, cup ] mEgoro. �orE, koni. broken ph:t. brood (sit on eggs) tubWa . c brother - ca lf (of leg) ('Vs, two) dube . xWeepa . (mo ther 's 'V and nephew or niece) cal l - dotaxErE. (mother 's 'V) mwee . (to) xaCE. (several 'Vs ) pabe . (someone to see if he is within (term used for older 'V ) pace . hearing) xat ara. (older 'V or sister) saa . • (of a woman) xoto . calm - brush - calm dAdfi, tfi. (of weather, sea) xaao. (against) «aka i. (off, as dust) «opixi. Canala (and its hinterland) xaracH. bubb le mfi . candlenut kar+. bud (new shoot or 'V on a plant) iii. cane - (wa lking) budge (to) bA. � asa. (variety of sugar 'V) mWarate. build (to 'V up by adding pieces - as to stone wa ll, or to pile canna - yams, taros) ffi. canna c33 . (now, v arious non-indigenous 'V) bully (to 'V, act as a 'V) mE i. nawa . bundle - canoe (doub le) dukwa . (a 'V of long objects [wood, sugar cane, flowers, etc. ]) capsize pW i itonu . nExfi . (of straw used in a dance) carefully pupwiri. pwe t i . carry - burn - (anything 'Ved in sacred basket, inc luding instruments for (to) k£. (as yam field) sfi. poison�ng magically) ato. (something ) suru. (pressed between the arm and the side) biineT. (as a basket, by handle) burst (into flames) xiri. COSEE. (a baby strapped to side or bury kida+ , taL back) ka na. butterfly - (on shou lder, back) kee . (to 'V , 'V out) pE. (various kinds ) � imaabi i, (cradled in the arms, as a ku tuo . baby) pWe . 83

(large object by encircling it cheek kao . with the ar ms) taa . cherry tree rO o carve kete. chest [body part] m"'am"'a . castrate (an anima l) pi. chew - casuarina - (to) [NK] ma , [C] maa. (shore variety) jemoo. (to 'V something, swa l lowing (growing on river banks) wa ta. the juice and rejecting the (growing in mountains , re st) maada. especially minera l bearing (sugar-cane) x"' i i. soils) wa yu . chicken do . cat mee , mimi . chief - catch - (see apuu) apuu tEpa. (as fo ot, etc. ) ca. (war) (see apuu) apu upia. (as game, fi sh) ca . (tal king 'V, specialist in (with a snare ) ko . oratory, genealogy, etc. ) a';'xa . (sight of} tee. chief axa; ('Vs) paaxa . (with hands ) xad';'ri-. chiefdom ,;,serEtEpa. caterpillar - child -

(tha t bores into dry wood to (the first born 'V) mErE x uu. make its cocoon) koto . (see mE) . (tha t eats yam stems and (o ldest 'V of a fami ly) nEsaa . vines) noo . ('Vren (sons and daughters)) (that eats yams (sma ller than paH. noo) nuru . (youngest) p"'EEd i. caterpil lar r aabo, Qi. chin dana. cause puu . choose - cave - (to) [NK] kan!! , [C] kAn!!, (in rock formation of mountain­ n!! , xor i i , [C] x"'Erii. side) Ja. (and take) pEn!! , PErEne!. ('Ving in) n';'. chop - cease (to) cok"'a . (in two) ropuru . chop sa . ceme tery nExoo . choppy - center juu , naa , p"'e . (sea) karaka . centipede xan5 . [water ] meere. ceremony - cicada - (pilou) coo . (large) a xo . ('Vially) 'facok"'a . (small) [C] jerere, [NK] j i i r i i . certainly va . citrus (genera l) (originally chame leon �uu. inedib le citrus) mEdE. channe l (river) dook"'e . clam - (large - found in mangroves) chase (something away) cawi . du. 84

(gian t) jora . alub - (war � shaped like bird 's beak) alan - bWaapwe . (name of a�) C++, kuu , m++, (war �, 'morgenstern ' form ) �uupira. kaw i . (maternal) puu �op i a, �op i a. (war) p a a de, sap0 r i . (the � of (beaause eaah had a mWaado) xWamWaado. alump (a dense � of trees) nejuru . alaw pure XE (see pu) . alumsy � edeyaa , Qu�e , QUxuu . alay (for pottery ) dea . aluster - alean - (of aoaonuts with supporting (to � a fi eld, piak up trash stalk) garenu (see gaY . before planting) nia. (of fruit, eta. ) nej i. (to be �) tad i . aoating (blaak - soot in ho use) alear - favaa. (field) boo , ca . aoax (to) baabWi. (transparent) mere, pEre. (�ed up - weather) p+r+. ao aonut - (�ed more or less level [of ground ]) tad i . aoaonut nu . (a fi eld) xWei . (without water) wameca .

alimb - aoaoon nuu .

(up - a mountain, tree, vine aold - poZe) petoa . (above - as airp lane above (to have a�) meS++ . mountain) petoa . ao ld m++, x+pe .

ali tori s jib i . ao l lapse (together, by squeezing in the hand) xab+t+. alose - ao lor - (door, ho le; also 'shut up ." ) cumwere. ao lor ga o ( airale, ara) ja�o. (to) gWea . (semi �ed) j u . (the mouth) mamwErE. aomb - (something) pW iim were . aomb c+. (�ed) ::iff. (of rooster) j i bWaadoo (see jib Waa-) . aloth - (bark �, worn on arm in war aome - as magiaal proteation) nenii. [to � to an end, of stream or (bark) xata . road ] jome. (to � untied, of a knot) ma . alothe (something) mWamwa . aome me. (apart) perii. aloud - (forth) pu . (�s near horizon) axA. (up) pura. (saattered by wind) jee ko . (upon, � to, reaah) toa noo . aloud ko . (up, of some thing planted) tue. (to an agreement) +xoru . aloudy [e.g. , of wa ter ] made. 85 companion - (�ed, so that passage is re stricted) (�, � member of a set) be . ju. (perpetual) beebua . construct sa . compensation ((usually food) given consumed (by fire) for a service rendered) xU inei . ke . containing (too much water as comp lete agUi , nEnee. ' taro field) ��r�bui. comp lete ly - 'contents ' (the �) ErE. (with white) pUa c�' mE . (with pUara white) didi. contingency d�u . (with 8iri black) gaga . (with mia red) tata. continue - comp letely t�nu. (doing something without stop­ (with bU i soft ) t�t� . ping or changing) nEra . [with � aa ] yaya . (to �) nu . comp letion (ceremonially to mark (to do something that was for­ bidden) the � of some thing) facokUa . 8usEfa . (take up something that was interrupted, fo llow through on complicated n�n5 . something) .w in5. compose (to) XE . continuous (ly) di i, nu. concavity (the � formed by control (he who possesses some­ something coiled into a loop thing, has � of it) apuu . or arc ) nEb���� . convey pE . conceit - (�ed) nEE . cook - conceit ixapEti. (�ed) mere. (in pot) suta. concerning wa . (in oven) xan idE. conduit (water) bUan�we . coo l (comfortably � and mo ist) confer (end-over- end movement x��a . to some thing) fida . co�pera te (of two or more persons, �n carry�ng a heavy object) confused (not to be able to jis EE, ij i sEE. remember clearly) n�n5 , ibn55ri, n55r i. copu late xe . congealed (to be hardened, �, copy (to � an action, a manner, of butter, grease, when co ld; procedure) imerE. dried mud) HE . cora l - congratu late (someone) xapuE i. (kind of � (branching �?) je. consent (to) tiri. (has ho l low circular protuber­ ances that cut the fe et) kuga. conso led (to be) aya aru . (white. The principal � of the ma in reef) xapUa . constel lation (name) � ��be� . cord - asting contr xUa . (make � by rolling two strands on thigh) Uri. constrict - (of flying fox hair, used as constrict faakX . va luable in gift exchanges) kUe rE. 86

(used to attach sai Z to boom (that digs and buil.ds a pil.e and to mast) no . of earth at mouth of its hol.e) (with coconut fronds attached, maatara . used in fi sh drives) tupwa . (smal.l. [bl.ack ] l.iving in man­ groves) iiix -i-g-i-. core j u u. (of the seashore) xa . corpse X;);) . crack - (""ed, showing ""s) mara . correct (Zy) d;) . (""ed) ximara . correspond d-i-. crawl. (on the stomach) �i\ . cough �Ex5 . crayfi sh kura . count - crazy [NK] bWeii55 , ii55 . (on) atiri. (to) fara . create Sa. coupl.e (married) d;)takwE i. creeks (sma l.l. [that sometimes dry up ]) [C] xWanEdaa , cousin - xWanExWee .

(Cl'OSS-"") ac i i. creep (of vines) kEE . (a pair of cross-""s ) d;)taci i, dud;)ta=i i. crest (of a ridge) iiid;);)kwE. (severa l. cross-""s, of someone) paac i i . cricket [insect ] xiiii . (several. (mutual.) cross-""s ) paadac i i . crooked kaa . (first cross-""s, of opposite sex) pe . crop nE�E . cover - cross (at right angl.es (weaving, (entirel.y) capumwere, caa�-i--i-. pl.anks supporting roof) ) (as with bl.a� ket) ' [NK] ca• sa, buburu . [C] casL (usi�g the fi ngers) [NK] crow (indigenous) gaka . kacasa, [C] kacaS-i- . (""e d) mWa 5£. • crumbs c:r i . (of some thing - as a pot) [C] 5£ , [NK] �i\. crump l.e - (wal.l. ""ing of the co nical. (something in burning it - as house; to put on the wal.l. ""ing) fire ""s paper) kEb-i-t-i-. tap;) . (as paper) kAb-i-t-i-.

crush - cowry - (by turning) bibr;). (to) ga i. (l.arge) bWipwi. (as a bottl.e, by rol. l.ing under (smal.l.) wa cici . foot) �ig;,r;) (see �T) . (by rol.l.ing under something) crab - puk;)r;). (smal.l., said to l.ie in wait (with end of stick) tak;)r;). to pinch peopl.e) ak;);)tee. (in the hand) xaga i . crab bWE, bWEsa . (smal.l. green "") bWEkE . cry - (river "" (hides among stones)) (dance) b;) . j aaw i . (of bird) cu . (hermit) kiJa , kiJa mAtA. 8 7

(cause by hitting) y�vex ia, dark bd�. <;:�xia. (small) xia. daughter neewa . cuL tivate - day - [taro fi eLd] pwara. day daa. (a garden) xu . (short �s of winter) kamTa j�puru. curse (to) �oo , xap� . (in four �s ) [NK] nefue. (in five �s) [C] nen:;:r:;:. curved kaa . (in three �s ) nesee. (after tomorrow (in two �s) } customs (of past, formerLy done) nexuru . gWee ya.j.na. (after yam fe stivaL when goods are dispLayed and bartered) p�. customari Ly xAneT. dead - cut - dead me, pa ii, pa llme . cu t �a . (now, kiLL or be �, in (off) <;: a. genera L) taame. (in two) ��puru . (we ll, sharp edge) da . deaf dee, meres.j..j.. (down in size) ji. (into smaLL pieces) jika i. decide (to) se tepa , tA. (a Long Longi tudinaL axis) j itia. (short) xWaT j�p uru. decision - (into something) ke te . (come to a�) se tepa . (to) SHU . de cision .j.naraparT. cut ting (a � for pLanting) ku .

de ep poa , p55 .

D defeated pebw i . dam - defecate pee . (in taro fi eLd) n�mwarT. definitely t�nu. (to) na . (up water) pWac i i . definitively maa . damage - deflated - damage � aa . deflated bi i, mWabi i. (�ed in fa LLing) d.j.ke . (as a ba loon) pi<;:i i. damp m:;::;:. dented (to be �) meb.j.t.j.. dance - deny (to) [NK] nage , [C] nege. (badLy ) bAX UU. (ceremoniaL �, to perform depar ture (temporary) fera. the �) �ada . (pilo u ceremony, song, �) ��� . depend (upon) n�� . (of baexo) c��baexo . (generic) d � ubwia. depression (hol low) p5. (perfo rmed by audience when Legends were recounted) descend - fakwe , .j.fakWe . (�ing, of sun) kata . (to) kWe . (�ed, of water LeveL) maa . (down) see. 88

descendant - discuss (to) tepa . (the �s, or replacement of a person) ma ta . disease - descendant xuu . (now rare, of children, invo lving sores on lips and descry (to) xapari. backside) pi. (in which hair fa ns ou t) te. design (a kind of � with cord, (itching � from eating fi sh) usually associated with the uU. tying of parts of the house frame (but could also be woven disheveled (hair) � ii . into ma t, etc. )) me . disinclined (to be �) mi iri. designate tA o dis lodge (something, as fruit desire (to) naa . from a tree by throwing a stone) jiwi . detach (to) c:> , [C] �a , [NK] SA. di sobedience -

deviate (as in reading to disobedience keEfd i i. misread - miss a letter, skip disobedient xWatad i i. a line) te�i\+ ' di spose (in warfare, � men [hidden ] in a circ le to dew denab:> . surround the enemy) seec:> . different d:>p:>:>, papa , xWa . distrusting ca . difficult Xi\ti\. di tch - dig - (small drainage � at upper end of yam field) (up) cf, fc+ ' k:>ke . (a � or trench [as between (with �ing stick) ja. rows of a garden ]) (with the hand) kii, k:>u , t:>:>. newaage. (� up taro) �E. dive (for fi sh, she nfish) (� up yam) Sere. <;::>:> . (� up tubers with a stick) divide - taw i . (at appropriate time a small (into shares) bEti. depression so taro shoots can (as land) citia. emerge easily) t:>:> . (in two, as to direct water (a hole in the ground by into more than one path, scratching (said, for example, separa te taro stalks) t:>caa . of some kinds of crab) ) XE. (to �, share) fbet i . dip - do - (water) pi . (wen) ciri. (to) xata. (excessively) c:>wi r i . (something in t he manner of) dipper p5 . pwere. do XW i . direction xWa . dodge (to �, as a blow) mwa . dirt (full of �) k:>t:>:> . do lphin cfcuametf. dirty k:>t:>:>, xadf. door (house) xwaxua . discard wi taa . downward see. discolored (e .g., skin that has been burned) n:>. 89

drag - drown mo , mu tu. (something on the ground) drum - pi ter i i . (to) hE. (from bark of fig tree) d;);)b�E. [dry base of frond of a type of pa lm ] k+m�a . draw - (in - to take less room ) drunk n55. faakA . (liquid from something, as dry - with mouth) j i i . dry mAtA. (mi lk by nursing at the ((of taro field) to flood and breast) � up intermittently} sees;);). j iwi . (in a net in fi shing) nii PUE duck (generic) nia . (see nii) . (water) xata. dugout (simp le � (no planks added to sides) with outrigger} dream - k;)r;)paa. (a) kere mEt+. du ll - (to) mEtHi i. (of point) [NK] b�awi , dri ll - [C] b�awii. (blunt) [bow � in ancient times ] pira. xeyaa . (bow �) +takEca . dura tion (of long �) m�aa . drink - during QE , t;)wa . (through straw (today) ) J I I. (to accompany fo od) nida . du st - (to) WIJ;). ([ also sawdust ] settled on (my �) wirlEra (see winE) . something ) (thy �) WinEr;) (see winE) . popoo . (in the air) (his �) winErE (see winE) . purEU . dy e (to) drip - g\olea . (drop by drop) j;) muu�aa . (to � water - as a roof) kawi . (to) t;). E drive - each - (in nai l, stake) �;)t+r+ . (to �, for �, ap iece ) (some thing out of ho le, in p+d+. (�, � one ) 5a+. fi shing) �U . (� into ground) p�ErE. ear (something into something) nEne, x\olanEne. 5ut+r+. early (in the morning) m£!iee. drooping � ik�E . earth - drop - earth d;);), nEd;);) . (as fruit or leaves from (kind of sandy � (alluvial soil in coastal areas) good fo r tree) �5 . yam cu l tivation) (of liquid) p�a . ja k\ola . (kind of white �) (dew �s) p�adenab;). P;);) . (of wa ter, tear) p � i!ik�e. earthworm xarid;);). 90

easy x"'aiE. (e .g., of a taro) bexe . (upper � of a va lley) ku , eat - kukEtE. (or beginning) eat da . mE . (of a yam) (starches) k£ . xua . (the ) (meat, etc. ) X"'E . x"'amwere. (of something ) xWanaa . (of a furrow in a taro fie ld echo aguuxa , n�da. where water flows out) eddy (an) nEbE k"'e (see nEbE) . x"'apeer� · edge - enemy (one to be killed and eaten) ka . (the cut ting � of the axe) ( see mE) mErE giE. engrave (something) ta o edge niimE rE, x"'anaa . enter t+. eel - entire ag Wi. (of mangroves) ag���e. (long �, in mud) d��p"' imere. envious (generic) para . k"'ara, +kWara. equip mWam"'a . efface witaa . eradicate netaa . effect ax"'a irE. erect (of penis) xaa . egg x� . err elbow b"'axume . ere. essence - elde r pa+bHri. (of something ) ere. elephantiasis � i i. (the) kere. embe llish (to) j im"'am"'ai . essentia l (part) kere . embrace �aataa. European pWa�ara . emerge - evening - emerge abaa. (during last �) ne�eEdE. (sun, moon) ca toa . (nightfall) Seed e. (�s) [C] ka toa . (as water in a spring) pu . event d�u . (as from a dive) pura. (e.g., place on tree where a everything (� re lated to an branch is beginning to sprout, activity, etc. ; its parapher­ sa liva coming from dog 's mouth nalia) kW i�. when it has been running) p"'i . exceed - empty - (also serves as the usual (emptiness) pu . means of expressing comparative (to be) p"'ar i. degree) jai. (wa ter from something (the limit) nu. especially bail a boat) �oo . [the genera l term ] ��� . exchange - (an � between coastal and encounter ba �++ , p++tE, +p++tE. mountain people, initiated by end - the latter who go to the coast with gifts of taro, game, etc. ) end be, xu . fah . 9 1

(goods - especially regular express - �s between inland and coastal (liquid from something) people) pWee . jana. (oneself poorly, not find (ceremonial � of gifts that right words) was observed on certain xacr e. occasions) xasepwTrT. expression - exclamation - (indicating uncertainty) aki i, axWa . (of surprise) a, WEE . (of annoyance at person 's (responding when called or coming again or a subject asking for repetition of coming up again) weeta . something not unders tood) a. (of longing or regret) apwei . extend (hand) �i-i-. (longing or regret for dead person) apwen i. extinguish - (of impatience with what some­ one is saying) ca . (as a fire ) craame. (of impatience) ka . (�ed) me . (of disbelief) e. (of pity) eb. extra anoa , noa . (responding when one is called) aa. extract - (of warning ) i. (as tubers) (watch out!) ei-, i-ei-. 55 . (the essence of something ) (ouch!) ia. [NK] ma o (at some thing striking ) uaau , (pus or a thorn from skin, u i i u. using a pin or thorn ) ta o (annoyance at someone who persists in asking one to extremity xu . repeat) wa . (when reminded of some thing extrude - one was supposed to do and forgot) wi . , extrude pWi. extrusion (e.g. , place on a excrement xwe; . tree where a branch is begin­ ning to sprout, saliva com�ng exercise (in preparation for war fr om dog 's mouth when it has in which young warriors attempt been running) pW i. to cross a stream in the face of stones thrown with slings, eye - which must be dodged) eye karame . crarebwafi. i- (having �s closed) mou . exha le - eyebrow (or �lash) [NK'] (to) nu xWamAAbWi. puj i karame , pukarame , (smoke) p i- . [C] pun ikarame. exhausted (supply) � ow i. exist xu , x'.Jj . F exorcise (evi l spirits from face nakarame . sacred place using special medicines) cT . facu lty (of thought) xWanara . exp lain sexwa i. fail pebwi. expound (something to the fa ith (have) atTrT . pub lic) sepaa. 92

fa n - (kind of �) SEE. (fruit, leaves) cro . (tree) �uupir a. (from normal place, e.g., ripe bananas, straw from few d;)�aapa (see d;)). old roof) j;);). fi bers - [of rain] xWa . (to) xwee. (to tie parts of house) bEkw i i. fami ly - (coconut) gErEgErE. (for a rope) (see [father, mother, chi ldren ] kara kW i i paadane . kara) . (in coconu t husk, also fi brous (a) xWamWaad;). sheets of the coconut tree) famine (to be in �) kirica. puxwanu. fidget fan bona . I)u . field - far mWaa . (taro �) bWasakE . farther akwEE, fE, kWE . (dry taro �)

(out) tara. fitted (together we ll, tightly) (come upon) toa n55. kE . (or identify something by feeling with hand) xapaee . fi ve [NK] kerenuru, [C] kArAn�r�, saasexe . finger - flame (middle) am�aa , kam�aa . jaa ne. (index) ataarexAA. flap (the wings) (ring) ka abAper i i. seba . (little) kap�eed i, k:>:> . flat (the ground, a rock) besa. finish cok�a , m5 r5. flatten - fire n e. flatten -ga i . (�ed [e.g., of fruits ]) mEga i. firewood ne. flee (to) xuru. first (to be the � to do some­ thing, or to do something for flesh piA. the � time) m:>:> . flex (to shake long object) di. fi sh - float - (kind of �) ac ijai reb�aak�e , j ike, kub�a:>, nawa , wie . (to) m�ari. (small, of mangroves) amet+, (outrigger) takE, wagE. bi:>te . (small, of river) be. flock (a) juu. (probab ly a surgeon �, said to be re lated to dawa ) baram ie. flood - (river) boome , kac ip�ada, ( a) dee. [NK] niju, wi icr:>:> . (to � and dry up intermittently (bal loon) bWa77. (of taro field) ) (to) caa . sees:>:>. (young sea mullet) �ee . flow (to) (small swamp �) crata . j:>. (sea � [up to approx. eighteen inches long, tail cuts like flower (to) pu. razor ]) dawa . flute (curved) (large barracuda) d:>ru. d:>:> . (sea �) ii, ja, k�ee , k� iit aa, fly - m�ee . (reef �) k �a . (to) cTT . (parrot �) mEro. (blow�?) d:>nane . (sea � [related to nakErE, but (house �) na . has shorter nose ]) m� ija. (kind of � (mul let) ) naamiri . flying fi sh n5 k�ari i. (genera l term) n5 . (stone) nu:>. flying fox b +. (kind of � [described as about one and a half feet in length, foam - having a long mouth like a saw, foam mA o which cuts ]) nakerE. (�ing, as sea) mAo (of mangrove swamps) po . (small sea �, found also in fog aXA , jaa k�e . mangrove swamps) SEre. (small river mu llet) si:>. fo ld - fi sherman acaa , apuucaa (see (to � something ) mi , mib+t+. a pu u) . (over) mib+t+. 94

(up, as a c�oth that was fragment (of pot which has been spread) nEp H+. b�ackened by smoke) ���be� . (as in c�osing an umbre ��a) pupH+. fragrant bu see . fo llow - fr ee (to) nu. fo llow fEEte. friend (faithfu��) beeb"'a . (a spoor) win5. (to) x"'ai . from - fontane � mA . from gE, kEwa . (originating �) kE . food - fru it - food ada , neek"'a , nEnE, nEnEk"'a , nEwi- . fruit p"'a . (offered to those who are (to pick �) �+. he�ping with work) �anei . (starchy ) nEke . fu �� -

fu � � • for - k '"E, x u d a (to be � after eating) muru . for VE. (not � [e.g., cheeks when (the purpose of) VE. teeth are missing, an orange that is not we �� fi ��ed out) ford (to) kaa . m"'abi i. foreboding (to have a � of i��) fu ngus - ma ra . (edib�e � that grows on dry wood, brownish in co �or) forehead - b+r+r+ . forehead b��mE . (edib �e � that grows on dry (figurative �y, a heavi�y wood, whitish in co�or) XA+. �ined �) k�mEnEn�we . fu rious (to be) bara. forest nu�. fu rthest (in a specified forget (to) mEnEi. direction) ad�anu. forgotten mEnEi . fu ture (in the �) aarE, p"'afE. fo rmed (not we �� �, of tree branches) �ii . G former�y �a+ , �a+na , g"'EE na . game (throwing coconut �eaf darts forty xEbaaru kamuru. at banana bark target) ga o forward a � E. garden - found - (to) ma ra . (a) (�ost object) ma ra , +mara. abaa. (usually on the river bank, (create) �a . used for growing sma �� taros for �ater p�anting e�sewhere) founder (of a genea�ogy) bEpuu . nEkaa� i i . four [NK] khEfuE, [C] kiir7if+e:. garg le (to) ka ra ka . fourth (one) [NK] kErefuErE. gate (vi � �age �) x"'axua . fow� (native) p53we . 95

gather - (to fetah prov�s�ons as from 01' (to) kari i. the fields, (nowadays a (to �, au t stalks of) sugar store)) jatu. go aane) n:>u . mWege. (fungus that grows on dry wood (up ) pere . (all the way round some thing) XA+ 01' b+r+r+) ) te+. pwaari. gaunt kaa . ( slow l y ) f eat Ii ( see t Ii). (where one �s, is �ing) fea . genera tion (a) xwaXAr+. (to meet someone who is to aaaompany one somewhere) genuine d:> , va . tubWa wi . (forward) x+r+. (in a direation) get (rid of) taa . xWai.

ghost (of anaestor assuming god [master of the mountain ] form of a woman) kavere. (see apuu) apuubwaakwe .

gift - good x:> ru.

(given in re turn for one good-bye (to you) t:>taar:> (see reaeived) cene. t:>taa) . (one gives in arriving some­ where) mofAd A. goods (the � of a fami ly) mwaake . giZZ xWaj ijiaa-. gossip (to �, a�) y:> . girl - gourd kWe , kWexar ie. girl neexu , xuu� €. (�s ) paneexu . govern (to �, to steer) y:>we . give - grain (of sand) pii. (a gift in re turn for one reaeived) yA i . granddaughter xere-. (some thing to induae someone to be aonsoled, 01' to stop grandfa ther - from arying) faayaaru . (a speeah reaounting a legend (and grandahild) d:>texere. for the first time as was done grandfa ther nunuu. by the ahief at the war pilou) grandmother xap:>:> . �amwamei . (briefly) fera . (and re turn) gas:>. grate (to)

great �e, mWi E. hand - (my) xa ri!i. green - (thy) x:> r:> (see XE). green k:>d:>. (his) XErE (see xU . (not ripe) mata. (their 'Vs ) xEr i (see XE) . grind - handle - (crush by rolling under some­ (axe 'V) kEgiE, xEg iE. thing ) puk:Jr:>. (a) XE . (or tear in tw o, as a stick run over by a car) tipuru. hang - (suspended) cr ipE. groan (to) cada. (up) faj E. (upside down - as flying fox) groin nEnEEbwara. j En5 . ('Ved with a cord) grope - xuna. (as in dark) fEE. happy (because of good luck) (for something ) tEo ooro . grotto j 1L hard - (strong) ground - Xfltfl. (to be 'Vened, congealed, of (rock covered 'V) �:> . butter, grease when co ld; ground nEd:>:> . dried mud) kiE. group - harm - (a) ci , juu. (to 'V)

(to 'V) �e . harness (shoulder) ak:> . (well) ciri. (to 'V, of plant) crH. harvest (a comp lete 'V of a taro fi eld) paEtE. growth (second 'V of plant) gWa. hatch [actually, crack the egg grub (kind of worm or 'V found to permit young bird to come in the ground in mangrove out] j:>k:J r:> . swamps; it is eaten raw) kub:> . ha tchet giE. gums (the ) nEdiipa. hawk (kind of 'V) gun [probab ly borrowed ] kuxWa . dE. haze jaa.

he (who possesses something has H contro l of it) apuu. hair - head - (having a receding 'V- line) head bWa . b:>:>mErEca . (full of lice) (see k:J-) bWa (grown long in front - can be ak:> kiti. either braide d or combed back) (polished stone 'V of ceremonial j:>P E. axe ) naakWetaa . hair pu . (under arm ) puxWaj imE. headdre ss (feather) nE. 97 headquarters (of a chief) hit - ��erE;tEpa. (with club, stick) boo (with thrown stone) heal - gYepErE . jip ErE. (of wound or sore ) ju. (to) �o i. (of boil, wound) mo . hither mea . heap - hoarse j u . (of sand, coconuts) bYaatuu. (of yams or other food) hold - kaa

inflate CE o

inhospitab le dap"'ii.

injure - Ina. (�ed in fa lling) d+kE . ident ify (find or � somet hing by (oneself in fa lling) d+t+r+. feeling wi th the hand) xapaee. (the hand by slapping down on some thing pointed) tEt+r+. 99 insect - isLand - (inhabits hairy parts of body) (Lifou �) d i pu . (louse?) fEE. (Mare �) ma r i . ['sma ll fLy ' that fUes in is Land n"tI • evening and eats crop s - (Ouv�a �) poklole . oranges, beans, etc. ] xan5. Is Le of Pines ku nE i. insert (to) �ff . isLet (sand �) ci. inside - it (the � of any ho L Lowed thing ) va� iE. nEb;);) . itch - inside nEplole . {� one 's dwe LLing or sheLter itch mloleE . (a person 's house, an animaL 's {�ing (disease from eating den, etc. )) nua . fish) ) uu . (the �) +te:. insignificant plol'E: . insipid (especiaLLy without saLt) nEmlola . J inspect tara . instead xlola . jeaLous klolara , fklolara , +kIolEt i. instrument (wind � made of reed - join (two pieces at ends or generaLLy a whistLe) bES;);) . edges) da. insufficient (in number or joint - quantity) �iEt;). (of bamboo) nibEyaa (cf. ni , interior - bE, yaa) {of bamboo used as cooking {the � (mountainous area) ) vesse"LJ p5 . ka k;). (where two dugouts are joined (of a canoe hu L L) nEb;);) klola end to end to make a Large (see nEb;);)) . canoe) i nei. (mountain-dweLLing peopLe) f c (where two things are joined pakak;). end to end or edge to edge) (center) plole . fda. (where two things are nai Led interrupt - together) +suda. (�ed) p:tr�. (of the body) ftada. (�ion) fp�rr. joist (supporting roofing) mo . intestines k lola. joke (to) jax uju. intimidated [C] nfn+mlola . jump cii , �icii . invoke (wrath of the ancestors upon) �oo, xap;) . junction p+ftE, fpfftE. iron (a fLat �) (cf. snaiL kArf - perhaps the snaiL sheLL was formerLy used to scrap e I( pandanus strips in preparation for pLaiting ) kArf. keep - irritated damia . (� an eye on, � watch on, some­ one or something ) tavaa . 100

(� up with the discussion (the �) mudu , xl.laml.l£r£ . poorly) xaxuu . last pou . kick (to � someone or something) late - j EkE. (�r ) b iola. (�r than intended, expected, kin - wished) plolafE. (to �) bOEmE , �aamE . late �ee . (with blow - as from stick) fiEmE , kl.l iEmE . laugh - (with a stick, etc. ) pl.laamE. (� at) [C] (with gun or pointed weapon, kaaciri. laugh mlolara. such as a spear ) taamE . (now, � or be dead, in general) laziness fio. taamE. lead - kind - (� off) [NK] (a new �) (cf. now maa). maL (take the �) [NK] mai o kind xl.la . leaf - kindle - (midrib of banana �) kl.laninEpl.li . (nowadays, strike match) c�. leaf nE. (to cause to �) jopi. (cooked ta ro �s ) xlolasa. knee bl.laax£ . lean - knife (origina lly of bamboo) (�ing) atE. naa . (to � something) faaEE . (� somet hing against something) knock (out or kill) �oomE . fEr i . (�ing of upright pole) ka ta . knot (of War (a �ed string of (to � against something ) native 'money ' sent to potential saf ErE. allies to request their aid) ) craawia. learn - (to �) know - crat i. (said to be recent introduction) (to �, � how to) nexi'l. i nu. (acquainted with) taml.la . leave - [go again after having arrived] mlolEge . L (behind) taa . (a path one was fol lowing) laggard (a) acrEr En5 . taca . (take � of one another) totaa . lake nEd£. (some thing, � it alone) wina. land - left (�, �h anded) crEdEyaa . (a boat) cee. leg (flat) niira. pa . length (of something) lands lide n �. bE , bOpE . leprosy lasso ko , xlolako . pa i i mE .

last - lest kl.ler£. 101

let - (totem of K� h village) ka b aE. (genepic) (it be that) mE . sawa . (some thing out of confinement (has long tai l; a totem) [as a pig fpom a pen ]) nutoa . xoomlJaa. (go of (thus actually thpow­ ing) a speap when the target, load (a "u made into, op put into, e.g. a fish, is out of peach) � back pack with stpaps pass­ tapanu . �ng ovep shoulders) nEEko . level - location ketE. (same "u) d.j.d+. locus - (to "u, make "u) famEt.j.. locus xIJa . ("u of thought) lever xIJa . xIJanara . logs (used as rol lers in moving lick (to) j i naari , [e] naari. canoe to or out of the water, lie - or a tree trunk to the coast) k i r i k i c i • (to "u (untputh)) f i . (a) ke re f i (see kere) long - (ly ing down) mEt.j.. long mIJaa. lift - [time ] mIJamIJaa. (in apms) citoplJe. look - (high) naw i . ("u to right and left, roun (with the hand) toplJe . d) (with lever) xIJa . bebe re. (at) bere , tara . light - (to "u for, seek) berecE , pici i. (at, with admipation, pleasu;e) (day"u) daa , mErE.

liver de . louse k.j.t.j..

lizard - love - (with gpeen belly) bIJexEE. love nara. (a totem) jurufii. (to "') xo ri i, [e] xIJeri i. 102 low - (in this �) vanEa . (to �er one 's head, e.g. as a many - gesture of re spect) jon5 . low see. (very �) bis l\+ . many nEpuu , samwa . lump (�s on head of child caused by lice) mEdoo. margin ili imErE. lungs mama . mark - (to �) �u . (ceremonially to � the com­ pletion of something) facokWa . M (with small holes, using a pointed instrument) j:JkE . maggot muru . (left by some thing) mWi . maintain (a fast) pua xoo marry - (see pua) . (to �) x:JYo. (�ed) xoyo . make - (netting) cia. marsh nEdE . (noise) coote. ( horizon t a l movement) �o. mash - (cry by striking) �ovExia, (to �) ga i . �oxia. (�ed) mEga i . (small cuts to bleed patient) cua . massive kaxE . (round tri ) gaS:>. (fun of) f C] kaaciri. mast pEnaa . (a speech) pura, +pura. (a comp lete harvest of a taro master - field) +paEtE. (way) xhL (� or owner of a waterhole) make xW i . apuukwe (see apuu) (�s, clan controlling the sun, maker (the) axWirE. etc. ) paabu . maladroit (at something ) mat - 1-l)uxuu . (kind of pandanus �) dox:Ju . (coconut leaf � to cover door­ male xoto . way) faa. malleab le (as de sired of mud, matches jopinE, kara nE (see dough) ora . � ka r a) . man - matter (ear wax or any � drain­ (right hand �) cucuanE. ing from the ear) kWex:J . man xot:J. mature bEEri. mane nE. me gU t na , nu. mangrove - measure - (with edib le fru it) nE. mangrove nubu . (the circumference of something by putting the arms around it) manner - saa . (to �) ti. manner kEt: o (in the right �) pW ipwiri. 103

meat - mix (earth with water using spade) [C] (coconut �) kere nu. c;:�b i. (and all other foods for which moan (to) xI.JE 'to eat ' is used) naxI.JE. cada . meat nEw i- , piA. moment - medicine (genera l term) bosa . (the � of high tide [represented as pushing off from shore to meeting - start its descent ]) kI.JE baC��E. (now, in the present �) � (a) p��tE, t�b�t�. ma . (of high tide) (encounter) �p��tE; nEpI.JapI.JaakI.JE. member - money (na tive �) mI.Jaake , mAA. (companion � of set) be. month mI.Jea . (youngest � of the family, the last) pI.JEEdi • moon mI.Jea. (hand or foot) xe . more (once �) dE. men (vocative) paad�. moreover ba ra. mesh (of netting) xI.JamE . mosquito n55 . message (a) bEde . mother - middle (of something) wapI.Je . (� and daughter) dUC;:Ed�tane, midrib - mI.JinE-. (vocative) naa . (coconut fr ond �) baweenu . (� of banana leaf) kI.JaninEpI.JT . mountain - mountain mi lk - bI.JaakI.JE . (traverse ridge of a�) kI.JE . (� a cow) jiip I.Jee . (summit of the �) n��m��bI.JaakI.JE. mi lk n i j i . mourning (over a dead person) t£idH. mind (keep in �) bEneT, bEpipiri. mouth - mouth minister (subjects, �s, of a naxI.Ja . (of a river) chief) pakI.Jara . xI.Jaj�toa . move - miss - (to �) (with blow) bA. C;:�SA� , dHAf.. ( away ) (target with thrown stone)

niaouli {an indigenous euca lyptus} N picr �� · nail - night - {finger, toe} pu . night m5 . {together two pieces of wood {during last �} nEm5 . end to end, or edge to edge} suda . nipple mErE ji {see mE} naked mWaa . no �iE. name - node - {clan} C++, kuu , m++. node nEbara . {of conste l lation} ���be� . {branching � of tree} nEmWagaa . name ni. {of a village at Thio} y� . noise - {whirring} duu. namesake dEpine. {make � in hammering on some­ thing} kW iatap�. nape {of neck} n-i-, pWanu. {of percussion or de tonation, as gun firing, bamboo cracking} tap� . {booming, rumb ling} te . nautilus burua . noisy {in mourning for a chief - navel bWex� . to drive away the mourning} gupwEi. near - near a, nub� . noose - {in proximity to} pipiri. {for rat, birds, etc. } {adjacent} tHE, [C] th£. kW i tamwa . {the mountainside } tEt-i-a . noose na, xwako . {at, �, the top} t�axWE. nose ku . neck - {� and �} d-i-d+. not - {the } puwinaa {see pu}, winaa . {absolutely} bA� iE. necklace mura. {� present, � existing} eriE. {� yet} eriera . needle {netting} jikE , nib+. {� that one, � him} va� iE. nest nEni8E, ni8E, +tubWa . 105

now (in the present moment) (cf. only - new maa) maa . (one) d:>saa (see d:» . number - (two ) d:>baaru (see d:» only saar i. (a 'V of) b�ErE, b�EtE, x�a . (small 'V) d:>saapa . onto - (toss numerous [C] katoa , [NK] ka tua . 'V) g�ere. onto suu. nurse (of baby) ji. open - (door, pot, etc. ) eGG, mia, p� i i . o (book, etc. ) eaa . (an 'Ving betwe�n parts of the oar - reef) nExoaa. ('Ving through which one can (to 'V?) tap�aaru . see - in a wall, a val ley, etc.) oar xaa . x�amEwa . obey (to) <;ax�Ere. operate (the fire plow, or today, strike a match) pi . object (an 'V which is second or subordinate with respect to opinion +narapari. another, sub ordinates) kErEx�a. order - observe tara , tee . (in 'V that something not obstruct - happen) k�Ere. (in 'V that) nara . (water) p�ade. ('Ved) sH. organize (to) m�am�a . occur eatoa . origin puu. octopus katE. original aee. odor (an) bu . other - offer (something to someone) other ba ra. numara. (the 'V, man, person) wE i. out - offspring xuu . (of the way) 9 i. old aee, beEri . (towards something) toa . on - outdoors nekExGa . on t:>wa , wa , xG . outside (the house) nEkExGa . ('Vto, 'V top of) t:>xG . ('V top of) xG . outstanding (of a group ) d:>r:>:>-. once (more) dE. oven - one - (earth) iiidE. (portable) (3rd per . impers .) Ere. iiidep�erE. mi ri. ('Vs) over one saa . noa . (sma ll) xuu . overcast [weather ] m�ase. 106

ow2 mIJad:>ya . pare (as with knife ) coa . owner (master or � of a waterh02e) parent - apuukIJe (see apuu) . (true �s ) dune. (c2assifi catory, inc2uding oyster - fa ther 's brother and mother 's oyster j ie. sister) pane. (�s which attach to rocks) j i wi . part - (said to cut the feet if (southern � of the is2and - stepped upon) naa . towards Noumea) bIJa n+i. part bIJere. (an uphi 22 � of the taro fie2d) p keaxadi . (other � of mea2, condiment) [ NK ] k e i, [C] k a i . pack (back � with straw tied at (essentia2 �) kErE. the base to support 20ad) (edib2e � of yam) kere ku puak:> (see pu) . (see kEre) . (of a taro fie2d which is package (something made into a f200ded) neneebIJara. � as a banana 2eaf wrapping food for cooking) nuu . partic2e - (indicating p2ura2) padd 2e - ke . (indicating an ongoing or (� a boat) habitua2 state or process) no. paba . (a �) xaa. partition +p;r;. paint - part2y (� white in c020r) (from burnt cand2enut) bIJaiti. ka pIJaa . (to �) gIJea , xe . pass - pair - (among heaps of fo od at a dance (as done by guests when pair du:>. they arrive) ) (� of sons) duxuu. ya ra. (a �) nexoaa. pa2m - (to � in the excrement [for examp 2e, said of seeds so dis­ (kind of � tree) k:>:>r:> , pl l. seminated by pigeons ]) pewi . (dry base of frond of species (out of sight by turning a used for drum) k+mIJa . corner or passing over on (� or s02e) nenaaxE . obstac2e) set:>. pandanus - passage (between things, e.g. , houses, posts) nenuaa. (found in forest) ka caa. (kind that was 2anted and p past - used for mats) LC] ka te. (kind of wi 2d �) meep5r5 , (in the �) amu . p5r5 . (the meridian, descending (of (a2ternate name used by coasta2 sun) ) kata . peop 2e for meep5r5 or p5r5) p55 . path - (of seashore - used fo r baskets) (main) xu�a . ta. path xIJai . papaya k7i. pay - parce2 (a � of something, wrapped) (attention) t:>pErE. nenuu . (to) xadH. 107

peace {to have �} mwaciri. {to � {as grass, leaves} with fingers} ka b wi , kAbWi. peel - {to � fr uit} ka na, H. {to � up, out} {as taro stem with thumb } coo. [NK] ka ne , {to � something} � iporu. [C] kAne. {� up a number of things {e .g. {as banana, yam, taro } poru, coffe e beans} with fingArs and pwa. {sugar-cane with the teeth} put them together}kap+t+. {� up, gather} kar xWa i i . i i . {� up something } petoa . penis bani , kWi . {to � up a handfu l of some­ thing } too. people - {to � up someone who is to accompany one somewhere} peop le deer i. tubWawi. {the young, young �} pa dopwa. picker {fruit-� {pole with perceive {to} xapari. noose or hook} } na.

perforate - piece - {�d} menuu . {a � {e.g., of wood} cut with {�ion} moro, xWam5r5. the grain} bA. {� by driving a pointed in­ {flat carved �s on either side strument through it} tan u u , of the door of the con ical [C] tanui. house} jopo.

perform pierce - {to � the dance {ceremonial {�ed} [C] menu I, menuu. dance offering gifts in re­ {with a drill} [C] pinui, payment for something} } � ad a . pinuu. {to � we ll {cut we ll; carry {by dr iving a pointed instru­ we ll, something thrown; see ment through it} [C] tanui. far; go fast}} nuru. perform pe. pigeon -

performers {in a comic performance {a �} ateco . in masks terminating the war {notou 'V} d7i. {a kind of sma ll 'V} nadi. p ilou } �remwamwaa�oo . pile - perhaps x Wa neki i. {sand, coconuts, etc. ) bWaatuu. persist d i i. {'V something up} � utuu.

person - pillow bWaxunei. {having respo nsibility for pincers (made by bending rib of burials } apl l, paapl l. {a married �} axoyo {see coconu t leaf in two - used to xoyo} handle stones in cooking) {�s } deer i. a kof i . person [C] kamu ru, [NK] ka muru. {married �s } paxoyo {see xoyo} . pinch - {between fingers} [NK] kage , pertaining {� to} t+wa . [C] kAge. {one at a time {e.g., small peter {to � out} jome . plants} with fingers} [NK] kane , [C] kAne . pick - {to � fruit {e.g. , coffe e, pine {the columnar 'V of New orange, banana}} caa . Ca ledonia} kade. 108

pit - (used to prov ide a fish poison) d+. (front or inner p ar t of eLbow (grown for greens) when bent) n e b o � omE . jeke . (that takes root on tree of (of the stomaah) pekar�. another speaies - it deve Lops pLaae - large branches) k+cii. (to) nH. (my) yEra. (kind of wild �. It was (his) crEre. pu L led up and attaahed in (a) kame . front of assemb ly house to (where yam wiLL be pLanted in signal the beginning of season the trenah between two ridges) for eating new arop of yams .) [C] kata. nawa . pLaae ketE. (fresh water �) nuu . (a � in whiah one has vested (seed �, kept for the next rights from previous use or season 's planting) Qaaru. use by one 's anaestors) mu . (to � plants) paba . (wet � or mud) nebWire. (a) pobm,wa d i. (a damp or marshy � (suah as (wild �, with edib le leaves) is used for taro aultivation)) xuduu. neju. (a � for making a fi re) nexate. plate (p laited) miri. (where aurrent of stream be­ aomes faster) naa. pla tform (for depositing yams (the norma L � of something ) for the ahief) no . +bWa . (where some thing is stopped) play mwara . Hataa . (for exahanging goods ) �Jana . plenty mwaciri. (where two things are joined together) +tade. pluak (a bird) ta+. (for dr inking) �W IJO. (of something, its present plume nE. loaation or proper �) wi . (pub Lia � of viLLage) xWajosaa . plura l iri. (to eat, e.g. , tab Le) +da. (for playing) +m wara. point - (sandy �, in stream where water begins to flow fas ter) +naa . (to) c' �� xacill . (where one bloaks water) (the � of an objeat) me. (barbed, as of hook, harpoon) +pwac i i . sise. plaaement keebWa . poison - pLain (a) niira, noore. (to) d+. (to � someone or some thing pLait (flat objeat as mat, plate, magiaaZZy) fii. basket) pet +. poke - pLan7( - (outward motion) yike. (a) bll kWaa (see bll) . (in hole for fish, eel) fee. (a wide � used to bloak the doorway of the aoniaal house) pole - k i iwe . (to � a boat) da. plant - (for poling boat) da. pole ke . (with star- shaped leaf) aipa. (aurved sap ling or � used for (used for making aord) the kWi tamWa snare ) ba ramaxa . kekW itamwa . (aordy line) yooci. 109

(used as taboo sign) kEmaac�� . (as with fist or in hammering t (carried on the evening of he a nail) suu. anniversary of the death of a (to �, crush with end of high chief and subsequently s stick) tabr� . set up in the ground) pA. (vertical � for yam vines to pour - climb) xa i . (to � something) eruxloleetaa. portion - (something from a container) xlolee . (a) bIolErE. (of taro tuber just below the powder (wood) eri. base of the leaf stalk) k��r�. powerfu l (to be �) mida. position - practice (former) era+. (� beneath) tdeea . praise (oneself) (to a � beneath) t��eea. pEt+. possess - preach faabaa. (he who �es something has con­ trol of it) apuu. pre cede (to) [NK] maio (to be �ed of an inherent virtue (plant, person) ) mida. pregnant (to be) bErE plole . possessor (of something) prepare (to) XE. apuud�u (see apuu). present - possession - (the) ana . (all of a man 's �s ) nEkloli�. (to be �) xu . (�s, what one lays claim to) nExee- . presentiment paeE . possible ere. press - (to squeeze, �, one person or post - thing against something) (the center � of the conical klolavi i . house) d��mlola . (two things together) PUV I I. (at dance to which food and (one thing against another other exchanges were attached) using open hand) t33v i i. kekuuwee. (house �s ) kLia . pretence fxapEtf. (�s set up just outside the doorway of the house to aid pretty x� ru. old people leaving the house to pass through the doorway price d f. stooped and then to straighten prick - up) +eradA. (outward motion) erikE. pot - (stab) p�kE. (earthenware) k+d�� . (hand on something ) xadfrf. pot k+rE. prickles (as on bamboo and sugar potato (sweet) kumlolara . cane) y+L pouch (of the sling) bi ierE. pride +nH. pound - principal (the �, highest, most outstanding of a group ) (crush) er�kai . d�r��- . llO

print (hand or foot) xe . pumice (stone) pama . probab ly nEki i. pursue x"ai . proclaim (to �, expound, some­ pus p"ia. thing in public) �epaa . push product kere . (oneself upright) yadll. promiscuous (sexually �, of a (something forward) «ff. man) XEE . (through high grass) jaa. (an upright object (as a post) into position) prompt merT. toobErE. prop - put - (to � something up in the (in, among, under) cura . desired position (upright, (arms around) «aataa. (down) leve l)) «iP"Ei. yUE See. (on sarong) di. (up) tap" E i . (in an upright position with (on hat) duo (food exchanges on the post a stick) tap" Ei. (ke kuuwee) designed for them) proper - kuuwee . (something into a container) proper do. niT . (�ly) do, p"ip"iri. (on a garment) nlrl. (in a sloping position not prosper (to) ciri. fu ZZy upright) sEr i. (parts together) 5 i. prosperity dewe , m"aciri. (to � on the wall covering ) tapo . protect I)a ri . (on top of) tuu. (a roof on a house) xam"a . proud (to be �) nee. provisions (for a boat trip) neek"a , nEnEk"a . Q pubis pusaa. quarre l (to) xatii. pul l - question (to) fatara. (one at a time (e.g., small plants) with fingers) [ NK ] quiet dAdA. kane , [C] kAne . (something out of the ground) quite (not) dosaap"e . ne . (something from the water) poo . (to) SeE . R (apart, as rope) sEPuru . (something loose from its place) sEwi . race (a) fte . (together into a pile) tobftf. (up (or cut) grass) X"Ei. raft (of bamboo) k"a bE yaa . (up tubers) x" i. rain k" iE. pu lverize - rainbow k"i neto. (between fingers) [NK] kagici , [C] kAgici . raise - (with a hatchet or the like) sa ka i . (up in air with hand) jTT. 111

(up) nawi . reed - (the sail) ne:e:. (to bear and � ahiZdren, aZso (white) awa ra. (kind of �) to � anima Zs) xArf. �+. (from whiah a aurved fZute is made ) rake (to) kii. d:l:l . (generia) S:l:l . ramifiaations tao reef (the prinaipaZ �) j:lU. rap (with instrument) fida. refuse - rat - (� to go) dii. (to) (indigenous) abWara. mi iri. (native) bWaramuruga. regarding (non-native) �i ib+. wa . region ke:te: . raw ma ta . rehitah (horse, boat, in one rays - pZaae after another) night) �IJa. �:l�e:pwiri • (sunbeam) crijaa kamia (see <;ija). reinforae (some thing) xaa . ray (sting-�) pe . rejoiae - reaah - (to) oo ro. (for some thing - as to pZunge (at good fortune) xuubWe: i. the arm into a hoZe . In fishing to aatah whatever is inside) re Zease - k:lPEE. (aomp Zete Zy - something in (for with the hand) �:lpe:. (find, aome up on, aome to, �) throwing) gWepanu . (to) toa n55 . nu. (an agreement) A:lru. reZy (on) atiri. rear - remain - (� end) be:. (to) (the) xWamwere. bWa . n:l:l . (forever) bWa t:lnu (see t:lnu) (a ZittZe whiZe) bWara. (as residue) di i. (stay) reaaZZ (t o) �a pari. narapari. pua . (at peaae) pua atX (see pua) reaognise - remains - (�ed) ma . (of various proaesses) amaarE (to �) nexX tamwa . [e], amare: [NK]. (of so mething that has been reaoZZeat (to) narapari. ahewed, burned, eta. ) ma o (the) reaompense (as root arops to nue:. aoas ta Z peop Ze, for fish, eta. ) remember (to) • �o . be:nei . be:pi p i r i <;apari. reaonai Ziation juu. remove - red in ia . (bark) caa, yip:lru. (skin) C:l:l . redo (to � something) (� and soften bark) c:l�i . ( aZods of earth after the ground has been broken) k:lu . 112

(bark from tree by hand) p�� . revoZve (as a windmiZZ) mwaari. (bark using a pointed in­ strument) tap�ru. rib nEj�. (the entrails of a fish or anima l) tllbWi . rid (get � of) witaa . (to) witaa. ridge - renew (to) xllnei. (transverse � of a mountain) kWE. replace (to) baw i . (brow) ni imErE. rep Zacement - right (�, �- handed) � EdEnuru. repZacement bawi. (the descendants or � of a rim ni imErE. person) mata . ring (each of a series of �s in repZenish (to) xllnei . the roof frame of the conica l house ) nEjoo. rep Zy - ripe (of fruit) buu , mere. (a) ke:e:xa xWa i . (to) [NK] +xaxwae:, [C] +xaxWa i. rise - (to a proposaZ, accep ting or rejecting it) xWerete:pa . (sun, moon) ca toa . (of water) c I I. request (permission to use some­ (which �s , emerges) [C] katoa . thing ) xan� .

require (of time) xW i. road - reserve (some thing for oneseZf) (modern) ��pE. +xli , xli . road xwai.

residue (the �, what remains of rock (to) ka raka . a piZe of things after most have been removed) naaQE . rod (�s used to support roofing) naakwaa. respect (to) [C] bata wi cara , ba ta xW i ca ra . roe (fish) pi . respectfu Z (esp. with brother­ roZe VE. in- Zaw) dUE i . roZl - rest - (to) mlirli; (the) nUE . (a cigare tte) mi . restrain - (under the hand or foot to crush) Qlrl. (to) fataa , t��nii , xad+r+. (as a baZ Z) pEr I I • (�ed) n+n:t, tli. (on the ground) pitEri i. (up a cord, etc. ) pWiri. resuZt - (of some thing ) axwa irE. roof - (the ) kere. (upper � structure of house) bEbuburu. return sEpwiri. roof n��mwa . reveaZ faabaa , kapaari. roofing (of straw with roots pZaced outwards ) bwa rawE . reverse - (the ) pWa . root - (orientation) sEn5 . root kWEE- . 113

(aerial �s growing down from sardine xeeta. the banyan) noduru (see n5) (to � in ground, as pig, sarong (man 's) j++. dugong) �u . saw - (through) kipuru. (a) kiri. rotate (to) biri. (to) kiri . rotten muda. sawdust .. i. rough (not smooth ) f+r+pwepwe. say - round - (to) �e. ('yes ') t+r+. (roughly �) pewee. round pwex5x5 . scale (of fish) pu . row - scar (the) mWi . (a �, series (e .g., rank of soldiers, furrows of a scattered ..ii , joro . garden, a series of waves)) nen i . schedu le xaa . (to) tapWaaru. scoop (away matter from the rub (to) j aa. surface of something) ko i.

run - scorpion bWaxicara. (after) faate . scotch (rumor) ..aa me . (of person) pux+r+. (of vehic les, motors, etc. ) scrape (away ma tter from the x+r+. surface of something ) ko i. rush - scratch - (used in weaving mats, (with finger) baskets) kii . ad e. (to relieve itch) (growing in marshes - kou . (to) formerly used for bedcovers ) ta . j i I)a . scream I)aa . ( growing in marshes) xo . scrotum (testicles and �) guru.

sculpt (to) ga . s sea - sacred xiti. (the ) nekWetaa . (cow (dugong )) pWe mWaa. sad (to be) +narayaa. seashore pWakWetaa , xWajaakete. sail n55 . season - saliva juxwari. (rainy - Jan./Feb.) jee. sand nawa . (for eating yams) nawa . season xaa. sandlewood tapWakae. seat - sap ling (curved � or pole used (�ed) cUe. for kW i tamWa snare) (a) +bWa . kekW itamwa . 114

seaward (direction toward the (to � some thing apart, out of sea) noe . the way ) «E. (to � fire to) YlnEI. second - (some thing down) faCUE. (� upright) second baarurE. fataa . (of things that go together) (in sequence) fabaarurE. (as in counting yam piZes) nEbe . (posts) puuru. paba . sever - see - (not to � something, to be (with knife across ZongitudinaZ axis) abZe to find it) m��t i. Jlp uru. (as with axe) k"'ipuru. (inspect, observe) tara. (�ed) phL (catch sight of) tee. (cZearZy) t�pere. severa Z saake . seed (in genera Z) pii. sew - seek bereCE. (to) sii. (tight) s i i EkE. seep - OooseZy) siif ag�. (water from ground) di. (of water through something) shaded kab'"i . din uu, [C] dinui. shadow - se,ZZ (to) x'"i r i . (in the �) ka b "'i. shadow k"'eex"'ii. send - shake (something) (to) nu. s+r++. (someone to do something ) sha Z Zow peeSErE. d�. (someone away ) xayii . shame (cause to feeZ �) facara. sentry te . shape (as wood) j i . separate - share +bEt i . (keep �, as in piZes) bEt i. (take diffe rent paths) peni. shark nee. series - sharp (a � of waves, ro ZZers) (of points, e.g., saw, needZe) j i b"'aak"'etaa (see j i b"'aa-). m i i d� . (e.g. , a rank of soZdiers, sharp xEnuru . furrows of a garden, � of waves) nEni. sharpen poa . serpentine (the stone used for shatter - the axe bZade) b"'ad�giE. (with fingers ) [NK] kag �r�, session (be in �, hoZd a �) [C] kflg�r� . (with a stick, etc. ) +CUE. p"'ag�r�. set - shav e (to) xi i. (sun, moon) cat+, t+, wa t+. sheath (penis �) nii. (to � up a poZe in the ground by pZunging it into the ground sheet (supporting the yard of with the hands ) cia. saiZ) papa .

; 115

shelf p r:: . (severaL) pamii . shell sick pa i i . (of turHe) pu . (conch) xIJado. side - (to the 'V ) gi. shellfish - (bottom 'V, of sheLf or tab Le (Long in shape) a�inr:: . top) kerr:: xIJa . (edibLe, of the river (snaiL)) (to aLL sides) p+d+. jupIJara. (at the 'V of something, e.g., (found on seashore) kabaxIJi . a room) sHE. (found in soft earth) ni. side SE . (kind of 'V ) � r:: . (the other 'V) �E, W r:: SE. (of seashore (edib Le, re­ sembLes trochus, but sma LLer, sign - more pointed, white) ) xaxar:: . ("taboo" 'V (grass fo Lded and tied and disp Layed in garden) shift (re peatedLy - of wind) er a. j r:: b i r i . (taboo 'V made of straw) maay::>::> . shine (to 'V, as the sun) mIJa . (of imment misfortune or death, the 'V is given by abnorma L shipwreck mo . behaviour of an animaL or person) miyaa . shoot - (a new 'V or bud on a pLant) signaL - ili . (to come, using a particuLar (arrow, gun) pIJr:: rr:: . hand 'V) aara. (or throw a spear, and hit (hand 'V (paLm forward) com­ the targe t) tagIJere . manding warriors to sneak (or throw a spear and miss) forward through the woods) ta 5 J\-i-. nep+t+. (someone to come ) s r:: aara. short - siLenHy short xubIJr:: . eruadr:: . ('V cut) xIJaT j ::>puru . sinew kIJ i i. shouLder pumE (see pu). sing - shout (to someone) xa�aa. (to 'V aLong with another, to fo LLow his singing) naa. show - (to) x5 . (a 'Voff) nEE. singe (by hoLding in the fire) (to) xac iJ\. yirT . shrimp - sink - (bLack, Liv ing at bottom of sink waterfaLLs) apIJe• mo . (to 'V (as a boat)) (fre shwater) bisa. mutu. (into) (and cray fish) kura. t+. sister - shuttLe (weaving) j ikr:: . ( 0 f a man) IfE • sib Hng - (father 's 'V) panea , SAii- . (o Lder brother or 'V) ('Vs , two) dumii . �aa . (younger 'V of the same sex) sit (to) mudur:: -. cur:: , +cur:: . (three or more) n r:: pamii. 116

situated (be) bWa . smother (to � pZants (of vines and weeds)} keemwErE. situation keebWa . snaoks yanEi . six [NK] kerenuru �aa . snaiZ (of. fZat iron ) kAr+. skiZZfuZ I)UbEEri . snake (sea �) ma rad i. skin kli . snare (for birds, rats ) je, na, skip (to � stones on water) xwako. j 0 pi . sneeze moa . skirt (woman 's) adoo , j++doo. snore mlili . sky neko , nExooa . snuff (out) yaamE . sZander - soak (in water) noo . (someone) �or i. (to) Hori , [C] xaCACOO . soar (as birds ) mwaa . sZap (to) [NK] hke , [C] UkE. soft - sZeep (to) mEt+ye. soft buu , bWi . (as desired of mud, dough) sZeep-waZker bomou .

sring - soften (to) yiri. (the) YE. (the hand- heZd part of the �) soZe (the pa Zm or �) nEnaaxE . [NK] mudaa , [C] mudee. (for throwing spear) xliii.

sZip (to �, as on a sZippery someone (who wanders about) surfaoe) mOyori i, nare. [NK] ajopuru, [C] joopuru. something - sZow bW i . something dou. sZuggish n+n:j:. (of vaZue (native money, yam or taro stones) Zeft by a dead smaZ Z - person with the api i for trans­ (�est of a group) mudu. mittaZ to the dead man 's sma ZZ were. famity} kume. (something �) xudou. somnoZent (to be) (one) xuu . mlili.

sme n - son (sister 's) xEre-. (to � (peroeive odor)) bu . song yoo . (to � bad) bW iyaa. sore k+XE .

sort - smoke - (as yams aocording to size) smoke jaa ne . pli . (the first � of a fire that sort xwa . is beginning to oatoh - pre­ oeding the fZames) ku . souZ kWee . 117

sound - (who makes the xa roda) axure: sound aguu. xa roda. (of voice) aguuxa . (in determining auguries, (hissing) Cfi i. foreseeing fu ture, diagnosing (produced by walking on dry illness and treating, etc. ) 0, branches, leaves) pi i. [ C] j a a [NK] j a au . (in augury (interpre ting sour ne:mi . omens) in north of the island} mi�a. source - speech - (of river) kuxware:. speech (origin) puu . te:pa. (of the chief at a war pilou southern part (of island to­ when he recounts the legend for the first time ) wards Noum�a) bWa n�i. �xamoo , �xapoo. space - (give a 'V recounting a legend for the first time as was done (between t����s, e.g., houses, by the chief at the war pilou) posts) ne:nuaa . xamoo , xapoo. (between the thighs) ne:pa . (between sky and earth) spherica l powee, pwex5x5 . wEEwa . spider - spade (indigenous wooden) [NK] spider mwakua , CfOi, [C] erAi . gara , noo . (poisonous) mWamia . spark - spine do. ('Vs ) am iane:. spark Cfi . spirit - speak - (of dead woman) Cfe: xoo . (evil 'V changes ferm to work (in low voice) xa Cfuade: sorcery) dook i i. (see Cfuade:) . (to which errors are imputed) speak xa . dodou . (indis crimate ly, to slander) spirit kWee . [C] xaCACOO . (evil 'V who can change form (up so that one can be heard to work sorcery) tooki i. clearly) xapaa. (of dead) xoo . (begin to 'V, of an infant) (evil 'V of dead (on woman 's xapaa . side ) living in the forest} (poorly) xaxuu . yaace:. (to someone who is crying in order to console him) spit (to) juxWari. xaayaaru . splash (to 'V water onto some­ spear - t h ing ) k W e: i . (with mu ltiple points) splinter (of wood) barada . �aakwaa . (longest war 'V, flexed in split - dancing) [NK] di. spear jo. (to 'V something ) Cfot ia . (fishing 'V, larger than (to 'V something with a pointed barada) pWece . instrument, a8 a nail 'V8 wood) (longest war 'V, thrown last kWagoro. when at close quarters) wedi. (to 'V something (with an im­ plement)} kWitia. specialist - (to 'V (in trans .}) me:dia. (in oratory, genealogy, etc. ) (to be 'V) me:d ia. a�xa . ll8

(something with blunt in­ start (surprise) bACi , bACis�. strument) pwad ia. (something) �at ia. state - (as wood) �ot i a. (unnatura l, adu lterated) (tear) tia. d i a. (cracked) xl �a ra . state kee . (get into a magica l � of spokesmen pa �eretepa. purity) saa . spoor (of anima l, person) eedu. statement tepa. spread - stay - (of water) cil. stay anG , pua . (out)

spring (where water comes out) steal pede. nomwakWe . steer (rudder of boat, tai l) squeeze - y:>we . (with hand to express liquid, stem saacsee. as to wring out wet clothing) j i ipwee. step - (to �, press, one person or thing agains t something) (aside ) ka i. (make a fa lse , as in cros­ (in the hand) xaga i . � sing stream on stones, and (one thing in the hand) xaanii. fa ZZ) m:>sA+. stab - (one of the �s in a pilou ceremony - all of the partic­ (outward motion) cr lke. ipants circle the arena) (prick or �) poke . nari . (in walking ) xWanepa . stack (to) tuu . stern (rear) xWamwere . s ta Zk - (boiled taro � given to babies stick - to suck) ba . (diagonal, for yam vine) (taro leaf �) ba raamwe. cr iay:> . (sma ll leaf � of coconut, used (p laced in hole in which yam to make brooms) jurunG. wi ll be planted) CSTT. staZk me. (on which fish and eels are strung for smoking ) fi. stanchion (outrigger boom-float (top crossed � supporting �s ) k:>:>ma. roofing of men 's house) joo. stick ke . stand - (digging) kWee . (to �, as spear in tree) (something , set upright) fa taa . t Ii. (bent into a circle to anchor (up ) naw i . the upright poles supporting (upright) taa. the roof of the conical house. (sti ZZ) taa. Where roof supports are tied (in wait) taQari. on) +bwa:>. star (morning ) aperedaa , sueme. stiff (to be �) k+xe . 119

still - stpetch (a � of bape eapth (cal-m) dAdil, til, xaao. having no gpass) nekotoo . (at something, not yet having left it) nora . stpike - (continuously) nu . (hit) Cfa . (with hatchet, machete) sa . stingy (inhospitab le) dapl.li i. stping (� of coconut fibpe) stitch xl.lame . kudu .

stoke (a fipe) xAnEi. stpip -

stomach - (bapk) capl.la . (of pandanus ppepaped fop stomach bl.lati. weaving) kara xou (see kara) . (the pit of the �) pekari. (to � a twig of its bapk, op a leaf to obtain the stem) stone - kl.lecaa. (hollowed � used in sopcepy ) adu. stpoke (to) nee . (thpee �s on which pot is placed fop cooking) anide stpong XAtA. k+re. stone Cfege. stpuctupe (upp ep poof � of (�, mostly in comp ounds) pe. house) bebuburu. (whet�, � used to shappen stub imp lements) pepoa . - (to) tage. (fingeps) Cfipl.lea . (hot � put on top of the food (toes) jep l.l ea . in the oven) vei. (foup long-shaped �s used to stumb le (in wa lking) Cfenene . fpame the heapth apea in the house) xeno . stun (op kill with a blow - as (ppobab ly seppentine) xae . fpom a stick, etc.) fieme , kIJi eme , pIJaame. stop - (cpying J ayaaru . stuttep xaxuu. (hole with leaves, bapk) CfT . style (something ) fataa. <;:ee- . stop m5r5. (someone who is doing something ) subincision sAru . niburu. (�ed) pj:rj:. subject - (of a chief) kl.lara . stoPy (a) xl.lan imo. (�s, ministeps, of a chief) pakIJara . stpaight - (not �) ka ta . subopdinates kerexIJa . stpaight top H. suck -

(to �) J I I • (a shapp �ing action. To �, stpaps (passing ovep shouldeps as in dpawing juice fpom an to hold a bupden) ako. opange) ju. stpaw - sudden saapu . (genepa l) kl.lere. (kind of �) sa i i. suffep (a punctupe by coming down upon a pointed object) jati-r+. 120 sUffiae d+. T suffoaate (as from smoke or taboo (a magiaaZ imposition - drowning) bome . not a � sign) nubu . sugaraane de, mWarate. taak (saHing) ong path) fe �e . (a aourse so as to interaept surfaae (Zumpy) f�r�pwepwe . another) jab. (a short aut so as to head surpass j a i . off someone) ja�omwEre. (to) pe . surp Zus anoa , noare. (something with the hand as out of a basket) to i, tAi . surprise (d) (to be �ed, to (Zeave of one another) totaa . star t with �) bACi . (sides in something) �XA, XA . (refuge within something) survivor (Zast � of famiZy, xocat+. upon whose death the famiZy wiZZ be extinguished) jome . ta Zkative paca . suspended (to be) �ipe. tame (to) duu. suspiaious ca . tang Ze (a � of vines) nejookW i i. swa ZZow (to) nii. tap - sweat �imeg i. (to) fida . (with foot) moote. sweep (with broom, be swept (with stiak, as in beating away ) �opixi. bark aZoth or Zoosening bark from tree) b i . sweet nioru . taproot (of a tree) kErE kWaa swept (� away, as tab ZeaZoth by (see kere) . wind)

(e Lephant ear) [NK] koe:, thence ke:wa . [C] kWe:e: . taro mWe:. there - (in � cu L tivation at the appropriate time to dig a (it is) a j i na (see j i). sma 'lL depression so that (far ther) akw e:e:, klle:e:. the shoots can emerge (at the foot of the mountains) easi Ly) too . at+. (from �) ke:na . tart nexacamia . (�, �upon) rona . (then) te:na , tona . taste (to have a�) nE . (ahead) tofe:a . (�on) towa , wa . tasteLess ne:mwa . (�at) wa . tattoo (to) ga . they n ii, nuu . taut deere . thick sa ba . tear - thigh pupa (see pu).

(pandanus 'leaf) citia. thin kaa . (with fingers ) [NK] kad ia, [C] kfldia. thing - (as paper 01' cLoth, by roLLing so) oidia (see oil . ('left by and representative (spUt) tia. of the ancestors) be:puu. (grind 01' � in two, as a stick thing dou . run over by a car ) tipuru . (pertaining to the past, to ancient times) nuadou . tease (to) cume:i, j axuj u, +cume:i . think - (to) nara. ten - (to � about some thing) narace:. (something new) �omara. third (a story) nimo·. (riddLes) +yaru, ya ru . (one) baseere:. (someone to turn back) xaso . (in counting piLes of yams) (news) + cr omara . puusee . tempt baablli. thorn jo. ten du SEXE. thou ge:, k+ . tender koru . thought +narapari. tendon klli i. thread (a string through some­ thing as in stringing beads) testicLe - t i i . (�s and scrotum) guru . testicLe pi iguru . threaten (with an object) dli. that - three basee. (thing, fac t, event) adoubwa . throat kWada, ne:kllada. (gram . part . - in order �, �, 'let it be �) me:: throw - (dem. ) mlliri . (gram . part . - at � time, in (backhand) cr ogWere. � case) nli. (to �, � out) g Were. (things on to a piLe, thus then me: , nli, te:na , tona . piLing them up ) gWetuu . 122

(spear ) p"'ere. (five ' �s) [C] p:J:Jn;r;. (stones at) tage, tege. (two �s ) p55ru. (to shoot or � a spear and (three �s) p55see. hit the target) tag�ere. (one) �aapu . (shoot or � a spear and miss) (at one �) +�aa . talL,, + . time xe . (as a stone) te. (of day) xere£ or xere kamia (away) witaa . (see xe) . (reeds with the sling (as (to eat) x£re da (see xe) . spears were thrown» x"'ija. (to re lax) xere m"'ara (see xe) . thumb aC:Jrem"'e. (for a long �) xutue. thunder net:J. timing xaa . thus vanea . tired k"'et i. tickle (to) giki . to t+, t+wa , x+ (dative). tide - today ana , nam"'a . (high) k"'e . toe (a big �) k"'e aye . k:J:J. (high � that comes during the night, descending in the together +Saa . morning) k"'e mere . (small high � (as occurs in tomorrow aare. certain seasons of the year)) tongue milrilwak"'e . kurume . (lowest of three high �s) �ere. (low) S:J:J . too l (needle-like � used in (which is just beginning to go attaching thatch to roof) out) wenara . �are. (small) xuu k"'e . tooth pa . tie - top - (by wrapping ) be. top (tightly) beeke , fAAke . b"'a . (loosely) bEfag:J , f Afag:J , (of house) b"'am"'a . (knot) curu , yuru . (of bottom posts of round (to pole - beans, yams) fae. house (where the wa ll joins (things together) fAp+t+. the roof) ) b"'a:J. (two things together) fAVi i. (as of a tree) jik"' i i. (together two pieces of some­ (the �, at the �) n:J:J . thing edge to edge, or end to (visible part of the reef) end) tada. xuj:JU . tighten (by twisting as a screw to'pp le (as a tree or man) x"'£e . or nut) bit+r+. torch - time - torch Cf:J r:J . (at some other �, past or (of coconu t leaves, reeds, bark) fu ture) g"'ee. niaou l i n5r5. (� of) kee. (an incense producing � used (the designated � for some­ to exorcise a possessing thing, the scheduled �) nem5 . spirit) tane. (of night fa ll) ndeede. totem - (four �s) [NK] p55fue, [C]. p55f+e. (of a clan) �aa . (how many �s ?) p:J:Jnii . (lizard) x:J:Jm"'aa . 123 toss (onto) g"'ere. (coZumnar pine of New Caledonia) ka de. touch - (that grows in red soil) ku , (with the hand) �aanii. kubi\i\. (bareZy) �akai. (wood) k"'aa . (fig, the ba rk is used as a drum) tow (with rope) jE�EE. maa:t. (has red fZowers which attract toward - flying faxes) mE . (bark used as fish poison) (a destination or objective) mEEk;) . CE o (used for posts and stake for ("vs) C;)U , x"'a . yam vines) ma o ("v a high pZace) t+toa . (kaori) mugE. (forest "v (good magic for track (of animal., person) taro )) nEE. eedu. (pa Zm) p I I. (niaou l i-an indigenous traditiona l. aee . eucaZyptus) pi�;);) . (shore "v ) piy€: . trail. (of anima l., person) (the 'leaf has a concave form eedu. and is used to dip water) pu r Ek"'e . tramp Ze m;)kai. (banana "v, does not give fruit but has edib le rhizome) wi�;) . transparent mErE, pere. (the bark of which is the principal. source of barkcZoth) trap (fish "v, used in streams) xata . [NK] �ep5r5 , �Ep5r5 . (having sma'll. round fruit which is use d to make gZue) trash (to be swept up ) midaa. XEE. (grows in red soil, wood traverse - used for war spears) xTa . (planted in yam and tar o (to) cik;)puru . ("v ridge of a mountain) fi eZds, 'leaves eaten) x;)d;) . (used for sculp tures) k"'EE. xu . (resin ob tained from the lea f treat (a sick person (general. buds is used as a calking material.) term)) �aakui , �uu. xutu. (wood used for spears ) tree - x"'ap"'atu. (casuarina (generic name )) tremb le (as from co ld) Ci\r+a . ab"'ia. (kind of fig "v) bamu , x"'ee. trench (a ditch or "v (as between (has hard wood) buE. rows of a garden)) nEwaage . ('leaves taken as purge by pregnant women) b"'ii. trim - (fruit used to make gZue) (something to desired size) «ig+. • (cherry) �u co. (to) (which grows in wet pZaces, j i . inner bark used for cord) trip (to) ca . d a. (resembles poplar but branches triplets ba�ee dufll , (see duf7l) . more spread) d;)ru. (kind of "v) fam;) , fam;) amia , trochus - fam;) ap"'ara, [NK] kagE, ki i, k o , k;);) , k;)pua , [C] ki\gE , (the largest) tab"'ax"'a . k"'arT , mee , pata . (white) x"'ag;);). (forest "v ) fll, j+, k"' ita. 124

troop (a) j uu . u troubZed made. unoeasingZy niniri. true d:>, va . uno Zear (of eyes as of an oZd person) truth - meere.

(the) kere n:>d:> (see kere) . unoZouded perL (to withhoZd the �) [NK] nagemWere, [C) negemWere. unoomp Zioated (of a task) xWaie. try - unoonsoious me , mel)�r�. (to make someone 'laugh) cucu . (to guess) �ace. unoover ka paar i. tuber - understand nexil tamwa . (sma ZZ yam � growing aZong­ side, but separate from a unfo Zded (mat, eto.) �aa . 'large one (oaZZed its "mother")} <; iim ere ku (see Cii imere) . unimportant (to be) pW£. turn -

turn b i r i, Sepwiri. unZike (of another kind) papa . (tight; e.g. a sorew) biake. (earth in garden) �:>�epwTrT . (something, as wind turns unobstruoted (view) mere. page of book) kae . (to �, revoZve, as a windmiZZ) untie - mwaari . (knot) [C) cu�a . (something so as to straighten (a rope) [C) �a , [NK] �". it) l)eE. (something, as page of book) unwind (as rope) [C] bisa, p:>:> . [ NK ] b i 5 iI. (over on the side, to expose the bottom) pu�epwiri . upright fataa , taa . (a ZZ the way over) pW i it:>nu. (upside down) �en5 . uproot (to � something ) netaa . (baok) �:> . (something over with the hand) upward toa , t+toa . xaSepwiri . urohin (sea- �) mia . turtZe - urine (with a big head, that eats nimia . oZams) axWere jora. urinate (to) mia . turtZe pW£ .

used (� to) �a+ . twenty xe�aakamuru. twiZight nej ik:>d:> . twins d ufil . V twist b i r i . vaoanoy pu . two - vagabond (a) aj:>puru [NKJ , j:>puru • two baa ru , duo [CJ (things) du:> . (first) dupu. vain (in �) n:>i . 125 valley neb��re (see neb��), w nEpIJeekete. wad (up, paper, cloth, etc. ) erigici, kAbhL value (something of � (native wade (to) money or yam or taro stones) kaa. left by a dead person with wait the ap ii for transmittal to the dead man 's family} kume. wait biola . (for) I)ar!. vapour (water � rising from ground) jaa d��. wake - (�n by touching) eraa t�pere . variegated (color) meere. (up) t�pere. vein klol i i. wa lk - very - (along on the same level (neither uphill nor down )} (with mlolaa "long ") [C] ereere . (with "short") b i r i . xublole er+erL (favoring a foot, to avoid (�, comp lete ly (with putting the fu ll weight on it) I):tr:t "b lack") gaga . erixara . (with ere) kakaL (to) fAdA. (with were "small") I)al)a . (on all fours) mlole i. (with k�d� "dark blue or green" or "light in meb� wall - weight") tete . (sustaining � of garden) eria. vil lage - (of a house) pumlola . (� covering of the conica l village kame , xua. house. To put on the � (women 's part of the �, on covering) either side of the centra l tap� . (mud �, on the side of the place) mIJH . taro terrace opposite the (name of � at Thio) y� . mountain slope, which re tains the water on the terrace) vine - wa sa. (kind of wi ld �) baxirina. (� of the seashore, the seeds want - were used for a game) coa . (to be in �) (second growth of a plant, kirica. (to) xori i, [C] xIJer ii. second � of yam plant) glola. (grows wild and has tuber warclub (of "morgenstern " form) that was eaten) . kemloladi • (wild � paired as "the ma le " kaw i . with kemloladi "the fema le") warm meg i . keb. (wild � now fed to pigs) wash - k�pu . vine klol i i. (clothing ) gici. (a) ni. (to) I)uru.

violate (a rule, a prohibition) wasp - sda . (mud dauber) asuerene. wasp nane. vomit - (to) g�� . watch - (some thing up) g�wi . (over) I)ar!. vulva bi . 126

(�fu l in seeking to avoid (used in making mats, charac­ something) �avaa . terized by changes in � at (keep � on) tee. selected places) �mArAsAsA. (one of three used for ma ts) water - �n� i . (one of three � used for ma ts . (fresh) dokWe . The others are xWan�i and water kWe. xWa mArAsAsA) xWabubu ru . (in which food has been cooked) kWe mErE. web (spider) mWaanoo . (salt) kWet aa. (deep) nekwe k5 . wedge (e.g., a post in the (in pot in which something position desired)

whisk (fly ) bona . woman �e.

whisper xa �uade (see �uade) . women (vocative) papae .

whistle - wood -

(a ) beb:> . (of fire) ara , ne. (to) pi:>x3 . (hard, for making warclubs) dae. white - (carve) ga o wood kyaa . (as albino) awa ra . (bottom � of fire plow (soft (variant form) pYa . wood) ) kyaac+re. white pyara . word - who? yaa , yaape. (true) d:> tepa . whole - word tepa .

whole agYi , nenee . work - (of a clearing made in the forest) neca . (to) �eQu . (an) xaad i . (material such as bark) �T . (like chi ld, not seriously) why ceje, kewaje. �ixu . (around house or something wide - not one 's main business) �:>:>b:> . (as branches of a tree) �aa . (knead with fingers) [NK] wide daraa . ka ga i, [C] kflga i. (hither, �ing this way ) mea . wife kyee:-. world (the) ned:>:> . wind -

(north) d:>:>p:> . worm (kind of � or grub found wind kYad e. in the ground in mangrove (prevailing ) me�o. swamps; it is eaten raw) (trade ) meSo . kub:> . (off shore ) n:>u . (from a bit farther east than wound xya . d:>:>p:» nuetu . woven (mat, clo thing ) x:>u . window xYanuu. wrap - wing pu�emE . (a coat around one) [NK] �a�a , [C] �aH. wipe nee. (up) xar i.

with - wrinkled �ikYe. (� what one brings � one (not human companions)) kere. write (to) �u , ta . (in the company of) me . with mA . wrong d:>d:>u . (instrument) Qe.

wither - y (�ed) �ikYe . (as leaves left in the sun) mArA. yam - (a variety of �) cibe:> . withhold (the truth) [NK] (kind of �) �igere, na , wa ree. nagemYe re, [C] negemyere. (wild) �ua . 128

(true ) d o ku. yes a. (variety, "ahief yam") katua . yam ku. yesterday amu. (speaial � rows formally opening the � gardening you - season) xa roda . (dual) (also used as respeat form to a single person) . yawn (to) aaaa, komaa. gou (p lural) wiri . yaws (a disease (now rare ) of young - ahi ldren involving sores on lips and baakside (probab ly (of persons or anima ls) � )) pi. dopwa. young ko ru . year xWada. (the �, � people) padopwa . yellow kerEnawa . youth dopwa . PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Series A, No s. 1-9, Series B, Nos. 1-6 , Series C, Nos . 1 and 3, and Bulletins 1 and 2 were called LINGUISTIC CIRCLE OF CANBERRA PUBLICATIONS . All publications (including reprints of earl ier items ) subsequent to July 1967 bear the new name PACIFIC LINGUISTICS. After each entry , ISBN numbers have been added . Where there are two ISBN numbers given , the first one refers to the complete set of volumes , and the second to the individual volume or part . �r ices are subject to alteration without prior notification .

SER IES A - OCCAS I ONAL PAPERS

No . 1 WURM , S.A. Some Rema�k� on the Role 06 Lang uag e in the $0.50 A��imilation 06 Au�t�alian Abo�ig ine� . 1963; 12 pp .

Reprinted 1966 . ISBN 0 85883 006 X

No . 2 HEALEY , Alan Handling Un� o phi�tieated Ling ui�tie In60�mant� . $1.00

1964; iii + 30 pp. Reprinted 1967 , 1972 , 1973, 1975.

ISBN 0 85883 007 8

No . 3 PENCE , Alan , Ellis Deibler Jr ., Phyllis M. Healey , and Bruce $1 .25

A. Hooley Pape�� in New Guinea Ling ui�tie� No .1. 1964 ;

iv + 42 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 008 6

No . 4 WURM , S.A. Pape�� in New Guinea Lingui� tie� No .2. 1964 ; $1.25 iv + 41 pp .; 1 map . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 009 4

No . 5 HEALEY , Phyllis M. Pap�� in New Guinea Lingui�tie� No .3. $1.50

1965; iv + 53 pp. Reprinted 1972 . ISBN 0 85883 010 8

No . 6 BEE , Darlene Pape�� in New Guinea Lingui�tie� No .4. 1965; $1.75

iv + 68 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 01 I 6

�o . 7 FRANTZ , C.l. and M.E. , D. and J. Oatridge , R. Loving , $2 .50

J. Swick , A. Pence , P. Staalsen , and H. and M. Boxwe ll

Pape�� in New Guinea Lingui�tie� No .5. 1966 ; viii + 93 pp .

Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 012 4

No . 8 SHETLER, J. , R. Pittman , V. Forsberg , and J. Hussey Pape�� $1.25 in Ph�lippine Lingui�tie� No .1. 1966; iv + 38 pp . Reprinted

1971. ISBN 0 85883 013 2

No . 9 NGUYEN DANG LlEM , A. Tran Huong Mai , and David W. De llinger $2.50 Pape�� �n South Ea�t A�ian Lin gui�tie� No .1. 1967 ;

iv + 43 pp . + 30 tables + 3 chart tables + 27 chart s. Re-

printed 1970. ISBN 0 85883 014 0 2

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Occasional Papers - continued

No .lO GLASGOW , D. and K. ! Jean F. Kirton , W.J •.Oates , and B.A. and $1. 50 E.G. Somme r Pape�� in Au�t�atian Lingui� tic� No . 1 . 1967 ;

v + 59 pp . Reprinted 1972. ISBN 0 85883 015 9

No .ll VON BRANDENSTEIN , C.G. , A. Capell, and K. Hale Pape�� in $2.50

Au�t�alian Lingui�tic� No . 2 . 1967 ; iii + 73 pp . + 7 maps .

Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 016 7

No .12 McELHANON , K.A. and G. Renck Pape�� in New Guinea Lingui�tic6 $1.25

No .6. 1967 ; iv + 48 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 017 5

No .13 GODDARD , J. and K.J. Franklin Pape�� in New Gu�nea Ungui6 - $1. 50 t�c� No .7. 1967 ; iv + 59 pp . Reprinted 1971.

ISBN 0 85883 018 3

No .14 AGUAS , E.F. and D.T. Tryon Pape�� �n Au�t�al�an L�ngui6tic� $1. 25

No .3. 1968 ; iii + 46 pp . + 1 map . Reprinted 1971.

ISBN 0 8'5883 019

No .1S CAPELL , A. , G.J. Parker , and A.J. Schutz Pape�� in Lingui6 - $1 . 50

t�C-6 06 Melane��a No . 1 . 1968 ; iii + 52 pp . + 1 map. Re-

printed 1971. ISBN 0 85883 020 5

No .16 VOORHOEVE , C.L. , K.J. Franklin, and G. Scott Pape�� in New S 1. 50

Gu�nea L�ngui-6 t�c� No .8. 1968 ; iv + 6 2 pp .; 2 maps. Re-

printed 1971. ISBN 0 85883 02 1 3

No .17 KINSLOW HARRIS, J. , S.A. Wurm , and D.C. Laycock Pape�� in $2.50

Au�t�al�an L�ngu�� tic� No .4. 1969; vi + 97 pp . ; 3 maps . Re-

printed 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 022 I

No .lS CAPELL , A. ; A. Healey , A. Isoroembo , and M� Chittleborough1 $2.50

and D.B. Wilson Pape�� �n New Guinea Lingui6tic� No .9. 1969; vi + llO pp . ; 1 map . Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 023 X

No .19 MILLER, J. and H.W. Miller Pape�� �n Ph�l�ppine L�ngu�� tic� $1.25

No .2. 1969 ; iii + 3 2 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 024 8

NO .20 PRENTICE , D.J. Pape�� �n Bo�neo L�ng u��tic� No . 1 . 1969; $1. 25

iv + �l pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 025 6

No.21 CAPELL , A. , A. Chowning , and S.A. Wurm Pape�-6 �n L�ng ui-6 tic� $2.50

06 Meiane-6�a No .2. 1970 ; v + 105 pp .; 5 maps .

ISBN 0 85883 002 7 3

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Occasional Papers - aontinued

No .22 LAYCOCK , D.C. , Richard G. Lloyd , and Philip Staalsen Papell.� $2.50 in New Guinea Ling ui�tic� No .10. 1969; v + 84 pp .

ISBN 0 85883 026 4

No .23 BUNN , G. and R. ; Alan Pence , Elaine Geary , and Doris Bjorkman ; $ 2.50

H. and N. weimer; and O.R. Claassen and K.A. McElhanon Papell.�

in Ne w Guinea Lingui� tic� No .11. 1970; v + 78 pp .; 1 map .

ISBN 0 85883 00 1 9

No .24 ABRAMS , N. , J. Forster , and R. Brichoux Papell.� in Philippine $2. 50

Lingui�tich No . 3 . 1970; vi + 77 pp . ISBN 0 85883 000 0

No .25 VOORHOEVE , C.L. , K.A. McE1hanon , and Bruce L. and Ruth Blowers $1. 50 Papell.� in New Guinea Lingui�tic� No . 1 2 . 1970 ; iv + 60 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 027 2

No .26 BLOWERS , B.L. , Margie Griffin, and K.A. McE lhanon Papell.� in $ 1.50

New Guinea Lingui�tic� No .13. 1970 ; iv + 48 pp .

ISBN 0 85883 028 0

NO .27 KIRTON , Jean F. Papell.� in Au�tll.alian Lingui�tic� No . 5 . 1971 ; $ 1. 75 iv + 70 pp . ISBN 0 85883 029 9

No .28 DUTTON , T. , C.L. Voorhoeve , and S.A. Wurm Papell.� in New $4 .00 Guinea Lingui� tic� No .14. 1971; vi + 172 pp . ; 8 maps .

ISBN 0 85883 030 2

No. 29 GLOVER, Warren W. , Maria Hari , and E.R. Hope Papell.� in South $ 2.50 Ea�t A�ian Lingui�tic� No .2. 1971; iv + 78 pp . ; 1 map.

ISBN 0 85883 03 1 0

No .30 DELLINGER, D.W. , E.R. Hope , Makio Katsura , and Tatsuo Nishida $2 .50 Papell.� in South Ea�t A�ian Ling ui�tic� No .3. 1973; iv + 82 pp .

ISBN 0 85883 09 1 4

No .3l LEWIS, R.K. , Sandra C. Lewis, Shirley Litteral , and P. Staa1sen $1 .75

Papell.� in New Guinea Lingui� tic� No . 1 5 . 1972; v + 69 pp .

ISBN 0 85883 032 9

$ 1. 25 No .32 HOHULIN, R.M. and Lou Hohulin Papell.� in Phaippine Ung ui� tic� No .4. 1971 ; iv + 32 pp . ISBN 0 85883 033 7

No .34 ALLEN , Janice and M. Lawrence Papell.� in New Guinea Linguih tich $1. 50 No .16. 1972 ; iii + 46 pp . ISBN 0 85883 08 1 7 4

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Occasional Papers - continued

No .35 BEAUMONT, C. , D.T. Tryon , and S.A. Wurm Pape�� in Lingu��t�c� $2.50

06 Meiane��a No . 3. 1972; vii + 113 pp . + 6 maps .

ISBN 0 85883 083 3

NO .36 SCHEBECK , B. ; and L.A. Hercus and I.M. White Pap�� �n AU6 - $2.50

t�ai�an L�ngui�tic6 No .6. 1973; iv + 7 2 pp . + 4 pages of

photographs + 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 095 7

No.37 FURBY , Christine E. , Luise A. Hercus , and Christine Kilham $2.50

Pape�� �n AU4 t�ai�an Lingui4 t�c� No .7. 1974 ; iv + 73 pp . +

1 map + 3 photographs . ISBN 0 85883 116 3

No .38 HOLZKNECHT , K.G. and D.J. Phillips Pape�4 in New Guinea Un- $2.50

gU�4t�C4 No .17. 1973; iii + 78 pp . ISBN 0 85883 097 3

No .39 SHARPE , M.C. , L. Jagst, and D.B.W. Birk Pape�� in Au�t�aiian $2.50

Ung u�4t�C.4 No .8. 1975; v + 78 pp . ISBN 0 85883 126 0

No.40 CONRAD , R. and W. Dye ; N.P. Thomson; and L.P. Bruce Jr. Pape�� $3.00

�n New Gu�nea Lingu��tic4 No .18. 1975; iv + 102 pp . + 5 ma ps . ISBN 0 85883 118 X

No .4l CHANDLER , Donna Hettick , Z. Ruch, and Jeannette Witucki Pap�4 $2.50

�n Ph�i�pp�ne Lingui�tic� No . 5 . 1974 ; iv + 74 pp .

ISBN 0 85883 114 7

No .43 HEADLAND , T.N. and A. Healey; and Jeannette Witucki Pape�4 in $2.50

Ph�iippine L�ng u��tic.4 No .6. 1974 ; iii + 74 pp .; 1 ma p.

ISBN 0 85883 108 2

In preparation :

No .33 COURT , C. and D.J. Prentice Pape�4 in Bo�neo Lingui4tic4 No .2

No .42 HUDSON , Joyce and Barbara J. Sayers Pape�� �n Au�t�aiian Lingui4t�C.�

No .9

SER IES B - MO NOGRAPHS

No . 1 WURM , S.A. and J.B. Harris POLICE MOTU, An int�oduc.tion to the $2.50 T�ade Languag e 06 Papua (New Gu�nea ) 60� anth�opoiogi�t4 and

o:the� 6�e.e.dwo�ke�� . 1963 ; vi + 81 pp . Reprinted 1964, 1965,

1966 , 1967 , 1969, 1970, 1971 , 1973 . ISBN 0 85883 034 5 5

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Monographs - continued

No . 2 WORM , S.A. Phonological Vive��i6ica�ion in Au���alian New $2.50

Guinea Hig hland� Lang uag e� . 1964 ; iii + 87 pp . ; 1 map .

Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 035 3

No . 3 HEALEY , Alan Tele60l Phonology. 1964 ; iii + 1 figure + $1 . 50

53 pp . + 5 tables. Reprinted 1972 . ISBN 0 85883 036

No . 4 HEALEY , Phyllis M. Tele60l Noun Ph�a4 e4 . 1965; iii + 51 pp . $1 .50

Reprinted 1972. ISBN 0 85883 037 X

No . S HEALEY , Phyl lis M. Lev el4 and Chaining in Tele60l Sen�ence4 . $1 .75

1966; iv + 64 pp . Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 038 8

No . 6 TRYON , Darrell T. Nengone G�amma� . 1967 ; x + 91 pp . Re- $2.50

printed 1971. ISBN 0 85883 039 6

No . 7 TRYON , Darrell T. Vehu G�amma� . 1968 ; ix + 111 pp . Re- $3.00

printed 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 040 X

No . 8 TRYON , Darrell T. lai G�amma� . 1968 ; xii + 125 pp . Re - $3.50

printed 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 04 1 8

No . 9 DUTTON , T.E. The Peopling 06 Cen��al Papua : Some P� elimina�y $4 .00

Ob4e�va�ion4 . 1969; viii + 182 pp . Reprinted 1970, 1971 .

ISBN 0 85883 042 6

No .10 FRANKLIN, K.J. The Vialec�� 06 Kewa . 1968 ; iv + 72 pp .; $3.00

20 maps . Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 043 4

No .ll SOMMER , B.A. Kunjen Phonology: Synch�onic and Viach�onic . $2 .50

1969; iv + 72 pp .; 3 ma ps . ISBN 0 85883 044 2

No .12 KLOKEID , T.J. Tha�ga�i Phonology and Mo�phology. 1969; Sl.50

viii + 56 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 045 0

No .13 TREFRY , D. A Compa�a�iv e S�udy 06 Kuman and Pawaian. 1969; $2 .50

iv + 94 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 046 9

No .14 McELHANON , K.A. Selepe� Phonology. 1970; v + 47 pp .; 1 map . $1.50

ISBN 0 85883 003 5

No .lS TRYON , D.T. An In��oduc�io n �o Ma�anung �u (No��he�n AU4 - $3.00

��alia J. 1970 ; vi + 111 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 047 7 6

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Monographs - continued

No .l6 McELHANON , K.A. and C.L. Voorhoeve The T��n� -New Gu�ne� $3.00 Phylum : Explo����o n� in Veep-level Gene�ic Rel��ion� hip� .

1970 ; v + 107 pp .; 4 ma ps . ISBN 0 85883 048 5

No .17 KUKI , Hiroshi Tu�mo�u�n Phonology. 1970 ; ix + 119 pp .; $ 3 . 0 0 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 049 3

No .18 YOUNG , R.A. The Ve�b �n Ben�-Ben�: i�� Fo�m �nd Func�ion. $ 1. 75 1971; v + 68 pp . ISBN 0 85883 050 7

No .19 PATON , W.F. Amb�ym (Lonwolwoll G��mm�� . 1971 ; xi + 128 pp .; $3.50

1 map . ISBN 0 85883 05 1 5

No .20 CAPELL , A. A�o�i G��mma� . 1971; iv + 90 pp . ; 1 map . $2 .50

ISBN 0 85883 052 3

No .21 McELHANON , K.A. Selepe� G��mm�� . Pa�� 1: F�om Roo� �o Ph��� e. $3.00

1972; vi + 116 pp . ISBN 0 85883 085 X and ISBN 0 85883 086 8

No .22 McELHANON , K.A. Tow��d� � Typology 06 �he Fini� �e��e-Huon L�n- $2 .00

gU�g e� , New Guinea . 1973; vii + 73 pp .; 1 map .

ISBN 0 85883 094 9

No .23 SCOTT , Graham Hi9 he� Lev el� 06 Fo�e G��mm�� . Edited by Robert $3.00

E. Longacre . 1973; x + 88 pp . ISBN 0 85883 088 4

No .24 DUTTON , T.E. A Checkli�� 06 Lan9 uag e� �nd P� e� en�-d�y Villag e� $2 .00

06 Cen��al and Sou�h-E��� M��nl�nd Papua. 1973; iv + 80 pp .;

1 map . ISBN 0 85883 090 6

No .2S LAYCOCK, D.C. Sep�k L�ngu�g e4 - Checkli� � �nd P� elimin��y $3.50 Cl���i6�c��io n. 1973; iv + 130 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 084 I

�o .26 MUHLHAUSLER , P. Pidginiz��ion �nd Simpl�6ic��io n 06 L�n9u�g e. $4 .00

1974 ; v + 161 pp . ISBN 0 85883 113 9

No.27 RAMOS , Teresita V. The C�� e Sy��em 06 T�g�log Ve�b� . 1974; $4 .50

viii + 168 pp . ISBN 0 85883 115 5

No .28 WEST , Dorothy Wojoke40 Sen�ence, P���g��ph, �nd Vi4 cou�� e $5.00 An�lY4�4 . Ed ited by Robert E. Longacre. 1973; x + 181 pp .

ISBN 0 85883 089 2

No .29 ELBERT , Samuel H. Puluw�� G��mm�� . 1974 ; v + 137 pp . $3. 50 ISBN 085883 103 I 7

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Monographs - co ntinued

No .30 METCALFE , C.D. Ba1di Ve�b Mo�phology (No��hwe� �eAn Au� ��alia ). $5.50

1975 ; x + 215 pp .; 1 map. ISBN 0 85883 121 X

No .31 VOORHOEVE , C.L. Languag e� 06 I�ian Jaya : Checkli��. $4.00 P� el�mina�y Clahhi6ica�ion, Languag e Maph , Wo�dl���h . 1975;

iv + 129 pp .; 17 maps . ISBN 0 85883 128 7

No .32 WALTON , Janice Binongan I�neg Sen�enceh . 1975; vi + 70 pp . $ 2.00

ISBN 0 85883 117 I

No .33 GUY , J.M.B. A G�amma� 06 �he No��he�n Vialee� 06 Sakao . 1974; $3 .00

ix + 99 pp . ; 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 1 04 X

No .34 HOPE , E.R. The Veep Syn�ax 06 LihU Sen�enceh . A T�anh 60�ma­ $ 5.00

�ional Cah e G�amma� . 1974 ; viii + 184 pp . + 1 map.

ISBN 0 85883 110 4

No .35 IRWIN , Barry Sal�- Yui G�amma� . 1974 ; iv + 151 pp . $ 4.00

ISBN 0 85883 I I I 2

No .38 SNEDDON , J.N. Tondano Phonology and G�amma� . 1975; $7.00

viii + 264 pp . ISBN 0 85883 125 2

No .39 LANG, Adrianne The Seman�iCh 06 Clahhi6ieato�y Ve�bh in Enga $6.00

(and othe� Papua New Guinea Languag eh ). 1975; xii + 234 pp . ;

2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 123 6

No .40 RENCK , G.L. A G�amma� 06 Yaga�ia. 1975 ; xiii + 235 pp. ; $6.00 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 130 9

No .43 STOKHOF , W.A.L. P� elimina�y No�eh on �he Alo� and Pan�a� Lan­ $2.00

guag e� (Eah� Indonehia ). 1975; vi + 73 pp . + 2 maps .

ISBN 0 85883 124 4

In preparation :

No .36 PHILLIPS, D.J. Wahgi Phonology and Mo�phology

No .37 NGUYEN DANG LIEM Cah eh , Clau� eh and Sen�eneeh in Vie�nameh e

No .41 Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. Lang uag eh 06 �he Madang Vi���ic�

No .42 FURBY , E.S. and C.E. A P� elimina� y AnalYhih 06 Ga�awa Ph�a� eh and Clau� eh

No .44 SAYERS , Barbara The Sen�enee in Wik-Munkan

No .45 LEE , Jennifer R. No�eh on Li Hawu (Eah �eAn Indonehia )

No .46 GLISSMEYER , Gloria A Tagmemie AnalYhih 06 Hawaii Engli�h Clauh eh 8

PAC IFIC LINGUISTICS

SER IES C - BOOKS

No . 1 LAYCOCK, D.C. The Ndu Languag e Family (Sepik Vi���ic�, New $ 5.50

Guinea! . 1965; xi + 224 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 053

No . 3 NGUYEN DANG LIEM Engli� h G�amma� (A Con��a��ive Analy�i� 06 $ 5.50

Engli�h and Vie�name� e vol.ll . 1966; xliv + 177 pp . Reprinted

1970. ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 055 8

No . 4 NGUYEN DANG LIEM Vie�name� e G�amma� (A Con�a��ive Analy�i� 06 $6.00

Engli� h and Vie�nam e� e vol.21. 1969; xliii + 209 pp .

ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 056 6

No . 5 NGUYEN DANG LIEM A Con��a��ive G�amma�ical Analy�i� 06 Engli�h $4.00 and Vie�name� e (A Con��a��ive Analy�i� 06 Engli� h and Vie�name� e

vol.3). 1967; xv + 151 pp . Reprinted 1971.

ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 057 4

No . 6 TRYON , Darrell T. Vehu- Engli�h Vic�iona�y. 1967; v + 137 pp . $3.50

Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 058 2

No . 7 TRYON , Darrell T. Engli� h-Vehu Vic�iona�y. 1967; iii + 162 pp . $4 .00

Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 059 0

No . 8 NGUYEN DANG LIEM A Con�a��ive Phonological Analy�i� 06 $ 6.00 Engli� h and Vie�name� e (A Con��a��ive Analy�i� 06 Engli� h and

Vie�name� e vo1 . 4 ) . 1970; xv + 206 pp . ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 004 3

No . 9 TRYON , D.T. and M.-J. Dubois Nengone Vic�iona�y. Pa�� 1: $10.00

Nengone- Eng lia h. 1969; vii + 445 pp . ISBN 0 85883 060 4 and

ISBN 0 85883 06 1 2

No .10 OATES, W. and L. Oates Kapau Pedagogical G�amma� . 1968 ; $4.50

v + 178 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 062 0

No .11 FOX , C.E. A�o�i-Engli�h Vic�iona�y. 1970; iv + 406 pp . ; $9.50 1 map. ISBN 0 85883 063 9

No .13 WURM, S.A. and D.C. Laycock , E ds . Paci6ic Lingui��c S�udie� $ 30.00

�n Honou� 06 A��huA Capell . 1970; viii + 1292 pp .; 25 maps;

1 photograph . Reprinted 1975. ISBN 0 85883 005 I Art icles authored , or co-authored , by : B.W. Bender , Catherine M. Berndt , R.M. Berndt , H. B1uhme , J.E. Bolt , C.G. von Brandenstein , tC .D. Chretien , J.R. Cleverly , C. Court , R.M.W. Dixon , W.H. Douglas, T.E. Dutton , I. Dyen , S.H. Elbert , A.P. Elkin , E.H. Flint , K.J. Franklin, Marie Godfrey, G.W. Grace , K. Hale, Joy Harris , A. Healey, H. Hershberger , Ruth Hershberger , 9

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Books - continued

W.G. Hoddinot , P.W. Hohepa , N.M. Holmer , B.A. Hooley , Dorothy J. James, H. Kahler , Susan Kaldor , H. Kerr , Jean F. Kirton , D.C. Laycock , Nguyen Dang Liem , K.A. McElhanon , H. McKaughan , G.N. O'Grady , A. Pawley, Eunice V. Pike , R. Pittman, D.J. Prentice, A.J. Schutz, M.C. Sharpe , tW.E. Smythe , A.J. Taylor , D.T. Tryon , E.M. Uhlenbeck , C.F. Voegelin , F.M. Voegelin , C.L. Voorhoeve , S.A. Wurm , J. Z'Graggen .

No .14 GEERTS, P. 'AAe'dAe Vic�ionaAy. 1970; iv + 185 pp . ; 1 map . $ 4.50 ISBN 0 85883 064 7

No .1S McELHANON , K.A. and N.A. Selepe�- Engli� h Vic�ionaAy. 1970; $ 4.50 xx i + 144 pp . ISBN 0 85883 065 5

No .16 FRANKLIN , K.J. A GAammaA 06 Kewa, New Gu inea . 1971; ·$ 3.50 ix + 138 pp . ISBN 0 85883 066 3

No .17 PARKER, G.J. Sou�hea�� AmbAym VictionaAY. 1971 ; xiii + 60 pp . $1.75

ISBN 0 85883 067 I

No .la PRENTICE , D.J. The MUAut Lang uag e� 06 Sabah. 1971; $7 .00 xi + 311 pp . ; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 068 X

No .19 Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. Cla��i6icatoAY and Typological Studie� in $ 4.50 Languag e� 06 the Madang VihtAict. 1971; viii + 179 pp .;

4 maps. ISBN 0 85883 069 8

No .20 LANG , Adrianne Enga VictionaAY wi�h Englih h Index. 1973; $8 .50 lvi + 219 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 093 0

No .21 PATON , W.F. AmbAym (Lonwolwol) VictionaAY. 1973; $ 9.00 ix + 337 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 092 2

No .22 LONGACRE , Robert E., Ed . Philippine VihCOUAh e and PaAagAaph $8 .50 Studieh in MemoAY 06 Betty McLachlin . 1971 ; xv + 366 pp .;

1 photograph . ISBN 0 85883 070 I Articles authored by : tBetty McLachlin and Barbara Blackburn , Hazel Wrigglesworth , Claudia Whittle , Charles Walton .

No .23 TRYON , D.T. and M.-J. Dubois Nengone VictionaAY. PaAt 11: $6 .00 Englih h-Nengone. 1971; iii + 202 pp . ISBN 0 85883 060 4 and ISBN 0 85883 07 1 X

No .24 ELBERT , Samuel H. Puiuwat VictionaAY. 1972 ; ix + 401 pp . $9.50 ISBN 0 85883 082 5 1 0

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Books - continued

NO .25 FOX , Charles E. Lau Vie.tiondltlj, with English Index . 1974; $8 . 50

vi + 260 pp . ISBN 0 85883 101 5

No .26 FRANKLIN, Karl, Ed ., in cooperation with M. Brown , T. Dutton, $ 1 4 . 00 R. Lloyd , G. McDonald , D. Shaw , C. Voorhoeve , S. Wurm The Ling u'<'.6t.<.e. S.<.tuat.<.on .<.n the Gul6 V'<'.6tlt'<'e.t and Adjae.ent Altea.6 ,

Papua New Gu.<.nea. 1973; x + 597 pp .; 8 maps .

ISBN 0 85883 100 7

No .2? HO-MIN SOHN and B.W. Bender A Ulith'<'an Gltammalt . 1973; $9.50 xv + 398 pp .; 2 maps. ISBN 0 85883 098 I

No .28 HEADLAND , Thomas N. and Janet D. A Vumagat (Ca.6 '<'gultan) - $8 .50

Engli.6h V'<'e.t'<'onaltlj. 1974 ; lxii + 232 pp .; 1 map .

ISBN 0 85883 107 4

No .29 DUTTON , T.E. , Ed . Studie.6 in Languag e.6 06 Centltal and South­ $22.00

Ea.6t Papua . 1975; xviii + 834 pp . ; 5 maps .

ISBN 0 85883 119 8 A collection of illustrative sketches of many hitherto un­ described languages of Central and South-Ea st Papua by J. Austing , R.E. Cooper , T.E. Dutton , J. and C. Farr , R. and S. Garland , J.E. Henderson , J.A. Kolia (formerly Collier), M. Olsen , A. Pawley , E.L. Richert , N.P. Thomson, R. Upia , H. and N. Weimer .

No .31 NGUYEN DANG LIEM, Ed . South- Ea.6 t A.6.<.an Ling u.<..6t.<.e. Stud'<'e.6 . $8 .00 1974 ; vii + 213 pp . ISBN 0 85883 099 X Articles authored by : Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Cesar A. Hidalgo , Arthur G. Crisfield , Philip N. Jenner , Marybeth Clark , Ng uyen Dang Liem , Saveros Pou .

No .32 TRYON , D.T. Vallj Fam.i.llj Lang uag e.6 , AU.6tltal'<'a . 1974 ; $8 .50

xvii + 303 pp . ; 1 ma p. ISBN o 85883 106 6

No .33 WURM, S.A. and B. Wilson Engl'<'.6 h F.<.ndelt U.6t 06 Ree.on.6 tltu e.- $9.00

t.<.on.6 .<.n AU.6 tlto ne.6'<'an Languag e.6 (pO.6t Bltand.6 tettelt) • 19 75 ; xxxii + 246 pp . ISBN o 85883 129 5

No .34 GUY , J.B.M. Handbook 06 Bic.helamalt - Manuel de Bic.helamalt. $8.50 19 74 ; iii + 256 pp . Reprinted 19 75. ISBN 0 85883 109 0

No.35 KEES ING , R.M. Kwaio V'<'e.,tionaltlj. 19 75 ; xxxiv + 296 pp .; 1 map . $10 .50 ISBN 0 85883 120 I

In preparat ion:

No . 2 WU RM, S.A. , Ed . ; with P. Mlihlhausler , D.C. Laycock and T.E. Dutton Handbook 06 New Gu.<.nea Pi dg.<.n 11

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Books in preparation - aontinued

No.12 LAY COCK , D.C. 8«�ic Ma�e�i«l4 in 8uin : G�«mm«�, Tex� , and Vic�iona�y

No .3D LOVING , R. and A. Awa Vic�iona�y

No .36 REID , L.A. 80 n�oc Vic�ion«�y

No .37 RENCK, G.L. Yag«�ia Vic�io n«�y

No .38 WURM, S.A. , Ed . Papu«n Languag e� and �he New Guinea Ling ui��ic Scene (New Guinea A�ea Languag e� and Langu«g e S�udy, vol .l)

No .39 WURM , S.A. , Ed . Au���one�i«n Languag e� (New Guinea A�ea Languag e� and Lang u«g e S�udy, vol.2)

No .4D WURM , S.A. , Ed . Lang uag e, cut�u�e, Socie�y, and �he Mode�n Wo�td (New Guine« A�e« Languag e� and L«nguag e S�udy, vol.3)

No .4l FLIERL , W. and H. Strauss, Eds . Ka�e Vic�iona�y

No .42 NGUYEN DANG LIEM, Ed . Sou�h- Ea�� A�ian Ling ui��ic S�udie� , vol.2

SERIES D - SPEC IAL PUBL ICATI ONS (Bul leti ns . archival materials and other pu bl ications)

No . 1 Butte�in No .1. 1964 ; 9 pp . ISBN 0 85883 072 8 $0.25

No . 2 BuUe�in No .2. 1965; 84 pp. ISBN 0 85883 073 6 $1. 50

No . 3 WURM , S.A. New Guine« Hig ht«nd� Pidgin: Cou�� e Ma��iat� . $4.00 1971; vii + 175 pp . ISBN 0 85883 074 4

No . 4 WURM , S.A. L«ngu«g e M«p 06 �he Ea��e�n, We��e�n «nd Sou�he�n $0 .50 Hig ht«nd� , T��i�o�y 06 P«pua «nd New Guine« . In 14 colours .

1961 . ISBN 0 85883 075 2

No . 5 LAYCOCK, Don Ma�e�iat� in New Guine« Pidgin (Coa��at «nd Low­ $3 .00

t«nd� ). 1970; xxxvii + 62 pp . Reprinted 1974 .

ISBN 0 85883 076 0

No . 6 NGUYEN DANG LIEM fou�-Sytt«bte Idioma�ic Exp�e��ion� in $1. 75

Vie�n«me6 e. 1970; v + 60 pp. ISBN 0 85883 077 9

No . 7 ELBERT , S.H. Th�ee Leg end� 06 Putuwa� and a 8i� 06 Tatk. $2.50

1971 ; viii + 85 pp.; 1 map; 1 photograph . ISBN 0 85883 078 7

No . 8 LANG , A. , K.E.W. Mather , and M.L. Rose In60�m«�ion S�o�«g e and $4.00 Re��ievat: A Vic�iona�y P�o jec�. 1973; vii + 151 pp.

ISBN 0 85883 087 6 12

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Special Publ i cati ons - continued

No . 9 Index to Pac�6�c L�ngu�� t�c� , Se��e� A-V, a� at the end 06 $ 2 . 5 0 7970. 1971; iv + 75 pp . ISBN 0 85883 079 5

No .10 PATON , W.F. Tale� 06 Amb�ym . 1971; xiii + 82 pp .; 1 map. $ 2 . 5 0

ISBN 0 85883 080 9

No .12 DUTTON , T.E. Conv�� at�onal New Gu�nea P�dg�n. 1973; $6. 5 0

xviii + 292 pp . Reprinted 1974. ISBN 0 85883 096 5

No .21 SCHEBECK, B. Text� on the Soc�al Sy�tem 06 the AtYnYama�a�a $6.50 Peo ple. w�th G�ammat�cal Note� . 1974 ; xviii + 278 pp . +

1 photograph . ISBN 0 85883 102 3

No .24 DUTTON , T.E. and C.L. Voorhoeve B eg�nn�ng H��� Motu . 1974; $ 6 . 5 0 xvii + 259 pp . ISBN 0 85883 112 0

No .2S Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. Lang uag e Map 06 the Madang V��t��ct, Papua $ 0.30

New Gu�n ea . 1973 . ISBN 0 85883 105 8

No .26 GRACE , George W. Canala V�ct�ona�y (New Caledo n�a J. 1975; $ 3 . 5 0 x + 128 pp . ISBN 0 85883 122 8

No .27 WURM, S.A. Sp�ead�ng 06 Lang uag e� �n the Southwe�te�n Pac�6�c $0. 50 (map ). 1975. ISBN 0 85883 127 9

In preparation:

No .l1 PATON , W.F. Cu�tom� 06 Amb�ym (Text� , Song�, Game� and V�aw�ng�J

No .13 PAWLEY , A. and T.E. Dutton , Eds . Ba��c Voca bula�y L��t� 06 Au�t�o­ ne��an Lang uag e� 06 Cent�al Papua

------B Voca bula�y L��t� 06 Au�t�o­ No .14 a��c ne��an Laftguag e� 06 Ma�nland South- Ea�t Papua

------B Vocabula�y L��t� 06 Au�t�o ­ No . l S a��c ne��an Languag e� 06 In�ula� South-Ea�t Papua

No .16 DUTTON , T.E. and A. ·Pawley , Eds . Ba��c VocabulalL!I U.. �t � 06 Non­ Au�tlLone� �an Language� 06 CentlLal Papua

------B Vocabula�y L��t� 06 Non­ No .17 a��c Au�t�one��an Language� 06 South-Ea�t Papua

------B L��t� 06 Non­ No .la a��c Vocabula�y Au�tlLone� �an Lang uag e� 06 No�the�n Papua

No .19 CAPELL , A. A Vocabula�y 06 600 Wo�d� �n Fo�ty No�th Au�t�al�an Lang uag e� 13

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Special Publ icati ons in preparation - continued

No .20 VOORHOEVE , C.L. A�ma� My�hotog�cat Tex�6 w��h No�e6 and Exptana��on6

No .22 CAPELL , A. and J. Layard Mat��at6 �n A��ch�n, Matekuta : G�amma�, Voca buta�y and Text6

No .23 CAPELL , A. Futuna V�ct�ona�y Grace, G.W. Canala dictionary (New Caledonia). C-2, x + 138 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. DOI:10.15144/PL-C2.1 ©1975 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.