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Black Walnut in a New Century Proceedings of the 6Th Walnut Council Research Symposium Lafayette, Indiana July 25-28, 2004

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Black Walnut in a New Century Proceedings of the 6Th Walnut Council Research Symposium Lafayette, Indiana July 25-28, 2004 United States Department of Agriculture BLACK WALNUT IN A Forest EW ENTURY Service N C North Central Research Station PROCEEDINGS OF THE General Technical TH ALNUT OUNCIL Report NC-243 6 W C RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM DISCLAIMER The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or any product or service. Papers published in these proceedings were submitted by authors in electronic media. Editing was done to ensure a consistent format. Authors are responsible for content and accuracy of their individual papers. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Published by: North Central Research Station Forest Service–U.S. Department of Agriculture 1992 Folwell Avenue St. Paul, MN 55108 2004 Web site: www.ncrs.fs.fed.us Cover Photo by: James McKenna Black Walnut in a New Century Proceedings of the 6th Walnut Council Research Symposium Lafayette, Indiana July 25-28, 2004 Editors: C.H. Michler P.M. Pijut J. W. Van Sambeek M. V. Coggeshall J. Seifert K. Woeste R. Overton F. Ponder, Jr. Black Walnut in a New Century Contents TREE IMPROVEMENT History of Black Walnut Genetics Research in North America ..................................................... 1 Erin Victory, Keith Woeste, and Olin E. Rhodes, Jr. Walnut Genetic Improvement at the Start of a New Century ..................................................... 9 Keith E. Woeste and James R. McKenna Cultivar Evaluation and Development for Black Walnut Orchards ............................................. 18 William Reid, Mark V. Coggeshall, and Kenneth L. Hunt Persian Walnut Breeding in California .......................................................................................... 25 Charles A. Leslie and Gale H. McGranahan PROPAGATION AND GENETIC MODIFICATION Effect of Seed Position and Media on Germination of Black Walnut and Northern Red Oak: Implications for Nursery Production and Direct Seeding ..................................... 31 Anthony S. Davis, Barrett C. Wilson, and Douglass F. Jacobs Vegetative Propagation of Butternut (Juglans cinerea) Field Results ....................................... 37 Paula M. Pijut Genetic Transformation of Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) ............................................................ 45 Michael J. Bosela, Gurpreet S. Smagh, and Charles H. Michler NURSERY PRODUCTION AND PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT Production and Early Field Performance of RPM® Seedlings in Missouri Floodplains ............. 59 Daniel C. Dey, Wayne Lovelace, John M. Kabrick, and Michael A. Gold Facilitating Nutrient Acquisition of Black Walnut and Other Hardwoods at Plantation Establishment ........................................................................................................................... 66 Douglass F. Jacobs and John R. Seifert Soils and Nutrition Management for Black Walnut ..................................................................... 71 Felix Ponder, Jr. NATURAL STAND MANAGEMENT Site Relationships and Black Walnut Height Growth in Natural Stands in Eastern Kansas ....................................................................................................................................... 77 Wayne A. Geyer and Felix Ponder, Jr. Managing Black Walnut in Natural Stands: The Human Dimension ......................................... 81 H.E. “Hank” Stelzer Table of Contents i Proceedings of the 6th Walnut Council Research Symposium AGROFORESTRY AND NUT PRODUCTION Ground Cover Management in Walnut and Other Hardwood Plantings ................................... 85 J.W. Van Sambeek and H.E. Garrett Girdling Eastern Black Walnut to Increase Heartwood Width ...................................................101 Larry D. Godsey, W.D. “Dusty” Walter, and H.E. “Gene” Garrett Use of Herbicide to Reduce Stump-sprouting Following Thinning of an Eastern Black Walnut Agroforestry Planting .......................................................................................106 W.D. “Dusty” Walter, H.E. “Gene” Garrett, and Larry D. Godsey WALNUT PEST MANAGEMENT Diseases of Intensively Managed Eastern Black Walnut ........................................................... 110 Manfred E. Mielke and Michael E. Ostry Spread of Butternut Canker in North America, Host Range, Evidence of Resistance Within Butternut Populations and Conservation Genetics .................................................114 M.E. Ostry and K. Woeste Insects Attacking Black Walnut in the Midwestern United States .......................................... 121 Steven Katovich Control of Deer Damage with Chemical Repellents in Regenerating Hardwood Stands ...... 127 Brian J. MacGowan, Larry Severeid, and Fred Skemp, Jr. INTERNATIONAL WALNUT RESEARCH A New Tree Improvement Programme for Black Walnut in the United Kingdom ................... 134 Karen Russell and Gabriel E. Hemery Genetic and Silvicultural Research Promoting Common Walnut (Juglans regia) for Timber Production in the United Kingdom .......................................................................... 138 Gabriel E. Hemery Walnut Tissue Culture: Research and Field Applications .......................................................... 146 Jose M. Lopez Current Research in Spain on Walnut for Wood Production ..................................................... 153 Neus Aletà ECONOMICS OF WALNUT PRODUCTION Beyond the Wild Nut: Moving Toward Profitable Black Walnut Nut Crops .............................. 156 Brian Hammons, Felix Ponder, Jr., and John Rickman Factors Affecting the Quality of Walnut Lumber and Veneer .................................................... 161 Daniel L. Cassens The Black Walnut Resource in the United States ...................................................................... 168 Stephen R. Shifley ii Table of Contents Black Walnut in a New Century SHORT NOTE Performance of Black Walnut in the Yellow River Watershed of the People’s Republic of China .....................................................................................................................177 J. W. Van Sambeek, Sheng-Ke Xi, William A. Gustafson, and Mark V. Coggeshall POSTER SESSION Finding a Walnut in a Haystack: How Molecular Biology Can Help Rediscover Lost “Elite” Black Walnuts ............................................................................................................. 183 Rodney L. Robichaud, James McKenna, and Keith Woeste Relationships Between Tree Size and Nut Production for Eastern Black Walnuts .................. 184 David Brauer, Adrian Ares, and Andrew Thomas Sugar-bushing Black Walnut ........................................................................................................ 185 G. G. Naughton, W. A. Geyer, and D. L. Chambers Arthropod Communities in Monocropped and Black Walnut-Intercropped Forages ............. 186 W. Terrell Stamps, Terry L. Woods, Robert L. McGraw, and Marc J. Linit Climatic Factors and Black Walnut Nut Production .................................................................. 187 Neal Sullivan, Felix Ponder, Jr., and Viniece Jennings How Much Regeneration is Needed to Minimize Genetic Erosion via Timber Harvest? ....... 188 Jeffrey C. Glaubitz, Rodney Robichaud, Keith Woeste, and Olin E. Rhodes, Jr. Table of Contents iii Black Walnut in a New Century HISTORY OF BLACK WALNUT GENETICS RESEARCH IN NORTH AMERICA Erin Victory; Keith Woeste; and Olin E. Rhodes, Jr.1 ABSTRACT—Eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) is an economically and ecologically important hardwood species that has been used throughout the history of settlement in North America. It was a resource that helped Native Americans in their everyday life, it helped European settlers carve a living out of the wilderness, and it has helped rural farmers and private landowners subsist and invest in the future. Described here is a brief history of black walnut breeding and molecular genetics research. Current genetic research may ultimately lead to the domestication of black walnut, an event that would be a hallmark for forest tree species. Eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) has been NUT CULTIVARS a component of North American forests since the Middle to Upper Cretaceous (Elias 1980) and has Landowners have identified and selected walnut been used by humanity for centuries. This species trees for propagation since the late 1800s (Zarger has never held a predominant position in temperate 1969). Emphasis on cultivation in the early 20th forests, but it has been a consistent feature in the century was focused on nut tree culture and Central Hardwood Region. Almost every part of propagation (MacDaniels 1933, Talbert 1942). the tree has played some valuable role in helping Gradually, an awareness grew that quality walnut people subsist, including consumption of the nuts trees
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