AO NAGA GRAMMAR

WITH

ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES AND VOCABULARY,

BY

M rs. E. W. CLARK,

MOLUNG, NAGA HILLS, .ASSAM.

SHILLONG fay PRINTED AT THE ASSAM SECRETARIAT PRINTING OFFICE. 1893.

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AO NAGA GRAMMAR

WITH

ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES AND VOCABULARY,

BY

Mrs. E. W. CLARK,

MOLUNG, NAGA. HILLS, ASSAM.

S C H O O L O F ORIENTAL STUDIES FINSBURYCIRCUS

SHILLONG:

PRINTED AT THE ASSAM SECRETARIAT PRINTING OFFICE.

1893. PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT,

ASSAM SECRETARIAT PRINTING DEPARTMENT,

SHILLONG, PREFACE.

I n the preparation of this work, I have had access to my husband's Ao N aga-E nglish Manuscript Dictionary,1 and am also indebted to him for personal assistance, especially on the Grammar.

MARY M. CLARK.

CONTENTS

♦

PASI

Dialects I

Alphabet 2-4

Articles 4

Nouns 5 -io

Pronouns 10-13

Adjectives . ... 13-16

Verbs 16-38

Adverbs 38-42

Conjunctions ... 42- 43

Interjections 43

Syntax 43- 44

Numerals 44:4*5

Division of T ime 46-48

Measures of Length and Weight 48-49

Illustrative Phrases ... 50-87

English-Ao Vocabulary 88-181

AO NAGA GRAMMAR.

DIALECTS. Y a tradition, more or less supported by present facts, the Naga tribe known as the Ao have from very early times Bhad two dialects,—the Zungi and Mungsen. The legend is, that a colony of Zungi and friendly Ahoms migrated to these parts hundreds of years ago. The Zungis stopped for years at Zungi Imti, a place just behind the upper villages of the tribe, and the Ahoms resided awhile at a place now occupied by one of the upper villages called Lungmisa or Tzumar Menden. Tzuma is what the Aos call the valley of Assam, and Tzumar Menden means the seat or abode of Assamese, or Ahoms, as they were called before the English occupation of the valley. The Ahoms are said to have lived not many years in the hills, and then to have moved down into the valley. By tradition, while the Aos were still in the one village called Zungi Imti, the Mungsen lived near, but just below them. At first there is said to have been no intermarriage between the two peoples, but for many years there has been ; yet to this day the difference in physique between the two can frequently be noted, the Mungsen being more Mongolian. In many instances these two classes have lived for generations in the same village and intermarried, yet the two dialects have remained. In other villages where the Zungi or Mungsen has very largely predominated the weaker dialect has succumbed ; but even in such villages both dialects are generally under­ stood, though only one may be spoken in the village. When Zungi and Mungsen converse together, each frequently, though not always, speaks his own dialect. From the first, Zungi has evidently been the dominant element in the Ao tribe, and only among the Zungi do the village offices descend in family lines. This dialect is now decidedly more' prevalent than the Mungsen. Some words of the latter have crept into the Zungi dialect, but only very few, considering the long and intimate relationship of the two dialects. The language of the books thus far printed in Ao is Zungi, and this is employed in the following pages. B AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

ALPHABET. The Nagas had no books or letters ; in making books for the Ao tribe of Nagas, the English or Roman alphabet has been used. By the system in vogue at present for Roman­ ising the languages of India proper, the letter a is used to correspond with the first Sanskrit vowel, and it is presumed to have the sound of short «, like u in bat. This use of a may be convenient for languages and dialects of Sanskritic origin, but it is very inconvenient for other languages, especially if there be a desire to avoid diacritic marks. In giving an alphabet to a people, these marks should be used as little as possible, because they are troublesome to write, liable to break off in process of printing, and as their projec­ tions require extra space, it is very difficult to print a large book like the Bible in a form small enough to be convenient for general use. It is also important that each letter have one sound and be allowed no great deviation. If, now, to the letter a be assigned the sound of short a, then a i= u iy and ao=uo, and a u — uu. In other words if a represents short it, it cannot be used in forming diphthongs. Hence, as to the power of a, the Indian system of Romanising has been departed from, but adhered to in most other respects. In short, the Roman vowels in Ao books have the Italian sound, and in support of this system are the highest authorities,—the Royal Geographical Societies of London and Paris. As a result of some inquiry, it may perhaps be asserted that this system is now, outside of India, the basis of Romanising the unwritten languages of the world. Sounds peculiar to a language may require new characters or diacritic marks to indicate them. The sound of u in bat is said to be foreign to the old Roman alphabet, and to represent this sound in Ao Naga a new letter has been formed, it is a looped v * thus, v. The character is easily written and readily distinguished by the eye. In this way the Ao alphabet is completed, the essential sounds represented without a diacritic sign. The alphabet is as follows :

Vowels and Diphthongs. a has the sound of a in father, ah. e „ ,, ,, ,, e „ met and th#y.

* The loop of this new character should have been larger and more distinct, s

i has the sound of i in pm and ptque.

0 t t f t t t „ o „ note, mote.

u a t t t t „ oo „ fool, tool.

V f t t t i t „ u „ bwt, cut.

ae, ai f t t t t t „ i „ tee, rtte.

ao, au t t f t a ,, ou ,, out, mound.

ay f t t t t t „ ano „ uroe, bowl. Consonants. b as in English. n as in English. c always soft. P >> n >> d as in English. 9. » >> n f >> )> >) T' ,, >> >> g always hard. s always soft. h seldom used to aspi­ t as ir. English. rate a vowel. v >> ,, >> j always soft. k as in English. x not used. >> i> >> y as in English. m >> >) >> % >) a >> The diphthong ay is very seldom heard. The diphthongs ae, ai, though sounded alike, are both needed ; the same is true of ao and au. Between the two last a slight distinction in sound can be made, but practically none is observed. The diphthong oi is not heard. At one time the variations of sound between that of e in met and they, also that of i in pm and ptque, were indicated by diacritic marks; but these distinctions confused the pupils learning the alphabet, and retarded their progress. Furthermore, it was ascertained that the Nagas did not need them as an aid to correct pronunciation; they were serviceable only to the foreigrer who had not well mastered the language, h'or these reasons diacritic marks do not now appear in Ao books. The single consonants in the Ao language have about the same power as in English: but f is not heard in Ao words except in ‘ tefset, ’ ‘ lefset x is not used at all. The chief use of c is in combination with A, and this ch has the sound of ch in church ; c is also used in a few instances after 5 to prolong its sound. The letter/ is always soft as in/oin, and g always hard as in ^ive ; sh is sounded as in s/tine. There is scarcely any use of h except in the combinations ch and sh. The letters q, v, and w are used but little. The letters ng when written together are pronounced as one letter, never, separately, B 2 4 AO NAGA LANGUAGE,

as, ‘ang-u’ not ‘an-gu’, and ‘ang-a’ not ‘an-ga’. Few words begin with d, e, g, u, or v. A notable feature in Ao words is that many of them end with short u, y. This sound as final is one that a foreigner finds a little difficult to articulate properly. The vowels are not always permanent, as, ka (one), but one emphatic—one only—becomes ‘ ketang ’ instead of ‘ katang From ‘tenuk’ or ‘nuk’ (the eye), we have in one direction ‘ nokshi ’ , to look on desiringly, to covet, and in the opposite direction ‘nyka’ and ‘anyk’, seeing to, watching. When two vowels come together, there is generally a coalescence or elision, and sometimes also a new vowel sound is the result. ' Sv ’, the stem of one of the verbs, ‘ to be ’, should have as an imperative form ‘ svang ’, which becomes ‘ sang ’ ; ‘ kv, ’ my, and o, word, unite and become ‘ku’ ; ‘gv’ or (kv ’, the stem of the verb ‘to give’, becomes in the imperative ‘kwa’ or ‘ kwang ’ instead of ‘ kva ’ or ‘ kvang There is one word so metamorphosed as to be hardly recognisable, it is ‘ mokolung ’ for ‘ metkulung.’ But of such changes even in the most common colloquial terms there is hardly a parallel to this. There are more mutations among the consonants than the vowels; those most frequently interchanged the one for the other are b and / , d and t, g and k, occasionally b and v, m and n. In fact, among the words of everyday use almost any letter may be changed for euphemism, and to this end the letter / is brought into the language in the two sole instances of its use above specified. When the final consonants in a verbal form are ts, these are changed into ^before a suffix beginning with a, as ‘agytsy’ (to give to some one beside the speaker); by adding a becomes ‘ agyza ’, not ‘ agytsya ’, by adding ‘ ang ’ it becomes ‘ agvzang ’, not ‘agvtsvang’. It may be remarked here that peculiar inflections for giving different ideas to the same word is a device of articu­ lation seldom resorted to in Ao-Naga, though so common in the Chinese and its cognates. In the Ao language, articu­ lation is by vocables represented by letters, though in a very few instances words have different meanings by accenting different syllables. ARTICLES. ■ For the indefinite article a or an the numeral for one, ‘k a ’ or ‘k ati’, is used, and for the v/e have demonstrative pronouns or demonstrative suffixes. If we allow that an NOUNS. 5

article can follow its noun as well as precede it, then what has been termed a demonstrative suffix may be called the Ao definite article. For example, ‘ nisung ’ is ‘ man ’, and ‘ nisungzi ’ is ‘ the man ’, or ‘ this man’, reference being to a particular man just named. Such a phrase as the man who, must be constructed quite differently in Ao Naga, as will be seen under the subject Pronouns. There is a use of the letter t in this language which in some instances closely resembles that of a definite article. This use of t is restricted to verbal forms and adjectives, and will be illustrated under Verbs and Adjectives. NOUNS. One peculiarity about Ao nouns is the paucity denoting abstract ideas. The prevailing mode of thought is not in that line. It can be said ‘ according to your fa ith be it unto you ’, but the preferable form is ‘ as you have believed be it unto you’. Instead of saying ‘heis given to meditation', the Aos would say ‘he meditates much’. They have no word for ‘ kingdom ’, their villages were little independent democracies. They have no good word for ‘ reign ’ or ‘ dominion ’, nor for ‘ height ’, ‘ depth ’, or ‘ width ’, ‘ form ’ or ‘ colour ’, ‘ health ’ or ‘wealth’, ‘north’ or ‘south’. Abstruse abstract terms one would not expect to find among a rude people who have had to struggle hard and constantly to get needful food and to ward off enemies; but the absence of so many common abstract forms is rather .remarkable, especially as such forms can be made with the greatest facility, as for instance, ‘ meim ’ is the stem of the verb ‘ to love ’, and ‘ temeim ’ is ‘love’; so ‘sangwa’ is the stem of the verb to ‘illumine’, and ‘ tesangwa ’ is ‘ light ’; so also we have ‘ temang ’ faith, from the verb ‘to believe’; in like manner abstract terms could be multiplied almost indefinitely. Nouns are formed from other parts of speech as easily as in English. One way of forming an abstract noun from a verb root has just been given. A variation of this mode is thus, ‘pela’ is the stem of the verb ‘to rejoice’, the future form of which is ‘ pelatsy ’ will rejoice, and ‘ tepelatsy ’ is joy, ‘ tepelaba ’ or ‘pelaba ’ is also joy ; the ba in this word is doubtless the third personal pronoun pa changed to ba and used as a suffix; in a similar way from ‘ tazung ’, the adjective good, we have ‘ tazungba ’ the good one or the best; the adjective ‘aeiga’, many, takes the form ‘aeigati’, and is a noun, as ‘ aeigati ashitsy ’ many will say ; ‘ ziyong ’ is the stem of the verb to- <5 AO NAGA LANGUAGE. eat a meal, and ziyongtsv is food; ‘ ali ’ means to be, to reside, ‘ alidak ’ place of abode, residence, ‘ aliba ’ a resi­ dent ; ‘ alep ’ means to cut and ‘ talepdak ’ cut place, the c u t; ‘ ki ’ is the word for house, ‘ nung ’ means in, and ' pu ’ or ‘ bu ’ is an old word for man, and from these three words we have ‘ ki-nung-pu’ house-in-man, the man of the house, the husband; in the same way is formed ‘ kinungtzy ’, the woman of the house, the wife. This case-ending, or postposition, takes on a verbal suffix thus,— ‘ nunger ’ -which should mean is in or those who are in. The word probably originated in connection with the name of a village, as, ‘Molung nunger’, those who are in ‘Molung* village, residents' of ‘Molung’; in process of time ‘Molung nunger’ came to mean ‘Molung’ people, the ‘nunger’ losing its fundamental idea of in and becoming little more than a plural symbol, as we may say, ‘ the Israelites ’, ‘ the Londoners ’. ‘ Tenu ’ signifies a younger brother or sister, and ‘tenu nunger’ means the younger brothers, including perhaps sisters. Suppose a Naga’s name is ‘Wati’ and that he •persuades several men to go fishing with him, it may be said, the ‘Wati nunger’ have gone a fishing. But the 'use of ‘ nunger ’ indicating plurality is limited to instances similar to those above cited. Another illustration may be given of the formation of compound nouns: ‘ ku ’ means the hair of the head, ‘ sv ’ is the stem of the verb ‘ to shave ’, and ‘ nok ’ is the name of an instrument used as an axe and a knife, and ‘ kusvnok ’ is hair-shaving knife or razor.

Verbal Nouns. The verbal noun, of which ‘ pelaba ’ is given above as a specimen, deserves a little further notice. ‘ Ashi ’ means to say, and ‘ ashiba ’ may mean ‘ what has been said ’, or ‘ he who said ’, or ‘ those who said ’. This verbal noun may as an adjective qualify a noun or pronoun ; as a noun it may be the. subject nominative of another verb, or it may be in any one of the oblique cases required by another verb, while at the same time as a verb it may have a nominative of its own or control oblique cases ; in short, it presents at the same time the characteristics of a noun and of a verb. A couple of illustrations may be given : Ya ku abenbanvm hiki ka agyzang. This load bringer to hiki one give. (Give a hiki to the one who brought the load.) ' ; GENDER. 7

Padak azvkbae kvdang ashi. Him struck who me to said. (He who struck him said to me. This form ending in ‘ ba ’ has been termed a verbal noun, as it is so purely substantive in form, but there is a participial noun ending in r, which in places may be substi­ tuted for the form in ‘ ba ’, as ‘ shishi ’ means to traffic, to trade, and for trader ‘ shishir ’ or ‘ shishiba ’ may be used; so also for trading ‘ shishir ’ or ‘ shishiba ’ may be employed, as, ‘ pa shishir age ’, of ‘ shishiba age ’, ‘ takar akvm ’ he became rich by trading. The verbal form ending in r is restricted to the present perfect, it cannot be used for time long past, but the participial noun is not thus restricted. ‘ Parenoke tang adoker ’ is a proper form for 1 they have just arrived ’, but for ‘ they arrived yesterday ’ ‘ parenoke yashi adoker ’ is not proper, the true form is ‘ parenoke yashi adok’. But the partici­ pial noun is not thus limited, as ‘ tang adoker azi oda ashi ’ ‘ those just arrived said so ’, or ‘ yashi adoker azi oda ashi ’ ‘those who arrived yesterday said so’, are both proper Ao Naga sentences. There is another verbal noun occasionally heard, it ends with the demonstrative suffix ‘ tu ’ or ‘ to ’ instead of ‘ z i a s , ‘ shikatu ’ = ‘ ashibazi ’, and ‘ zvmbikatu ’ = ‘ zvmbibazi ’, and ‘ lepkatu ’ = ‘ lepkazi.’ Summing up the verbal nouns, they may be arranged thus : (1) temang, tesangwa, temeim ; (2) tepelatsv, ziyongtsv ; (3) aliba, pelaba, ashiba ; (4) ashir, shishir, adoker ; (5) alidak, alepdak ; (6) shikatu, zvmbikatu. The classes (1) and (2) are two ways of forming abstract nouns, the first (1) is simply the stem of the verb with ‘ te ’ or ‘ t ’ prefixed, while the second (2) is from the future tense or the infinitive mode of the verb which ends in ‘ tsv ’; the other four classes, viz., (3), (4), (5), and (6), may have a subject nomi­ native, while retaining the characteristics of nouns.

Gender. To the names of persons ‘b a ’ is generally affixed for males -and ‘ la ’ for females. For human beings ‘ tebur ’ (///., man is) means male, and ‘ tetzyr ’ female ; for the lower animals we have ‘‘jtebong’ male, ‘tetzyr’ female, and these latter terms may be 8 AO NAGA LANGUAGE. applied to plants and flowers of which the sexes are distinguish­ able and known ; but, as a rule, sexual terms are not applied to inanimate objects. To the general rules given above, there are a few exceptions. The common word for bull is ‘ nashi pongzi’, and for cow ‘ nashi tzvla’; according to the rule these should be respectively ‘nashi tebong’ and ‘nashi tetzvr’. Again, ‘ ak ’ stands for swine, and regularly the male should be ‘ak tebong’ and the female ‘ak tetzyr’, but instead we have for the male ‘ tesv ’ or ‘ taei ’ and for the female ‘ tin ’ or ‘ shiben.’ ‘ Alar ’ means slave and ‘alarsang ’ a male slave, ‘ alarla ’ a female slave. ‘ Asangur ’ means young men, and ‘ aeir, aeirtvm ’ young women ; ‘ lar-sanger ’, women and men, in English we transpose and say men and women. ‘ Par lar ’ their women (their female relatives), ‘ par sangar’ their men (their male relatives), ‘im sanger ’ (village males) men of the village, ‘ sangremer ’ widower,. ‘ amitzvr ’ widow. If to a pair of animals the term ' atzv-abungba ’ is applied, it implies they are mated, the corresponding term for husband and wife is ‘ apu-ani ’ or ‘ abu-ani.’ Husband is ‘ kinungpu ’ and wife ‘ kinungtzv.’ ‘ Tebu ’ or ‘ bu ’ is used for father, and ‘ tetzv ’ or ‘ tzv ’ for mother, ‘ ozvla ' my mother, our mother, mother. As a term of respect ‘ pabu, ’ the father, is often applied to an oldish man whose services have been that of a father to the village : ‘ tebuti ’ chief father or patriach. ‘ Tebu ’ or ‘ tebuti ’ is- also a familiar term for boy, and ‘ tenv ’ or ‘ tenvla ’ a like term, for girl. Number. As a general rule, nouns are supposed to be plural, hence- there is no real need of a plural sign, though ‘ tvm ’ as a suffix is sometimes used for this purpose. The singular is indicated by the numeral ‘ one ’, ‘ ka ’, ‘ kati ’, ‘ ketang ’, or the noun may have a qualifier that identifies it with a preceding singular form.. There is a dual form in frequent,.though not exclusive, use ; it is ‘ na’, an abbreviation of ‘ ana ’ two, as ‘ tanvk-o togo-na’ both nephew and uncle ; ‘ tanur-o tetzv-na’, Z/Z., child and mother two (both the child and its mother) ; ‘ tsungkvm-o mei-na’ both dry and rainy season ; ‘ any ita-na’ both sun and moon. There is another numeral suffix, ‘ prungla’, which in use closely resembles the dual ‘ na’, save that it is not limited to two, but may be applied to any numeral from two upward. There is no corresponding English word, and we have to translate it by each or aZZ, but ‘ prungla ’ is not used for each DECLENSION. 9 individually, or a ll; other forms express these ideas, and ‘ prungla ’ is applied only to numerals, as ‘ anaprungla ’ both, or each of the two, ‘ asvmprungla ’ all three, or each of the three, and so on indefinitely.

Declension. The Aos have apparatus sufficient for usual case-endings except for the genitive, but if the other cases are provided for, this one without a special sign would cause little inconvenience. (See another explanation in the paragraph under Adjectives beginning “ O f one noun modifying another.”) Take the third personal pronoun ‘pa,’ which may mean he, she, or it, but for convenience suppose it masculine, and we have— Nom. ... Pae or pa He. G en • ... Pa His. Dative, ... Panvm ... To or for h Panung ... In, to, or fc Padang ... To him. Padange, e To him, to place. Acc. ... Padak, pa ... Him. Inst, ... Pa-a ... By him. Assoc. ... Paden ... With him. Abt. ... Panunge ... From him. The nominative suffix ‘ e ’ is not constant, but is frequently dropped when its omission would cause no confusion. The. dative suffix ‘ nvm ’, meaning to or for, is not in universal use,, some villages preferring ‘ nung ’, which may be printed as a postposition. In books thus far printed ‘ nvm ’ as a suffix has not been used, but it is a dative sign of many villages, and should appear as such on the printed page. Those who use ‘nvm ’ or ‘ nung’ also use ‘ dang ’, ‘ dange ’, and ‘ e ’. Verbs of asking require ‘ dang ’ affixed to the remote object as if the idea were to address the inquiry or request to such a person, as ‘ Yohandang asongdangang ’ inquire of Yohan, z'.e, put your inquiry to him. ‘ Yohandang mishiang ’ ask Yohan for some­ thing, i.e., make your request to him. ‘ Dange ’ and ‘ e ’ as noun suffixes imply motion to or toward ; the former is applied to persons, the latter to places, as ‘ pae Yohandange ao’ he has gone to Yohan ; ‘ pae areme ao’ he has gone to the jungle, the word ‘ arem ’ meaning jungle. In use, ‘ badang ’ and ‘ badange’’ are usually heard instead of ‘ padang ’ and ‘ padange ’. IO AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

The dative suffix of place must sometimes be translated by ‘ in ’ or * by ’ ‘ along by or ‘on’, as ‘ pae koba lemange ao? ’ On what path did he go ? ‘ pae tzy-kyme atu’ he went up on the bank or by the bank of the stream; ‘ pae tzy-kyme atu’ andL ‘pae tzv-kvm-nung atu’ are alike correct, and have the same meaning; ‘pae par ime (or ‘imtake’) ao ’ he went by their village or through their village. The accusative suffix ‘ dak ’ is in general use, some verbs •always requiring it, while with others its presence is a matter of indifference, unless confusion would be caused by its absence. As may have been observed in its several uses as noted above, ‘ dang ’ is an accommodative suffix, and in the printed books it has been used as an accusative suffix in many instances where Nagas deem an accusative sign needless but tolerate the ‘dang’; it should not however be regarded as a proper accusative suffix. The instrumental sign ‘ a ’ is only occasionally affixed, as, ‘ teketa ’ by hand, more commonly the postposition ‘ age ’ is used as ‘ pa age’ by him as an agent. The associative affix ‘den’ is constant, in expressions of association or companionship. There has been a considerable hesitation in classing ‘ nung,’ ‘ nunge,’ and ‘ den ’ as substantive suffixes. In books thus far printed they have been deemed postpositions, and placed separate from the nouns, but in the closing remarks under Post­ positions are some pretty conclusive reasons given for consi­ dering nung and den as substantive suffixes; and if this is the decision for nung, evidently ‘ nunge ’ must be put in the same category. PRONOUNS. Personal Pronouns. (N i I. Singular . .. S Na Thou, you. ( P a He, she or it. ( Ozo, ozonok, onok \ Asen, asenok We. P lu ra l “ 7 Nenok You. ^Parenok, pare They. All the pronouns except ‘ ni ’ and ‘ pare ’ may take the nominative sign ‘ e ’, as ‘ nae ’, ' ozoe ‘ asenoke The first person plural ‘asen’ and ‘asenok’ imply friendship, as those who like to associate together, the speaker identifying DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. II himself as associated with the others included in the terms ‘asen,’ ‘asenok’, we, our; but where common interests or co­ partnership do not exist, ‘asen’ and ‘asenok’ cannot be used. The termination ‘ nok ’ in the plural forms is doubtless ‘lok’ with the first consonant changed by euphemism; ‘ lok ’ means a group, a multitude, the full form being ‘ telok ’, but the ‘ te ’ is usually dropped in composition, so ‘ o-nok ’ means our group or our crowd. In the same way we have ‘ o-ba ’ our father, ‘ ozyla’ our mother, ‘ odi ’ our elder brother, ‘ oyela ’ our elder sister. Pronouns are declined like nouns, but ‘ ni ’ seldom takes the nominative suffix ‘ e ’. There are also possessive forms for my, as ' kv’, ‘ ke ’, ‘ k ’, and in the other oblique cases ‘ kv ’ or ke ’ is more commonly used than ‘ ni ’, as ! kvnvm’, ‘ kvdang ’, or ‘ ketang ’, ‘ kedak ’, ‘ keden ’. In a few instances ‘ kv ’ appears where good grammar would require a nominative form, as ‘ kyna ’ {lit., my you or my two) for, I and you, we two, also ‘ kv kija ’ {lit., my alone) for I alone. Very likely these are colloquial corruptions, as in low English maybe heard ‘ me and you ’ for ‘I and you’. In the second person ‘ ne ’ is a possessive form, and is frequently heard instead of ‘ na ’ in the oblique cases, as ‘nenvm’, ‘nenung’, ‘nedang’, or ‘netang’, ‘netak’, 1 neden ’, instead of ‘ nanvm’, ‘ nanung ’, ‘ nadang ’, ‘ nadak ’, and * naden’.

Demonstratives. The stems of these are doubtless ‘ a ’ and ' i ’, the former, taking the plural suffix ‘ tvm ’, becomes ‘ atym ’ and means these, and in the form ‘ ya ’ the ‘ y ’ is simply an intensive letter to bring out with more force the succeeding vowel. For this purpose ‘ y ’ will sometimes in conversation be inserted even in the middle of a word where it does not properly belong. As to the demonstrative stem ‘ i ’ it unites with ‘ dak which as a suffix sometimes means place, as ‘ idak’ or ‘ idakzi this place, here ; it unites with ‘ len ’ path, as ‘ ilene ’ this w ay; it unites with ‘ dang which as a suffix sometimes has the force of when or while, as ‘ idang ’ or ‘ idangzi ’ this time, then ; ‘ i ’ also takes on the suffix ‘b a ’ or ‘p a ’ and becomes ‘iba’ or ‘ibazi’. From ‘ a ’ we also have ‘ aba’, ‘ abazi’, ‘ azi’, and ‘ atu’ or ‘ato’; the 4 tu ’ or ‘ to ’ of the latter form may be an abbreviation of ‘ toyu’ or xtoyo’ to point to, and so ‘atu’ or ‘ato’ would mean this one as if pointing to it; ‘to ’ may also be used as a demonstrative suffix, as ‘ nisungto’ that man, ‘ tezangto’ that fruit. The letter ‘ e * 12 AO NAGA LANGUAGE. sometimes appears as a demonstrative stem, as ‘ elen’, ‘ elenzi’, but in this service ‘ e ’ has only a limited use, and it is probably a colloquial corruption of ‘ i ’, or ‘ a The ‘ zi ’ as a demonstrative suffix was probably once identical with ‘ji’, signifying true, and hence ‘ azi ’ would mean this very one, and ‘ nisungzi ’ this very man, or this same man. As may be inferred from the above remarks on the structural formation of demonstratives, we have of this class among pronouns ‘ ya ‘ aba ’, ‘ abazi’, ‘ azi’, ‘ ati ’, ‘ atu ’, ‘ atvm ’, ‘iba’, ‘ibazi ’; ‘pa’ is also occasionally used this way, as ‘pa. nv ’, that day. These demonstratives are used adjectively or substantively without change of form. Those in most frequent use are ‘iba’, ‘ibazi’, ‘aba’, ‘abazi’, and ‘azi’, the former generally referring to what is near, and ‘ azi ’ to that which is more remote, but this distinction is not always observed. They are sometimes employed as third personal pronouns, especially ‘iba’ and ‘azi.’ The demonstrative suffixes are ‘ zi ’ and ‘ tu ’ or ‘ to’, and these, as has been previously remarked, frequently remind one of the English definite article. These suffixes are frequently employed in connection with other demonstratives, thus exhibiting an apparent redundancy of forms, as ‘ iba nisungzi \ where ‘iba nisung’ or ‘nisungzi’ would seem to be sufficient and in better taste; ‘ kabazi’ or ‘kvbazi ’ means this one ; and it may­ be added that the suffix 1 zi ’ may be attached to any numeral, to an adjective, to an adverb, to a conjunction, or to a verbal form. As an example of its use with a numeral—‘ iba nisung anetzi,’ or ‘ nisung anetzi’, or ‘nisung metsvzi’; of its use with an adjective—‘nisung tazungzi,’ ‘nashi azakzi’; examples of its use with adverbs— ‘ amazi’, ‘ idangzi’, ‘angzi’, ‘ilenzi’, ‘angnungzi’; examples of its use with conjunctions—‘ abenzi’, ‘anungzi’, ‘ ayongzi’; example of its attachment to the verbal form— ‘ liazi

Indefinites. The indefinites are ‘ ka ’ or ‘ kati ’ one, ‘ kare ’ some, and ‘langka’ something, some, as ‘nisung ka’ or ‘nisung kati’ one man, a certain man; ‘ nisung kare ’ some man or some men ; ‘ kare nangzyk, kare menangzyk ’ some confessed, some denied, ‘ kati nangzyk ’ one confessed, ‘ pae langka aben asy maben ? ’ has he brought anything or not ? ‘ pae langka lene ao ’ he has gone in some direction. To the above may be added, ‘aeiga’, ‘aeigati’, ‘aeisa’, much, many; ‘ishika’ few, ‘ishita’ quite a number; ‘ azak ’ all; ‘ anu ’, ‘ tali ’, more, many; ‘tangar’, ADJECTIVES. *3 other, another. The indefinites and interrogatives may be used adjectively or as pronouns. The indefinite negatives are ‘ kecha’/ shinga’, as ‘ shingae mao ’ no one has gone, ‘kecha maben ’ not anything has been brought. The indefinitely comprehensive forms are ‘ shiresa’ whoever, ‘kechisa’ whatever, and ‘ kechisarena ’ whatsoever. Interrogatives. These for persons are ‘ shir ? ’ ‘ shiba ? ’ who ? for things 4 kechi ? ’ what? for persons or things ‘ koba ? ’ who ? and ‘ qei ? ’ how many ? as ‘ qei lir ? ’ how many are there ? in which query ‘ qei ’ may stand for persons, animals, or things; used adjectively, ‘ kechi ’ may be applied to persons.

Relatives. There are no relatives corresponding to English modes of •thought. The relatives are interrogative in form, and the antecedent becomes a subsequent, as— Shibae tang aru pae azi oda ashi, Who just now came he so said, which in English we reverse and say ‘ he who just now came said so ’. Avoiding the relative, a shorter expression of the same idea is ‘tang arubazi azi oda ashi ’ (Zz?., now the having come he, thus said). In books there is a tendency to prefer the condensed form, but the construction of sentences with relative clauses is very common in ordinary conversation and in formal addresses. Reflexive.— The reflexive pronoun for all persons and numbers is ‘ pei Reciprocals.— There are no reciprocal words, the idea of mutual relation or action is expressed by a verbal suffix, as, ‘ parenoke meimtep ’ they loved each other. Distributives.— There are no distributive pronominal adjectives, the idea is indicated by a suffix to a noun, as nisungs/zzzz ’ or ‘ nisungafo/z ’ each man.

ADJECTIVES. Adjectives proper, as, good, bad, hot, cold, long, and short, also the numerals, usually follow the substantives which they qualify, so also do inany of the pronominal adjectives when used adjectively, as ‘ nisung tazung ’ a good man, or the man is good ; ‘ nisung mazung ’ the man is bad ; ‘ nisung azake ’ all men; 14 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

‘ nisung qei ? ’ how many men ? ‘ nisung asym ’ three men. On the other hand, as those preceding the noun may be given- examples like these ‘ ibala nisung ’ such a man, ‘ kobala nisung ? ’ or ‘ komama nisung ? ’ what sort of a man ? Also with the words for day and night the numerals precede. Sentences or phrases that qualify nouns or pronouns, verbal adjectives, and nouns that modify other nouns usually precede the noun qualified. Verbal Adjectives are of four forms, one ending in ‘la’ one ending in ‘ tsv’, one in ‘ba’, and one in ‘r ’. ‘ Achi’ or ‘ chi ’ means to eat, and ‘ oset ’ means material or things ;; ‘ tachila oset ’ what one would eat, edible material; ‘ tachitsy oset ’ things to be eaten, suitable to be eaten, or what will be eaten ; ‘ arutsv ’ means will come and ‘ nisung ’ man, ‘ tarutsv nisung ’ the man who will come, the coming man, ‘ taruba nisung ’ the come man, the man who has come; ‘ ashi ’ means said, and ‘ ashiba o ’ the spoken word, told narrative ; ‘ ashir o ’ has the same meaning, but is not in so frequent use. These latter forms one in ‘ ba ’ and one in ‘ r ’„ as ‘ashiba’ and ‘ashir’; both of these forms may be used substantively as noted under nouns, and both, whether used adjectively or substantively, may as verb forms have a subject, as ‘ pae ashi ’, he said ; and ‘ pae ashiba o ’ or ‘ pae ashir o ’ he said word, the story as told by him. 0 / one noun modifying another, there are many instances in Ao Naga, as there are not a few in English, and some of these may be written together, and so be properly called compound nouns; but in many cases the better way would be to admit that nouns become adjectives and modify other nouns, as, for instance, a railway carriage ; here railway is in form a noun, but it modifies carriage as an adjective; instances very many can be adduced. As ail illustration of a proper name doing the work of an adjective take ‘ a Barnum advertisement ’, which may mean an advertisement gotten up in style like Barnum’s, or it may mean one of Barnum’s own; or in other words (i) ‘this is a Barnum advertisement’, (2) or ‘this is one of Barnum’s advertisements ’ may mean the same thing, the word ‘ Barnum serving as an adjective in the first (1) sentence, corresponds to ‘ Barnum’s ’ as a possessive in the second (2) sentence. Take another illustration, ‘this is a Krupp gun’ may mean ‘this is one of Krupp’s guns’, here ‘ Krupp ’ as an adjective in one sentence corresponds to ‘ Krupp’s ’, a possessive form, in the other. ADJECTIVES. IS Now it will be seen that a free use in any language of nouns and proper names as adjectives largely removes the necessity of a possessive case; this is very likely the reason why there is no genitive sign in Ao Naga. This explanation ■will be the more readily accepted when it is understood how easily in this language words pass from one part of speech to another. ‘ Azung ’, signifying good, is both a verb and an adjective, as are also some other words, ' azungtsv ’ will be good or will be serviceable., ‘zunger’ is good. It is possible that ‘ zunger ’ should be considered both an adjective and a verbal form, for not a few words take on their stems this verb suffix ‘ er ’, or ‘ r ’, in becoming adjectives, as ‘ amang ’ darkness, ‘ mang-manger ’ very dark. The reduplication of the stem as in the instance just given usually adds some intensity. The prefixing of ‘ te ’ or ‘ t ’ frequently adds some force, as ‘ tazung ’ good, is a stronger form than ‘ zunger ’ good, and still more intensity is expressed by putting on the suffix ‘ ba’ or ‘pa’, as ‘iba tazungba’, this is the good one, or this is the best. A formal comparison is expressed by affixing ‘ dang ’ to that with which the comparison is to be made, followed by the adjective, as azidang ibazi tazung ’ than that this is good; or ‘ azidang ibazi tazungba ’ than that this is the best; or again, ‘ azakdang ibazi tazung ’ than all, this is good; another form is ‘ azakdang ibazi tazungba ’ than all this is the b e st; still another form, ‘ tazungtuba ’ the best by a little, or a little the best. As observed under demonstra­ tives, the demonstrative suffix ‘ zi ’ may be attached to an adjective, as we may say ‘ azidang ibazi tazung ’ or ‘ azidang iba tazungzi ’, and both forms have the same meaning. It will be seen that in expressing degrees of inten­ sity and comparison, the Ao adjective is rich in forms, perhaps inclined to redundancy. There are of course separate words modifying adjectives, but these belong rather to adverbs than to the formation of adjectives. As modes of comparison would be looked for under adjectives, so certain forms, though not adjectives, may be noticed here, as for instance,—

Idakzi kechi tali zymbitsy ? Than this what more is to be said ? or shall be said ?

Another form of same meaning is ‘idangzi tali kechi zymbitsy ? ’ Both forms are correct, and both .idiomatic; yet 16 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

European ideas of language, classic or modern, are run athwart. Take the first word ‘idakzi’, here we have a demon­ strative ro o t‘ i ’ with the accusative or locative suffix ‘dak ’, which has the demonstrative suffix ‘ zi ’ attached. The whole word ‘ idakzi ’ meaning, in the above sentence, than this or than this indeed, but in another situation it may mean in this -place, here. But how is this ‘ idakzi ’, meaning than this, to be parsed ? It is governed by ‘ tali ’ more, which in this sentence is a noun and the subject of the verb 1 zymbitsv ’. ‘ Idangzi ’ is disposed of in the same way, except that ‘ dang ’ is the dative or time suffix, and ‘ idangzi ’ in another place might mean at that time, then. Forms similar to the above are— Idakzi {or idangzi) anu kechi zvmbitsv ? Than this more what shall be said ? Idakzi {or idangzi) zia kechi zvmbitsy ? This beyond whatshall be said ? Comments on the idiomatic use of ‘ zvmbitsv ’ must be reserved for verbs. Another illustration is— Idakzi {or idangzi) zia kenyonge asvtsy {or asv-ang) Than this rather at once to die {or having died) zunger is well. The numerals take the ‘ dak ’ suffix, thus, ‘ metsy ’ twenty, “ metsvdak zia ’ more than twenty, there are more than twenty.

VERBS. The Ao verb makes no distinction for person, number, or gender. There are some passive forms, but these are appa­ rently accidental. A proper passive voice does not appear, though there is plenty of apparatus available, and this being occasionally drawn upon, would have doubtless led to the development of a passive voice had the need of it been felt. ‘ Kechi o ainkar age zvmbiaka ’, what was said by a prophet, is a passive form, and other examples could be given, but— Madokba nashi pa age angu, The lost cow him by found, is shorter, and to the Ao man has the same meaning as— Madokba nashi pa age angu aka. The lost cow him by found was. PARTICIPLES. 17 Hence the Ao seldom uses a passive form unless it is to secure an additional shade of thought. Nearly all Ao verbs being without change of form, either transitive or intransitive, removes nearly all demand for passive forms. To illustrate this point the preceding illustration may be readduced ‘ madokba nashi pae angu ’ he found the lost cow ; ‘ madokba nashi pa age.angu ’ the lost cow was found by him. In both of these examples the verb ‘ angu ’ (found) is in the same form, and so it would be in other tenses, nor is it necessary to name the agent in the passive form, as ‘ Madokba nashi angu’ the lost cow has been found. The absence of a passive voice is at first embarrassing to one who has been accustomed to its use, but as sobn as he realises that in Ao Naga a verb may be transitive or intransitive, active or passive, without change of form, then all is easy, the passive voice is seen to be un­ necessary and the language simpler without it. But to emphasize an idea a passive form is not unfrequently used, as ‘ pae zvmbitsy ’, he will speak, is future active ; ‘ anu kechi zymbitsv ? ’ what more shall be said ? is the same form passive. To emphasize the idea one may say 1 anu zvmbitsv kechi aka ?, what more is there to be said ?

Inflections. Of primary inflections the Ao verb is poor, but of secondary inflections or conjugations it is rich. The primary forms will be first considered. Take the verb ‘aben’ to bring, the stem of which is ‘ ben’. The initial a may be termed an augment, but when the Nagas speak of this verb they call it ‘ aben ’, ‘ taben ’, or ‘ teben’, and in the Vocabulary as well as in the larger dictionary this verb will be found under ‘ aben ’ rather than ‘ ben ’; this remark applies to a large class of verbs. Indicative Mode. Present ... Bener, bendage, bendar, occasionally bendaka. Present Perfect Abener. & Accustomed. P reterit ... Aben, aben-ka, benka, benogo. Future ... Bendi, bentsy. Participles. Present ... Bener, bena, bendang, bendaka; negative mabene. Past* ... Aben, benerang, or abenerang. c 18 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Imperative Mode. Benang ; negative taben or teben.

Infinitive Mode. Bentsv, tabentsv, bene, tebene (occasionally), tabene, abene, tabentsv.

Potential Mode. ‘ Bentet ’ or ‘ abentet ’; to this auxiliary suffix tet, meaning able, are attached the tense and participial suffixes of the indi­ cative mode. See subsequent notes on Potential Mode.

Subjunctive , Mode. On the conditional forms see remarks on Subjunctive Mode.

Remarks on Tenses. Present Tense.— The distinctions between ‘ bener ’ and ‘ abener ’ as present and present perfect forms are not always observed. Of the suffixes ‘ dage ’ and ‘dar ’, some villages prefer one form and some the other, but both have the same meaning and are used for what is in progress with no intimation of a completed action. In some verbs as ‘ aru ’ to come, the initial a is never dropped; with such this a is retained when the dage is affixed, as ‘arudage’ is coming ; preterit ‘a ru ’, not ‘aaru.’' The form ‘abener ’■ is termed present perfect, for it means pro­ perly that some is being brought and that some has been brought, as ‘ parenoke scong abener ’ means not only they are bringing wood, but implies that some has been brought, the prefix a denoting past or completed action and the suffix er or r what is going on. This suffix er means is, being a relic of a sub­ stantive verb ; but if the main verb-stem ends with a vowel, the e of er disappears, as ‘zvmbi’ to speak, present tense ‘ zymbir ’ not ‘ zymbier’. The present perfect form, as ‘abener’, may denote a customary action, it is frequently so used. For another way of indicating customary action see notes on ali, under Sub­ stantive Verbs. It is uncertain whether the Aos would prefer to consider the initial a in ‘ aben ’ and in other verbs of like construction and inflection, as a prefix in the nature of an augment, or whether they would consider this a a part of the verb-stem that is frequently dropped when certain suffixes are added. On the side of the latter view something can be said ; some prefer to REMARKS ON TENSES. 19 use ‘ abene ’ rather than ‘ bene ’ for a telic future, and when the preterit suffix ogo is used, the form is ‘ benogo ’ and not ' abeno- g o ’. To this it may be replied that when the preterit suffix is used, that is sufficient; the retaining of the preterit prefix would be a redundancy, and as to some using this augment on a future form, it must be conceded that irregularities and inconsistencies are to be expected in a language never before reduced to writing. It is doubtless better to consider only the shorter form of the verb, the stem. With verbs whose initial stem letter is a, the prefix a would not be apparent, because by the genius of the language where two vowels come together one is absorbed. Admitting this, nearly all the primary verbs and some of the compound verbs take the augment. It may be remarked here, if a verb-stem not beginning with a has more than one syllable it is not a pure primary but a compound or a primary that has taken on an auxiliary. To this general statement there are but few exceptions. Preterit.— As to the difference between the two preterit forms aben and benogo, the latter emphasizes the fact or event as past and gone. Ogo is no doubt a preterit of 0, stem of verb ‘ to go ’. ‘ Ni shigo ’ (‘ shi-ogo ’) means not only I have spoken, but that iny speaking on the subject is done. Instead of ogo there will sometimes be substituted ku, as ‘ aretsy-ku,’ or ‘aretsv-kur’ for ‘aretsyogo ’. The form ‘ aben-ka ’ or ‘ aben-aka’ is a paraphrase rather than a verb form (see above remarks on passive voice), but ‘ benka ’ is a form sometimes used instead of ‘aben’. These two forms can frequently, be substituted the one for the other without much change of thought. In other cases the ka has the force of though; for such use of ka see remarks on aka under substantive verbs. With the primary verbs that do not take the augment a, the naked stem is the short preterit form, as ‘ ni zymbi ’ I have said ; with the compound verbs the absence of any suffix reveals the short preterit as ‘ ni benshi ’ I have used. To one not well versed in the language, adok may at times appear to be a preterit formative. Though it may not be classed among the formative elements, yet, as it is much used and its use somewhat peculiar, a little notice may here be taken of it. The primary meaning of this ‘ adok ’ is to come into view, to appear, to become manifest; but as indicating a revealed result, there is no one English word to match it, not even in English slang. ‘ Shirang ’ means to be ill or sick, ‘ pa shiranger C 2 20 AO NAGA LANGUAGE. adok ’ he turned up sick, ‘ pa mazvmbie adok ’ he not speaking appeared, i.e., he as a dumb man put in an appearance. ‘Aoyar’ means a thief, ‘ pa aoyar adok ’ he turned out to be a thief. ‘Tasvr ’ means to be dead, ‘ pa tasvr ’ he is dead ; ‘ pa tasvr adok ’ is a common expression, but in English all we can say is, he is dead, and leave the ‘ adok ’ untranslated. Future Tense.— Ks to the future suffixes d i and tsv as ‘ bendi ’, ‘ bentsv ’, the former is generally used for a near future, frequently where we would use a present tense, as ‘ ni odi ’ I will go, for I am going; ‘ ni shidi ’ I will say, for I say ; while the form ending in tsv refers indefinitely to the future; but the form in d i is not really restricted to the near future, though this is its more common use. Participles. Participle, Present.— As to the participles, the present, which end in r or a, are generally interchangeable, as ‘ pae scong bener aru ’ or ‘ bena aru ’ he came bringing wood ; but sometimes these forms in r or a are used for a completed action, some­ times for a future : ‘ parenok or kelen ’ after their going, after they had gone ; ‘ zilu ’ means to write, ‘ yamae zilua lir ’ it is thus written ; ‘ ni oa padang shidi ’ I going will tell him, I will go and tell him. The form ending in dang is usually translated by the English when, while, or as, for example, ‘ pae arudang tsunglu aru ’ as he was coming the rain came, it rained when he was coming. The form daka (gs ‘ bendaka ’) emphasizes the time or process, as ‘ pae lemang nung arudaka tsunglu aru ’ as he was coming along on the path the rain came. Of these two forms ‘arudang ’ is in more common use. Instead of ‘dang ’, there are some old forms ending in tu, occasionally heard as ‘ okatu ’ for ‘odang’, ‘lukatu’ for ‘aludang’, and ‘ tokotu’ for ‘tokodang’; this suffix tu is a shortened form of the demonstrative atu. The form ending in e is used instead of that ending in a or r when the participle takes the negative prefix ma, as ‘ pa scong mabene aru ’ he wood not bringing came, he came without bringing wood ; the same may be expressed by using the suffix dang, as ‘ scong mabendang pa aru ’. Participle, Past.— The form aben is followed by the postposition age (by), or nung (in), as ‘ aben age ’, ‘ aben nung ‘'aben age ’ or ‘ben age ’ can sometimes be interchanged with the present participle ‘ bena ’, in which case it can be rendered by a present participle in English ; less frequently ‘ aben age ’ and ‘ aben nung ’ can be used interchangeably. Here it may be PARTICIPLES. 21 remarked that, while the postposition 1 age ’ is limited to the meaning by or by means of, the postposition, or case ending nung though having a fundamental meaning of in, yet it must frequently‘be rendered in English by other words. The past ,participle with nung, has usually a causal force, and then in English the participle is turned into a verb of past tense and nung, is translated because, as— Tekinungpu aru nung tekinungtzv pelar, The husband having come in the wife rejoices, [In the husband having come, the wife rejoices,] or, in better English [The wife rejoices because the husband has come.] Another example : Techir ango mishi nung tebure The child fish having asked for in (or on) the fathei per agytsvtsy ? a snake will give ? [If a child has asked for fish, will the father give a serpent ?] The postposition yong is sometimes used instead of nung, as ‘ pae yamae ashi yong kv ain adok on account of his having said that my wrath arose. The participle ending in rang or erang, as ‘ aben^rzw^ ’, always contemplates a completed act, either future or past, as ‘scong abenerang arung ma ’ having brought the wood come, or come when you have brought the wood, ‘ scong abenerang pa aru ’ having brought the wood he came, or he came after he had brought the wood. It may be noted that the Aos often resort to participles, and avoid conjunctions where the English would prefer verb forms and conjunctions. The past participle with ‘ tashi ’, so long, or until, has a peculiar use in the negative, as ‘ Herod asy tashi pae angzi ali until Herod died he remained there; this form is allowable, but the following is more common : Herod masy tashi pae angzi ali. Herod not dead until he there remained. Ni maru tashi angzi liang ma. I not having come so long there stay. [Wait there until I come.] Again Ni masv tashi. I not dead so long. [Until I die, or so long as I live.] 22 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

For other participial forms see Verbal Nouns under Nouns and Verbal Adjectives under Adjectives. Remarks on Imperative Mode. The simple imperative is usually softened down by adding a particle like ma or nei or ko, which have somewhat the force of our word -please, as ‘ scong benang ma ‘arungnei’, ‘arung- ko ’. As before noticed,' if in the Ao language two vowels come together in a compound word or inflection, one of them is usually absorbed or the two unite and form a new vowel. So ■with ‘ aru ’ to come, the imperative is not 'aru-ang ’ but ‘ arung ’ and the imperative of ‘alu’ is« ‘alung’, still ‘luang’ is some­ times used ; so ' atu ’ has the two forms, ‘ atung ’ and ‘ tuang The imperative of ‘ ashi ’ is ‘ shiang ’, of ‘ aji ’ ‘ ajiang ’, of ‘ ao ’ ‘ oang ’ which is pronounced as if written‘wang’. The verb ‘ ao ’, to go, has also another imperative, ‘ ong ’, which means go on, keep going. The negative imperative is peculiar. The usual negative is ma, not, but this is never used in the imperative, which is formed by prefixing t or te .to the verb-stem, as ‘ taru ’ don’t come, ‘teben’ do not bring, ‘teshi’ do not speak. Yet this / or/tfis frequently prefixed to the infinitive mode, to participles or tense forms of the indicative mode, but never has a negative force exr cept in the imperative mode. When a verb form ending in tsy takes the imperative suffix ang, the ts is changed into 2 and the y disappears, as, ‘ bendaktsv ’, cause to bring or cause to be brought, imperative ‘bendakzang’ and negative imperative ‘ tebendaktsv’. The future tense with ma is sometimes used with an imperative force, as ‘ na marutsv ’ you will not. come, but this can hardly be considered an imperative form.

Remarks on Infinitive Mode. The different forms ‘bentsv’, ‘tebentsy’, ‘bene’, ‘tebene’, all have about the same meaning, in some places the prefixing t or te seems to add a little force. Sometimes the forms ‘ abentsy ’ and ‘ tabentsy ’, also ‘ abene ’ and ‘ tabene’ will be heard. Exam ples: Parenoke scong bene ao. They wood to bring have gone. Ni tagytsvtsy maka. I to give is not. f l have nothing to give.l POTENTIAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE MODES. 23

Not unfrequently the infinitive is followed by the post­ position ‘ asoshi or ‘ yong as—

Langka asongdangtsv yong ni aru. Something to inquire about for I have come. [I have come (for) to inquire about something.] Tanurzi tefsetsv asoshi Herod bushitsv. The child to kill for Herod will seek. [Herod will seek (for) to kill the child.]

Remarks on Potential and Subjunctive Modes.

As noted above, the idea of able is expressed by adding :tet to the stem of the verb, as, ‘ bentet ’ able to bring. There are many auxiliary suffixes, and for general remarks on the same see Secondary Conjugations. In the present tense ‘ bentet ’, becoming ‘ benteter ’, is not unfrequently shortened to ‘ benter ’. To express permission or consent by may, the Aos have no verb form; this idea must be indicated by a paraphrase; but for may denoting a contingency, and for shall, should, would, and must, to express these ideas the language is fairly well equipped. In illustrating these, conditional forms will be introduced: Saiyutsungir kechisarena saiyudir azi zungzunga angang ma. Whatever the teacher may teach, or shall teach, that heed well. Kodang ni Rongpur donga ludir Bor Sa-ab-den o zymbitsy. When I shall go down to Sibsagar, I will have a talk with the Bor Saheb It will be observed that the conditional ending with d ir contemplates a fulfilment, expects a realisation. The suffix la means would, should, or must, and laba sometimes shortened to ba means must, as ‘ agi ’ to take, to accept, ‘ ni agilar’ (present tense) I would take, am disposed to take. A real positive desire is indicated by the suffix ‘ ny see Secondary Conjugations. ‘Tany pa olaba’ he ought to go to-day, or he m ust go to-day; ‘yashi pa aotsvba ’ he ought to have gone yesterday. This ‘ aotsyba ’ is a contraction for 24 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

‘aotsv’ (infinitive of go), and ‘aliba’ was necessary, full, form ‘ aotsv alilaba.’

Asong pa aotsvla or olaba. He should go, or ought to go, to-morrow. Pae tazung mozv azvm asvbo mysvla, He proper medicine drank if not died would, [If he had taken proper medicine, he would not have died], or in another form, quite as idiomatic,— Pae tazung mozy azvm asvbo mysve lila He good medicine drank if not dying would remain. There are three past conditional forms of like force, and. for convenience of comparison they are here placed together: Pae mozy azvm-asvbo mvsyla. „ „ zvm-asang „ ,, ,, zvm-shibo ,, There is another conditional referring to the past, which, is not conditional in form, though it is in thought: Ni aeiben shi-aka parenoke mangar. I many times said was they not heed are. [Though I have told them many times they dqj not heed.]. Saka, ‘ but ’ or ‘ yet ’, may be inserted, as, Ni aeiben shiaka saka pare mangar. Though I have told them many times yet they heed not. The future conditional forms are three, dir, ra (or era)r and shia : all are suffixes. The first, dzr, has been illustrated above, and, as there noted, it looks for a realisation; but the suffix ra or era is a pure conditional, it gives no intimation as to probability; shia has the force of even though, or even if Kodang ni Waramong ime tudir idangzi na anir.. When I Waramong village to go up, then you taken aotsv. will go. [When I go (and I am intending to go) to Waramong village, you will go along.] In narrating events, dir may be used where in the past a present or future contingency was contemplated, as> POTENTIAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE MODES. 2S

‘alvmle im tulure im tila nung kechi taginvtsv ngudir azi parenoke bener ao ’ formerly those of large villages on seeing anything desirable in a small village they carried it away.

Pae yamae shira ni odi. He so say if I will go. (If he say so, I will go.) A paraphrase of the same, like this, may sometimes be heard— Pae yamae shidi svra, ni odi. He so will say be if I will go. [If it be that he shall so say, I will go.] The form ‘raj’, ‘era’, ‘rabang’, ‘rabangila’ may refer to a present as well as future contingency, rarely to a past; the same is true of shia. A fuller development of the ra form is—• Bor Sa-ab tanv yage arurabang azangla ni iba Bor Saheb to-day here come if then I this o indang pa-den zymbitsv. affair about him with will talk. Examples of sh ia : Tsungsang mazungshia ni odi. Weather bad even if I will go. [Even if the weather be bad I will go.] Parenok ain adokshia nae time benshiang ma. They anger arise even though you properly behave. [Even though they get angry do you behave properly.] Ka that has been classed as a past conditional may sometimes be used to express a present contingency, as— Na oaka nfbo maotsv. -> You gone is I will not go. [Even if you go (Zz'A, have gone) I will not go.] The bo in ‘ nibo ’ needs a little explanation ; it is about equivalent to, as to, so fa r as concerned, so that the above example fully expressed would read like this,—even if you go, as to me I will not go ; or, even if you go, so far as I am concerned I will not go. This bo meaning as to or as fa r as concerns, may be attached to any noun or pronoun, and is- considerably used. 26 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

But when bo is affixed to a verb form it has usually the force of i f as in examples above, ‘ azvm-asybo ‘ zym-shibo It has another peculiar use that may here be noted, as— Pa tarubo arutsv. He come if will come. [If he comes, he will come, a non-committal statement.] Pa tangashibo angashir. He hearing as to hears. So far as hearing is concerned, he hears, but as to the probability of his heeding nothing is intimated. In the first illustration, ‘ tarubo ’ is regarded as a verb form, and the bo has the force of if\ in the second example ‘ tangashibo ’ is a participial noun, and the bo has the force of as to or as concerning. It may be remarked here that the understanding of the verb forms throws light on such verbal adjectives as ‘ achitsv ’ (or ‘ tachitsy ’) and ‘ achila’ (or ‘ tachila’). ‘ Tachitsv ’ is the infinitive active or passive, and so ‘ tachitsy oset ’ things to be eaten or suitable to be eaten. In ‘tachila’ the ia means would, and ‘ tachila oset ’ things or material that would be eaten, edible material. Hence, as verbal adjectives, ‘tachitsy’ and ‘ tachila ’ mean about the same thing, though quite differently formed.

Secondary Conjugations. Many of the primary verbs take on verbal modifiers ( mostly of one syllable), which form a component part of the original stem. These verbs thus constituted may take all the tense, participial and modal inflections of the primary verb, though there is a tendency to drop the augment from these verbs. Some of these verbal modifiers may be recognised as the stems of words in use, but many of them, if they ever served as independent words, have become obsolete. One, namely, ‘ zyk ’, might be supposed to be from ‘ azvk ’, a word in common use ; but ‘ azvk ’, stem ‘ zyk ’, means to strike, a meaning it never has as a verbal modifier ; ‘ azyk ’ as an adverb means upward, but as an auxiliary to a verb it may mean doisan, never up. It may be well to notice briefly these verbal modifiers that are most in use and indicate the prevalent meaning of each. Daktsy is a causal; the stem of the verb previously con­ jugated was ‘ ben ’, to carry or to bring, so ‘ bendaktsy ’ means to SECONDARY CONJUGATIONS. 27 cause to carry or cause to bring, and causing to carry is some' times synonymous with, to send. As noted above, ‘ bendaktsy ’ in the positive imperative becomes ‘bendakzang’; the negative imperative ‘ tebendaktsv ’ does not mean simply do not cause to bring, but may also mean do not allow to bring. This remark holds true of many causal negative imperatives. Dang as a modifier constituting a component part of a verb is not much used, and when so used it sometimes does not materially change the meaning of the primary. The chief use o f1 dang ’ is first as an emphatic particle; secondly, it is used as a dative suffix to a noun, as a suffix to that with which a comparison is made, and as a participial suffix; thirdly, it has some use as a verbal modifier: as a verb, ‘ aji ’ means to see, and ‘ ajidang ’ means to examine, to look after, to care for. In some cases the primary verb is essentially modified, as ‘lem’ is the stem of a verb meaning to divide, and ‘ lemdang ’ as a compound verb, means to divide in halves if not otherwise specified; so also ‘ sadang ’ and ‘ radang ’ mean primarily to break or divide in halves. ‘O’ sometimes means, to weigh, but ‘ odang ’ is the usual verb for, to weigh ; sometimes this may mean to divide into two equal parts by weighing. ‘ Am ’ means to take hold of by the hand, ‘ amdang^ means to feel of, to handle. Dok or lok is much used and means away, off,, getting rid of something not wanted, as ‘ aridok ’ to drive off or drive away, ‘ leptok ’ to cut off what is not wanted,' rvngtok ’ to saw off what is not wanted. E t indicates persistency or continuance, as ‘ am,’ to take hold of; ‘ amet,’ to take hold and hold on ; ‘ ajeb ’ to grasp, ‘ ajebet ’ to grasp and not let go ; ‘ apu ’ to seize, ‘ puet ’ to seize and hold. Chi or j i is restricted to impending mishaps, and means almost, nearly, as ‘ arakchi ’ nearly strangled by water, ‘.alang- chi ’ nearly fell down, while walking or running, ‘ tsvkchi ’ nearly fell from something, ‘tefsetchi’ nearly killed, ‘ syji ’ nearly dead, ‘ madokchi'. almost lost. • K et means up or upon, as ‘ azungket ’ to lift up, or lift up on to, ‘ apuket ’ to shoulder and so lift up on to, ‘ nungket ’ to push up on to, ‘ atsvket ’ to pull up on to, ‘ nashi akvmket ’ or ‘ aniket ’ to bring cattle up to the village, ‘ nisung kidange aniket ’ to lead a man up into a house. La and laba— The force of these auxiliaries has already been shown under Potential and Subjunctive Modes. Lok, to attach to, to set on, as, ‘ angenlok ’ to nail fast or spike fast to , ‘ mejalok ’ or ‘ menalok ’ to stick fast to by some 28 AO NAGA LANGUAGE. adhesive substance, ‘ azunglok ’ and ' nunglok ’ to urge others on to do, ‘zalok’ to call others to help, and'anilok’ to - bring and attach them to a cause as helpers. Ma as a verbal modifier has three distinct meanings,. and the ma signifying first or before, doubtless originated from ‘tama’ or ‘tamasa’ before, first, as ‘azung’ to eat (of people), ‘onoke zungmadi’ we will eat first, let us eat before doing anything else ; ‘ pa-nung agvtsvma-ang ’ give to him first; ‘tsungrem im bushima-ang’ seek first the kingdom of God.. This ma meaning first or before can frequently be translated immediately, as ‘ zungmadi ’ let us eat immediately. Another ma means in halves, as ‘ aeima ’ split in halves, ‘chakma’ broken in halves, ‘rvngma’ split in halves by sawing. Another ma means to finish, to end, as, ‘ benma ’ or ‘ penma’ to finish bringing, ‘ mapa inyakma’ work finished or completed, ‘ alu ruma’ cultivation reaping finished. M i means to make a mistake or blunder, ‘ zymbimij’ to make a mistake in speaking, as .to make a misstatement or forget a point in a formal address, ‘ takmi ’ to make a' mistake in weaving. _ N v is a desiderative and is much used, for it is the only vehicle for expressing a desire or wish, there being no noun for this idea: ‘ aginy ’ to desire to get, ‘ zvmbinv ’ to desire to speak. Ok may be from ‘ akok’ to be able, it implies some force, though not necessarily violence ; ‘ korang asem ’ or ‘asen ’to put on a hat or cap ; ‘ korang semok ’ would mean to pull a hat on with force or to jam it on ; ‘ tetzvr aniok ’ is to lead a woman away in marriage, the woman is presumed to be modest, hence the bridegroom must use some constraint or force-to take her to his house ; ‘ shiok ’ would properly mean to speak forcibly or loudly, but it really means to send word to. Pelok is sometimes used with the meaning of erring or doing imperfectly, as ‘ scv rem ’ means to dye cloth, and ‘ scy rempelok ’ poorly or badly dyed. Pet has a signification similar to mi, and the one can frequently be substituted for the other, as ‘ zvmbipet ’ for ‘ zym- bimi’. ‘Kenaten’ means to sing a song, ‘ken tenpet’ (or ‘tempet’)to make a mistake or blunder in singing, ‘ken tenmi ’ has the same meaning. ‘ Aro ’ means to temper steel or iron, and ‘ ropet ’ badly tempered. ‘ Moko achi ’ is to smoke tobacco, ‘ mokoa chipet ’ sick or stupid from smoking too much, ‘ kania chipet ’ stupid by smoking opium. SECONDARY CONJUGATIONS. 29

R e f conveys the idea of thoroughness and completeness, as ‘ imkong yiprep ’ people all fast asleep, ‘ imkong kishirep ’ doors all fastened as in a village at midnight, ‘ entzv amrep’ an egg smashed by squeezing in the hand, ‘ajetrep’ to break by grasping, ‘akurep’ to pound to pieces, ‘leprep’ to cut to pieces. Sa gives the idea of fineness or pulverisation, as ‘ aeisa ’ to split fine, ‘ kusa ’ to pound fine, to pulverise, ‘ menungsa ’ to crush or grind fine, ‘ ngusa ’ to bite much, to bite and badly mangle. Sem.— ‘ Asen’ as a verb, sometimes has an idea of unity or association, and ‘ sen ’ changed to ‘ sem ’ has, as a secondary suffix, about the force of con in Latin or English, as ‘ atsvsem ’ to pull, or pull up, with something, as to pull up grain with weeds, ‘ chisem ’ to eat with, as to eat relishing bits along with the food ; ‘ sem 1 as a modifier has only a limited use. Sep.— ‘ Asep ’ means to extinguish or to become extinct, and ‘ sep ’ as a modifier has this meaning, ,as ‘ muksep’ to kill plants by overshadowing, ‘ mi remsep ’ to smother out fire by covering over, ‘ rosep ’ to thoroughly evaporate by heat. Set imparts the idea of thoroughness, completeness, as, ‘ tsubuseta’ thoroughly alarmed; ‘ set ’ usually implies a thoroughness to a destructive end, as ' arakset ’ thoroughly strangled to death by water, ‘ lepset ’ cut to death, ‘ tsungset ’ speared to death. Shia as a verbal prefix has the force of re, a fact that will subsequently be more fully noted. But shi as a modify­ ing suffix usually contains more or less the idea of again, repetition, sometimes even to satiety, and sometimes scarcely changing the primary. ‘ Alen ’ to bind, ‘ alenshi ’ to rebind ; ‘ yanglu ’ to make, ‘ yanglushi ’ to remake or repair; ‘ agi ’ to take, ‘ agishi ’ to have taken enough, i.e., to be sufficient; ‘ chishi ’ to eat sufficiently ; * zvmshi ’ to drink sufficiently ; ‘ bilimshi ’ to think again or think much ; ‘ zymbishi ’ to talk to satiety ; ‘ anga ’ occasionally means to hear, but this is the only meaning of 1 angashi ’; ‘ am ’ means to take hold of by the hand, .and ‘ amshi ’ means to handle, but ‘ amshi ’ and ‘ benshi ’ also mean to practice or observe instructions, precepts, customs, or rites, ideas quite different from the primaries ‘ am ’ and ‘ aben ’. Tak, occasionally dak, gives the idea of hitting, colliding Against, hitting and becoming fast, as ‘ lung aentak ’ throwing a stone and hitting, ‘ tsyktak, colliding against, ‘ meret-tak ’ 3° AO NAGA LANGUAGE. rubbing against so as to become fast, ‘ ajeptak’ to grip on to and hold fast. Tang, one of the meanings of atang, is to ‘ sever ’ and ‘ tang' as a modifier of a primary verb, indicates severance, as ‘ leptang ’ cut off, ‘svktang’ (or ‘ tsvktang’) broken off as a branch or broken in two as a stick, ‘raktang’ and ‘ toktang ’ to break and sever a rattan, string, or rope. Tern (or tvm), this modifier is doubtless from ‘ atem ’ or ‘ atvm ’ to end, to finish, and it implies a completion of the action of the primary verb. It will be remembered that this was one of the meanings of ma, and it will be seen to correspond to one of the uses of z v k ; as, for instance, reaping of cultivation finished, may be expressed in three ways: ‘ alu ruma ’, ‘ alu rutvm ’, and ‘alu ruzvk’, but the first takes the preterit suffix ‘ ago ’ more readily than the other two, as rumago ’. Ten.— Among the meanings of the verb ‘ aten ’ are, to assemble, to collect material together, to be present or with, to tremble, and the modifier ‘ ten ’ apparently partakes now of one of these ideas and now of another and sometimes of the postposition ‘ den ’ with or by ; but the more prevalent meaning is that of collecting together: ‘ aniten ’ the collecting together of beings that can move, ‘ benden ’ to bring together inert material; ‘ atvp ’ means to club, and ‘ atvpten ’ means to make legs, or legs and arms, shake or fly like clubs, as a young child when angry kicks and strikes with legs and arms. Tep imparts such ideas as mutually, together, one for another, as ‘ parenoke meimtep ’ they mutually loved, or loved each other; ‘leptep tsungtep ’ cutting and spearing each other, mutually making war; ‘.sentep ’ mutually coming together, to- assemble; ‘ alen tep ’ binding several things together; ‘ melefitep ’ to exchange one for another ; ‘ aeitep ’ mutually erring, or confusing things and so making a mistake ; ‘ chitep to eat together; ‘ zvmtep ’ to drink together. Tet usually means able, as ‘ otet ’ able to go, ‘ arutet ’ able to come ; ‘ tet ’ sometimes denotes successful or complete action, as ‘ im ’ may mean to seek, and ‘ imtet ’ means sought and found ; one meaning of ‘ ali ’ is to buy, ‘ alitet ’ bought; ‘ bilim ’ means to think, ‘ bilimtet ’ to remember; ‘ jaja ’ to walk, ‘ jatet ’ to out walk; ‘ agi ’ to take, ‘ agitet ’ to take out, as out of a basket. The present tense of a verb ending in ‘ tet ’ is ‘ teter or the. shortened form ‘ter’, as ‘bilimteter’ or ‘bilimter’. To denotes that the action of the verb is incomplete, as ‘ anakto ’ to scratch or claw, but not to kill; ‘ lepto ’ to cut, SECONDARY CONJUGATIONS. . 3* but not in two ; ‘ chito ’ to eat and leave something; ‘ zymto ’ to drink some, but not all. Tok, see ‘ dok ’ above. Tsy indicates to or for-another, rather than the speaker, as ‘ mezy ’ to smear or anoint one’s self, but ‘ mezvtsv ’ to smear or anoint another; ‘ pae kakvtzi ky-nung agytsy ’ he will give the paper to me, ‘ pae kakvtzi jfi-nung agytsytsy ’ he w ill give the paper to another person. Zung, the stem of the verb to be good, when appended to the stem of another verb, sometimes adds the idea (1) of well, completely, thoroughly, and (2) sometimes the idea of time for an act, as— Pa anu masvzunge parenoke toksvr ao. He yet not dead fully they leaving went. [When not yet fully dead, they abandoned him.] ‘ Azi mapa inyakzunger ’ there is time to do this work; azi mapa mainyakzung ’ there is no time to do this work. ‘ Tangar mapa inyak nung ibazi mainyakzung ’ on account of doing other work there is no time to do this— Zoko tanv imtake tokozungtsy. Yet to-day to the village to go up there will be time. [There will yet be time to go up to the village today.] ‘Tanv Yazange aozunger’ there is time to go to Yazang to-day; ' tanv Yazange mozung ’ there is not time to go to Yazang to-day. This is a favourite way of saying there is time or there is not time to perform the act contemplated. Zy. The primary azv means to bend, to crook, or to wind around as a bean vine, but the modifier zy gives the idea of swaying, oscillating or wabbling; ‘ aen ’ to blow of wind, ‘ enzv ’ blow and cause trees and plants to sway about; ‘ anokzv ’ to . make a wavy appearance as a field of grain or a sheet of water moved by the wind ; ‘jepzy ’ and ‘sozv ’ to swing back and forth, to oscillate; ‘lokzv ’ to wabble as a loose post. Zyk, there is a verb] azvk ’ meaning to strike, and an adverb ‘ azyke ’ or ‘ azvklen ’ meaning upward, but ‘ zyk ’ as a modifier indicates (x) a motion down, not up, and (2) the completion of an act, as ‘ senzvk ’ to percolate down, to strain ; this ‘ zyk ’, down, is precisely the opposite of ‘ ket ’, as ‘ azungket ’ to lift a thing up on to something, so ‘ azungzvk ’ to lift a thing down from some place. ‘ Nashi akvmket ’ to bring cattle up to a village ; ‘ nashi akvmzvk ’ to turn cattle loose and let them go down from the village, which among Nagas is always on the 32 AO NAGA LANGUAGE. hill top ; ‘ zyk implying completion, corresponds as noted above to ‘ tem ’ or ‘ tvm and to one meaning of ‘ ma’, as ‘ zymbizvk ’ to finish speaking. There are two instances in which the modify­ ing effect of ‘ zyk ’ is peculiar, as ‘ anga ’ to mind, to hear; ‘ angazvk ’ to learn or know by hearing ; ‘ aji ’ to see; ‘ ajizvk ’ to )earn or know by observation. Zen is a modifying suffix, but does not properly belong to secondary conjugations, as it is never inflected; it is a frequentative, as ‘ tsunglu aruzen aru ’ the rain came repeatedly, or ‘ tsunglu aruzen arur ’ the rain comes repeatedly, or ‘ tsunglu aruzen arutsy ’ it will rain repeatedly, ‘ tsunglu aruzen arurabang’ if it rains repeatedly. It will be noted that the verb is repeated when ‘ zen ’ is used, and that the inflection for tense or mode is not on ‘ zen ’. Shia as a prefix has the force of re, but it has only a very limited use, as ‘ shia-agi ’ to take back, ‘shia-agvtsy ’ to give back, ‘ shiabendaktsv ’ to send back, ‘ shia-aru ’ to return, to come back to life, as to revive from a swoon or to arise from the dead, ‘ shia-adok ’ reappeared, returned. As a matter of convenience ‘ shia ’ and ‘ zen ’ are put in this list of verbal modifiers.

Substantive Verbs. The substantive verbs are, ‘ aet ’, ‘ ali ’, ‘ aka’, ‘ ar ’, ’ asv ” and ‘ er ’. Of these, ‘ aet ’, ‘ ar ’, and ‘ er ’ have but a limited use, and quite possibly ‘ ar ’ and ‘ er ’ may be only different pronouncia- tions of the same. ‘ Aet ’, besides being a substantive verb, means also to be near or to come near, as ‘ taet ’ be not near, or do not come near; ‘ azi anogo aetdage ’, that time (or that day) is approaching, or is near; ‘ aet ’, meaning is, has usually the additional idea of in or near, as ‘ na mulung nung etera ’ (or ‘aetera’) if it is in your mind, if you are so minded; ‘ tzv aet asv maet ? ’ is there water or not ? the full idea being, is there any water in the water vessel ? ‘ pa tashi aet ’ his strength is, the full idea being he has strength in his body, he is powerful; ‘ pa imlibilim aet ’ his mercy is, there is mercy in his mind, he is merciful. ‘ Mi aet ’ there is fire, more fully there is fire in the ashes or there is fire in the pipe. In instances like the above ‘ aet ’ is in frequent use, but its range of service is very limited. The ‘ et ’ noted under Secondary Conjugations as implying persistency, continuance, may be the stem of ‘ aet ’, which is ‘ et ’. SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 33

‘ Ar ’ and ‘ er ’ are present tense forms, and when used mean •simply Zy, they are only occasionally heard and are evidently relics of verbs otherwise obsolete. As ar and er are present tense forms, the stems, if there were originally more than one, must have been a and e ; the a may be the suffix of the ■participle ending in a, as ‘ bena ’ and the e may be the suffix of the negative participle, ending in e, as ‘ mebene ’ ; the er is doubtless the present tense and present participle terminal, and the future ending tsv may be from an old form atsy. ‘ Aka ’ and ‘ ali ’ are the substantive verbs most used, the former is more commonly employed in speaking of things, and the latter of persons, though ‘ ali ’ is not unfrequently used in speaking of things. ‘ Aka ’ and ‘ ali ’ are really preterit forms, the stems being respectively ' ka ’ and ‘ li ’, yet ‘ aka ’ and ali ’ are used in asking questions as if they were present tense forms, as : Pakti ataktsv yong aka asv maka ? Kar. Mat to weave splints are or not are ? Are. [Are there splints or not for weaving a mat? There are.] Here we have a present tense question put in preterit form, and the answer in a proper present tense form. The ;same may be said of ‘ali,’ a s: Pa kidange ali asv mali ? Lir. He house in is or not is ? Is. [Is he in the house or not ? He is in.] As noted in remarks on conditional forms under Potential ■and Subjunctive Moods, ‘ka’ has sometimes the meaning of ‘ though.’ ‘Kar’, the present tense form o f‘aka’, sometimes implies •ownership, and is equivalent to the English has or have, as, ‘shironge ki kar’ jackals have holes ; ‘ozve tesep kar' birds have nests: in these sentences ‘shironge’ (jackals) and ozve (birds) cannot be in the possessive case, for they both end in e, which is the nominative sign. ‘Pae teti takvm kar' he ever­ lasting life has. I Under Secondary Conjugations was given et as imparting the idea of persistency, continuance; ‘aka’ taking this modify­ ing suffix presents the forms ‘a k e t’, ‘k et’, ‘k eter’, meaning, is fast to, adheres to, has constantly, has belonging to it. ‘Pa tezak-nung aryr keter’ there is dirt adhering to his face, his face is dirty. ‘Nashizi tezv ana aket’ the cow has two horns, she has them constantly, they belong to her. ‘Nisung D 34 AO NAGA LANGUAGE. tetsung ana aket, nashi tetsung pezv keter’ man has (as a part of him) two legs, cattle, have four. ‘ Ali ‘ li ’ may mean simply to be, or it may mean to continue to be, to live,' to remain, to reside, and to be habitual, to be customary : Pae kechi nung liasv, angzi ana nv ‘ ali. He what place in was, there two days remained. ‘ Scv aben ’ means to put on or wear a shawl, and ‘pa scv abena ali’ she was wearing a shawl, or she was accustomed to wear a shawl. ‘ O-li aru-li ’ habitually going and coming. It will be noted, as in the first of these illustrations, that liasv is sometimes used as a preterit instead of ‘ali ’. It may also be: observed that for the stem li the form le will sometimes be heard, especially in the negative, and it will be remembered that the negative participle ends in e. ‘Li’o r‘le’ joined with a verb in the negative indicates determination or resolution,, as, ‘ni mole’ I am not going, am determined not to go; ‘lir ’ with a present participle is much used in forming a. periphrastic present tense, as, ‘pa mena lir’, he is sitting; ‘pa. noktaka lir’ he is standing. The substantive verb ‘asy,’ ‘sv’ means not only to be, but also to cause to be, to make, and is frequently used where in English do is used, as where we would say, do it, do so, as when one boy a little distance from another, threatening to- hurl a spear at him, the latter may reply, ‘syang,’ do, or d o it; a mother teaching her child to speak may say a word or a sentence and wishing the child to repeat it, say, ‘svang’ (‘sang’) do it, meaning say it. ‘T esy’ don’t do, ‘yamae tesv,’ or ‘azi oda tesv’ do not do like that, or do not do so. ‘Kechi asv’ ? or ‘kechi asvr’ ? what is done ? or what has happened ? or what is the matter? ‘Pa asoshi’ (or ‘pa age’) ‘kechi asvtsv’ ? what will be done with this ? or what can be made of it? what is it good for? ‘Na kechi asv?’ what are you doing? ‘Pa’ may mean he, she, dr it, so ‘pakecha masvtsv’ he, she, or it is not good for anything, i.e., useless, worthless; ‘ni pa indang kechi asvtsv?’ what will I do with him, with her, or with it ? ‘ Na kechi svnvr ’ ? what do you wish to do ? or wish done for you ? ‘ Azi oda mesynve ni bilimer’ I am not disposed to do thus. For making or building a house ‘asv’ is the word used, as, ‘parenoke ki svdage’ they are building a house. There is an ‘asy’, ‘sv’ which means to die ; the imperative of ‘asy’ to be and ‘asy’ to die is ‘svang’ pronounced ‘sang’, in other words SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 35 by the pronunciation of the imperative ‘asv sang' all that is left of the verb ‘asv’ is the letter ang being the imperative suffix. For the ordinary uses of a substantive verb, ‘asv’ renders little.service as compared with ‘aka’ and ‘ali’. Asa verb/tffe ‘asv’ comes in frequently as a helper, and so it may perhaps be characterised as an auxiliary substantive, and as such its more common meaning is being so, or with ‘nung’ as ‘asv-nung1' because so; ‘azi svra’ if this be so, or if it be so ; 'aeisa asy- nung’ because there were many. ‘Asy’ is used frequently as a helper in the formation of connectives whether con­ junctions or adverbs. It serves as an interrogatory particle, as x Tezangzi tamen asy? The fruit ripe is ? a fuller form is— Tezangzi tamen asy mamen ? The fruit ripe is (or) not ripe? [Is the fruit ripe or not ?] In instances like this the English renders asv by or, but in the Naga mind it probably retains the idea of an interrogative substantive verb. As a substitute for or between wTords or ideas in the same sentence ,‘asv’ renders much service, but ‘asv’ is not used between different sentences ; for such an or the Aos have no good word. ‘Na aotsy asy maotsv ?’ is correct Ao Naga for ‘ will you go or not go ? ’ But for such an expression as, ‘ I will go to-day’ or ‘I will go to-morrow’, for this or ‘asy’ will not answer. The statement ‘I will go to-day or to-morrow’ may be put in another form, as, ‘ if I do not go to-day, I will go to-mor­ row ’, and this latter form can easily be put into Naga, a s: Tanv ni odi mesyra (or azi mesvra) asong To-day I will go not be if (this not be if) to-morrow aotsy. will go. Another way is— Tany ni maora, asong aotsy. To-day I not go if, to-morrow will go. ‘ Sv’ the stem of .‘asy’ enters into two other words, which in English are rendered or, viz., ‘ svshia’ and ‘ syli ’, as, Nisung ka, tebur svshia, tetzvr syshia, tain syshia, Person one male if be, female if be, old if be ? tanur syshia, yage arung ma. young if be, here come. [Let one person come here, male or female, old or young.} D 2 3^ AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

In the foregoing, ‘ svli ’ may be substituted for ‘ svshia From asv ’ we have ‘ asvbo ’ if, ‘ svra ’ if, ‘ mesvra ’ if not, ‘masv’ is not; ‘Asy’ enters into the composition of ‘ kechiasvr,’ ‘ kechisv dang’, ‘ kechisvnung’, and’svdi’.

Verbs.—Miscellaneous Remarks. ‘Nuhg’ may be a postposition, but ‘nunga’ is frequently used for no, not so, it is not so, and ‘ nung ’ as an imperative means don’t, do not; this is probably the only negative imperative that does not require t or ts as a prefix. ' Ma ’ as an expression of dissent has about the same force as to impoliteness and meaning as ‘ I won’t ’. The substantive verb is frequently omitted, as, ‘ pa ma- zung’ it bad, for ‘ it is bad ’. If a participle and a verb are related to each other as cause and effect, that which expresses the cause usually precedes, as, ‘ pa arua ashi ’ he coming said, or he by coming said. But this order is in a few instances reversed, as, ‘ pa tena asvk’ he shivered with , cold, here cold (‘asyk’) is the cause of the shivering or trembling, and according to the usual order the phrase would be ‘ pa asvka aten ’ instead of ‘pa tena asvk’; ‘ awang’ means to warm, so ‘amua awang’ having become brittle by heating, by the general rule would be ‘awanga amua’ instead of ‘amua awang’; ‘azv atsung’ means blood gathered and settled, and we have ‘ azv atsunga aku ’ for ‘ aku-nung ’, ‘ azv atsung ’, because of a blow the blood settled. 4 Meso ’ means to lift, and ‘ nung ’ to shove or push, and when these two verbs are united in a compound signifying to lift and shove, the usual order would be ‘ meso-nung’, but in the case of this compound and a few others the order is reversed, and we have ‘ nung-meso ’. There are some verbs which appear to be properly agglutinated compounds, which either (i) are not proper compounds, or (2) their negative forms are irregular, as 4 arishi ’, which, if not a proper compound, should be ‘ aria ashi ’, but the form is ‘ arishi ’, and so should in the negative be ‘marishi’, but tH£ negative is ‘arimashi’; so ‘sensakasem’, negative should be ‘ mesensakasem ’, but it is ‘ sensak-masen ’; ‘ ja-atu ’ is in negative ‘ ja-matu ’, and ‘ akvmtsubu ’ is in nega­ tive ‘akvm-metsubu’. But if the constituent parts of the compound have become obsolete as single words, or if in the VERBAL DISCRIMINATIONS. 37 compound the parts have been so changed that the original forms are difficult to identify, in such cases the compound takes the negative as usual; examples : ‘ zymbi negative ‘ mezvmbi ‘ inyak negative 1 mainyak ‘ yanglu negative ‘ meyanglu In like manner ‘ tsubu ‘ reprang ‘ bilim and many others ; of these-quite a number beginning with m, as, ‘mishi’, ‘ mepishi etc. There are only a few double negatives in Ao Naga ; they occur usually when words of similar meaning are associated together, and the second word becomes a sort of reduplication of the first, as, ‘kyta asen,’ the ‘kyta’ is probably from *ka’ one, or ‘ ketang ’ one, and ‘ ketang asen ’ shortened to ‘ keta ’ (or ‘ kyta ’), ‘ asen ’ would mean to agree in purpose or sentiment as one, and as persons so agreeing become attached to each other, so ‘ kyta asen ’ came to mean to love, and finally both ‘ kyta ’ and ‘ asen ’ would be occasionally used separately with the meaning of ‘ to love ’ or to be united as one ; in other words, ‘ asen ’ came to be a reduplicate of ‘ kyta ’ or ‘ keta’ : so now we have ‘ kyta asen ’ to agree as one, to love, and * mvkvta masen ” to disagree, to be at variance. So also ‘ azvk aru ’, negative ‘ mazvk maru ’, and ‘ anvb alu ’, negative ‘ manvb malu ’. Simi­ larly constructed are the double negative compounds ‘mezyng- meshi’, ‘ magi-marutsv’, and (mesen-metu’, ‘mesa-mechi’. A verb stem may take t or te as a prefix, and be inflected without any essential change of meaning, except in the imperative mood, where the prefix t or te becomes a formative element, and imparts a negative force. Aside from the im­ perative, this prefix is seldom used, except with the present and future tenses and participles to impart some emphasis, as, ‘ onok pezy taoutsv’, we four are going—going is the word with us ; ‘ parenok taor ’ they are just going, or have just gone, or they are indeed going. The following participial adjectives always take this prefix : ‘ tanganvtsyka ’ desirable or pleasant to hear, ‘ taginvtsvka ’ desirable to receive, acceptable, ‘ tajinytsyka ’ pleasant to see, attractive to the eye.

Verbal Discriminations. The Ao language is meagre as to generalization, but the verb is rich in discriminating terms. The long list of modi­ fiers under Secondary Conjugations illustrates this fact, and nice discriminations of closely related acts are also indicated by different verbs, as, ‘ alep’, * lep ’ has a somewhat 38 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

general meaning, signifying to cut : ‘ alang ’ means to cut by a light blow, as to hack, to gash a little, or cut off small things ; ‘ aji ’ to cut and cause to lean over, as to open a path through thick sprouts by cutting and causing the little trees to lean ‘•one side or the other from the intended path ; ‘alen’ to cut down a largish tree, not a small one ; ‘ aren ’ to cut by hard steady pressure of the hand, as to shave off smoothly the end •of a small, hard stick ; ‘arvng’ to cut with a drawing or shaving motion’by something having a rough edge, something that ■cuts and tears ; ‘ aten ’ to cut rattan, especially to cut it in suitable length to bring from the jungle ; ‘ atsvng ’ to cut with an instrument like an axe, to chop ; ‘ awa ’ to cut with a shaving or drawing motion, but not with an instrument having a rough edge ; ‘ ayip ’ to cut by horizontal strokes, as to mow. Again, ‘ ashi ’ or ‘ shidok ’ is the more general word signify­ ing to wash, to cleanse by washing, as, 1 scv ashi ’ or ‘ scv shidok ’ to wash clothes, but to wash the face the verb is ' mei ’ or ‘ meitok to wash hands, ‘ metsvk ’, ‘ metsvktok to wash the legs and arms 1 meit-dok’; to bathe the body. ‘ tzvshigo to bathe knd wash ‘ tzvshigotok’, ‘tzvsentok’; to wash the mouth 4 mechutok to immerse ‘ tzysen’. This sharp discrimination of closely related acts enables a speaker to express himself with much precision, but it is a little hard on the memory of foreigners. Though the language is capable of such precision as to the matters of ordinary life of the people, yet it must be remembered that they live in ■Asia, and that it is characteristic of Asiatics to use language with more latitude than do Europeans; words are not used with so close a regard to their precise meaning. The standard of truthfulness here is not so high and exact as in countries •moulded by Christianity. If the friends of a sick person are alarmed and. desire medicine administered quickly, they will, perhaps, say the person is dying, when in reality he may or may not be seriously ill. An arm somewhat badly bruised may be spoken of as broken, when in fact there is no indica­ tion of a fracture. A man may be asked for change for a rupee, and perhaps he will reply that he has no small coin, when all he means is that he has none he wishes to spare.

ADVERBS. Adverbs not serving as conjunctions are usually placed before and near the verbs they qualify, but ‘ashi’ or ‘ashiko,’ ADVERBS. 39 meaning perhaps, is usually placed early in a sentence, not unfrequently the first word, or it may constitute the only word in response to a question. Adverbs often serve as con­ nectives between sentences, and- then their position is early in the sentence they introduce. ‘ Svdi, ’ meaning probably, follows its verb. 0 The comparison of adverbs resembles that of adjectives as— Padang nae tazungba inyak. He than, you well (or best) worked. [You woiked better than he.] Azakdang nae tazungba inyak. All than, you well worked. [You worked the best of all.] In the above illustrations ‘ tazungba ’ is in form a noun, 'but qualifies the verb ‘ inyak’ like an adverb. Comparison is not made much by adverbs, the tendency being to construct sentences in such forms that comparison can be by adjectives. There are few adverbs that are used exclusively as such ; as in other languages, verb stems and adjectives slightly modified serve as adverbs. * But into the composition of those of more frequent use enter nouns, pronouns, and postposi­ tions, as, ‘ kolene,’ whither, has as its base ‘ len ’ meaning path -or direction, to which is prefixed ‘ ko ’ the stem of the interroga­ tive pronoun ‘ koba,’ thus we have * kolen ? ’ what path or what direction ? putting the dative suffix to 1 kolen,’ we have ‘ kolene ?’ whither? so that ‘ kolene’ is really a compound noun in the dative. In ‘ ama’, ‘ atenzi’, ‘ ilene’, ‘ ibagvtsy ’, ‘ idakzi’, ‘ idangzi’, .and ‘irriamae,’ the initial vowels are stems of demonstrative pronouns ; ‘ azage ’ is a contraction of ' azi age ’. The postposi­ tions or case endings ‘age’, ‘nung’, and ‘nunge’ will be recog­ nised in several words in the list below, which embraces many of the adyerbs in most common use : ‘ Ai ’, ‘ aih ’ yes, just so. Atuseir ’ after that, after- ‘ Alvmle ’ formerly, anciently. wards. ‘ Ama ’ so, like this. ‘ Au ’, ‘ ao ’ yes. ‘Angnunge’ thence. ‘ Azage ’ thither. '‘Angnungzi’ thence. • * Azi oda ’ that manner, so. ‘Angzi’ there, then. ‘ Azyke ’ upward. ‘ Apiga ’ far in time or place. ‘ Elene ’ this way, thither. ' Atangshi ’ truly, truthfully. ‘ Elenzi ’ this way, thither. Atenzi’ with that, then. 4o AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

‘ Ibagvtsye ’ after that, after­ ‘ Kodanga ’ with negative, ward. never. ‘ Idage,’ ‘ idake ’ hither, here. ‘ Kode ’ with negative, no ‘ Idakzi ’ here. way, never. ‘ Idangyongzi ’ then, imme­ ‘ Kolene ’ whither ? diately. ‘ Kolen-nunge ’ whence ? ‘ Idangzi ’ at that time, then. ‘ Komama ’ like what ? ‘ Ilene ’ this way. ‘ Kong ’ where ? ‘ Imamae ’ thus. ‘ Konge ’ whither ? ‘ Jijila ’ truly, truthfully. ‘ Kong-nunge ’ whence ? ‘ Kaatsv ’ why ? ‘ Kopiga ’ how far (in time o r ‘ Kala ’ very well, well said. place) ? * ‘ Kanga ’ very, greatly. ‘ Lene ’ toward. ‘ Kara-kara ’ quickly. ‘ Luage ’ down there.. ‘ Kecha ’ with negative utter­ ‘ Ma ’ interrogative and impera­ ly, entirely. tive particle. ‘ Kechiasvr ’ why, wherefore ? ‘ No ’ or ' noh ’ indeed ? ‘ Kechiba ’ why ? ‘ Nung ’ or ‘ nunga ’ no. ‘ Kechi koda’ how ? ‘ Oage ’ yonder. ‘ Kechinung ’ in what, where ? ‘ Olene ’ thither. ‘ Kechinunge ’ from what, ‘ Ongzi ’• there. whence ? ' Otia ’ publicly. ‘ Kechishi ’ why. ‘ Pamae ’ thus. ‘ Kechisv ’ why ? ‘ Piketa ’ not far in time or space... ‘ Kechisvdang ’ when ? ‘ Qeiben ’ how many times ? ‘ Kehisydanga ’ with nega­ ‘ Sashia ’ sharply, thoroughly. tive, never. ‘ Svdi ’ probably. ‘ Kechisvnung ’ wherefore. ‘Tali’ too much, exceedingly- ‘ Kechiyong ’ why ? ‘ Tamalen ’ forward. ‘ Keleme ’ along with, toge­ ‘T a n g ’ now, immediately. ther. ‘ Tangyonge ’ immediately. ‘ Kelene ’ that way, thither. ‘ Tesye ’ subsequently. ‘ Kelen-kelena ’ every direc­ ‘ Tesvlen ’ backward. tion,this way and that way. ‘ Time ’ properly, according to ‘ Kena ’ again. good usage. ‘ Ken-ken ’ .occasionally. ‘Tuage’ up yonder. ‘ Kenvmati ’ .daily. ‘Yage’ hither. ‘ Kenyny ’ frequently. ‘ Yakte ’ quickly. ‘ Kenyonge ’ at once. ‘ Yamae *thus. ‘ Kesa ’ why ? ‘Yaseir’ after that, sub­ ‘ Kobala ’ like what ? sequently. ‘ Koda ’ how ? ‘ Zung-zunga ’ well, properly,, * Kodang ’ when ? thoroughly. POSTPOSITIONS. 4 f

Interrogative adverbs may be used relatively. There is no proper adverb for ‘ only ’. For numeral adverbs see Numerals.

Postpositions. Particles preceding nouns and governing them are called prepositions, so when like words follow the nouns governed they are called postpositions. A few of these are from other parts of speech, as, ‘asvshi’ (pronounced ‘asoshi’), from the verb 1 asy ‘ den ’ (or ‘ ten ’), from the verb ‘ aten ’; ‘ kelen ’ from ‘ ka ’ and ‘ len’ ; ‘ madak ’ from ‘ ma ’ surface ; ‘ zaktang ’ from ‘ zak ’ or ‘ tezak ’ the face ; ‘ matsungdang ’ from ‘ ma ’ before, and ' tsung ’ feet; of ‘ rongnung ’ ‘ rong ’ is a noun meaning a clump or group. Some postpositions take the dative suffix e, indicating motion to, as, ‘kelen’ one side or beyond,. ‘ kelene ’ to the other side, across ; so ‘ madang ’ in presence of,., and ‘ madange ’ to the presence of; also ‘ matsungdang ’ in pre­ sence of, and ‘ matsungdange ’ to the presence of. ‘ Den ’, or ‘ ten ’, also ‘ nung ’ and ‘ nunge ’, are classed below as postpositions, but they probably should be considered as suffixes of nouns, because ‘ den ’ and ‘ nung ’ are treated as parts of the nouns they follow; for, as if forming a com­ ponent part of the noun, note how the demonstrative suffix z i is appended, how meaning also, is appended, and how dang as an emphatic particle is appended : Boy to the give S j correct, but Tanurzi nung agyzang ; incorrect because the Boy the to give ) ’ should follow nung as if ‘ tanurnung ’ were one word. So we have ‘ibadenzi’ rather than ‘ ibazi den’. ‘Kongshir’ to touch, requires ‘ nung ’, and as there is no adverb meaning only,, emphatic particles are used to give the idea of only, so we have: Ni pa scvnungdang kongshira. I his garment to touch if. [I his garment to (emphatic) touch.] [If I only touch his garment.] Panunga agyzang. Him to also give. [Give to him also.] Padena medemer ka lir. Him with also associate one is. [With him also is an associate.] 42 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

If ‘nung ’ is classed as a case-ending, so also must ‘nunge’ be so considered, for the one is only a different form of the other. A List of Postpositions. ‘ Age ’ by, with. ‘ M adange’ to presence of, to. J Alyma ’ beyond, besides, over. ‘M ae’ before, outside. ‘ Amae, mae ’ like. ‘ Melen ’ or ‘melene ’ in place ‘ Ana ’ near. of, exchange for. ‘Anasa’ near. ‘ Meyong ’ for, belonging to. ‘Any ma’'against, opposed. ‘ Mykyta ’ around. Asvshi ’ (pronounced asoshi) ‘ Nung ’ in, to, at, on, by. for, for sake of, in order to. 1 N unge’ from. ‘ Atvma ’ by, in name of. ‘ Rongnung ’ among. ‘ Chia, zia ’ exceeding, more than. ‘ Rongnunge ’ from among, from. ‘ Den, ten ’ with, in connection ‘ Svlen ’ after, behind. with. ‘ Tali ’ exceeding, more than. ‘ Donga’ to, unto, until. ‘ Tam a’ before. ‘ Indang ’ respecting. ‘ Tam asa’ before, in front of. ‘ Kelen ’ at one side, after, be- ‘Tashi’ until, as long as, as yond. far as. * Kelene ’ across. ‘ Telung’ inside, within. ‘ Kvbok ’ under, below. ‘ Tesy ’ behind. ‘ Kvtsv ’ after. ‘Tetsungda’ between. ‘ Madak ’ over, upon. ‘ Yong ’ for, by. 4 Madang ’ in presence of, before. ‘ Zaktang ’ in front, before. ‘ Zaktange ’ to the presence of, to the front.

CONJUNCTIONS. Among the Aos, thoughts are conceived and expressed as related by cause and effect, by sequence, unity, or opposition, or as related by time as before, or after, or eotemporaneous, but the adding of one idea to another is not a favorite mode of expression ; in other words, the conjunction aseir (and) is little used between sentences, the use of participles frequently obviating the need of a n d ; even in connecting words it is not so much used as in English. Sometimes between words, where the English would insert and, the Aos string them together without any conjunction. Sometimes o appended to such words serves as a sort of conjunction, as, ‘ Ali-o, tzy-o, nisung-o, SYNTAX. 43

shiruru-o, ozv-o, ango-o, scongdong-o, ya azak, Tsungrem age yanglu Earth, water, man, animals, birds, fish, trees, all these were made by the Lord.’ As has been previously remarked, many adverbs of place, time, and manner serve as conjunctions to connect sentences. There are but few’ words used exclusively as conjunctions. As noted in adverbs, so in the composition of conjunctions, abbre­ viated phrases are much used. To bring this fact prominently before the eye a long list of adverbs has been given, and as in this respect conjunctions are so similar to adverbs, a list of conjunctions is not given, but instead the learner is referred to the Vocabulary.

INTERJECTIONS.

Interjections of the Aos present no special features worthy of note. Some of the more common are here given : ‘A il’ ‘ hai! ’ Beware ! ‘ Aiatai! ’ ‘ aiyatai! ’ Alas ! woe ! ‘ Ho ! ’ ho-ho ! halloo ! ‘ Uh ! ’ disgust. ‘ K v ta’, ‘kala’, so be it, very well. ‘ Lanli! ’ bravo ! well done ! ‘ Nei ’, placative, indeed. ‘ No 1 ’ indeed 1

SYNTAX.

The Ao language has sufficient inflection to allow of flexibility in the arrangement of subordinate sentences. Long involved sentences are generally avoided, hence the construc­ tion is marked by simplicity. The relative positions of different parts of speech have already been noted in previous chapters. The adverb ‘ svdi ’ (meaning probably) follows the verb qualified, but usually the chief verb is last; the subordi­ nate clauses, are arranged as best they may be to secure perspi­ cuity. The subject nominative may be first in a sentence, or in any other place where it may best serve the full and clear •expression of the main and subordinate thoughts. As partici­ ples and verbal nouns may have a subject nominative, some care 44 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

must be exercised that the main nominative is not placed where it would be deemed the subject of these participial forms as : Nok age alepdak-nunge azy aeim. Dao by cut place from blood flowed. [Blood flowed from the wound cut by a dao.] In this sentence blood is the subject, and if it were placed before the verbal noun ‘ alepdak it would become its subject and so destroy the sense. The sentence may be lengthened, so as to give ‘ alepdak a proper subject as : Pa pei teben nok age alepdak-nunge azy aeim. He his own arm dao by cut place from blood flowed. In this sentence pa, he, is the subject of ‘ alepdak ’ , (cuf ■place') or, as we say, the cut. To express the thought of this sentence in English, it must be entirely recast, as, the blood flowed from a cut he (made) on his arm. As was remarked under Substantive Verbs, the verb to be is frequently omitted where it would be deemed necessary in English. So also when from the context or from the subordi­ nate clauses the main subject nominative is apparent, it may not be expressed ; and a like remark applies to the objective. Ni pa scvnungdang kongshira anybtsy. I his garment to (only) touch if will be healed. In this sentence ‘ni’ (/) is the subject of ‘kongshira’, and’ must be also considered the unexpressed subject of ‘ anybtsy Ni padang shir nedange yok. I to him speaking to you sent. I instructing him sent (him) to you ; in Ao the second him as the object of yok (sent) is not expressed, because in the Naga mind it is evident who is sent. This suppressing of a. nominative or an objective can only be properly done whew- such suppression causes no ambiguity. Numerals. Cardinals. Ka. 8. Ti. Ana. 9. Tvko. Asvm. 10. Ter. Pezv. 11. Teri ka. Pungu. 12. Teri ana. Trok. 13. Teri asym. Tenet. 14. Teri pezy. NUMERALS. 45

15. Teri pungu. 36. Lir maben trok. 16. Metsv maben trok. 40. Lir. 17. Metsv maben tenet. 46. Tenem maben trok. 18. Metsv maben ti. 50. Tenem. 19. Metsy maben tvko. 56. Rokvr maben trok. 20. Metsy. 60. Rokvr. ;2i. Metsvri ka. 70. Tenem ser metsy (50 & 20). :22. Metsvri ana. 80. Lir anasv (twice 40). 26. Semvr maben trok. 90. Telang tvko. 27. Semvr maben tenet. 100. Telang or Noklang. 30. Semvr. 1000. Meyirizang, meirzang.

As will be observed from the above, the Aos have distinct ■names for the digits, and the compounds are regularly formed ’Up to sixteen, as, ten and one are eleven ‘ teri ka,’ ten and two are twelve ‘ ten ana’, &c.; also from twenty to twenty-six, twenty .and one ‘ metsvri ka,’ twenty and two ‘ metsvri ana ’, &c. The same with thirty, forty, &c. But when the six is reached in the compounds, the succeeding ten seems to be anticipated, .and we have for sixteen ‘ metsy maben trok ’ twenty not brought six, equivalent to the sixteen before twenty; ‘metsv; maben tenet, the seventeen before twenty, &c. In the same manner from twenty-six to thirty, on reaching the six, thirty is antici­ pated, thus ‘ semyr maben trok ’ the six before thirty, "twenty-six, ‘ lir maben trok ’ the six before forty, thirty-six, ■ &c. This method of counting is very objectionable to children learning the use of figures, as in adding up a column if the , .amount is seventeen—‘metsv maben tenet ’—the mind catches the twenty, and two is very likely carried instead of one to the next column. In the schools an effort is being mhde to discard the above irregularities, and count regularly thus, ‘teri trok ’ sixteen, ‘ metsvri trok ’ twenty-six, &c.

Ordinals.

First, second, third, &c., are formed by adding ‘sv’ or ‘buba ’ to the cardinals, except for the first, as— First, ‘Mvzyng’, ‘kesv’, or ‘ kesvka’. Second, ‘ Anasv ’ or ‘anabuba’. Third, ‘Asymsy’ or ‘asvmbuba’, &c. 46 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Numeral Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix ‘ben’ to the cardinals, but as in the ordinals the first (once) is an, exception. Once = Kendang. Twice = Anaben. Thrice = Asvmben, &c. Mnltiplicatives are formed by adding ‘ben’ or ‘sv’.to1 the cardinals. Fractions. One-half = teradang, terama (or) anasa alemer shilemka. {or talemka). One-fourth = pezv alemer shilem ka {or talemka). Two-fifths =■ pungusv alemer shilem ana (or talem ana). Two and one-half = ana aseir anasv -alemer shilem ka -(or: talem ka). Division of T ime. Years. Year =■ Kym. This year = Takvm. Next ,, = Sangkvm. Year after next = Sangkvmba. Last year = Yakym. Year before last =s Yakvmba. Yearly = Kvmshia. Seasons. Cold weather, dry season = Tsungkym. Warm weather, wet season = Mei, or meyi. Months. The new year begins with the reaping of paddy, and the- moon in which the first bit of ripe grain is brought up to the village marks the first month of the year : First month = Ita ka. Second ,, = Ita ana. Third ,, = Ita asvm. Fourth ' „ = Ita pezv, &c, up to the sowing of pen?. rice, wdfich is the ninth month, when the count is as follows : Ninth month = Pentensy ita (sowing pen rice). Tenth ,, = Luti tensy ita (sowing lu ti rice). Eleventh ,, = Moatsy ita (village festival). Twelfth „ = Ja-me-za i, / TIME. 47

Thirteenth month = Amla'ita, shila maza. Monthly = Itashia. Moon = Ita (or) i (a month). New moon " = Ita asong. Half ,, — Ita mangku lepma. Full ,, = Ita anvmi, ita naridang. Moon waning = Ita imar. Moon perished = Ita ima. Interval between moons (moon invisible) == Ita irem, yirem.

Days. The Aos had no division of time into weeks and no specific names for days, but counted forward and backward as follows: To-day = Tany. To-morrow = Asong. Day after to-morrow = Yanv. Second day after to-morrow = Imnv. Third „ ,, ,, = Mokony. Fourth - = Mykyny. Fifth = Songtoknv. Yesterday = Yashi. Day before yesterday = Yakvnv. One, two, or three days before that = Yakynyba. Daily — Kenvmati, anogoshia.

Nights.

Night = Aonung, amang. To-night — Taonung. To-morrow night — Asong-onung. Night after to-morrow night = Yanv-onung. Second night after to-morrow night = Imnv-onung. Third „ „ „ „ = Mokonv-onung. Fourth „ „ „ „ = Mykvnv-onung. Fifth „ „ „ „ = Songtokny-onung, Last night := Yasong. Night before last = Yakonung. One, two, or three nights before that = Yakonungba. Nightly = Amangshia, kununga-mati. 48 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Divisions of Day and Night.

Just before cock crowing = Aenkungbang. First cock crowing = Myzvng aenkung. Just at dawn — Sangwabang. 'Twilight — Kiba-rerer, tangdang-rera, zyngia-zyngia. Reddening of the sky.= Anv-tsung ayang. '.Sunrise = Anvpunge. About 9 or io a.m. = Toroto. A bout I p.m. = Anzongmeshi. About 3 p.m. = Anzongmanga. About 4 or 5 p.m. = Akpur meshi. Sunset = Any aeir, any taor. Early evening = Likongtsvtsv, likongdang, nikongtsvtsy, nikongdang. After evening meal = Tzv-ki sen. <9 or io p.m. = Kishirep (doors all fastened), io or ii p.m. = Yiprep, mezangrep (all asleep). Midnight = Aietrvm.

Measures of Length.—(Tasazyk.)

Am ka = Distance between tip of fingers across the breast with both arms extended. Toko chima = Distance from breast bone to tip of fingers of one arm extended. Syklep ka = One cubit. Aka ka One span. Katsvba = A short span. Kalangba = A long span. Tekabu alem = A hand’s breadth. Yong-sym alem = Three fingers’ breadth (temeyong asvm alem). Yong-na alem = Two fingers’ breadth (temeyong ana alem. Temeyongka alem = One finger’s breadth. An am's length of course varies somewhat with different persons as do the other measurements ; but an am is from 5 feet to 5 feet 6 inches. WEIGHTS, 49

Dry Measure (Paddy Measure).—(Tatakzvk.) Imzi = The village measure. Pua = There'were formerly four ‘ puas ’ to one ‘ imzi now in some villages there are only a little more than two). Yi molok = One half a 'pua’. Nvbu molok = About two and half make one ‘ pua/— a day’s wages in paddy. Aentzy molok = One-half a ‘yi molok’,—value of an egg. In villages bordering on Assam the ‘imzi’ is smaller than in the villages farther back : the small ‘ imzi ’ of paddy may be about ten seers, and the largest may be twenty seers. In measuring, the ‘ imzi ’ is always heaped. A ‘ pua ’ is a little more than five seers. A ‘ yi molok ’ of paddy is estimated as equal in value to a ‘ tzvma-scong ’ of fermented rice ready to be made into ‘ yi * (maud}, hence the name ‘ yi molok’.

Tekabu ka = One handful. „ ana = Two handfuls. ,, asvm = Three handfuls. ,, medema = One double handful. ,, ,, ana = Two double handfuls. ,, „ asvm= Three „ ,, &c. ,, ka medemtet = To scoop up a single handful. ,, medemtet = T o scoop double handfuls.

Weights.

Scongti = About two and one-half seers. Tzvma-scong = About one-half a scongti. Some villages have a weight called ‘ puakypba’, interme­ diate between ‘ scongti ’ and ‘ tzvma-scong ’. E 5° AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES

Is he able to carry that load ? Ku azi abentsy pae akok asy makoktsv ? H e is now able to walk about Tangbo pae imtong-nung senzv- the village, but unable to ter saka areme motet. go into the jungle. He intended to go, but was Pae moe ati. unable. Are they able to carry the Parenoke scongdong apur otet log? asy motet ? They say they are unable. Parenoke menangznk. Gd and bring as much rice Tsvk takok tashi abene oang as you are able to carry. (wang), (or) tsyk tabentsi} tashi abene oang. While milking, give the cows Nashi mamatzv imdang, nashi as much ground rice as tsyk menungsaba qei chinv- they will eat. dir, azi chidakzangma. "Thfe Nagas stood about the Ao-nungere Sa-ab mijkypbanga. Saheb. lir. About what did the quarrel Kechi age rarabangsen tenzvk ? begin ? Some men are talking about Nisung kare Tzvmae alutsy going to the plains. zvmbidage. He inquired about you. Ne indang pae asongdang. The woman seems about to Tetzvrzi tasvr ama lir, (or) die. tetzyrzi asy akvmna tsungda- nung lir, (or) tetzyrzi tasyr lir. I will remain here about a Yange ni ita Yashi lidi. month. About .how many fowls are Aen qeike shia lir ? they ? The boy has been absent Tanurzi kakvt ashidak pezv ny from school four days. maten. His family have been absent Asen imtak pa kibong kvm from this village a year. keta male. Why do you abuse that man ? Nae kechiba pa sensatsvr, (or) atalatsvr ? He abuses his child. Pa pei chir mTjkvt meson. Those men are abusing Parenoko parenokna sensatep- each other. er. These two men are abusing Iba nisung anetzi kanga tilutep- each other at their backs er, (or) pi matsungdang (backbiting). tenvng menyktsvr. PHRASES. 51

He says his head aches, his Tokolak menyr, teperem ashir, back aches, his tooth tepo angur ta, pae mozy aches, and he asks for mishir. medicine. Her head aches because she Ku reta aben-nung pa kolak has brought a heavy load. ashir. A fter you have eaten come Zi chiyongerang kv madange to me. arung ma. A fter finishing that work go Azi mapa inyak;«flr ne kidange to your house. oang ma. A fte r this I will go. Azi seirkytsy ni odi. I will go after Sunday._ Amung nv kelen ni odi, (or) Deobar mungeran^g ni odi. "This news reached our village Asen imvr alue kvpa or kelen after all had gone to cul­ azi osang im atong. tivation. "The boys followed after him. Tanurtvm pa sylen anitak, (or) anishi. "They hurried after the Parenoke arvr ina ao, saka enemy, but did not over­ memenep. take them. They hastened after the Parenoke Sa-ab aritaka ao, Saheb, but, not over­ memenep-nung shia-aru. taking him, returned. Come after a little while Piga lir arung ma, (or) ken lir arung ma. Sweep this room and after' Iba taktangzi oktokang, tesy wards dust it well. zung-zunga aeidokang. .Have all the cows come up ? Nashi azake adoker ma ? (or) arogo ma ? Take all the medicine in the Kakvt-nung mozy alepba tem- paper. shia (or azaki) chiang. I never saw anything so bad Yamazi tamazung kechasvdan- in all the country. ga alima temang-mxng, ni manguka. Yesterday I waited for him Yashi pa ashoshi ni ango all day. mung a ata ali. He worked all day. Any lua tashi pae mapa inyak. Get all the things (every­ Aene aotsv auybalu renemang. thing) ready for the jour­ ney. Bring all the rice from the Alu zen-nunge tsvk arukushia granary on the cultivation. benang ma. Gather up all the grain you Pua ayuba tsvk okshia lokang. put out to sun. E2 52 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Empty out all (every bit) of Zi-nunge tsvk temshia tokzyk the rice from the rice ang. basket. There are almost four mea­ Tsvk imzi pezv tera mazungza' sures of paddy. (or) mesongza. He has almost finished his Pa tainyakmar lir (or) mapa work. inyakmar atemata lir. The boy is almost well. Tanurzi m azungtur (or) Tanurzi anvb^a manyb. W e were almost at the village Im matong tsungda Sa-ab azu- when we met the Saheb. ru, (or) im tsung-nung (or) im tong ana, Sa-ab den azurutep.. The widow lives alone. Pa kija amir. They left him alone and fled. Parenoke pa kija toksvr azen. He alone (he only) said so. Pae sa yamae ashi. He alone is bad. Padfow^ mazung. Man shall not live by bread Nisunge am tesa age malitsy. alone. Let the child alone} and it Tanurzi odang yuzang, pa: will do well enough. azungtsv. This is the best mat among Pakti azakdang tazungba ya. them all. The boy stood among the Tanurzi tambur rongnung nok- men. taka ali. Methan are among the cows. Nashi-atezz (or rongnung') scy lir. A male methan is among the Scvbong ka nashi telok tsung- cows. da-nung lir. He reaped another man’s Pae />z lu aru. cultivation. Bring a book ; bring another Kakvt ka bena arung ; anu ka. still benang. Two men are going to the Nisung ana Tzvmae alutsv,. plain, another is going tangare tzv yoke aor. a fishing. After resting on the Sabbath Deobar munger asen imer our people arise early the asongzi yakte shishir. next morning. The council arose and dis­ Im mungdang aramesor sen- persed. . shia ao. They arose and were off. Parenoke apusoa ogo. He arose to speak with much Pae nvlak asongtsv mezy self importance. mvkvma noktak. The young woman is asleep. Aeirzi mezanga lir. PHRASES. S3

'The child is sleepy. Tanurzi amonva lir. He is lying down but is not Pae yipten-nung mepitaka lir, asleep. saka mezanga mao, (or) me- zange moe rongtaka lir. •Sitting by the fire makes one Mimung anaSae amen-nung te- sleepy. nuk svremer. She did not take the medi­ Mozv taku zsy-nung pae cine because it was machi. bitter. 1 came because of what he Pae ' zvmbi age (or yong} ni said. aru. He came because I called Ni 3.23,-nung pae aru, (or) ni him. azar anungzi pae aru. He should take the medicine Zi zwachiyongdang pae ' mozy before eating. achitsv tim (or) chilaba. I told you before, that you M vzvng na to ta, ni shikato. could not go. Multitudes went before him Pa tamalen, tesvlen nisung te- and followed after him. lokti ao. “Since our village was formed Asen im kvmer, pae nashi has he stolen cows ? No, aoyar asv, masv ? Masv, before that. agidang. He was before my time. Kvdang tama pae liasv. Do not stand before the Sa-ab zaktang tenoktak. Saheb. They went before the Saheb. Parenoke Sa-ab-dang tamasa ao. Our ancestors formerly Tzvrebure aliomle pa mae {before'} had this practice. benshi. Your house is better than Kv kidang ne ki tazungba. mine. I think you better send the Padang o ya mae shioktsy man this word. zunger ta ni bilimer. Is the sick man better to­ Tanyp shirangba nisungzi zung- day ? tu r ma ? Blow the fire until it blazes. Mi mezangro tashi apuang, (or) mi mvka ao tashi apuang. T he wind blows so hard he Mopung kanga a^/z-nung pae is afraid of falling tree tokusyktsy tsvremer. branches. .B o ilthe milk and put it away. Mamatzv aketa sor yuzang ma. 54 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

When the water boils, boil an Tzv ja atutekz, entzy ka m e - egg- tang. A large boil has appeared on Pa tokong-nung mesonga waka his neck; it is a carbuncle. komo tulu adok ; pa nashi komo, (or) shi komo. He has borrowed two rupees Pae tatsvk ana agua agi yong. and will pay in rice. tsvk ataktsv. He wishes to borrow money Pae metemedang «/>«nyr, saka without interest, but if mangurabang tatem aguvarc. unable he will borrow and pay interest. He breaks a great many Pae lung so aeiga raksar (or) dishes. chakmar. The cooking pot fell and Zibo tsyka kusa. broke in pieces. Break the nut and eat the Tezangto chakrega chiang ; fruit; do not break the entzvzi techakma, nei. eggs. He broke my walking stick. Pae kv mechi kusvk. The bridge breaking, the cow Apu kusvka nashizi tsyka fell through and broke her tetsung svktang. leg. The pigs broke through the Ak atsv rakgoka atsvki aeir, fence and got into the (or) atsye aeir. garden. The bull broke the rope while Nashipungzi alendang lisv tok- being bound. tang. The boys broke the rope by Tanurtvme lisv atsvtepdang pulling. raktang. He stepped on the bamboo Pae maravk ajymre/> ; nokzv cup and broke it ; he broke age pae tzy shi kureg. the bamboo water pail by striking it with the back of his ' dao He struck the slate with a Pae scongsv age lungpak teg- stick and broke it. reg (or) tepsa. The basket is bent together Molok negreg (or) nepsa. and broken. The women are bringing Tetzvrzi tzy ta-a bendage ; water ; the boys have gone tanurtvm scong bene ao. to bring wood. Young men have gone down Sepai ku abentsn asangur alur.. to bring up loads for the sepoys. PHRASES. s s

The sick man’s companions Medemere shirangba gunger have brought him up. at-okogo. Moses brought the Israelites Mosae Yihudanunger Miz lima out of Egypt. nunge anir ao. The boys bring up the cows Nikongdang tanurtyme nashi at night. akymer. By hard language his relatives Soseme pa kangshir anir- aru. brought him. The slave was brought by Alarzi merenshia bener aru. force. They brought away his ' dao ’ Parenoke pa nok rakzvka bener by violence. ao. When will you tear down Na pei ki kodang bensa a asy ? your house and rebuild! I am building a new one now. Tan ni ki tasen sydage. He builds a back platform to Pa pei sconglang atemer. his house. Can you make (build) Kakvt ashidak men den yang- benches for the school luter ma ? house ? A bridge has been built across Milaktzv-nung apu ala} aseir the Jhanzi river, and by it pa azanga lemang zung- a good road is made. zunga agi. Some of our villagers are Asen imer kare pakti ataktsy shaving splints to make yong mechia nadage. mats. The child burned its hand Tanurzi mizang age teka arong. with a coal of fire. The leg smarts where it was Tetsung in tatsvk age a/^Z-nung burned by a hot iron. wangwanger. I burnt my hand 4n the Kv kabu aot-nung belem. embers. I burned an orifice in the pipe Bong mesye-atsy age tembok. stem with a hot wire. Yesterday I saw Temlu Yashi Temlu im arongba ni village burn. angu. This wet wood will not burn. Scong taei-nung mi myka aotsy. Strong chillies burn the Meresa kanga ashi-nung tebang mouth. amer. He has heart-Z>Mr«. Pa temulungzang azyr. Naga custom is to burn off Aonunegre ak meroker. the bristles of dead pigs. I sent medicine by the boy. Tamxx-nung ni mozv bener yok- The news came by- the Wa- Iba osang Waramongnunger ramong men. sanga aru. 56 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

This was spoken by the Ainkar age o ya zvmbi. prophet. They went to Suzu by way Parenoke Asangma azanga of Acangma. Suzu imtake atu. He crossed the river by a Pae rong age (or n,ung) tzy boat. zui ao. Stand by me (with me). Kv madang liang (or ky den Jiang). B y and by we shall go down Piga lir onoke Tzymae alutsy, to Assam. (or) yamj-immj Tzymae alutsy. Be careful. Kvmdangang. Use your books carefully. Nenoke pei kakyt anga benshi- ang ma, (or) nenoke pei kakyt zungzunga benshiang ma. She puts away her things Tetzvrlae pei oset (or kizen) very carefully. «/-ayu. Open the box at Amguri and Amguri aliba scongden agen- count the things carefully. pok oset zung-zunga zvng- dangang, (or) zung-zunga svkdangang. He attends carefully to his Pae pei mapa nentak-nentaka business. bilim. Carefully consider what he Pae kechi shidir sashia metet- says. ang ma. Carefully heed what the Saiyutsungir kechi saiyudir te- teacher says. mulung-nung tenok tenoka bilimang. Can four men carry the Mem Nisung pezv Mem Sa-ab Wa­ Saheb to Waramong ? ramong imtake apungtsv koker ma ? Five load-carriers will be K u abenda pungu agitsy. necessary. Nagas do not carry their Ao-nungere pei chir azunger children in their arms, but mao, saka p linger ao. carry them on their backs. Did those who went fishing Tzy yokere ango kanga apu asy catch many fish by mapu ? poison, ? The hawk caught a hen. Orija aen ka sva ao. The hawk caught a hen, Orija aen ka ajeptur yutsy. but did not carry it off. PHRASES. 57

He caught fever by sleeping Pa arem-nung ayip-nung imra in the jungle. mena, (or) imra mlok, (or) imra enlok. The boy ran and caught up Tanurzi aritaka aru-nung onok with us. (or onokden) menatep. On what did his cloth Pa scv kechi-nung itak ? catch ? The cat caught the cloth in Tanye scv-nung a] epet. her claws. He caught the orange. Pae jembeny’^ ^ A He caught the small-pox from Pae pi imerdak aiak mena aru, another village. (or) menatep. Give me change for this rupee. Tatsyk ka meyong tanyk sen kva. The load is not too heavy if Nenoke melentep melentepa you change often. benera, ku kanga maretsv. He changed daos, and has Pae nok melena kv nok bener carried off mine. ao. Day and night change suc­ Amango sangwana belentepa cessively. lir. Yesterday he told a different Yashi zvmbiba o tany pae aset- story, he changes his state­ shi. ments. Don’t change your statement. O tasetshi, (or) o tesenchi, (or) o tasepshi. He changes his story much. Pa o tejep-tejep, (or) o tesem tesem. The village officers have been Tatar menden atsyng. changed. He had a fever chill this Pa anvptang atena shiranger. morning. Did he have a chill last Yasong pa shiranger aet asy night ? maet ? He is chilled by getting wet Tsunglu aja-nung, pae ayanga in the rain. ashir, (or) ayanga lir. ■This is a very chilly day. Tanybo kanga asyker. In climbing a tree, one boy Scongdong azyk atudang ta- climbs by shinning up, nur ka asepa atu, tangar ka another cuts notches and zenzang alanga atu, tangar climbs, another climbs like ka ajepa atu, tangar ka aen a cat, and another climbs jaja atu. by clinging and.walking up. Climb the tree and pick me Scongdonge tuang tezang some fruit. kvnym ongzang. 58 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Close the door. Kishi ayubangang, (or) kisht tsybangang, (or) ki shiang f i t . fasten), (or) ki shibang- ang f i t . fasten). Close your books and put Kakyt lembanga yuang. them up. He closes his eyes as if he Pa mezanga ao ama tenuk were asleep. amur. H e closes his mouth. Pae tebang mejemb anger. The cold season has come, Tsungkym arur nisunge aene and men are travelling. aotsy lir. The weather is cold and wet. Tsungsang mokong-mokongert (or) tsungsang ter a ajir. The boy says he has no cloth Scy makanung asyker ta tanur and is cold. ashir. The child is ill with a cold. Tanure imra age shiranger. I will not bathe in cold water, Tzyzy age ni temang mechi- bring me warm water. gole (meshigole) tzy miri benang ma. Come here. Yage arung. He came yesterday. Pae yashi aru. Come, let us go. Arungzong odi. Come down to the cultivation. Alue arung ma. Come down from the tree. Scongdong azyk-nunge alung ma. Come out of the house im­ Kidang-nunge aluma-ang. mediately. The Assamese came up to Tzvma-nunger im tonger ozo the village, and came into kidange atu. our house. The coolies complain that Ku abenba pei ku tali aret- their loads are heavy. xoxagjashia ashir. He complains about his pay. Pa ta indang temulung mackr ashi, (or) nvbu indang pa temulung machi ashi. He made complaint to the Pae o akar. court. What are you doing here ? Yange kechi svr? O kar. A case in court. He confuses his statements. Pa o aeitep. His mind is confused, he Pa shisa tsungmi-nvmg meshi- cannot say. ter. There is great confusion in Imtak kanga rong-rong shishir^ the village. PHRASES. 59

In the house everything is Ki oset temtak scongnanger. in confusion. Whosoever shall confess me Shiresa nisung madang ni before men. nangzvkdir. He confesses that he is Kv taei lir ta, pae au-ra-aka guilty. (or) nangzyk. Who did this ? I am the Ya shibae amshir? Ni arer. one. Cook rice, cook vegetables, Zi soroang, ain soang, nashi sht and cook the beef in the zibo-nung sangang. pot. Warm (cook over) the fowl Yashi asoba aenzi solemang.. that was cooked yester­ day. W hen the bread is light bake Am pokraka viangang. it (cook it). Roast (cook) a couple of Aot lem-nung gnv anet tsvkang, yams in the ashes. (or) pelemang. Is there any cooked rice and Ziz^?, ainr

The growing rice covers the Tangbo mo age ali sembanga ground now. lir, (or) mo mesonga lir (or) motsung zintur. The cultivation is covered Alu aei semshia meigo, (or) alu with weeds. aei age sakogo. Cover the basket with a palm Kuzi scera shi age meibangang. leaf. Cover over the grain with a Tsvkzi molok sgprembangang. basket. Cover the fowl with a basket. Aenzi molok age sembangang. The load is well covered. Kuzi zungzunga meia lir. The sun is covered (obscur­ Any mepeta tsybanga lir. ed) by a cloud. The boy has cut his toe with Tanurzi pei temeyong nok age a dao, and this man has alep, aser tamburzi teka cut his hand with a knife. kotare age wazyk. He cut his leg with a sharp Pa pei tetsung anisem-nung bamboo. aryng. He cut his foot against a Pa pei tetsung ao tembang- sharp bamboo stump. nung chizyk. Cut down the dry tree and Ya scongdong takong lenzyka cut it up for firewood. soang. Cut the wood short and fine Mimung asoshi scong tatsvtsy for the stove. lepsa-ang. Cut open this tin with a Tambongdangzi kotare age knife. •wapokang. How many heads were cut Azi leptepdang tokolak qei off in that affray. atang ? Cut off the end of the pipe Luli bang rentokang. stem. Cut off eyen and square the Scongdong metema alangtok- end of the stick. ang. Cut the grass in front of the Kima aei ayvpang. house. She cut her cloth with the Tetzvrzi pei scv mejeptsv age scissors. mejep. He cut the tin in two with Pae tam mejeptsy age mejepma. the shears. D ig a ditch, and dig holes Kvlentzv eitang, tungshi, for the posts. tungnv ongken toang. The child disobeys his Tanurzi pei tzvrebur o mangar, parents. (or) tanurzi pei tzvrebure ashi mangar. PHRASES. 6 t

Don’t disobey Government Kompani ozvng teraksa ma. orders. I have discharged the man. Ni pa tenyng zentsy, (or) zendoktsy. He will get no more money Pa sen-atsv memenok tashi, until he discharges his debt. pae anu sen mangutsv. Among the children one has Iba tanur rongnung kabo kym li an amiable disposition, synyr, kabo kvmli sakli another has a bad temper, mazung, kabo m eit tema- another is quick tempered, bang, parenok tetzy kymh- and their mother is irrit­ tamu. able. He was very obstinate yes­ Yashi pa temulung melem, ken. terday, sometimes he is ken pae lungkak aeter. incorrigible. Don’t! ... N ung! Dorit use that, don’t touch Azitamshima! (or) tekongshi !. th a t! Don't do th u s ! Azi oda tamshi ma (or) tesv ! Don't bother me ! Zangzonga teli, (or) meinateli! I doubt the truth of his state­ Ni pa o atsy ayonger. ment. Why do you stand doubting. Nenoke kechiba ajitaka alii D rive the pigs away, drive the Ak aridokang, atsyki-nunge fowls out of the garden. aen intokang. Day before yesterday they Yakanv parenoke Tzvma- drove up cows from Assam nunge nashi akym, aser and drove them into the areme akymoktzy. jungle. The man is drunk. Nisungzi y i age mesep. Spread the rice in the sun T svk puang, or pudakang. to dry. Is the rice dry ? If it is dry, Tsvk ara asv mara? A rar a gather it up. lokang. If the cloth is dry fold it and Scv takong svra kuleptena put it away. yuang. The springs are dry because Tsunglu maru-nung tzvbu: of deficient rainfall. rosep. By the water cooking out Ambo tzv rosep-xwzxg ain (drying out) of the pot rongtaker. the vegetables burned. The cut jungle on the culti­ Alu ajiba kongseta ali-nung, vation being very dry, it kao arong. burned well. -62 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

If the thatch is dry I will Azy tasy asvbo ni alidi. buy it. He has searched everywhere^ Pae azaklen bushir, nok mang- and cannot find his ur. dao. He has left it somewhere Pae langka-nung toksvr svdi. probably. Conduct yourself properly Nae kechisv-nung lider, tazung wherever you are. imsev benshiang ma. W h er ever he went he told his Pae konge ao, pei o ashi. story. W herever the Saheb goes Sa-abe kolene odir, ilenzage we will go. ozoe aotsv. He has been fa ith fu l in his Pae tangshi tangshia inyak. work. According to your fa ith be it Nenok amangba amazi, nenok- unto you. dang svang. He is unfaithful Pa mulung matang. He would not go alone into Kei Zsz^w-nung pa kija areme the jungle for fe a r of maonvr. tigers. LMen should fe a r the Lord .. Meimchire anung Tsungrem tsungken tsybutsv tim. The women going for wood Tetzvr scong bene ao-nung were thoroughly frightened tsybuseta (or) aoksa, »or and fled. tsyremseta, (or) ajymseta (or) tsyseta pungshi azen. Feed the fowls, fe ed the Aen-nung chidakzang, ak j e f ­ pigs, and feed the horse. ang , qor goksyang. Because the grass is short Chiyongtsv maka-nung nashi, the cows fe e d a long arem talangka-nung chiyong- distance away. er. When the mother goes to Tetzv alue aodang, tenylae nu the cultivation, the little jebtsyr. sister feeds the child. I forbidYixs going to the old Pa imzenbae tokotsv ni village, but give him scongtem saka Tzvmae permission to go to the alutsv melar. plain. You forgot to ask him yes­ Yashi padang asongdangtsv terday, do not forget it to­ nae amar, tanvbo bilimtet day. ma. I shall not forget you when Ni aene aodang nenok bilimtsy I am away. f it. will remember). PHRASES. 63

H e is a very forgetful servant Azi kilirzi temulung mazvng. Have the lamps been filled. Tanv milen bong-nung totzv to-day? They have been shiok asv meshiok ? Shiok- filled. ogo. He gives the village measure Pae imzi mesonge ataker. crown ing full. F ill the box even f u l l of Tsyk age scongden tebang grain. medcma songa yuang. The streams are fu ll to over­ Ayong metsunga moe ao. flowing. G ather up all the rubbish Jana azak hendena tarongtsv and pile it in a heap to burn. nanga tenang. ■Gather all the fruit on the Scongdong-nung tezang azak tree. aongang. Give him the book. Kakvtzi panvm agvzang. • Give me the book. Kakvtzi kv-nung kwang (gyang). If he is ill I will give him Pa shiranger svra, ni panym medicine. mozv zvmdaktsvdi {lit. cause him to drink). Parents should govern their Tzvrebure pei chir azvoktsv children. tim. An ungoverned child is very Mazvokba chir tesempar. disagreeable. The village officers govern Tatare pei im azvok, (01) zung- the village. zunga kazvker. The plants in the garden Atsvki-nung tsvnvtsy zung- are growing nicely. zunga meidage. This boy is growing very fast Iba tanurzi mela-mela indage. When he is grown^ he will be Pae indakakibo. Temang tulu large. akymtsv. He says he cannot grind the Pae kijae tsyk menungsatsv grain alone, you help him. menangzvk, nae ken semang ma. You must help him bring up Na-na {lit. you two) azv sente- the thatch. f a (or semtefa') apuang. Help the sick man. Nae shirangbazi riariang. I think there is no help for Shiranger ibaebo anogo maka this sick man. ta ni bilimer. .How fa r \\a.s he gone? He Pae kofiga ao ? Talangka mao did not go far. (or) apigate mao. How large is the boy ? As Tanurzi kopiga, (or) shir large as this one ? About banger? Pa den sakcsa? so large. Eipigate. 64 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

It is so big, that size. Eitetete, (or) iba tetet, (or) pa tetet. Is it like this ? Ibala lir ma ? or imama lir ? H ots} long will he stay in Pae Rvngpur-nung kopiga Rungpur ? alitsv ? A s long as I give him liberty. Kotashi (or kopigai) ni me- latsv. Now-a-days how many mea­ Tanv asong tatsvk ka yong sures of rice can you buy imzi qei aliter (or) atakteper. for a rupee ? In one day how many times Ken nv yong na alu-nunge can you go and bring grain tsvk bene qei bentet ? from your cultivation ? I f that is the case, he cannot Azi ode svra, pa motetsv, (or) go- ode kibo pa motetsv. I f he had understood, he Pae metet asvbo (or meteta. would not have come. sang), marula. I f our boxes are at Amguri, Amguri-nung ozo scongderr bring them up. lirabangila, bener atung ma. //you are going to Kotak Nae tanv Kotake tudi svra to-day, start early. yakte apusoang ma. I f he thinks he is able to go, Pae aotsv nangz-vkvra pa. let him go. oarag. I f the weather is bad we will Tsungsang mazungmz tsvk not winnow the grain. maentsv. Even z/the weather is bad, Tsungsang mazungsAzzz tsyk the grain must be win­ aentsyla. nowed. //others get angry, conduct Tebangere ain adoksZtzzz na yourself properly. time liang ma. I f \k is your wish, I’ll send Ne mulung-nung eiterzz ni o word. shioktsv. Even i f I die with you, I will Ne-den keleme sy-aka ni na me- not deny you. nangzvka ta mashitsv. It had been good for that Pa masoe ali, pa meyong ta- man i f he had not been zungba svla. born. He made a mistake, but his Pa jimi-aka, saka pa m ulung- intentions were good. sen tazung. Is he in the house or not ? Pae kidang ale (ali) asv male (mali) ? I s it necessary for him to Pa aotsv tenungdaktsv aka.- go? asy maka ? PHRASES. 65

I s there water in the spring ? Tsvbu-nung tzv aet asv maet? A re there splints for weaving Pakti ataktsv yong aka asy mats ? maka ? He is mistaken. Pae aei ar , (or) pae aeitep, (or) jimi, (or) tsungmi. It is my will. Kv mulung nung er, (or) eiter, (or) lir, (or) ir. Because his word is reliable, Pa o atangshi asy-nung, ni. I believe him. amanger. What villagers are these ? Parenok qei imer ? A re your villagers well ? Nenok imer (or im) zunger Hr ma ? The girl keeps her books Aeirzi pei kakvt zung-zunga. clean. mervka benshir, (or) meshi- meshia benshir. The boy keeps all the pice Tanurzi kechi poisa angu, azi he gets. azak rizunga ayur. The boy’s older brother kept Pa tamazung len-nunge teti sot, him from evil ways. (or) pa mazunge ali teti sai- yutet, (or) tamazung lea meyoke saiyutet. Keep secret what I have told Ni nadang o shiaka rema liang you. ma. I know she tells the truth. Pa ashiba o atangshi ni meter.. I don’t know. Ni vnemetet. I know him, he used to live Ni pa shiter, alvmle pae asea in our village. imer. He knows what you say. Na zvmbiba o pae angater, (or) shiter, (or) metet. It is dark now, come when it Tang amanger, sangwadang is light. arung ma. L ig h t the lamp first, then Tamasa milen tsyklokang tesv light the fire. mi apuang. The lamp is dim, make it Milen mechi-mechir, zangrodak- brighter {lighter} ; turn it up. ang m a; preptetang. Turn the lamp down and let Milen prepoka yuzang ma. it be. If you are the light of the Nenok alima sangwa svra sang- world, let your light shine. wazang ma. When the Nagas are in the Aore arem-nung ali dang, mit- jungle, they light their svktsv renra age mokobong pipes by flint and tinder. tsykloker. These loads are very light. Ku ibaebo pungpar-punghar. F 66 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Feathers are light. Enyo reper-reper. T he bread is light. Am pokraka lir. Your cloth is light colour. Ne sen temesong (or) ne scy scybu (or) tzn-rempelok. In darkness and in light God Mangli-sangwali-mmg Tsung- keeps us. reme onok kvmzvka lir (or) sota lir. Get out of the lig h t! Telemdang, takvmdang, te- tongdang ! Did the lightning strike the Scongdong iba-nungzi tsungi tree ? aei asy maei. He has gone to look for his Pa pei nashi bushia ao. cow. He has gone to look for eggs. Pae entzv ajidange ao. Look well after white ants Toko-nung oa shipo atu asy underneath the house. matu zung-zunga reprangang ma. She could not come to school Tanur reprangba male-nung because there was no one pae skule maruter. to look after the child. He went to look after his Pa pei lu semdange ao. cultivation. He went to look for a cul­ Pa lu sydange ao. tivation. They went to look over all Parenoke im lu azak sydange the village cultivation. ao. When the mother is away, Tetzv malidang teyi nu ajir. the older sister looks after the child. H e has lost a goat; he lost Pa nabong ka madok ; Kotake three rupees while going atudang pae tatsyk asym to Kotak. endok (or) endoker adok. Where did you lose your Nae kechi-nung sen endoka- money ? nang ? (or) kong madoka nang? You tost much by not hear­ Tanvp Laishibaotsv mangashi- ing the Scripture lesson nung na kanga akoksa. this morning. In going to Waramong we Onoke Waramonge atudang met Songrachi men. Songrachi-nunger azurutep. Women have gone to meet Tebur ku abenba tetzvr lenzi the men bringing loads. ao. PHRASES. 67

'The Waramong and Yazang Waramong aser Yazang lemang paths meet near the Tiro Tzvrvng merepa lemjem. river. I met him yesterday. Yashi ni pa angur {lit. saw). He is mending the hole in Pae atsv tapok tangdage. the fence. Mend the hole in the roof. Kilim tapok syokiang. M end the hole in the mat, Pakti tapok syang, pakti bangzi mend the edge of the mat, syang, aseir menden raksaba and mend the broken chair. yanglushiang. They are in the boat Parenoke rong-nung zvtzvk mending the fish-nets. metena lir. The woman is mending Tetzvrzi pei scv tapok Yz.ateg- one hole in her cloth by dage aseir tapok ka arerdage. patching and one hole by darning. The Saheb is repairing Sa-ab ki tufignu, tungshi me- {mending') the house posts tendakt syr. by splicing. Sugar is mixed with the me­ Mozv mojitsv den meyokteg- dicine, so that he cannot nung kecha makur (or) ta- taste the bitter. ku machitet. The cook is in the cook house, Zi sorobae sorojiokdak ain macerating and m ixing menemtsv oset aeishia lir. curry stuff. While cooking the food, mix Ziongtsv asodang menemtsv the seasoning well. oset zung-zunga arertegang. The Nagas in cooking toge­ Aore ngashi, azvngkenshi aso­ ther decayed fish, beans, dang ain menemtsv zung- &c., m ix in seasoning well. zunga arershir. M y brother and my elder sis­ K y nu aseir ke\ kv den lir. ter live with me. When I was asleep, he stole Ni mezanga alidang pae ke in my iron. (or k’in) aoya. Whose hog is this ? Mine. Y a sh ira k ? Tf’ak. This is OTjy walking stick. Ibaebo ke mechi. Who brought this news') Iba osang shibae sanga aru. How old are you ? Na sor kvm qei (or) qei ka? He is old and infirm Pa «5«-nung mvkokmein. The old woman wears an old 7an tzyrzi scv zen abefier. cloth. Give me one pencil; there is Tezilutsv ka kv-nung kwang only one. (gyang) ; ketang lir. F 2 68 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

I told you once, how many Kendang ni ashir, o shilu qei- times must I repeat it ? ben zvmbitsv ? Open the box and take out Scongdenzi lapoka oset agi- the things. tetang. Open the package. Talepzi sala-ang. Open out the mats, I want to Pakti sala lemang, ni aji— see them. dangdi. He stood with mouth open in Pae bangka noktaka lir. astonishment. He opened the fish’s mouth Pae angu bang ayu-nung bo- and took out the hook. roki atsvzvk. How can I open this bottle Teprepba malidang bong- without a corkscrew ? dangzi koda lapoktsv ? The children can pick up the Alima-nung tsvkba tezang' fruit that has fallen on the tanurtvm shitenang, scong- ground, but must not pick dong-nung tang aliba tong any from the tree. ma. They have gone io pick ’ pan.’ Parenoke patiwa atene ao. Strangers sometimes pick our Aener kare masongdange ozv flowers without asking. naro ken-ken apeter. Pick the fowl. Enyo pet-tokang. He picked the sliver out of Pa pei temayong-nunge aer. his own finger. kitokogo. In pouring milk out o f the Bongdang-nunge maravk- bottle into a cup, some was nung mamatzv inokdang spilled (poured') on to the (or enokdang') kare ali-nung ground. intok. In pouring grain out of the T svk zi-nunge tokzvkdang. basket, some fell (was/>0wx- tsvk kare ali-nung toktok. etP) on the ground. In pouring grain into the bas­ Tsvk molok-nung tokokdang: ket, don’t pour it on to the ali-nung tetokshi. ground. Pour the rice into my bag. Zang kv zuli-nung svdakang.- Pour out the bad water from Tzv tamazung maravk-nunge the cup, and pour in clear intoker, tzv mervk-mervker water. izfkang. Pour water on to my hands to Teka metsyktsv tzv izvkang. wash them. These give proof against you ; Ibatvme- na anvma kuli agvt- show your proof. svr ; nae tetezvtsv saiyuang.. PHRASES. 69

"They sought -proof to con­ Pa aeitsytsv asoshi parenoke demn him. mokolung bushir. W hen it is proved you will Tezvr metetsv (or) tezvdang- know. er metetsy. While the sick man is quiet, Shirangbazi scongzema ali- the children should be dang tanurtym mokorae quiet. alitsvla. Why this noise? Keep quiet. Kechiba azatepa ? (or) kechi- ba rongronger ? Tokora liang. Go quietly. Taneme jaja wang (oang) ma. The food is ready, let us eat Zi renema lir onok zi ziyong- at once. madi. Everything is ready for the Aene aotsv anvbalu, asenok journey, let. us start. apusoang. We will rest on the bank of Tzyrvng tzykvm-nung anendi. the Tiro river. ■You said you were very tired Yasong na kanga anir ta ashi last night, are you rested tanvp aniscongzvktogo ma? this morning? He says he is very -weary (all Temang azak tamen kvmogo tired out). ta, pa ashir. In weighing the load, don’t let Azongdang ku ali-nung tajen- it rest on the ground. tak ma. The Molung school house is Molung skul ki lung ma-nung built by placing the sills on scongpak lar, iba ma-nung stones, and on these the tungnu ajeneta yanger. posts rest. The wall rests on that timber. Jarazi iba scong-nungzi ajen. We are going travelling from Tang onoke imlusva or, ny ter village to village, and will shilangtsv. return after ten days. They are going, to Amguri Tanvbo parenoke Amguri lu- and return to-day. lene aotsv. The goods having been re­ Shishi lutep-wong, sen shia- turned, the money was re­ agvts-qogo. turned also. Ripe fruit is good to eat, but Tezang tamen achitsv zunger unripe and half-ripe fruit is zokorla tezang tazy, tokolu not eatable. machila. ..Are the raspberries ripe ? Not Koreishi zang tamen asy ma« yet. men? Anu mamen. 7© AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

The guavas are ripe. Moduriam zang mesconga lir. Is the boil ripe! Ripe, but Komo tenra asv matenra?' not opened. tenraka metembok. Rub (polish) the silver spoons Taribi chikoko, kotario me- and knives. yuang ma. I will rub medicine on your Ni ne-nuk-kypsv-nung mozv e yelids, but do not rub them age m ezytsydi (or nvtsvdi),. with your fingers. nae tanetshi ma. Is he satisfied! He is well Pa mulung achir asv machir ? pleased. Temulung.anen. He asks if the Mem Saheb is Pa aliba oset-nung, Mem Sa­ satisfied with the things he ab tenuk asung asv masung bought. ta pae asongdanger. They ate and drank and were Parenoke ziyong-qeyonger satisfied. tipatym. These men are always grum­ Ibae nisung temulung teti. bling and dissatisfied. machi-nung, nem-nemshia lir. I wish to send this letter to Amguri aliba Sa-ab dang iba the Amguri Saheb. kakvt ni bendaktsynyr fix) yoknvr. I sent a man yesterday. Yashi nisung ka ni yokogo. I have sent word to all the Im ime ni o shiokogo. villages. He is shaking with fever. Pa ramin age atena lir. Shake the tree, gather up the Scongdongzi anokshia tezang fruit and bring it in. shitena bener arung. Does your house shake in a Mopung kanga aondang, na strong wind ? ki senshi asv masenshi ? (or anokshi ?). Shake the dust off your feet Kidange matudang tetsung- before coming into the nunge aoyi temtoka tokang. house. Shake the tablecloth. Zi ziyongdang alemba scy ajatokang. The dog seized the cat and K7no tanv ngur rykten. shook it. This mat is shorty it will not Paktizi tatsy, maeimtsy. do. T he centre post is short, it Tungshizi nangdanga, tilaka- will not reach. matong. PHRASES.

C ut short wood for the stove, Merang mimung-nvm scorig long wood will not go in. tatsv soang,. scong talang- bo masem. The potatoes are a seer short Shizang seret ka mabensa. weight. The potatoes brought are a Shizang abenba seret matu. little short weight. This fruit is very sour (acid). Iba tezangzi kanga tasen. The milk is sour, skim it. Mamatzv tain, tymo teptet- ang. The cloth is spread out on Scy mescongdaktsvtsy aei the grass to bleach. ma-nung alem. The tree spreads out its Scongdongzi kongsang sanga branches, and shades the path lemang akvmbang. The news spread throughout Osangzi imshia sangtong (or) all the villages. osangzi aeim songa ao. Wring the wet clothes, and Scvzi mesentoker aei ma aen- spread them on the grass. toka yuang. From the Jhanzi river to Bura Milaktzv-riunge imzen kimung Haimong the path is very donga, lemang kanga atang, steep and in some places tesvm tesvm kanga ja n g - precipitous. tak. The rock is too steep, they Lungbang tasak ali-nung cannot get up. parenoke matuter. Yonder peak is steep and high. To-age tenemti temesong. In time of famine many villa­ Wara alidang im aeiga kang- ges suffered. shir (or) to ashi (or) tim a- tvm. Although you have great pain Na tesa kanga angu aka, saka. in your side, you will not teneploktsv maremter n a ! suffer (endure) a plaster ! aremang ma. suffer it. He was grieved (suffered) Teti aretsv zvmbiba o anga- because of his elder brother’s shi-nung tenu mulung zvrep- reproof. er. This cloth is thick, that which Iba scyzi temelem, nae ya- you bought yesterday is shi alibazi tapu (or) apu- thin. apur. The milk is thick, loppered. Mamatzv telunga lir. The cows are thin, because Aei tareptsy maka-nung, na- the grass is short. shi kongra adok (or) kongra ao. 72 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

The water having cooked Tezang ain rosej> (or kong- out (evaporated) of the sep} nung, aintzy mvkang- fruit, the juice is thick. mvkanger. Elephants have thoroughly Shiti mo ajvm.?# (or ajy m r^ ) trampled down the growing grain. The cultivation was thorough­ Alu kao arung. ly burned. Because he was ill, he let his Pae shirang-nung pa lu inyak- cultivation go without tho­ toa ayu. rough weeding. If food is thoroughly chewed, Ziyongtsv mejak^zz svra, mela- it is easily digested. melar aresa aotsv. He was faint and thoroughly Pae lumese/zzlir. exhausted. 'Question him thoroughly about Iba o indangzi padang sashia the affair. asongdangang ma. His elder brother killed a deer Pa teti mescvzi ny age tsyng- by spearing it (spearing set. thoroughly}. Though you go I will not. Nae oaka nibo moli. Though I told you, you do Ni nedang shiaka na mamang- not believe. er. Although he is bad do not Pa mazungs^z# na ain tadok get angry. ma. The boys threw clubs at the Tanure shingodak sconga me­ monkeys and stoned them. re j), lunga aon. He threw a spear at the deer Pae mescvdak ny yoker (or but did not hit it. tsvoktsyr) metsvngshi. These vegetables are decayed, Ainsotsvzi tashi ar endokang throw them out. (or) shikur entokang. It is time to go. Taotsy meshigo (or) aotsy mafang. Is it time to reap ? Not quite Alu arutsy ma/pang aet asy yet. maet? Anur. Last cold season I went to Yakvm ni Rvngpure ao aser Rungpur, at that time I met 'fo2.-tensazi Bor Sa-ab-den the Bor Saheb. azurutep. Had I known what time you Koba-z2?z

’The girl was late to school Tanvp tetzvrzi skule menur this morning, and there was aru-nung kakvt zilutsv ano- no time to write. go maka. There is no time for the work Zoko mainyakzungka, asong now, I’ll do it to-morrow. inyakdi. 'There is time to do the work Anu azibo inyakzunger, in- now, do it. yakang. When the Saheb was here, Sa-ab yange alidang iba ozi there was no time to talk indang zymbitsv mazung, about this. (or) mezvmbizung. He has not come for a long Pae apiga maru, (or) pae time. telangka maru. The women take turns in Tetzyrtvme sarasadem ki sweeping the chapel; whose zvnga tena aoker; parenok turn is it now ? rongnung tang shiba ata (or shir a ta jl Do not go u n til I come. Ni maru tashi toe liang. As for me, I am not going to Alu zungzunga raamen&z^ reap u n til my crop is ripe. nibo marule. From his coming u n til now he Pa arur (or aruba)-nunge tang has given me trouble. tashi ni jashidaktsvr. The ‘moatsy’ holidays begin Tanv-nunge moatsy tenzvk, to-day, and will last u n til tan honibar donga amung- Saturday. tsvla. U ntil he is grown, he is not Nvbu mazungdang pae saiyu- suitable to teach. tsungitsv tim masv, (or) pa maindangbo tim masv. Use this hoe to work in the Atsyki-nung apitsy, kotrang garden; don't use that one. ibaebo benshiang; azibo tebenshi (or) tamshi. There is no rice in the tin, Merang zangketsv-nung zang it is all used up. maet, agimar (or) lumar. He uses a walking stick. Pa mechi (or azok) benshir. It is useless to talk thus. Azi oda zymbitsv amazok (or) angateketa (or) tezangzvk maka (or) samesa. Don’t talk nonsense (useless Mesa-melem tezymbi (or) talk). atvm ata „ (or) mesa-mechi ,, Don’t use quarrelsome lan­ Jana sembong tezymbi. guage. He is better of his illness, and Shirang zungtu-nung pae 1m- walks about the village. tak senzTjr (or) ja ja r. 74 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

The child is able to walk a Tanurzi tere me] aka aor. litile. How many steps did he take ? Kamere qeika ao? (or) qei- ben mej aka ao ? She is walking back and forth Pa kima sei. in front of the bungalow.

‘ Asen,' ‘ sen,' and combinations.

His house leaks, he is a lazy Pa kilim tapok aeisy-nunge fellow. tsunglu asen, pa azy masenba. He is ill with dysentery, Pa azv-awz-nung shiranger, and cannot walk in the imtong-nung mesenzvr. village. He conducts his business Pa pei mapa zung-zunga well. asener, (or) sen-sena inyak- er. Some neighbours are kind Kishikinar kare kyta asencs and affectionate, others lir, kare senentepa lir. behave badly towards each other. A crowd of Sangtong people Sangtong-nunger sena adok- are coming. dage. His word is authority in our Asen imtak pa o sena lir. village. The woman gets money for Tetzvrzi tsvk asew-nung sen pounding rice. angur. When he goes out, he puts Kimae ao-nung pa korang on his hat, he takes it off asener, kidange atu-nung when he comes in. korang senzvker. The enemy set fire to the Arvrzage imtak mi sener village, and fled. senshi ao. Your new cloth looks very Ne scy tasen tajinvtsyka. nicely. He is comfortable now, but Tangbo pae senega lir, I will come and see him zokorla ni asenvp pa aji- in the morning. dange arudi. He is to the manor born. Pae sensoba. Have you put up the horse ? Qor sent aka yogo ma ? PHRASES. 7S

They went to pillage the Parenoke im sen senmake ao. village. Shove up the fire brands Zibo mimung-nung milung under the cooking pot. sang asenokokang, (or) ajvmokang. He is making brass chains. Pae yongmen sen asener. He has inherited property, he Pae sen amang-nung, sentem puts his money at interest, agytsy azi oda pa tali and thus adds to his senlokogo. property. Twist the rope. Lisvzi senang. Strain the soup. Shitzv senzvkang. It is wrong for you to treat Pa sensaker asv-nung nae him disrespectfully because sensatsn mazung. he is poor. When the people are collected, Nisung senteper Tsungrem. we will begin worship. kylvmtsy tenzyktsv. The posts are not perpendic­ Tungshi tungnu senshia, (or)> ular. senprepa lir, One side of the N A g a'd ao ’ Ao nok kelen sentsv, kelen is steel, the other side is noksv aser teroraba zunga iron ; if well tempered it sentet, saka terobet mazung. holds an edge well, poorly tempered is bad. In cutting up a dead animal, Tashi shi ss^zdang, pa ket- some meat poison ■ entered nung zvbu tila liasv-nung a slight wound in his hand, tasv shi mozv ia pa mang- and produced carbuncles nung nashira komo adok. on his body. Is the fruit sweet or sour? Tezangzi tanang asy tasen? When travelling they cook Aene aodang parenoke angoF fish and rice in a section zi bongdang-nung asener. of bamboo. Water percolates through the Lung mori-nunge tzy asener.- jar. He perspires freely under the Pa ku teret ben-nung asentzv heavy load. kangadang imer. A woman gossiping about Tetzvr ka nvngstfzza nyngs^zza- caused a great quarrel. jaja-nung bangs^/z tulu- adok. ■^6 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

'Six days shalt thou labour Trok nv tasena ne mapa azak and do thy work. inyakang. On the Lord’s Day four of his Ken Tsungrem amung ny- disciples were baptized. nung pa nvtsung pezy tzvsenogo.

‘ Aten ’ ‘ ten] and combinations.

The children are gathering Tanurtvme ken atentsv aten- to sing. dage. He is whistling a tune. Pae pio age ken tendage. The cows are gathered in a Nashi telung atena lir. huddle. Listen if you wish to know Ashiba o metetnvra tenarong what is said. tenang ma. When it thunders the child Tsungmuk «/£w-nung tanurzi shakes with fear; I’ll stay atena lir ; ni pa-/£« alitsv. with her. Try and see if you can ford Tzy atentet asy matentet the stream. tendangang ma. As there are many men to-day Tanvp nisung aeigate scong- hollowing out the big village kong zz/^z-nung yakte drum, it will soon be done. temboktsv (z^zzpoktsv). The bird bringing material for Ozv tesep atendang scong- a nest has lighted on the dong kongsang-nung te- tree branch. ma lir. Yesterday the young men Yashiasangurtymearer atentsy went into the jungle to cut areme ao ; tanvp parenok rattan ; to-day they are tzvbu arok-aroka atendage. enlarging (digging deeper) the spring. The abscess is ripe, and should Komo tenra lir, pa tembok- be opened. tsvla (z'ezzpoktsyla). The village officers have O tulu songloktsytsv tatare assembled to investigate atenshi. important affairs. In bad weather paddy is dried Tsungsang-mazung-nung tsvk on the shelves over the fire. tsvk-z^zz atener. Is the water pail under the Kin yang-yang-nung tzvshi eaves ? aten asy maten ? They are sowing and cover­ Alu-nung parenoke metsy ing over the grain. proker atener. PHRASES. 77

It is proper for the mother to Tetzvesa pei chir tebanga aten- reprove her child, but dangtsy tim, saka pi aeiga other people should not atentoka tezvmbi. censure and harass it. In spreading mats on the floor, Atvm-nung pakti tera aten- let them lap a little. tepa lemang. They were sent to spy out the Ali tendang tenrir parenok land. yoker. Hold out your hand, and I Teka tentakang, ni langka will give you something. agvtsvdi. The Miri Nagas dye yarn red. Mirie song ang atener. He run a knife into the fleshy Pa pei tebentsv-nung kotari part of his arm. aten. 1 Azy ’ ‘ zy? and combinations. The blood circulates through Temang-nung tezv age azy the body. aru-li-oli. Blood flowed freely from the ^wbu-nunge azy kanga ima wound, but it was arrested lir, saka scongpet renra by the application of scrap­ neplok-nung azy im anen, ings of inside bark of ash. (or) azy mesep. He singed his cloth by the Pae pei scv mi age (or nung) fire. azyr. Our people are clearing up Asen imer alu azy-azyr. their cultivation. Thatch is better than ‘ okshi ’ Kilim atongtsv okshidang for roofing. azy tazung. The water is deep, and they Tzy a^-nung parenoke tashi' must cross by their might. age atentsvla. That young man is very Asangurzi tashi tazy tulu. strong. The bean vine twines around Loli zy zya scongdonge atur. the tree. The mother embraces her Tetzv pei chir azy aeter, (or) child. ,, „ ,, azybunger. The child clings to his father Techir pei bu Tzvmae meyo- to prevent his going to the kle, pa tetsung-nung azy plain. ata ali. He was cured of the cramp Tezv svtetdak azy ajet-nung by cupping. pa anvb. He covets desirable things. Pae taginvtsvoset azyabunger. By chopping hard wood, the Scong intsv alen-nung po edge of the axe was turned. zyket. •58 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

He grieved, because his culti­ Alu shiti ajvmsa-nung pa vation was trampled down temulung azyr. by elephants. “The tree sways in the wind. Mopung aen-nung scongdong azy alu, azy atu. Force a bend in the ridge Scong azyoka alenang. pole, and fasten it. The eyes smart with smoke. Mokozv age tenuk azyr. Some of the Wabi dogs are Wabi kare, kare shims’# tesashi. good hunters. Decked out in ornaments, he Pa sobutsv sobur azy-azyr. appears well. » »’ age He works with dexterity, but Pae zyba-zyba mapa inyak, his work is slovenly. saka inyak sajep. Turn around the cooking pot. Zibo azyang. Bring the raw meat and cold Shi tazy aser tzv-^# bener water. arung. His visit to Rungpur was Rvngpure ao azyyz. adok. unsuccessful. The housewife serves her Kibutzv pei kidang sentepba guests with f maud. ’ aener yi zwazya (g>&zy) agvtsvr.

Promiscuous Phrases.

Where were you ? Where have Na kechisa ali (or) kechi-nung you been ? ali ? Kolene ao ? Where are you going ? Kolene aotsv ? When will you return ? Kodang shilangtsy ? (or) shia-arutsv ? Have you a family? Yes, I Na ki nunger ali asv mall ? Au, have a wife and four children. kibutzy aser tanur pezv lir. What do you worship ? Nenoke kechisa kvlvmer? You do not appreciate the Anung Tsungrem meim aka, Lord’s kindness. ntnoke temeim mazar (or) pa meim memetet. He is shivering with cold, let Pa atena svka lir, mi awangtsv him come to the fire and pa arung. warm. He scooped up water in his Pae tzv teketa medemteta hands and drank. azvm. My father is ill, and wishes Kv bu shirang-nung mozv medicines. azymnyr (or mishir). PHRASES. 79

How is he ill, ? what is the Pae komama shiranger, tashi- matter ? dak kong ali ? (or) tashidak kobala ? He says his whole body is Temang azak shiranger ta pa sick, and he has fever every ashir, aser tia tia aeter, (or) other day. tialili shirangli, (or) ken ny shirangli, ken ny tili. Yesterday he was moderately Pae yashi shirang tiyari ka aet. ill. A decoction of guava leaves Moduriam to metazyker azvm- is good to stop diarrhoea. nung pokshi anentsv zunger. H e was a strong man, but is Agidang nisungzi tashi tulu, debilitated by long illness. saka apiga shirang-nung, pa tashi azvm, (or) tashi atang "The swelling on his side is Pa tesa awakba aremdage (or) subsiding. anendage. Since the rains are over the Mei sei-nung ayong akonger, streams are subsiding. (or) tsungkvm aru-nung tzv akonger. W ith your mouth full of Tebang sali age sunga lir, chewing bark, how can you kechi koda o areptetsv? articulate yourwords ? With Tebang-nung sali mangvmer chewing bark in your mouth, kechi koda o zymbitsy ? how can you talk ? To be chewing bark and spit­ Sa-ab madang sali chir aseir ting in the presence of the metsv metsvrdang akvm Saheb is disrespectful. metsvbur. Why are you going to Rung- Na kechiba Rvngpure ao ? pur ? I am taking down Shishitsv pakti bener ao. mats to trade. Jewelry is cheap at Rungpur, Sobu solemtsv Rvngpur-nung but high priced in the hills. talitsv shizvba (lit., easy trade) azi Ao lima-nung shisak. At the market people sell for Wati-pure jeptaksa ayoker. cash only. In Naga Hills some buy and Ao lima-nung nisung kare pay down, others buy on jeptaka ali, kare bangtsva credit. ali. Will the women sell their Tetzvrtvm pei azvk yokdisv, ornaments ? Better buy at meyokle ? Kongtu-n u n g Jorhat. alitsy zunger. 8o AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Have our villagers finished Tangbo asen imer alu inyak- weeding their rice? They ira asv masv ? Parenoke are weeding for the last reprar. time. Is there prospect of a good Takvmbo tsyk arutsv mesv-- harvest this year ? ker ? Paddy on forest cultivation is Mein lu tsyk merang, (or), hard to thrash. anetsy tasak. Paddy on old cultivation is Pen lu tsyk mela, (or) anetsy easy to thrash. mela-melar. The cultivation has gone bad. Alu shioka ao. The meat is going bad, there Shizi shizvker svdi, tashinem is a bad smell. menemer. She was ashamed to ask for Pae tak-nung memishir. what she wanted. To-morrow I wish to begin Asong-nunge ni ki svnvr,;. building a house, get fifty nisung tenem, rokvr imang.. or sixty men. I will pay the usual daily Nybu yari agvtsvdi. wages. Twenty men go to bring posts, Nisung metsy tungshi tungnu fifteen men to bring bam­ apue aotsv, nisung teri boos and poles, six men to punguzi scongkvm bene bind thatch for roofing, aotsv, nisung trok azv me- eight men to bring founda­ jeptsv, nisung ti lung nok- tion stones, and five men to tang apue aotsv, nisung level off the ground. pungu ali medem-medema apitsv. I want a large quantity of Arerlang aeiga aginvr; koda- rattan; how can it be sa alidir? (or) kodasa shi- bought? (or) what is the shir ? (or) kodasa yokdir ? price ? (lit., how is it sold) ? In sawing planks, saw straight, Scongpak rvngdang indang- crooked or warped ones are indanga rvngangma, scong­ objectionable. pak tekirak, mesena aor mazung. Yesterday when our people Yashi asen imer tzve ayok- went fishing, did they get nung ango aeiga apu asv many fish ? mapu ? He does not wish to go, he is Pa monvr lendong ka azuru afraid of danger on the azvmer (or) lendong langka. path. azuru azvmer. PHRASES. 81

Last night two men did not Yasong nisung ana madok, come up, they may have parenoke tzvngi-kechi ka met with an accident. asv, svdi. You do not come to chapel Tanv asong nae sarasadeif- now-a-days, why? What is dake maru, kechisVnung ? the matter? kechi asy ? I’ll come. Arutsv, (or) arutsvdi. I reproved him, but did not Padak ni mazyke aretsvogo. punish him. I punished him by reproof Ni tebanga aretsvkur tema- only. renshi. Some ‘ methan ’ have short Scv zv kare maravkba (like a thick horns, some have maravk), kare zv sangba. long horns. That young man and Asangure aeir aniasong, woman are engaged and will yakte anioktsv. soon be married. That young woman was mar­ Tetzvrzi yasong^kei ao. ried yesterday. W hat is the matter in the Imtak kechiasv ? kanga village ? I hear a great rongrongshishi angashin tumult. Last night all the village was Yasong ime teyiprep-nung ali, sound asleep, and no one menoknok shingae meme* felt the earthquake. tet. When the blind woman comes Tenuk tapokba tetzyr ozy to our house, she finds the kidange arudang, atsy ki- gate by feeling with hef shi teketa ajymdanga angur, hands, as men in the dark­ ya mae amang ijipchi-nung ness find the path by feel­ nisunge ajymzya len shiter. ing with their feet. Put more wood under the Zibo mimung-nung scong rice pot. tsvkang Have you splints enough for Molok ataktsv yong agishi asy the basket ? Not quite. magishi ? (or) molok meyong, yong peri asy meperi ? Anu. Have you eaten ? not yet. Nae zi ziyonger ma? Anu. Have you had a good meal ? Na chiyongshia asy mechi- I have. yongshi ? Chiyongshigo. They eat rice with their hands. Parenoke zi teketa tepteta azung. G 82 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Do you wish my ‘ dao ’ ? Take Kv nok mishir na? Ang. i t Groom the pony, bring him Qor kupetsv age mesvshizang, to me, and hold him until qor kvdange anir arung, I am ready. ni merenem tashi sota liang, (or) mechioke liang. Pull up and throw out the Aei tulu atsvteta endokang, coarse grass, lest it smo­ azi mesvra arer yi muksep- ther out the ‘ doob ’ grass. tsv. Look well to the cow’s Nashi zvbu-nung metsvk kulo- wound, and see if there be ka, mesen ali asv mali, flyblows or maggots. zungzunga ajidangang ma. The boy said he was not Atsv atsvba ni bena lir, scong bringing firewood, but maben ta tanurzi shiaka. material for fencing. After talking much about Pa temteta ao. going and threatening to go, he went. He intended to go but did not Pa moe ati. I am busy now, come again. Tangbo ni mazvngka, tesy arung ma. Well, what do you wish ? Na kechi mishir ? Kecha Nothing, I have come memishir, ni kazv ali-nung because I was at leisure. arur. My hands are full of w ork; Nibo mapa tenuk ar ; pa tela. he is very idle. The fruit is good and meaty. Tezangzi zyngzynger. The fruit is light and worth­ Tezangzi mazvng, tachitsy less. maet. The fruit is blasted. Apung-nung tezang mazvng (or) tazvngla. H is house is full of things Pa ki mazvngka. {lit. no empty place). He is thoughtless, inconsi­ Pa temulung mazvng, yakte derate. amar. The woman is pregnant and Tetzvrzi temang mazvng, nu near delivery. amungtsv mapanger, (or) tangbo iba tetzvrzi temang mazvnger. By the old custom the house Agi imscv age tetzvr tangset and things belonging to a asy-nung, pa ki, scvoshi, woman dying in childbirth sobutsv azak menen toker. were cast away as sinful. PHRASES. 83

The Ao people formerly Alvmle Aore asangchir tvkong- strangled illegitimate chil­ nung lenseta entok. dren and cast them away. ■She is very sad on account Pei chir asv-nung pa temulung of the death of her child, ashir, menungradang alir, she mourns continually. (or) menungraseta lir. I know your sorrow, and sym­ Ne temulung raksa-nung (or) pathize with you. ayanger, (or) jashi-nung, kv mulung ashir. L ast night we heard wails Yasong nisung asv-nung, for the dead, and to-day onok mangy ima ola anga- the body has been carried shir, tanv tasv mang away. apuoktsvogo. TJaga parents love their chil­ Aor tzvrebure pei chir meimer, dren and relatives are kind sosemo sosemna kvtao asen. and affectionate. The child is disheartened, and Tanurzi menangzvke bilimer, you should encourage him. nae padang azong-me- sotsv tim. They agreed to meet at Ter nv lir kvtsvr, parenoke Waramong after ten days. Waramong imtak senteptsy anogo azvng, (or) azyngtep. Tor 15 cattle he promised to Nashi teripungu yong, scy- give a male methan. bong ka yokdi ta, pae zynga ashi, (or) 0 azyng, The young men going on a Asangur keyi bushi-nung, pa, tiger hunt, on finding the den azurutep nisung ka tiger one man was seized. angu. 'Was the man seized, killed ? Angubazi asv, asv masv ? .He is still alive, but cannot Tangbo masvka, saka survive. makymtsvla, (or) tangbo takym, saka makymtsv. Euphemisms sometimes used "| Pa scongo age ama. to mean that a person has Pa ter age ama. been killed by a tiger. J Pa areme achi. T h e Bor Saheb visited all the Bor Sa-abe Ao im asv, (or) villages of the Ao tribe. Bor Sa-abe Ao im sya jajar, (or) Bor Sa-abe Ao im lu sv. .Dry-season travellers are Tangbo tsungkym en-jeter coming in now. atongdar, (or) atongetdage. Rainy-season travellers go at Mein-jeter pei mulung age any time. aene ao. G 2 84 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

As soon as the cold season Tsungkvm arudang, onok comes, we shall begin to yakte aene aotsv. travel. Some of our people are going Asen imer kare kare tembar- to visit friends in other den nguteptsv, (or villages. azuruteptsv) aene aor. Naga villages that have been Kompani apu akvm-nung, Ao* at variance will become mvputepe aliba im azak reconciled under English puteptsy. rule. How can people of a village I memo imerna mvkyt mesene live at variance with each lira, kechi koda litetsv ? other ? In the cold season Suzu Tsungkvm-nung Suzu-nungere villagers are passing back Tsvmae aludang asen. and forth through our imtak seisvbunga lir. village to the plain. D«kha Haimong villagers are Imzenba-nungere asen imtake continually going to and fro olia roli (o-li aru-li) ta lir.. between their village and ours. The village is peaceful and Im sadok-sadoka lir. prosperous. They are a prosperous Kiji kizung, (or) kisa kilim. family. In passing under the fallen Scongtnang laoba kyboke tree trunk will my head aodangkv tokolak tsvkta- hit ? ktsv asv masv ? Don’t hit the curtains in Kikym seidang tetong- passing through the door­ dangtsv-nungzi tekongshi,. way. (or) tetsvkshi (or) tetangshi. I cannot understand you, Ni mangater, o repteta speak more distinctly. zvmbiang, (or) o arepta zvmbiang, (or) o rateta- zymbiang. He goes rapidly from one Pa o zvmbidang o punga- point to another in his talk. punga zymbir. He errs in his statements, I Paeo jimia ta (or) otsungmia cannot have any confidence ta, nibo mamanger. in him. PHRASES. 8 5

Mis word is of no account. Pa o, masen mea, (or) pa o shingae masen, (or) pa o mazyng meshi, (or) pa o tila, (or) pa o mesa mechi. He has no reputation in his Pa pei imtak taso meshika, (or) own village. pa pei imtak taso mashi (/?/.,) birth not spoken of). He has no regard for village Pae im o mesen metu. authority. He has . great confidence in Pakokerta nangzvka lir, (or) his own ability. paebo nangzvker. Whatever happens tell the Kodakirna tiazy tezvmbi. truth. Why are you out of temper Tanvpyia kechi-nunge tsyki this morning ? aka ? (or) tanvpyia kechi- nunge tsvkia-nang ? Do not speak disrespectfully. Tzvya oya zvmbia teli, (or) tzv machi o machi zymbia teli. The boy is impudent, send Tanurzi mezy-mykyma, him away. telidaktsv. ;Some men are proud of a Nisung kare kare nvngsang great name, and like to be tulu aginyr asykym, takar- aristocratic. den kichir synvr, (or) tezak merem asar. They had a plot to seize the Pa aputsv parenoke tasa asar, man. (or) pa ashitsv parenoke sang asu. They did not accomplish their Parenok sa-nung matalok, purpose. (or) parenok tasa makym- tet. They arrested him by force. Parenoke pa tashi ima apu. In former times the upper vil­ Alvmle ayongbang-nungere im lages when they saw what tila-nung kechi taginytsy they wanted in smaller vil­ ngura, azi parenoke rakzvk lages, took it away by force. rakteme bener ao. *The man was accused of slan­ Pa kiyonger tiazy ta ashi- dering his neighbour, but nung, okar o zvmbi-nung upon inquiry his innocence pa temeten akym. was established. 86 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

The woman brought a suit in Tekinungpo pei kinungtzy court against 1. husband pala-nung, tetzvrlae paden> for putting her away. okar. Is the case decided ? It is. Tangbo iba o tamen asy ma- men ? O zymbizvk, (or}, o renemogo. The man was found guilty, Tebur taei adok, pa tetzvr- and the court decreed that nung aluo, tsyko, oset azalc. the cultivation, the grain, lemdangtsy zvmbigo. and other property should be divided half and half. Has the decree of the court O bendangtetogo ma ? Au,„ been executed ? Yes, the ladangtsyogo. separation is complete. If we had not returned from Tsunglu maru dang aene aoba- touring before the rain, nunge shia-malu asybo,„ what would we have done ? onok koda svla-nang ? Without the old people what Tambure malira tanur kechi would the children have svla ? done ? Whatever the Lord purposes Anung Tsungreme kechi comes to pass. svnvr azi asvtsv, (or) kechr asatsv azi adi. Bring a handful of rice. Zang pa-ar arung, (or) zang- pateta bener arung. The spices have lost their Menemtsv oset osaosar,—ayi- flavour, are tasteless. ayir. There is an abundance of Imchi imzung. food in the village. The village officials proclaimed Tany im tzybu mesemtsy, tam - that to-day the village bur svli, tanur svli, shingaer would clean the springs, and alue maotsv ta, tatare aeim- that no one, old men or dang. boys, should go to the cul­ tivation. In harvest time the village Alu arudang tatare ken kens., officers often forbid the im aen azvng. people going abroad. The village is ‘ bound ’ for Moatsydang aen azyng. ‘ Bihu.’ The village shook off all re­ Ime pa indang scy aja. sponsibility for him. PHRASES. 87

There is always a hum in a Im tulu nanung teti aeter. large village.

He is skilled in war. Pa aryr sala metet.

^Messengers on important Tzydang odangtsv tongogo. affairs have come.

Messengers on important Tzydang odangtsy ogo. affairs have been sent.

We expected the weather Tsungsang mazungtsy ta would be bad, but it is bilim, saka kanga azung. good.

You did not go to the plain Tanyp nae Tsvmae malu ? this morning? No, I was Au, tsunglu ajaba tsubur not afraid of getting wet by masv, tzy metsung ajymer. the rain, but was afraid of the swollen streams.

The boy brought a load of Tanurzi scong bener, kimae firewood, threw it down scongku shizvk (or scong- before the house, split it, ku shitok) tesv, scong soa gathered it up with both kidang aremketa ayu (or hands, and put it in the apuketa ayu). house.

The Nagas believe if the Shim tasv age nvlak-nung point of the spear which zung-zunga mezvrabang, they stick in the ground bener sei nvbo pangji ni- when walking is well sungdak angutsv, tesy smeared with bears’ bile, yakte amatsv, kym asvm the leeches along the path tashi ya lemang jajadang which the man goes may nisungdak mangutsv ta be troublesome for that day, Aore bilimer ; aser ya mozy but will soon perish, and will nylak-nung temezy nyzi not trouble men for three alitsy. years. This smearing of the spear will retain its virtue for a day. $ 8 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. A, an {lit. one) Ka, ketang. Abandon Toktsy. Abate Anen, arem. Abdomen Tepok. Abhor Sempa, tenra achir, metsyk- mokong. Abide Ali. Able Akok, tizyk, (tet’ as verbal suffix. Abortion Anogo maet aso, tanur tokshi, moposhia entok. Aboriginal Alipoker nisung. About Indang; ‘chika,’ ‘shika,’ ‘shi’ as verbal suffixes. About (around) Mvkvta, mvkvpbang. About (near) Ana. Above Tama, teka. Absent Male, (mali) maten. Absorb Mesep, asemshi, metenzvk. Absurd Mamangtsv, mamangtetsv, tangatsv o masy. Abundant Aeiga, aiyiga, aeisa, timba. Abuse, v. Sensa, sensa masa, atala. Accept Agi, agizyk. Accident Tsvngzi kechi, aoksairo, aoksa kangshitsv. Accom pany Den, medem, meina, meina ao. Accomplish Atalok, kvmtet. Account, n. Tazvngba, tazvngdangba, yong- syk amba, yongsvk-sykba. Accuse Aietsv, oka. Accurate Shitak, zungpung, oji, ojishi. Ache Angu, ashi, mener. Acid Tasen. Acquaintance Shitetba. Act Yangluba, benshiba, amshiba. Active T ekymdang, terurur, ashi-abung. Acute (intellectually) Ratet, shisarasa,api-apa, tasang- ra, sangra sangji, purapuji. Adapt Apet, sytep, putep. Add Benden, loktep. Adhere Amen, mena, menalok, mejatep. Adhesive Mena, mena-menar, meja. Adjacent Ana, anasa, merepa. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 8 9

Admire Tenuk asung, tenuk sunga aji, mere, nukshi. Admit Au-ra-aka, ai ta asy, nangzyk, idaktsv. Admonish Aretsv,areja, nemtem, nungtem. Adorn Azv-azv, sobutsy-sobu, azvk- azvk. Adultery Nuktapangta, jabojare. Adversary Anymer, tenukenvr, tsvkchir, metpur. Affair O. Affection Temeim, temerer. Afflict Kangshi, kangshidaktsv, tima- tvmdaktsv, toshidaktsv. Affliction Timatvm, toshi. Afoot Tetsung age. Afraid Tsvbu, azvm, tzvrem, atsy, aoksa. After Tesy, kelen; ‘ang’ as a verbal suffix. Afterward Ibakvtsvr, yaseir, tesylen, atuseir. Again Tana, tanaben. Age Asor kvm. Aged Tain, tambur, tantzvr, arishir. Agile Tebungpaba, takvmdangba. Agony Zyrok-roka angu, shing-shinga angu. Agree Putep, o enjem, o entep, pangjem, kvta-asen, sytep. Agreement, n. O zvmbitep, tatongshi. Agreement, to make an Tatongshi, o zvmbizvk,o renem. Aid, v. Yiari, yari, riyari, asem. Ail Manem. Aim at Tindang tezv, teka mvzyng. Air. Tangu, mopung. Alarm, v. Sangok, sangoktsv, tsvbudaktsy Alas Aiatai, aya-tai. Alike Kasa, metem, sako. Alive Takvm. All Azak, temang, inti. Allow Mela ; daktsv as a verbal suffix. Allure Mescyshi, mescvtet. Almost 'Chia’ as a verbal suffix, ‘sh? as a numeral suffix. 9o AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Almighty Takokba. Alms Maong, angati agvtsvbar odedang agvtsvba, masasa. agytsvba. Alone Kija, kisong, mesong, ‘ dang’’ and ‘ sa ’ as suffixes. Along with Den, ten, den medem. Already, adv. Tanga. Also A, 0, as suffixes ; ya. Altar Tenladak, apu. Although Azi saka ka, and shia as sufExes- Altogether Azake keleme, azake kenyonger meja. Always Teti, kenvmati. Amazed Scongmanger, bangkar. Amber Bvrem, b’rem lung. Ambiguous Tetezytsv anet. Ambitious Temaren kymnvr, ulunvr. Ambush Mendang, lemene ao. Amidst Tetsungda, tsungda, rongnung^ tiung. Among Rongnung, tsungda-nung. Amount Bendenba. Amputate Oat ok, rongtok. Amuse Mescvzvk, peladaktsv. Anchor Rongsotsy. Ancient Alvmle, tari, alipokdang, puti. Ancients Tarinunger, alvmle pur,tzvrebur And Aser, aseir; and ‘ 0 ’ affixed to nouns. Angel Teyar, tenyar. Anger Ain, terasa. Angle Tanep, takudak. Angry Ain adok, temulung jashir,rasar.- Anguish Temulung ayang, temulung ashir Animal Shiruru. Animal (domestic) Kidang shiruru, kiset shiruru.. Ankle T enyklang. Anna (4 pice) Sorotia. Annihilate Sama. Announce Sangok, aeimten aeimdang.. Annoy Mescvshi. Annual Kymshia. Annul Masendaktsy, mangadaktsy. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 9»

Anoint Mezy, any, mezytsy, nytsv. Another Tangar tebanger. Answer, v. Langzv. Ant Meja, meritsy, senshibong. Ant (black) Mejanak. Ant (red) Metemi. Ant (white) Shipo. Ant (living near water) Akvm meja. Ant (living in trees) Orabi. Ant-hill Azungnem, shipo mejaket, all nungtet. Antagonist Anvmer, anyma aliba, metpurr tsvkchir. Antidote Teliwatsy mozy. Antipathy Tenukentsv, mokok ajir, mu- lung age sempa. Antler Tezv pangjara. Anvil Insem. Anxious Shisa bulua, shisa amsa, temu- lungzang zvrepa, temulung- zang zvseta. Anybody Kare. Anything Langka. Anyway or manner Koda, langka oda, komama. Anywhere Kechisvnung, langkalen, lang- kete. Apartment Taktang. Ape Shingo, mvket. Aperture Tapok, topok. Apostle Teyar, tenyar. Apparel Scv, scvoshi, sobutsy. Apparent Adoka lir. Appear Adok. Appearance Tybur. Appearance (bad) . Tvbur mazung. Appearance (good) Tybur azung, tenuktang azung. Appearance (distinguished) Mera aket, akvm aket. Appease Melimok, scongzvkdaktsy, me- pitem, nemtem, nungtem. Applaud Tenvng asang, lanli ta ashi. Apple Matoklashi. Appoint Tenzyk, mendaktsv, atadaktsy. Apportion Alem, lemshi, lemzyk, sadang >92 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Appreciate Bilimter,meimmetet, meim azar. Approach Anasae aru, aet. Appropriate Tim, zori agi. Approve Zunga bilim, ai asy, temulung- asv, au-ra-aka. Arbitrate Tetsungdae aei. Ardent Temulung alet, temulung alem, temulung lungso. Argue Zvmbitep,atet-tep, tebangsentep. Arise Shishi, ara meso. Aristocratic Takar kia, takar den medemer, takar den kichir svnvr. Arm Teben. Armlet Pembang. Armour Zong-o-nv, nok-o-nv. Army Temerangertvm, arishirtym. Aromatic Toronem. Around Mvkvta, mvkvpbang. Arouse, v. Meso, ari meso, azongmeso, azongshi. Arrest Apu, teka aei. Arrive Atong, adok, toko. Arrogant Ngabaso, ken-ta-mata, asokvm (asykvm). Arrow - Lasangzang, lijakzang, izang. Artery Tezvtongtiba, temulungzang zy. Artful Tasa asar, kvlaker, purapuji. Articulate 0 lepteta, o repteta. Artillery Ram. As large as Eitetete, pa tetete. As many as Paei kete, paei kechi. As much as Paei kete, paei kechi. Ascend Atu, toko. Ascent Atang. Ashamed Aker, maksyr, nv mamadang. Ashes Ap, aot. Ask Asongdang, mishi. Aslant Angia, manga ao, senchia ao. Asleep Mezanga, ayip, anvnvr. Assam Tzvma. Assemble Sentep, senten, aten, aniten, ayongtep, zatep. Assent, v. Au-ra-aka, temulung asy. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 93

Assess Saro lemsa, saro zyngsa. Assist Asem, yari, riari. Assign Nunglok, nungena yutsv, shi- loka yutsv, asem, lemzvk. Associate, n. Medemer. Associate, v. Medem, metem. Assort Shim, shimtet. Assuage Melimuk, mepitem, nemtem,, scongzemshi, mezvmuk. Assure Maiitakdaktsv, majvmdaktsy. Assurance Nangzvk. Asthma Asara. Astonish, v. Scongmangdaktsv, ra-ta-mata- daktsy. Astonished Scongmanger, ra-ta-matar,. bangkar. Astringent Pakla-paklar. At once Kenyonge. Atonement Pungi. Attack Rara tenzvk. Attach Atalok, tanglok, enlok, malok, kanglok, kulok, itak, temu- lung atok. Attentive Angar, anga lir, rertaka, temu- lung-nung aet, temulung tenoka,' tenarong aten. Auction Talang shishir yokshi. Audacious Tara, tenarong marepzyr. Augur Tepreptsv. Aunt Amu. Austere Tetoktak, maochi. Authentic Jijila, atangji. Authority Asa, bangdak, o bang. Avail Azangzvk, kvmtet. Avaricious Temuru, muru-murur, libong- lira, nukshia, azy-abung. Avenge Mangyang, yangtep. Average Teyare, tiungsvba, tiungsvka, tetsungda ka. Avoid, imp. Edenzi temeten, anasae tei, anasa taet, anasae to. Await Ata ali. Awake Saka ali, saktet. 94 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Awaken Meso. Awe Tsungken, tsungken tsybur, akvmtsybur. Awl Tetopoktsv, tererpoktsy. Axe Po.

B. Babble Otejiptejipzymbi,opula-pushi. B abe Mamadang tanur, nu merem, lanuba. Bachelor Sangremer. Back, n. Teperem, terongtong, tama- nakshi. Backbone Terongtongret, tongtiret. Backbite Totep tilutep. 4 Backsheesh ’ Maong, sempet, tsuba tenia, tsuba kati. Backwards Tesylen. Bad Mazung, tamazung. Badge Temaeitsv inlokba, temaeitsy sobutsv, sosang shisangtsy. Bag Zuli, chitem yangku. Baggage Aene aotsy oset, ku. Bait, n. Temescvtsy. Balance (remainder) Tanung, tanendak. Balance (scales) Seret, alimang seret, alimang scong, scongti. Bald Tsvdok, svdok. Ball Kazatsv. Bamboo Lungmi, ani, ao, ashiwarok. Banana fruit Scongmumu zang. Banana tree Scongmumudong. Band (waist) Scvzy, aeiscy, teperem scy. Bandage Talen, tarakba. Bank ( of stream) Tzykvm. Banish Aridok, metoktsv, melidaktsv. Baptize Tzvsen, tzv-nung tzvsen. Barb Titaktsy. Barber Tokolak asvr, tokolak sy ta achiba. Bargain Shitangtep, shitangtet. Bark, n. Tekap, anvm. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 95

Bark, v. Asa, asang, arong. Barrel (cask) Asvmbong. Barrel of a gun Tegi. Barren Tebung, tezang matang. Barricade Atsvki, tsvki, lung tsyki. B ase, n. Tazvngdak. Base (mean) udj. Liro mazung, chilu mazung, jakla mazung, tsvkchir, tesempar, tukuru. Bashful Aka, aker, nv mamadang. Basket (general term) Molok. Basket (for carrying loads) Ku. Basket (open work) Makang. Basket (for carrying paddy) Zi. Basket (for holding paddy) Anung, zara mykvt. Basket (for holding rice) Zangbong, zangketsv. Basket (for bringing water) Tzyshi. Bat La. Bathe Tzy shigo, temang chigo. . Battle T ungbangrarar. Bawl Aeima azeb, aeimtena azeb. Bazar Shishidak, wati. Be (to be) Ali, li, asy, aka, er, ar. Bead Azvk, ‘ zvk ’ as a suffix, me- semzvk, b’remzvk, lozyzangzyk, majajemzyk. Beads, string of Azvktui. Beak Tebang, bangsang. Beam Kikvp. Bean Azvngken, alizyngken, azyk- zvngken, luli. Beans, peas, &c. Zvngkenzangna. Bear, n. Shim. Bear, a burden Ku aben. Bear, to endure Arem, azvzvk. Beard Bangsemo. Beast Shiruru. Beat Azvk, ama, atsvng, takaraba, terangrangba, tapungpaba. Beat a drum Atem, ajen. Beautiful Meraketa, tvbur zungyr, taji- nvtsvka. 95 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Beaver Shirem. Because Nung (follows a verb), k e - chiasvr. Become Akvm. Bed Yipten, mezangdak. Bee Ninang. Bee bread Mangiben, mangisen. Bee’s wax Nirep. Beef Nashi shi. Before, in time and place Tama, tamasa. Before, in presence of Madang, matsungdang. Before, the face in front Tezakdang, zaktaka. Beg Mishi, mepishi. Beget Aso, pozvk, poktet. Beggar Mishimetsyr. Begin Tenzyk, meso. Behaviour Jakla, jakla liro, tebenshte. chilu. Behead Tokolak atang, kongdang. Behind Tesy, tesvlen, svlen. Behold Reprang, aji, ajidang. Believe Amang. Bell Tsungtsung, sangshi. Bellow Arvr. Bellows, n. Misembong. Belly Tepok. Belong Meyong, den. Below Kvbok, tekvboklen, imlanglerL Belt Nangri, teperem scv, scyzy. Bench Langbang. Bend Kirak, azrok, azvzv, mangazy. Beneath Kybok, telung, toko. Benefit Tazangzvk, tsungmen, Benevolent Zungnvr, meimtepnyr, zung- tepnvr. Benumb Aei aeir, tayanger, pezv-pezya.. Bequeath Lemsa ayu, lemsa agytsv,, nungena yutsv. Berry Koreishi. Beseech Mepi, mepishi, moposhi. Besides Alvma. Besiege Mykvtbang, mvkvta amen- bang. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 97

Besmear Aryr ketyr, aryr mvzytsy. Best Tazungba. Bet, v. Zvngshi. Betelnut Qei zang. Betray Medemer shioktsy, medemer belepoktsv, medemer me- yipoktsy. Betroth Ani asong, songeta-ayu. Between Tsungda-nung, tiong-nung. Beware Kvmdang, reprang, reprang- korang, saksa-alvma. Bewildered Rata-mata, rata-ratar, bang- katep. Beyond Kelen, alvma. Bible Laishiba Kakyt. Big Tulu, tuluba, ulu. Bind Alen, arak, sentak. Bile Tasy. Bird Ozv. Birds of all kinds Ozv sangnu. Birth, to give Aso, nu tongdang, nu amung. Birth of animals Mopo, pokzvk. Birthplace Asodak. Bite Angu, metep, mechi. Bitter Taku, ku-kur, kusak-kusaker. Black Tanak, nak-naker. Blacksmith In tsynger, nok tsynger. Bladder Poktzvtem. Blame, v. Aeitsy, aeija, taei enloktsy. Blaspheme Atala. Blaze, v. Zangro. Blaze, n. Milak. Bleat Asa. Bleed Azy aeim, im. Bless Moatsy. Blind Tenuk tapok, tenuk asep. Blister Aputet, apu aso. Blood Azy, zv. Blossom, v. Apung. Blow, a fire Apu. Blow, of wind Aen, aon, ain. Blue Amak-amakyr, tzvrem pelok,

H 98 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Blunder Chimi, jimi, taei, tsungmi. Blunt Sytem, sytem-sytemer, machi- ra, temtem-temtemer, temok, Blur, of the eye Tenuk jia, tenuk rabang. Blush Ny-ma-madang. Boar (tame) Tesy. Boar (wild) Pungzi taei. Board Scongpak. Boast Ngasa-ngatym, mezyakvm,. kymtet kymera. Boat Rong. Boatman Rone aeir. Body Temang, mang. Boil, v. Ja atu, aja, aket atu. Boil, n. Komo. Boiling water Tzv miri, aketa atu, tzv melu- Bold Tara, tasy aet, temulungzang tulu. Bone Teret, ret. Book Kakyt, laishiba. Border Aryr. Border on cloth Scvhang, scytsung. Bore Prep, prepshi. Borrow Apu. Borrow money on interest Sentem atsv. Borrow „ without „ Tapu atsv. Both Anet, anaprungla; na, a suffix^ Bottle Bongdang. Bottom Telang, ‘lang’ as a suffix. Boundary Aryr. Bow, down Mokrym, kokrok, manga aoP mangazy, kirak, mechilep. Bow, n. I, lasang, lizak. Bowels Tepok, tar. Box Scongden,scongketsv. Boy Tanur tebur. Brace, n. Yokshi. Bracelet Kap, kisen. Braid, v. Mechi. Brain Tokolok. Branch Kusang, scongsang. Brand, v~ Mescy ayu. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 99

Brand, fire Milung sang, mitsung, sem- bang. Brass Yongmen. Brave Tasv aet, tara, temulungzang tulu. Bread Am, amtsvk. Break Atsvk, raksa, syktang, kusyk, kudang, raktang, chakma, chakrep, rakpok, toktang. Break, fine Syksa, meyoksa, tepsa, akusa. Break, in two Syktang, sykzyk, sadang, chakma, sang ma. Breast Mama. Breast (the chest) Toko. Breath Tesashi, tangu. Breathe Sashi. Breeze Mopung sem-semer, mopung azyra. Brethren Tetinu, tenununger. Brethren and sisters Adi anu, tenutvm. Brew Yi asa, moko yi aso. Bribe Sarem, scvpokrem, tebangnem. Bride Kei (kie) aola, aniokla. Bridegroom Taniokba, kei (kie) aeimer. Brief O tatsyka. Bright Ayar, sentsv. Brim Tebangzong, melepbangzong. Brimful Tebang metem. Bring Aben, anir aru, akymket, punger aru. Brittle Amu-amur. Broad Lenten tulu, lenten maren, meya-meyar, sadem-sadem- er. Brook Ayong, ayong nu. Broom Kioktsv. Brother, elder Adi. Brother, younger Tenu. Brothers and sisters Adi-anutvm. Brush, small wood Ongchirang, scongzanglizang. Brush, for clothes Scy petoktsv. Brush, for hair Kupetsy. H 2 1OO AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Bucket Lalok. Bud, v. Mechi, mechizyk. Bud, n. Teben, temechi, scongsem. Buffalo Zang, aremzang, kisetzang. Bugle Zangzy. Build Asy, yanglu, atem. Bullet lnzang tulu. Bunch Tejep, terong, rong. Bundle Talep, lep, tebong. Burden Ku. Burn, v. Arong, alet, aten. Burn, n. Mi arongba, aletba. Bur Kozvzang. Bury Arem. Bushes Scongzanglizang. Business Mapa. Busy Mazvngka, mapa kar, mapa tenuk ar, mapa-nung amet. But Azi saka, saka, zoko, zokorla. Butterfly Shiny. Button Tulazang, tatangtsy. Button hole Lakvpsen. Buy Ali. Buzz Aryr, aryrtepa. By (by means of) Age. By (through) Azang. By and by Piga-piga, apiga.

C.

‘Cabbage Zibizang. Cackle Kotak metak. Cage . Arvngbang, ki, atsybang. Calamity Wara, takoksa, rema asy. Calf Nashi chanu. Calf of leg Temola. Call, v. Aza, tanglatep, ola agytsvtep. Call, n. Azaba, ola tangla, meyo meyu. Call together Zatep, ayongtep. Callous Alitetzy. Calm Scongzyk, anen. Can '‘Kok’ ‘tet’ as verbal suffixes. ENGL1SM-A0 VOCABULARY. IOI

Cancel Kyptok, menok, kyptang, ayangkypzyk. Candle Temo milen. Candlestick Milen aliba, milen atalokdak. Cane Mechi, azok. Cannibal Nychi. Cannon Ram. Cap Kurang, tesemokba. Cape gooseberry Pokaklashi. Captive Tapuba, nisung pur aoba. Capture Apu. Carcass Tasy mang, tasy shi. Care Tebilim, apayu. Careful Kymdang, zyngkvmsa, zyngta- ka, rertaka. Carefully Anyb alu, arukushi. Careless Makymdang, myryrtak, shisa maka, sataka, temdaka, mang-mari. Caress Meimshi. Carpenter Scongyanglur. Carrion Shi tashi. Carry, a load Ku aben. Carry, a person Pungerao, punger aru. Casual Kenken, aoksa. Cat Tanny. Cataract Tzyin. Cataract on the eye Menzang. Catch Apu, ishi, itak, jepzvk, mena^ Catch, a disease Menatep, mena. Caterpillar Lungben. Caterpillar hairs Lungbenra. Cattle Nashi. Cautiously Kvmdanga, saksa-alyma, me- yak, tanem-taneme, mena- mena. Cave Leprvngki, shisenki. Cease Anen, anyb. Ceiling T sungbang. Centipede Asangper. Centre Tiong, tsungda. Censure Taei enloktsy, aeitsy, aretsy^ Certainly Asangsang, zungpung, jijila. 102 AO-NAGA LANGUAGE.

Chaff Tsyksy, wanu. Chain Sen, merang sen, yongmen sen. Chair Menden. Chalk Lung temesong. Change, to alter Asetshi, meyipshi, aenshi, anok- shi, atsyngshi, melen, belen- tep. Change (small money) Tanvk sen. Chapel Sarasademki. Chapter Tapu. Character Imscv, sendong, chilu. Charcoal Mizang. Charity Temeim. Charm, v. Pua. Cheap Shi-zvba {lit., easy trade). Cheat Kvlak, kvlakotsv, ajutsy, shioktsv, meyipoktsy, belep- oktsy. Cheek T enibong. Cheerful Tescongzem, tesasa, kvmli svner. Chest (box) Scongketsv. Chest (thorax) Toko. Chew Mejak, mejaksa, alensa. Chicken Aen techanu. Chide Aretsv, metenok. Chief, adj. Tuluba, temarenba, taoba, tungti. Chief man Tatar. Child Chir, tanur, techanu, lanu. Child-birth Nu amung, nu asor, nu bendang. Chill (of fever) Aten, svka aeter. Chillies Meresv. Chin Tekvm, tvkym. Chips of wood Scongmetak, scongnvk. Chisel Atembang. Choice, n. Shimtsv, shimtetba. Choice, adj. Tazung, tazungba, aginvtsy. Choke Arak, anang, muksep, lenset. Cholera Motongtaker. Cholic Tashitsy atu. Choose Shim, shimtet. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 103

Chronic (disease) Ara-ashi, yareta, menet, teya- retsyra, kymsa-lusa. Church Arogo, Krista rogo. -Churn, v. Prepshi, telungaten. Cigar Moko atsy. -Cinder Insy. Circle Temykvt. Circumference Lenten asadang. Citizen Imer, nytsung. City Imti. Civet cat Myrymyr. Clairvoyant Svli aoba, mangina ao, pok- tena ao, tepet-ketvr. Claw, v. Anak, anakshi, ajeb, ajebket. Claw, n. Temezvng. Clay Azungli, lishitsung. Clean Mervk-mervker, temeryk, temeshi. Cleanse Shidok, meshidok, meshitet. Clear Meryk-meryker. C lim b Azyk atu, asepa atu, an jaja atu, ajepa atu. Cling Intaka ajeb, atsy et, amet, ajeb et, azva ali, temulung atok. Clock Anytetsy. Close (near) Ana, merepa. Close (a door) Kishi, kishi ayu, shibang. Close (a book) Nembang. Close (the eyes) Tenuk amu. Close (the mouth) Tebang mejem, tebang maka. Cloth Scv. Clothes Scvoshi. Cloud Mepet. Club, v. Merep, atep. Club, n. Scongsy, tateptsv. Cluck Tamuko ashir, techanu azar. Clump T erong. Cluster. Tezong, tejep. Coals Mitsung, mizang. Coarse Manyk {lit. not fine). C oast Tzykym, aryr. 104 AO NAGA LANGUAGE,

Coat Sepokscv. Cob Mendidong. Cobra Ongyang. Cobweb Sorak sep, sorakzv, sorakzy mesang. Cock An tebong. Cockroach Leplu. Cocoanut Topazang. Coffin Lep. Cohabit Aiyip, meimtep. Cohesive Menatep, mejatep. Coil Temykvt. Colander Sangku. Cold, n. Imra, manga ashi, tasvk. Cold, adj. Asyker, temokong, mokongmo- konger, tenra-achir, svketa. Cold season Tsungkvm, asvkwa. Cold water Tzvzv, tzv tazv, asvktzv. Collect Benden, akvmok, alok, lokten. Collect, revenue Saru, im saru. Collide Atsvk, tsvktak, tsvkzvk, tet- sungmetsv, aji, ajitep, jizvk. Comb, n. Ku mesv. Comb, v. Ku mesv, mesvshi. Comb, of a fowl Kokoroksong. Come Aru. Come down Alu. Come up Atu. Come into a house Atu, aket, kao. Comet Petinu mokolung. Comfort, n. Tesenvp, tescongzyk. Command, v. Mela, o bangzymbi, bangdak~ Commandment Ozvng, o bang. Commerce Shi shir, teshishir, shibelener. Companion Medemer. Compare Putepdaktsy, ‘dang’as a suffix. Compassion Tashi ashi, temulung ashi, ap ayu, mulungshir, meim. Complain Aeitsy, temulung machi ashi. Complain in court Oka. Complainant Okaba, metpur, (metpur strictly means a suitor). ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. IOS

Complete Renem, bensa, tok-toka; ‘ zyk ’ and ‘m a’ as verbal suffixes. Comprehend Angatet, shitet, metet. Conceal Meimshi, meimbang, nembangr arem. Conceited Mapu-malem, mezymvkymr. ngasang-ngatym, asokym,. Condemn Aeitsv, taei agvtsy, taet enloktsv. Condition Tia, lemzvk. Conduct Tamshi, tebenshi, sendong, jakla, chilu. Confess Nangzvk, au-ra-aka, kazyk,. ai-ta-asv. Confession Tenangzvk. Confide Imla, amang. Confident Nangzvk. Confuse Belep, penja, beleptep, aeitep. Confusion Terong-rong, terongzy. Congenial Tatonger, tatong aru, kytep sentep. Congregate Sentep, aten. Conquer Akok, ajet. Consent Mela, au-ra-aka. Consecrate Atymzvk aiyu, atyma aiyu. Consider Bilimshi, shisa, shisadang, shisa bulua, lemdang, lemtep. Constipation Tepok mashi. Consume (by fire) Rongma, rongtym. Consume (by eating) Chima, lalu. Consumed (used up) Agimar. Contagious Menatep. Contain I ma, asa, asem, aei. Contempt Azumetsv, sensamatsy. Content Ajemalu, tipatvm, tescongzem. Continue Teti, ‘et,’ ‘zen’ as verbal suffixes. Continually Ken-ny-mati, anogoshia, nen- tak-nentaka, zongdak-zong- daka, nenzong-nenzonga. Contradict Bangsen, tebang sentep, rara- bangsen, o meyipshi. Contribute Agytsy. io6 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

'Control Azvok, atsvshi, atsy anemka, azvzvk, nemet, arem, titem. Convalescent Zungtur, anvbtur, sakatur. Converse, v. Sensak-asem. Convert (mind) Temulung meyip, temulung tasen kvma. Convey Ayok, nungena agytsv, nung- loka yutsy, bendanga agvtsv, bener ao. Cook Soro, aso, awang, asang, atsyk, sorojiok, amet, meta. Cook-house Sorojioktak. C ooking-vessels Zibo-vmbo, po, merangpo, yongmenin po. Copper Y ongmenin. Cord Lisy. Cork Temekvtsv, temekytsvkvp. Corn Mendi. Corn (ear, seed) Mendizang. Corner Kinyk, takudak. Corpse Tasvmang. Corpulent Pokak, teira, mangti. Correct Shitak, zungpung. Correct use of language Pendet, tependet. Corrupt Mescvshi, mescvtet, pakia- adok, mashilen anitet. Cost Alang, tali, ta, talangzyk. Cotton Kvmba. Cotton rolls Meti. Cotton tree Azyben. Cough Aket. Council, n. Mungdang. Counsel Zvmbitep, tasa asar. Count Azvng, azvngdang, yongsyk, idang, atsyk, svkdang. Countenance Tezak, zak. Countenance, fine Tezak merem, anvb-anyber. Countenance, sad, gloomy Tezak mykvm. Country Lima. Couple Anet, ‘ na ’ as a suffix. Couple (man and wife) Apu-ani. Courage Tasv. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 107

Courageous Tsy aet, ra, tara, tekvrvng, kyryng-kvrynger. Court Mungdang, okar. Cover, n. Tenembangtsy, temykvtsvr. Cover, v. Kypbang, remlok, nembang, lembang, semshi, tembang. Covet Nukshia, penyu. Covetous Nukshi, temuru, jabojari, azv- abung. Cow. Nashi tzvla. Cowherd Nashi nvker. Cowardly Taramaet, temulung tata, tasy maet, aen mulungzang ama. Cowrie Zvbu. Crab Tsungen. Crack, n. Techakma, tasep, takangsa, tatsvk. Crack, v. Chakma, chakrep, chaksa, sangma, pokma, akangma. Cramp Kangtena, tetsung teben asora, tezv sytet, tashitsy atu. Crave Zangra, pangra, zangraseta, sapu. Crawl Jua ao, kula kushia, kuzya jaja, aia, aiazv, apua ao. Crazy Yiarer, tamatari. Create Yanglu. Creator Yangluba. Credit on Pangtsv, bangtsv. Creep Apuzvr, apua ao, kuzya jaja. Crescent Ita asonger, songtet. Crest Tenemti, tokozong. Cripple Tetsung tatsvk, teben tatsyk, tokosvk (tukusvk). Crock Mezy, kao. Crocodile Tzy keyi, tzv pungzy. Crooked Tekirak, kiraker, epa ao, azva ao, kula, kula-kushi. Crop Tsvnvtsy. Crop, of a bird Zitem. Cross, n. Kangkidong. Cross, to be Kymli adok, kvmli mazung, kymli mesynyr. io8 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Crotch Pangjara. Crow, n. Waro. Q tvw, v . Akung. Crowd, n. * Telok, telokti, sena. Crown, n. Tsuba korang. Crucify Kangki-nung tefsetsy, kangki- nung meta, (or) angenlok. Cruel Tekangshitsy mulungsen, te~ sashi, osaosur, paki-pakra. Crumb Tanyktare. Crush Syksa, tejakrep, menungsa, ajymrep, nerep, kurep,, meyoksa. Cry Azeb, ajeb. Cucumber Ryngi, zyngi. Cultivate Alu aeim. Cultivation Alu, lu. Cultivator Alu aeimer Cup, n. Maravk, tag. Cup, v. Azy-jet. Cure Anvbtsy, anybdaktsy. Curdle Makang-makang, kangtakaF telung aten. Curl Kangtsv. Current of a stream, mild Tzv lanu. Current of a stream, strong Tzy kyprak, tzy tok-tok. Current, main, of a stream Tzvret, tungti. Curse Atakatym, o aei, o kao. Curtain Tatongdangba, taendangba. Custom Imscv, imya, tim. Cut, n. Talep, talang, tawa, zvbu. Cut, v. Alep, lepshi, lepzvk, lepto,, leptok, leptang, alen, lenshi, lentok, awa, alang, alangshi, aryng, (or arong) aji, aten,. atakzyk, aren, renshi, arerar- dang, ayip, aso (to split). Cyclone Tsungrem mopung. Cylindrical Pulung-pulunger.

D. Daily Ken-ny-mati, anogoshia, nyp- sha. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. I09

Dam, n. Tzy bangdangba. Dam, v. Tzv bangdang, tzy noktang, tzy tangdang, metsungdang. Damage Takoksa, techinu, tsvkrep. Damp, adj. Tzy taei, tzy meten. Dampen, v. Tzy age meten, tzv-nung meten, tzy tela, tsunglu aja. Dance, v. Yare, meloshi, tsungsang, jok- jur. D anger Lendong. ‘ Dao ’ Nok. 4 Dao ’ holder Nokleptsv. D ark Amang, mang-mangar, imang, mvkym. Dark (intense) Ijipji, imang. Dark, a colour Tanak, nak-naker. Daughter Zala. Day Ny, anogo, tanung, ‘ nvp ’ as a suffix. Daybreak Sangwabang, sangwali, nuk- saka nguli. Day and night Amang-sangwa, mangli-sang- wali. Dazzle Ayar, tenuk jia, yarer. Dead Tasy, pelak, tesak atang. Deaf Tenarong ajak, tenarong any, any-anvr. Dear (high price) Shisak, senti. Debilitate Tashi ajem, tashi asep, tashi atang, tashi atem. Debt Sentsv, sen atsv, sen apu. Debt, to discharge Menok, kvptok, ao. Decapitate Kongdang, tokolak atang, tokola, lepzvk. Decay Tashi ao ashitsv. Decided Mulungtet, temulung mela. Declare Kashi, kazvk. Declivity Lungbang, lungren, metok. Decorate Sobutsv, sobutsy sobur, azvktsv, azv-azvr agvtsv. anu ayok, azvk-azvk. Deep (of place, ravine, &c.) Tar ok, arok-arokvr. Deep (of water) Tzy-azy. I IO AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Deer Mescv, shitsy. Defame Sensa, sensa masa, tenvng me- nvktsv, nvngsen. Defeat *Ma]et, makok, maeim. Defenceless Lungla ali, sadaka. Defenceless, of a person Taeimdong male. Defend Kvmzyk, kazvk. Defendant Metpur. Deficient Meperi, mabensa, magishi, ma- satsv, meimatsv, madoksa,. pet-tak. Deformed Tenya-tenko age mazy. Defraud Kvlakoktsv, m eyipoktsyh ajutsv, belepoktsv. Delay Menu. Delicious Tachiynvtsvka, techiyong- nvtsvka. Delightful Tanganvtsvka, tajinvtsvka. Delirious Yiarer, tamatari. Deliver (over to) Bendanga agvtsy, balaka. agvtsv. Deliver (from) Kymzvk, anitet, kvmtet. Den Ki, shimki, shirongki, lungki- meja. Deny Menangzvk, ou-ra-maka. Depart Bendanga ao, kypa ao, tok- tsvr ao. Depressed mentally Temulung azanga, temulung azangtaka, temulung ayanga. Derision Temenvtsv, atalatsv. Descend Alu, metokzvka ao. Descendants Tangzykertym, razvkertym^. pokzvkertvm. Desire ‘ Nv ’ as verbal suffix, zangra, sapu. Desolate (condition) Yongiya, yongyarer. Desolate (place) Azvngmeyakdak, yongyamara. Despair Teimla maka, meimla. Despise Sensatsv, mezvng-meshi, sem- pa, atala, mokok ajir, tenra. achir, azu metv, tilu. Despondent Temulung atvm. Destitute Kecha maka, sensaker. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. I l l

Destroy Sama, arem. Detach Loktang, lokzvk. Devour Achi, chimar. Dew Azungtzy. Dhan (paddy) Tsvk. Dhobi Scy ashiba, scv shidokba. Diarrhoea Tepokashi, pokshi, pokzen.. Die Asv, pelak, tesak atang. Diet T achidayongtsv. Different Balala, balaka. Difficult Tasak, sak-saker. Dig Ato, to, tegi meja. Digest Aresv ao, jetsa ao. Dignity Tsungken. Diligent Zyngtaka, ryrtaka, tainyakba^ nentaka. Dilatory Impazv, tepai, tezv alang, tsunglung, azv masen, menu.. Dim Milen mechi, milen pezy- pezvr, mejakja. Diminish Aso, tila akym, taro, ajem, nu-nu, nem-nemer, rin. Dip Ata, tatet, tatep, tepshi, ken- shi, kenok, tashi. Dipper Tatetsv, tzytatsv. Direction (way) ‘ Len ’ as a suffix. Dirt Jana, chana, aoyi, arvr, anvk awar. Disagree Mvputep, kvptep, o meinjem. Disappear Tangudak-nunge aor, tangu- dak male. Disapprove Zunga mebilim. Disbelieve Mamang. Discern Shitet, ngutet, nguter. Discharge Menok, tsyk, kvptok, chiok. Discharge (a person in Tenyng jentsv, jendoktsv. employ)! Discontent Temulung mescongjem. Discouraged Temulung aso, temulung atem, temulung raksar,. menangzvk. Discourse Nvlak asong, im o zymbi. Discover Angu, ngudaktsy, putet. 112 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Discuss Zymbitep, o atep-tep, te- bang-sentep. Disease Tashidak, shilu-shira, ‘ ra ’ as a suffix. Diseased Manem, shiranger. Disgrace Maksy, nyngku. Disguise Pi atvma, pi sentsy nylok, pi sobutsv sobur, pi sentsy agi. Disgust Alak, talaktsy. Disgusting Metsyk mokong, aji-ajir, ten- ra achir, tesempa. Disheartened Temulung ama, menangzyke bilimer. Dishonest Yazvr, ambangim. Dislike Mokok ajir. Dislocated, joint Teret loktet, teret chitep. Dislocation, to set Ajetok. Disparage Tenyng menvktsy, nyngku bentet. Disperse Senshi, tsvshi. Displease Jashidaktsv, kuokdaktsy. Displeasure Tenungsatsy, tejashi. Disposition Chilu, kvmli, molungsen, jak- la, liro. Disposition (good) Ajem-alu, ajema ali, kymli tazuug, kymli synyr. Disposition (bad) Kymli mesynyr, kymli ma- zung, chilu mazung, kymli sakli mazung. Dispute Bangsen, bangsentep, o atep- tep. Disobey Manga, tashi manga, tasamagi. Disobedient Talepzyr, lungkakl u n g s h i , tashi mangar, tira. Dissatisfied Temulung machi, tipmatym, temulung mescongzvk, te­ mulung masy, nungsatsy. Dissolve Tzv akymtsv, metenzyk, aresa ao, metensa ao. Distance Piga. Distillery Moko yi asor. Distinguished Temarenba, tuluba, taoba. Distress Toshi, timatym, tekangshi. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY.

Distribute Angany agvtsv, lemshi, alem- dang, atsy. Ditch Tarok, kelentzv, impok. Dive Azve aei. Diverge Rashi, pala, tsvdang, kashia. Divide Sadang alem, lemsa, lemshi, lemdang, radang, odang. Division Talemtsv. Divisor Talemba. Divine, v. Am asvdang, aen toktang, any ajir, mi alep, miyong toktang, miyong atsvdang. Divorce Paia. Dizzy Mang-manger, mang-mang kori. Doctor Mozy shitetba. Dog Azv, zy. Domestic (opposed to wild) Kiset. Do not (don’t) Nung. Door Kishi. Doorway Kikymbang. Double Ana,.anaben, anasy. Doubt Atsy ayong, ajitaka, nung- nung. atsvtak, scongsaker. Dough Am tazy. Dove Posey, alutymtym, goduru, ungym, zangia. Down (soft feathers of birds) To tanvk, enyo lanu. Downward Imlanglen, telunglen, tekvbok- len, talulen. Doze Anvnva, antzv nuk-mo, zvng- taka ali. Drag along Atsy, atsyshi, atsyra ao, atsy meso. Drain Kvlentzv, kelentzy. Drake Padak tebong. Draw Atsyshi. Dreadful Taokroktsy, taokrongtsv. Dream, n. Pungmangba, mangpuba. Dream, v. Pung m a n g - p u n g m a n g , mangpu. Dream (to interpret) Pungmang tezv. l i i 4 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Dregs Tejok. , Dress Scyoshi. Dress (full) Sobutsy teperi. Drink, v. Azym, ayong. Drive away Aein, in, aridok, meintok, entok, akvmok, inti. Drive up Akvma aru, akyma adok. Drop, v. (of fluids) Zenok. Drop, n. (a single drop) Ken zenok. Droop Kangten, kokten, manga ao. Drought Makakym, anvage mvkaok, alu puok. Drown Tzv-nung arakset. Drowsy Anvnva ali, ryngtaka ali, entzy nukmu. Drum Asvm, scongkung. Drunk Yi age mesep. Drunkard Yi pur. Dry, v. Apu, pudaktsv, aten, atendak- tsy, akong, kongdaktsv, kongsep, asep, rosep. Dry, adj. Ara, takong, kongrep kongtet. Duck Padak. Dull Machir, svtem, tem-tem tem- temer, temok. Dumb Swarvr. Dung Sv, jana. Durable Arishitsv. Dusk Mangsem rera, zvngyi- zvngyia. Dusk, of morning Sangwali, zyngyi-zvngyia, tangdang-rera, kiba-rera, mangsem-rera. Dust Aozi, tanyk, lishi, lisem. Dwarf Koktang, lungpu, mainer, otzy, ari-in, rajang, ta- jvmzyk, aso mazung, meret. Dwell Ali. Dwelling p Alidak. Dye Arem, aso. Dysentery Azy sen, azv ashi, azy ten, azy ranu. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. " 5

E. Each * Shia’ ‘aben’ as verbal suffixes. Eager Sashia, temulung alet, lungso ; kanga preceding the verb and 'ny’ as suffix. Eagle Reptitsv, orija. Ear Tenarong. Ear ornaments Tumbang, yongmen, scong- dong bang, kiro, rong naro, meti naro, pempi naro, litsvk naro. Early Yakte. Earthenware Poteper yangluba oset. Earthquake Menoknok. Ease Sadok-sadoka, scongzvk. Easily Zvba-zvba, mela-melar, temela. East Anvtoklen, tensvlen. Eat Achi, ziyong, azung. Eatables Tachila oset, tachitsy oset. Eat and drink Ziyong qeyong, zi-zung zi- zym. Eaves Azyyang-yangdak, azy jem- jem. Echo, n. Metanga aoba, aong metang- latsy. Echo, v. Metanga ao, metangzyk. Eclipse Keyi achi. Economical Apayu, nypria yutsy, anyb alu. Edge (of a tool) Nokpo. Edible Tachila. Educate Kakyt ashitsy, saiyutet. Eel Angolang. Effort Temerang. Egg Entzv.o Egg-plant Pentu. Elastic Atsvlang. Elbow Teketsvla. Eldest Tambu, tantzvr (taintzyr). Elephant Shiti. Elevate Meso, azongmeso, azongket. Eloquent Oscv tazung, tebangraba. Elsewhere Tangarlen, tangardak. 116 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Embankment Ali amukba. Embassador Tenyar, teyar, chidango dang, jidangodang, tzydangodang. Ember Aolem, ap tatsyk. Embrace Azy aet, azytep, awabang. Employment Mapa. Empty, adj. Tazyngla. Empty, v. Azyng, azyngtet, toktok, tokzyk, intok. Encircle Mykytbang, mykypbang, sa- bang, asa. Enclosure Arynygbang, atsybang. Encourage Azongshi, majitakdaktsy, temulung-nung meso, ma- zymdaktsv. End Tatym. End (to the) Tatymdonga, tatymtashi. Endless Tamatvm, tatym maka. Endure Azyzvk, arem, atsyanem, atsvanem ka. Enemy Tsykchir, temirir, tesempar, tenukener. Enlarge Ulu, uludaktsy, metenlok, inlok. Enough Teperi, agishi, ozang. Enter Aei, i. Enter a house Atu, aket. Enterprising Ashiabung. Enthusiastic Lungso, lungsotepa, ashi­ abung. Entirely Azak, meja, meja-meja. Entrails Tar. Entreat Mepi, mepishi, kymli syshi, moposhi. Entrust (with) Nunglok, shilok yutsy, nung- ena ayu, rizonga yudaktsy. Entwine Naei, azy, zybang. Envoy Teyar, chidangodang. Envy Tenuken, mokok ajir. Epilepsy Nashira. Equal Kasa, sako, sytep, krisa. Erase Aeidok. Erect (perpendicular) Temotong, motong-motonger. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 117

Err Aei, aeitep, chimi, tsungmi, ama. Error Taei, ji-itsy. Eructate Mokotet, meitet. Escape, v. Azen, zymbu. Esophagus Chizy. Estimate Tezy. Eternal Teti, tetenzyk maka aser tatym maka. Evacuate Aeitsy. Evacuate (the bowels) Tepok ashi, pokshi ao. Evaporate Rosep, kongsep. Even (though) Aka, ka ; shia, a verb suffix. Evening Likongtsytsy, likongdang, ni- kongtsvtsy, any merema. Every Azak, shia. Everywhere Azaklen. Evidence Kuli, mokulung, metkulung. Evil Tamazung. Exact Shitak, zungpung, jijia. Exaggerate O tsungloka zymbi, o chiloka zvmbi, tali enloka zymbi, osaobung. Example Tansytsy, tajizyktsv, tajizvk- daktsy, medemer saiyuba. ' Excavate Atenpok, jipok. Exceed Tali, alvma, sari, chia, zia. Exchange Melentep, mitep, belentep. Excite Azongshi, mescyshi. Exhale Tangu satok, sazyk. Exhaust Tsysep, manglangtvm, luma, asep ; sep as a suffix. Exist Akym, ali, aka. Expend Lalu, entok. Expel Aridok, telitakdsy, aenshitsy, iretoktsy. Expensive Senti. Explain Saiyu, metetdaktsy, ajidang- daktsy, reprangdaktsy. Extinguish Asep, sep as a suffix. Extravagant Mezong-metu, mangmare, sen mapayu. Eye Tenuk, nuk, tenyk, nyk. Eyeball Tenukzang. 118 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Eyebrow Tenukkym. Eye (iris of) Tenuknak. Eyelash Tenuksemo. Eyelid Tenuk kvpsy. Eye (pupil of) Sangra. Eyesore Tenuk ashi, tenuk ajar. Eye (white of) Tenukpo. F. Fable Tarinunger otsv. Face Tezak, zak. Face to face Tezakdang, tezak chiteper. Fact Zungpung o, atangshi o, o jiji. Fade Sentsy petok, sentsy azen. Fail Makvmtet, makok, mati,majet. Faint Lula, lumi, lumiseta, svchi ao, sami ao. Fair (beautiful) Tebur zunger, tajinytsyka. Fair weather Tsungsang tazung. Faith Tamang. Faithful Nisung tazung, temaiazy, zangchilung, tsungchir. Fall Tsyk, alang False Tiazv, yazyr. Fame Nyngsang, taso, kunang, na- roka. Family Kibong, kilen, kinunger. Family generations Kidong, sosemtezy, kin, sanger. Famine Ayatsy. Fan, n. Mayipro. Fan, v. Aiyip, aiyipshi. Far Telangka, apiga. Farther Azidang telangka. Fast (rapid) Tekara, terangrang. Fast (tight) Tangtak, sentak and tak as a verbal suffix. Fasten Atalok, tanglok, alen, arak, mejatep, mejalok, mejenlok, ateplok, neplok, aei, izyk, ishi, itak. Fat, n. Temo, terang. Fat, ady. Ira, teira, techiket, tejebket, tesola. - - - - ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. ii^

Fate Tia, telemzyk. Father Tebu, bu. Father-in-law Ogo. Fatigue Ani, belem. Fault Taei, jimi. Favour Imli, imlibilim. Fear Tsvbu, tsvbuseta, tsyremseta. azvm, aoksa, okrong. Feast Benzong, impoksy. Feast (wedding) Kei (kie) poksy. Feather Enyo, to. Feeble Mokokmein, tashi ajem, tashi asep, tashi atang tashi atem. Feed Mescy, metsv, ajeb, chiyong- daktsy, nujep, chilok. Feel Amdang, ajymzv, ajvmdang, asepdang, asepshi, asepzv. Fell trees Alen, lenok, lenzyk, tsvngok, lepok. Female Tetzvr; ‘la ’ as a suffix. Fence At sv. Ferment, v. Pokrak, poja aja. Fern Asang zak, amtsv. Ferocious Sashia. Ferry, n. Rongzuadak, tzvtendak. Ferry, v . ' Rongzua. Fertile Ali tanvp, ali tazung, ali intet. Ferule Rerji, inlet, Fester Tembok. Festival Benzong, impoktsy, moatsv, ki amak. Fetch Aben, bener aru. Fetter Tsungten chiok. Fever Ramen, shiranga aeter. Few Ishika, teradang, ishita. Fickle Temulung tejep-tejep, temu- lung ana, temulung me- scongzem, memulung. Fierce Sashi. Fife Jemji. Fig Mungo zynu, mungozang, mongo tulutsvla, pangsem- zang, ymshizang. 120 ao naga Language;

Fig tree Mungodong, pangsemdong, ymshidong. Fight, v. Rara, leptep tsvngtep, tum- bangra. Fight, 2>., of animals Tongtep, ngutep, mechitep, ajatep, tsvktep, chitep. Figure, numeral Tazvngdang, yongsvk. File Meit, taoktsy. Fill Asung, tebang metem. Film Temo, amo arang. Film (on the eye) Menzang, rabang. Fin Tashikangzvk, tzyreptsy. Find Angu, putet. Fine, v. Akang. Finger Temeyong. Finger nail Temezvng temeyongzong. Finish Ma, zyk as verbal suffixes. Fire Mi. Fire blaze Zangru, milak. Fire brand Mitsung,milungsang, semsang. Fire coals Mitsung, mizang. Fire-fly Tsykji. Fireplace Mimung, atep. Fire sparks Mitsv, mi apokvr, mipok- shiba. Fire sparks from flint or iron Miren. Fire (to strike) Mitsvk. Firm Kvm-kymer, tekvprak, ma- nokshi, mesenshi, temulung melem. Firmament Anung. First- Mvzvng, tamasa, kasy; ma as a verbal suffix. Fish, n. Ango. Fish, v. (with hook) Boroki age ao. Fish (with net) Zvtzvk aon, zala mesang. Fish t^with poison) Tzv ayok. Fisherman Ngashir, zytzyk aoner ango apuba. Fish net Zytzyk, zala. Fist Ajetrep. Fit, n. Sychi ao, sami, nashira aet. Fit, v. (to) Apet, sytep, entep, amtep. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. I2t

Flame Tezangru, milak. Flash Pret, tsungpret. Flat Matsvk, tapak, apak-apaker. Flea Azvbong. Flee Azen, zena ao. Flesh Shi. Fling Aon, aen, merep, tsoa yyk. Flint Mitsyktsv lung. Flirt (of anything) Arvk, rykshi, ryktok. Float Punga ao. Flock Telok, telokti. Flood Tzv atsungbang, moe ao. Floor Atvm, tymdang, atem. Flour Am, amdong. Flow Aeim, ima ao. Flower Naro, teben. Fluid Tzy, tzv ama. Flute Jemji. Fly, v. Ima ao. Fly, n. Manga, abung, songang. Flyblow eggs Metsvk. Foam Poja, metsy sem. £°g, Tzvsv. Fjdd, v. Nepten, neptep, kulep. Follow Anitak, anishi, sylen ao. Food Chiyongtsv, tachila, chi, zi. Food and drink Tachidayongtsv. Fool Swarvr, yiarer, tamaji. Foolish Meshi-melu, tamashi. Foot (of man) Tetsung, temopo. Foot (of animals) Tetsung, temepi, temepi rang- ben. Foot 1 of birds and fowls) Tetsung, ali somba, ali sotsy. Footprint Tsungsy, tejangnyp. Footstool Ajym-etdak. For Asoshi, meyong, nung, nvm, kechiasyr, kechiarer, ke- chisynung. Forbear Arem, azvzvk, atsunga-atsu- nga, atsy anem, ajem-ajema. Forbid Scongtem, nungtem, atendang, nung, bangdang, scong- dang, mepitem, metenok, K 1 22 'AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Forciblyy Rakzvka, amuka ao,tashi age, tashi ima. Ford, n. Tzv atendak. Ford, v. Tzv aten. Forehead Tenytsv. Foreigner Aener, bendanger, impur. Forest Mein, arem. Forge, n. Insem, insembong. Forge, work in metals Intsvng, noktsvng, atsvng, ayang. Forget Ama. Forgetful Temulung mazvng. Forgive Atok, adok. Forgiveness Tad ok . Fork Tato, aei, jarong. Formerly Alvmle, agidang. Forsake Toksv, entok. Fortifications Sasong atsv atang. Fortune (to tell) Am asvdang, aen toktang, scongmuk lemdang, an-nv ajidang, mi yongtoktang. Forward Tama, tamalen. Fowl Aen, an, en. Fracture Tatsvk, syktang, kusvk, te- chakma, tekangma. Fragile Tamula, amu-amur. Fragrance Toronem, tesanem. Free Mesentak, nychir, nvji, sada- ka, jungka (zvngka). Fresh Tasen, tazv. Frequently Tendong-tendonga, nenzong- nenzonga, atong-atonga. Friend Temba. Fringe ScvtSung. Frog Aloh. From Nunge as a suffix. Frost Aonrep. Froth Poja. Fruit Tezang. Fruit stone Tezang ret. - Fuel Scong. Fugitive Azenba. Full Tebang medem, asung. Full (crowning) Entzybang. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 123

Full (heaping) Mezong, mesong. Full (running over) Mobang. Fun Asaiya, menytsy. Fur Tezvng anvk. Furnace Misem, inrongba. Future Asongany.

G. Gabble 0 jep-jep. Gad Senzv, senzva ao. Gadfly Abung. Gain Tezangzyk, tatem ; tem as a a suffix. Gale Mopung kanga aen (oraonl yipro. Gall Tasy. Gamble Aen toktang, syzvng saei. Game (wild meats) Arem shi. Gape Wamesa. Gaping wound Atsy shia, kashia. Garden Atsvki. Gasp Tesak matang, arymshia anung, tesanangdang, salem. Gate Atsy kishi, atsvshi. Gather Ben den, aten, atsy ten, nung- ten, lok, lokten, okten, yaten. Gaze Ajia ali, repranga ali, saklok. Gecko Kitsungsv. Generation Putu, kidong, poktet. Generous Temela, tzvsa, mulungsa. Gentle Ajemalu, scongjem-scongjem er, ajem-ajema. Genuine Ji, jiji, jijila. Germ Temokotsy, tepony. Germinate Mei, moko. Get Angu. Gift Sempet, maong, angau agytsv. Gills (of a fish) Ango okshirep, tengaea, tengaea bong. Ginger Scongmuk. Gird Akang, kang, alenlok, naei yanget. 124 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Girdle, n. Nangri. Girdle, v, (a tree) Scongsep. Girl Tanur tetzyr, aeir. Give Agvtsv (imperative—to one’s self) kyang (kwang), kva. Gizzard Tejejet. Glad Pela, pelaseta, temulung chia. Gland Terizang, mechilung. Glass Tungbang in, tanedangtsy in. Glass window Tanedangtsv. Gleam Pret, sentsy aet, ya, yamok, remshi. Glisten Remshi, pret. Glory N vngsang, sentzy tw a n g s h i, naroka. Glow-worm Tsvkji apunger. Glutton Chitiyongti, tepok tasak. Gnash the teeth Tepo shitep. Gnat Pezvnv, yimo. Gnaw Ashi, shishi, moposhi, ngushi. Go Ao. Going and coming O-li, aru-li. Goat Nabong. God Tsungrem. Goitre Kongwak. Gold Hon. Gong Shima. Good, adj. Tazung, azung. Goods, n. Oset, kizen. Goose Chinga, kongkai padak. Goose pimples Asykshizang. Gore, v. Atong, tongset, kenpok. Gourd Meso. Gospel Otsv tazung. Gossip O totep, nyngsen o, tsa-mesa, mesa-melem, tebang lili. Govern Azyok, im kvmzyk, jabang aeim. Govern (one’s self) Atsvshi, nemet, nemzyk, temu­ lung sot, temulung titem, scongsashi. Gradually Tanem-taneme, lasa-lasa, mei- lunge, piga-piga. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 125

Grain Tsvk. Granary Tzen. Grandchild Svmchir. Granddaughter Svmchir tetzyr. Grandfather Obu. Grandmother Otzv. Grandson Svmchir tebur. Grasp Am, am-et, ajeb-et. Grass Aei. Grasshopper Zangkok. Gratuitously Odedang, angati. Grater Scongmeset. Grave (a place for dead) Lepvr. Gravel Lungsang. Gravy (of meat) Shitzy. „ (of vegetables) Aontzv. Great Taoba, tuluba, tamaren. Green Tajym, tazv. Green (colour) Amak-amaker, kvmyang. Grief Tejashi, temulung arir, teme- nungra. Grieve Temulung ashi, temulung azang, menungra, temulung ari, jashi, jashidaktsv, kuokda- ktsv. Grind Aei, aeishi, aeipok, aeisa, ashi, menungsa. Grindstone Lungzvk. Groan Anung. Groom (a syce) Pogimer. Ground Ali. Grouse Oscv. Grow Mei, in. Growl Aryr. Grub, n. Sconglung, alitensy, tong- lung. Grudge Nuken, mokokaji, majinv. Grumble Nem-nemshishi, jem-jemshishi, tsung-tsung nanang, kangko- kangji, metok-mesen. Grunt Anung. Guard, n . Meiker, tanyker, im nyker, tsydimunger, meiter. Guard, v. Anyk, im nyk, 126 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Guardian Tanvker, terarir, tebu akvm, temescyba, taeimdong. Guard-house Semtu. Guess Api. Guest Kidang anenba, kidang atongba. Guide, n. Leniba, len aniba, len saiyuba. Guide, v . Len ani, leni. Guilt Taei. Guilty Met aeim, taei amen, taei enlok. Gulp up wind Mokotet. Gum • Ajaba, mejajvm, mesen, waro- chi. Gum (of teeth) Teponv. Gun Brambong, ram. Gunpowder Kari. Gutter Kelentzv, tarok. H. Habit Imya, timya, tim, timsybar imscv. Habitation Alidak.' Hailstone Rer. Hair of head Ku. Hair of body Tezyng. Hair of animals Tezvng. Half Odang, tesadang, teradang. telemdang. Halt Anen. Hammer Intern. Hammer, v. Atsyng, tsyngshi. Hand Teka. Handle, n. Sang, bang. Handle, v. Am, amshi. Handsome Tvbur zunger, ajitsv zunger, tajinvtsyka. Hang Itak, sentak, ajeptaka ali, sotaka ali, soset. Happy Pela, pelaseta, temulung chia. Hard Merang, tasak. Hard-hearted Taribangri, temulung matang, temulung osaosar. Harelip Tebang shima. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 127

Harm Tekangshi, takoksa. Harmony (union) Putep, kvta sentep, zungtep, meimtep, tia ajem, tiatep. Harvest Alu arur, tsvk arur. Harvest time Alurudang. Hat Korang. H atch Rerzvk. Hate, v. Tesempar, tsvkchir, tenu- kener, mokok ajir. Hateful Mokong-mokonger, t e n r a achir, tesempar, tsvngtsvng- rangtang. Haughty Mezy-mykvm, kvmtet kymra, asokvm, maongka. Hawk Orija, watilung, lungzvba, reptitsv. He Pa. Head Tokolak, kolak. Headache Tokolak menyr, tokolak angu, tokolak ashi. Heal Anvb, anvbdaktsy. Healthy Tanema anvba ali, zunga ali. Heap, n. Nangayuba. Heap, v. Nang ayu, nangten ayu, apang ayu. Hear Anga, angashi. Hearken Tenarong ten dak, ryngtaka anga, taneme anga. Heart Temulungzang. Heart (of wood) Intsv, scong mulung. Hearth Atep. Heartily Temulungben, lungsotepa. Heat, n. Tap, tatsvk. Heat, v. Miri, melu, awang, wangshi, aro. Heaven Kotak. Heavy Taret, ret-reta, azang-azanger, zvng-zvnger. Heed Anga. Heedless Makvmdang, mvryrtak, sataka, temulung mazvng, tem- daka. Heel Shivalang. 128 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Heir Sen amangba, sen manger. Heirloom Nvngshi oset, ain oset. Help Yari, yiari, rari, riari, asem. Help (no help) Anogo maka. Hen Aen tetzv. Hence Yangnunge, angnungzi, ibazage, azangla. Her Pa, padak, panung, padang. Herb Aon, aonsotsv, aei. Herd Telok. Herdsman Telok anvkba. Here Yange, idage, idake. Here and there Tesvm tesym. Hereafter Azisvlen, aziseirkytsy, yaseir, ibakvtsvr, asonganvang. Hesitate Atsv ayung, ajitaka, menang- zvk, memulung, mulung mela masv, temulung pang- jara. Hew Scong ajak. Hiccough Moko. Hid Atsoka ali, atsokok, meima ali. Hide Nembang, meimbang, meim- shi. High Telangka. Hill Tenem, Himself Pa sasa, pei. Hinder Noktang, sot, puet, meyok. Hip Tesami. Hypocrisy Anemtsy, lungkak aet, lungkak- lung, kunem. Hire, n. A, ta. Hire, v. A, imtet. Hit Aka, kashi, achi, atsvk, tsykshi, metsv, azvk. Hither Yage, idage. Hoarse Terok aset, terok asep. Hoe, n. Kotrang. Hoe, v. Ain, ainshi, aon, aonsa, aonshi, api, pisa. Hog (tame) Ak. „ (tame, female) Tin. feNGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 129

Hog (tame, male) Taei, tesv. „ (wild) Pungzv. „ (wild, female) Shiben, kymtzv. ,, (wild, male) Taei. Hold Amet, sot, apang, puet, ajebet, Hold (to contain) I ma, asa, aei, asem. Holder Taratsv, anar. Hole Tapok, tegi. Hole (in the ground) Ongken, kangla, tegi. Hollow Tazvngla. Hollow out, v. Aten, atenpok, jipok. Hollow tree Scongrvr. Honest Temeiazv, ojishir, tsungchir, nyji-nylem, atangshi. Honey Ninang, mojitsy. Honey cell Mojitsv tejep. Honey comb Ninang terep. Hoof (cloven) Temepi. Hoof (solid) Temepi rangben. Hook, n. Zui, boroki. Hook, v. (of animals) Aken, kenset, along, tongtep. Hop, v. Jokjur, joka-joka, pungtena ao. Hope Teimla, imlatsv. Hopeful Nangzvk, temulung ulur. Hopeless Menangzvk, mulungtem, anogo maet. Horn Tezv, zy. Hornet Nati. Horse Qor. Hostile Anvma, tsykchir, tsvkchitepa, tenukener, tesempar. Hot Tatsvk, aper, melu, miri, awan- ger, aro. Hot season Mei, lemlua. Hot water Tzv miri, tzy tatsvk, tzy melu. House Ki. House (stone or brick) Lungki. Household Kibong. Household goods Kizen, kisen, ki oset. House site Kimung. How ? Koda? kodasa? kechi koda? kechi ama ? komama ? kobala ?

L 130 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

How far Kopiga ? How large Kota keta ? kotaka ? kotetet ? koteka ? shir banger ? How long (in space or time) Kopiga. How many ? Qeiketa ? qeikeshi ? qeiali ? qeika ? How many times ? Qeiben ? How much ? Qeika ? qeiali ? qeiaet ? However Azi saka, ode saka. Howl Arong, azeb. Hug Azv aet, azvbang. Humble Ajemalu, ajem-ajemer. Human being Nisung, meimchir, nv. H unger Ayar. Hunt Bushi, imya, im, shika. Hunter Shikar. Hurl Merep, aon, atsv, . tsvshishi, tsvok, tsvtok, atsvng. Hurricane Yipro, tsungrem mopung. Hurry llung, kara kara, mapangsa, lendongsa, svrok-roka, rara rvrpunga. Hurt Tekangshi, kangshidaktsy. Husband Kinungpo, kibuba. Hypocrite Anemtsyba, tepelemba, tepe- lep. I. Ice Tzv0 lung. o a Idiot Swarvr, mechi-mera. Idle Kazy alir, azvnga lir, kazvtsy. Idol Scongyangluba. If Asybo, ka, svra dir, san g ; ra, rabangila, shia as suffixes. Ignorant Tamashi, meshi-melu, meme- tet, mashitet. Ignite Tsvklok, mi meset, mi asen. Shiranger, manem, mokok- mein. Illegitimate ( child ) Kidachir, asangchir. 111 repute Nvngsen, tenyngmenyk, nvng ku bentet. Jllustra:e Tetetzytsy, o entep, o putep. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. *31

Illustrious Temaren, tenvngtetoko, nyng sanger. Imagine Apitet, ratet. Imitate Chilu ajizvk, saiyi. Immediately Tang, tangyonge, kenyonge, idangyongzi. Immerse Tzysen, tzv chigo. Immodest Nv madang, makar. Immortal Tamasytsv, teti alitsv. Impatient Sensv tamu, meit-mapang, meit keter, maremer. Improper Tim masv, metemsv, miyari, mesytep, mapet. In Nung as a suffix. Inappropriate Temiyare, mesytep, mapet, mazy. Inattentive Temulung-nung maet, myrvr- tak, menentak, tenarong maten. Incessantly Teti, kenymati, n en tak a- nentaka, ryrta k-r y r t a k a, zvngtak-zyngtaka atonga- atonga. Inconsiderate Temulung mazvng, mebilim. Inciease Aren, ain, inlok, ulu, marenshi. Incredible Mamangtsv, tangatsv o masv, au ta mebilim. Indecision Memulunger, mulung mela masv. Indeed! (exclamation) Toh ! aja ! koda ! Indelible Maeidoktet, meshidoktet. India rubber Ngisa. India rubber sap Angitzv. Indignant Jashir, rasa. Indigo Osakshilung. Indigo plant- Osak. Industrious Tainyaker, ta k y m d a n g e r, temeranger, ashiabunger, mazvnga ali. Ineffectual Amazok, makymtet, matalok. Inextinguishable Tamasepba, meremseptet. Infant Ki nudang, numerem, mama' dang, nurachanu. 132 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Infirm Mokokmein, tashi maet, tekokrok, mokokprok, yare- yabong. Influence Mescvtet, tsyshi, a n i t e t, azongshi, azongmeso. Inform Ashi, shiyok, . metetdaktsy, sashia ashi, angateta ashi. Inhabit Ali. Inhale Sashi, saok, saket. Inherit Amang, senmang. Injustice Ambangim, muru-murur. Ink Tezilutsv angitsv, tateptsy tzv tezilutsv mozv. Innocent Temeten, maeitsy, taei maka meshi-meshir. Innumerable Onsara, mvzvngtet meitet. Inquire Asongdang, b u s h i, sashia bushi. Insane Yiarer, tsvshi-tsyrar. Insect Shiruru. Inside Telung-nung, tiong-nung. Insignificant Menvk, aso, tila, o samesa. Instantly Tang, tangyonge, azongbena. Instead of Melen, mei. Instigate Nunglok, mescvlok, zonglok, ajiok (orachiok). Instruct Saiyu, saiyutsungi. Instruction Saiyutsungiba. Insufficient Meperi, magishi, mati, pet-tak. Intention Asa, mulungsen. Interest Tatem, tetemzyk. Interpret 0 tongta, lemteta ashi. Interpreter Tongtar, lempur. Intestines Tar. Into Nung as a suffix. Intoxicate Yi age mesep, yi • age zymshi. Invalid M a n e m, mokokmeim, teyaretsyra. Invent Asatet, shisatet. Investigate 0 aeim, o bushi, o ashishi. Iron Merang, in. Irony Tesyki syki o, zuia zuia zymbi. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 133

Irritable Meit tema-nung, ain tema- nung, meit temapang, kvmli tamu, atazvr. Is Ali, aka, asv, aet, er, aket, ar. Island Tzv tetsungda, asetkong, tzv mvkvtbang, momobang. It Pa. Itch, v. Mesak. Itch (disease) Anakra, mesakra. Ivory Shiti po. J- Jab Rerok, semok, tsvngok. Jabber O tejep-tejep zvmbi, 0 mesa melem zymbi. Jackal Shirong. Jacket Sepokscv, tula. Jack fruit Pulungzang. Jail Padak ki, tsungten chiokdak. Jar, v. Temshi, temdong, kushi, kutok, atashi. Jaw (lower) Tekvmret. Jaw (upper) Teponv. Jest Kulu-kutvm o. Jewelry Azvk, sobutsv, sobusolemtsy. Join Mesemtep, mesentep, meten, metentep, matep, asyktep, malok, neplok, meilok, mena- tep, tasvktep, zyktep, zvklok, lungjem, enjem. Joint Tenvk, tekulen, kula kushi. Joke, v. Kulu-kutymer. Journey Aene ao, bendange ao. Joy Tepelaba, benzong. Judge, n. O bendangba, tasongdangba. Judge, v. O bendang. Judgment day O bendang nv. Juice Tzv. Juiceless Teshira, shira-shirar. Jump Punga ao, pungshishi, pungtena ao, pungzv, jokshishi, alym- shishi. Jumble, v. Belep, beleptep, meyoktep, mezytep. 134 AO NAGA LANGUAGE,

Jungle Arem, mein, pentong, meta. Just Oji, ojishi, jijiba, zang chir, tsungchir, meiazv atangshi. Just so Odaka. K. Keen Sashi, tesangra. Keep Ayu, zung-zunga ayu, rezung, sot. Keeper Anvker, anvkba, reprangba, mapangtsvba. Key Tererdangtsv, sabi. Kick Aka, - ajvm, adokten, ajuten » pungten. Kid Nabong chanu. Kidney Tezvngzang. Kill Tefset, lepset, kaset, tsvngset, tenset, waset. Kind Meimer, imlibilimer, zungnyr. Kindle (a fire) Mi apu, mi aputet. King Tsuba, unger. Kiss Tebang mesep. Kite Kakvt imzvr. Kite (to fly) Kakvt imzydaktsy. Kitchen Sorojioktak. Knead Am ajep, am alung, lungshk Knee Temokok. Kneel Temokoka semet, semtaka amen. Kneepan Temokok scvzvng Knife Qei lemnok, kotari. Knit Mechi. Knock Maten, tsungten. Knot Mesv, mesvtep, mesvlok, nok- tong, wakji. Know Metet, shitet, angatet. Knuckle Tekabonvk, temeyongnvk. Kosu Gnv. L. Labour Mapa, inyaktsv. Labourer Mapa inyakba, ayanger. Lac (gum) Mejajym. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. J 35

Lamb San chanu. Lame Tetsung tatsvk, teperem tatsvk, teben tatsvk, tetsung ma- nem. Lamp Totsv milen. Land Ali, alima. Landslide Ali anen, alinen. Language O. Lap, n. Tepima. Lap, v. Menakdang, atentep, seitep, atep, ateptep, asvktep, me- semtep. Large Tulu, temaren, taoba. Last Tatvm, tesv. Late Menu, svzvker, tsungnung. Laugh Menv, nienytsv. Law Ozvng, obang, tim yangluba. Lawsuit O akar, okar. Lay eggs Entzv aku. Lay (to place) Ayu. Lazy Azv masen, paei-paeir, im.pazv, lemla svla, yazv mara. Lead, n. Rangin, tzvin. Lead, v. Ani, anitet. Leaf To, scongo, kakvt pak. Leak, v. Tzv asen. Leap, v. Pungtena ao, alvmshishi. Lean (thin) Tekongra, teyaret. Lean (to lean over) Senchia ao, senprepaao, manga ao, angia ao. Learn Ashi, ajizvk, angazvk. Leather Shikap. Leave (to abandon) Toksv, pala, pila, senshi. Leave it alone Odedang toktsv, cdanga liang. Leech Bangzi. Left side or hand • Tabelen. Leg Tetsung, tapu tsung, tayang tsung. Leisure Kazv, kazv ali, azyng, tela, tayongla. Lend Sen ayok, pangtsv yong ayok, tatem yong ayok. Leopard Chungny, keyi. 136 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Leprosy Zvtsvra. Let (allow) M ela; daktsy as a suffix. Letter Tezilu. Level Lenten metem, metem-mete- mer, svsy metem, svmetem. Lever Temykyptsv. Liar Yiazyr, tiazvr. Lick Menak, mezvk. Lid Temykvtsv, tekvpbangtsy, te- nembangtsy, tezvkbangtsy. Lie, n. Tiazv, yiazy, tekvlak. Lie, to lie down Mezanga ali, mezanga ao, on- taka ali, mepitaka ali. Life Takym. Lift Azong, azongket, meso, nung- ket, oket. Light, n. Tesangwa. Light, v. Sangwa, tsvklok. Light, adj. Pungpar, pungpa-pungpar, re- per-reper, pokpa-pokpar. Lightning Tsungpret, tsungi. Like Ama, imama, mesyker, metem, ibala, kasa, sako, krisa. Limber Telala, lala-lalar, nepnep-nep- neper. Lime Shiny, lung shiny, amuk shiny. Lime fruit Ongshi, melak ongshi, nok- pungshi. Limit Arvr, tatvm. Line Teptang, taren, lisv. Line (a row) Taren. Link Temaka, temvkytba. Lip Tebang mechi. Liquor Moko yi. Listen Tenarong tendak, rvngtaka ali, anga ali, tenarong aten. Little Tila, tilala, tera, ishika. Live, v. Takym ali, akvm. Liver Temesen. Lizard Sangken, kitsungsy. Load Ku. Loan, n. Tapu. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 137

Loan, v. Apu, pangtsv (or bangtsy) yong ayu. Locality Ibadak, idakzi, angzi; dak as suffix. Locality (healthy) Alinvk tazung, alima tazung, tangu titet, mopung titet. Locality (unhealthy) Alinyk mazung, ali tara, mo­ pung mati, tangu mati. Locust Ata-tangko. Log Scong, scongtem, scongmang. Loins Teperem. Lonely Yongya, yongyia, yongyarer, rongzen, rongzenseta, rong- zenmata. Long Talangka, apiga, apiketa. Long for Zangra, zangraseta, aginy. Look Aji, ajidang, reprang, ngutaka. Look out Kvmdangang, reprangang. Loom Takradong, takratsv. . Loose, v. Chiok, lusa, Loose, adj. Poksok, sepshi, zila-zilar, lok- shi, lokzv, lokzvk, mesentak. Lose £ Madok, entok. Loss Takoksa, techino, lalu, tsvkrep. Loudly Aeim, aeimtena, ayim. Louse Atsvk, pezvnu, teruru, kvmtzy. Louse(hen) Entsvk. Love, v. Meim, kyta asen, meimtep, kytep-sentep kvtep. Low Nemzyk, ajvmzyk. Lucky Rema, tsungrem akyt, lanlia. Luncheon Chitem, aentem. Luggage . Aene aoba oset, oset-tsvset. Lump Lung. Lungs Tepokpok. Lust Nuktapangta, jabojari muru- muru. Lustrous Sentsv etvr. Lye Kalungtzy. M. Machine Temenungtsy. Mad Yiarer. M 13$ AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Mad dog Azy yiarer. Maggot Mesen. Maiden Aeir, aiyir. Make Yanglu, yangyu, ayang, asy. Male (human) Tebur. Male (beast) Tebong. Malice Mokokajir, tenukener. Mallet Tangentsv. Man Nisung, ny. Mangle Ashisa, shisa, menungsa, ngusa, kusa. Mango Teti. Manipulate Azetshi, lenshi, nemshi. Mankind Meimchir. Many Aeiga, aiyiga, bulu, timba ziner. Mark, v. Alang ayu, mesv ayu, temaeitsy enlok. Market Wati, shishidak. Marriage Kei (kie) aoba, tzvzyng ozyng. Marrow Teret mo, tungtimo. Marsh Tzvji, tzvta. Master Kibur, arogotong, skul rogotong. Mat Pakti, apak. Match, n. Mitsvktsy. Mates (male and female) Apu ani-na, atzv apungba-na, tekinungtzv tekinungpo-na. Matter (what is the) Kechi asy, kodasv. Mature Tain, asangur, aeir, aiyir, nykvmjem nvbu zung. ‘ Maud ’ Yi, mejemtzy. ‘Maud’ (strong) Mejemtzy. Meaning Tetezv, tetezytsv. Measles Aozangra, yaksv. Measure, n. Tasadang, tasazvk, imji, tsvk- temji, pua, nvbu-molok, yi molok, entzv molok, mori. Measure, v. ' Asao asadang, asazyk, atak. Meat Shi. Mediator Tetsungdae aeiba, o ben danger. Medicine Mozv. Meditate Shisadang, bilimdang, lemdang. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. ’39

Medium Tetsungda ka, tiyare, tiong- tsyka. Meddlesome Zangzonga, zangzong mara, meina. Meek Ajemalu, ajem-ajemer. Meet (of people) Azuru, azurutep. Meet (of paths) Lemjem, enjem, intep. Meet (to go to meet) Lenzi ao. Melancholy Tezak mykym, kvmli mesyner. Melt Melu, melushi, aresa ao. Memorial Nyngshi oset. Mend Tapok atang, tapok asy, tapok atep, meten, aryrbang, yanglushi. Merchant Shibelener, shitibener, shitishi, shishir. Mercy Imlibilim. Merciful Ao chia, imli aeter. Merry Pela ali. Messenger Teyar, o tongtar, teyokba, jidangodang, chidangodang. Metal In. Methan Scy, scybong, scytetzy. Mew Asa. Midday Anzongmeshi, anzong tenari, tanela tenari. Middle Tiong, tetsungda. Midnight Aietrvm. Midst Tsungda, rong-nung. Milk, n. Mamatzv. Milk, v. Mamatzv aeim. Milk clabber Mamatzv telung. Mince Jetsa, alangsa, tsyngsa, ajensa, wasa. Mind, n. Temulung. Mind, v. Anga, tashi anga. Minister, to Yari, riyari, anyb alu, aja- ayang Mire Tzysy, tzyta, tzyji. Mirror Tanedangtsy. Miserly Myru-myrur, tokuru, kurunak, tesysy. Tzysy. I40 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Mistake Taei, aeitep, jimir, ji-ia. M istress Kibutzy. Mix Meyoktep, aeishi, ajeptep, mezytep, arershi, zytep. Moan Anung. Mock Chilu saiyu, o shio. Moderate, adj. Atsung-atsunger, t s u n g a- tsunga, tsunglung, tsung- nung. Modest Ny akar, ny mamadang. Moist, adj. Taei, temeten, tela. Moisten, v. Meten, tela, tsunglu aja. Molasses Mojitsy. Mole Li peretsv. Mollusk Nangti kvpra, keyi kvpra, amok. Money Sen, tatsyk. Monkey Shingo. Month Ita, i Moon Ita, i. Moon (new) Ita asong, ita tasen. Moon (half) Ita mangku lepma. Moon (full) Any mi. Moon, waning I mar. Moons, interval between Ita irem, imang. Moonlight Itaya, ita ayar. Moon, rising Ita adok. Moon, setting Ita taeir. More Anu. • Morning Tanyp, anyptang. Morning (this) Anyptang. » Morning (to-morrow) Asenyp, anyptang, asongnyp. Morning (yesterday) Yashinvp. Mortar Mangku sem, sem, svm. Mosquito Merila, kei merila. Moss Mangrang. Mother Tetzy. Mother-in-law Onv. Mother, my Ozyla. Mould Mangrang apung. M ound Azungnem. Mountain Tenem. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 141

Mourn Temulung jashir, temulung ashir, temulung shiranger, temulung zebteper, temu­ lung azvr, temulung ayan- ger, menungra. Mouse Qeya, aeim qeya. Moustache Bangsemo. Mouth Tebang, bang, pang. Mouthpiece (of smoking pipe) Luli. Mouth (of stream) Telungokdak. Much Aeiga, tim, jenti, bulu, ziner. Mud. Tzvji, lishi, tzysy. Multiplication Tabentsy. Multiply Aren, aben ; ‘ben’ as a numeral suffix. Multitude Telok, telokti. Mumps Kongwakra. Munching (crunching) Kvreprep. Murder Tefset, lepset, tsvngset. Murmur Kangkokangji, jem-jemshishi, nem-nem-shishi. Murmur (of a stream) Tzy arvr. Mushroom K unger. Musk rat Tsunger. Mustard Zibi zang. Mutual Tep, as a verbal suffix. N. Nail, n. Tangentepba, tangentsy. Nail, v. Angenlok, angentep. Nail (finger and toe) Temezyng, temeyong zong. Naked Mangsa, pusa. Name . Tenvng. Name (in name of) Atvma. Napping (to be) Anvnva ali, entzy nukmusa ali, rvngtaka ali. Narrow Temesv, aso. Nations Nybu, nytepu. Naughty Kymli mazung. Navel Tepela. Near Ana, anasa, merep. Nearly ‘ C hi ’ as verbal suffix; ‘ chir ’ ver­ bal suffix followedby ‘ anen 142 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Necessary Tenungdaktsy. Neck Tvkong, terok. Necklace Wangkvm. Needful Saktem, tenungdaktsy. Needle Ajem. Needle (wooden) Scongjem. Needy Sensaker, aeimer. Neighbour Kiyunger, kishikinar, kinapur, kiyungkinar. Nephew Onvk. Nerve Temo tezy. Nest Tesep, scongki. Nest (hen’s) Aenku. Nettle Temungtsy, taklemtsv. Never Kodang, teti, kechisvnung, kechisvdang, each with a negative. Nevertheless ' Azi saka, azioda saka. New Tasen. News Osang, o tasen. Next Anaba. Nibble Ashi, metep, ngushi. Niece Onvla. Night Aonung, amang. Night (last) Yasong. Night (to-night) Taonung. Night (to-morrow) Asongonung. Nip Tera alen, metsyk. Nipple Mamazang. Nipple, of a gun Tepela. No Nung, ma, masv. Noise Ola. Noise, to make a Asaten, asatep, aeimten. None Maka, male, maet ; kecha, with a negative. No one Shingae, with a negative. Noon Anzongmeshi, anzongnari. Noose Sang. Nor Mesyra. ‘ Nose Teni, ni. Nostril Teniki. Not so Masy, nunga. Not yet Anu, with a negative. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. M3

Nothing Kecha, with a negative. Notify O shiok, o tongta, reroka o, nvbutongta, o aeimten. Notwithstanding Azisaka, odasaka. Nourish Mescv, metsv. Now Tang, tanga, tangbo, tan. Now-a-days Tanv asong, asonganv, taoa. Nowhere Kechisvnung male. Numb Aei-aeir, pezy-pezvr, ayang. Number Yongsvk, azvngba, zvngdangba. Numeral Tezvngdangtsv o, yongsvk- ertvm, tezvngdangertym. Numerous Aeiga, aiyiga, ayisv, jenti, unsara, magimarutsv, timba. Nurse (ayah) Nujir, nubentsvr. Nurse, v. (to aid, minister to) Riari, yiari. Nut Tezang. O. Oak Scongsa, selim. Oar Rongiba. Oath Azyngashiba o, zvngtep o, zvngia zvngko zvmbiba. Obedient Tashi angar, azvok, tasa agi, temulung atang. Obey » Anga. Objection Tenoktang, tezvngdang. Obscene Taktsv, salepsario, zin zirar. Observe Anga, anga benshi, agizyk, amshi. Obstinate Temulung melem, lungkak- lung shi, tara tashi, atapisy, tira. Obtain Angu. Ocean Tzy im. Odour Menem, nem. Odour (fragrant) Toronem, tesanem. Odour (bad) Tesvnem, tezoknem. Odour (putrid) Tashinem. Offend Jashi, jashidaktsy, rasadaktsy, kuokdaktsv. Offering Tenia, tenlatsy oset. Officer Tatar, so sang. Officer, subordinate Tangla. 144 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Offspring Chir, svmchir, tangzvk. Often Tongkon g a-t o n g k o n g a, kenynv, aeiben. o n Totzv. Oil, petroleum Menemtsv totzy. Old Tain, tasa, tambur, tantzvr, (of things) tezen. Omen Tsungrem tetezvtsy. Omnipotent Takokba. On Ma, ma-nung. Once Kendang, kaben. One Ka, aka, ketang (kadang). Onion Lasong. Only Sa, dang as suffixes; tesa,meja. Ooze Aja, jatet. Open Lapok, sala, luma. Open (the eyes) Asak, saktet, saka. Open (the. mouth) Tebang aka, sala. Openly Otia, shisang-shisanga, rak- poka, temae adoka, zung- kae adoka. Opinion Mulung. Opponent Anvmer. Opportunity Zengzang, anogo. Opposed Anvma. Or Svshia, svli. Orange Jemben. Order, n. 0 , ozvng, bangdak, o bang. Order, v. Ozvng ashiba, mela, o azvng. Originate Poktet. Ornament, v. Azy -azyr, sobutsv sobur. Ornaments Azvk, sobutsy, lakyp. Orphan Lazar. Oscillate Sozv, azvshi, aonzv; zy as suffix to verbs of motion. Other Tangar. Our Asen, ozo, onok, ozonok, ozv. Outside Tema, tezvlen, aenshi, teka. Over Tema, tama, madak, tali, alyma, chia. Overflow Mobang, moeao, moshia, mo- zyka ao, moteta ao. Overseer Mapangtsyr. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. J45

Overshadow Amuk, mukbang, akymbang. Overtake Menep, meneptep. Overturn Mvkvp, mykvpzvk, mvkvptok, kyptep. Owe Atsv, sen atsv, sentsy atsv, tapu atsv. Owl Pokpo, kongkong. Own Pei, pei-sa, aka, zori. Ox Nashitoka. P. Package Talep, tetem, tari. Pad Tanatsv, scv ana, scv meilok. Pail Laluk. Pain Toshi, ashi, menyr, angu. Paint, v. Atep, mezvlok. Pair Tapu medemer, tapuka. Pair (male and female) Tetzvo tebungna. Palate Rokshizang Pale, of colour (faded) Pet-tok ; zen as a suffix. Pale, face Tezak papar. Palm of hand Tekabo. Palm-leaf Scera, scera o. Pan Patiwa, patia. Pant Satema, tasanangdang. Paper Kakvt. Papia fruit Mamazvzang. Papia tree Mamazydong. Parable O entepa, tetezvtsv o. Parallel Tetsungda sako. Pardon Tadok. Pare Asa, satet, sadok, alem. Parents Tzvrebur, tetzyo tebu-na. Parrot Oru. Part, v. Pila, pala, sadang, radang, lemdang. Partition Sadang, jara. Partridge Obeya. Party Arogo, elenpur, kelenpur. Pass (back and forth) Sei. Passion Rasa, ain, tejashi, tezv aet. Pasture Chimdak, chiyong. Patch, v. Ateplok, scvtep. Patch, «. Teplokba. N I46 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Path Lemang, len, lungkong, lenret, lenti, lenzang, yangi. Patience Tescongzem, kymli tazung, ajemalur, tazvzvk. Patient Scongzema ali, arema ali, azvzvk. Pattern Angazvktsy, ajizvktsy, ajizvk- daktsy. Patriarch Tebutiba, tazvngti, tazvng- nungbo, pabu. Pauper Mishi-metsvr. Paw, n. Tapu-tsung. Paw, v. Aso, asvk, lisvk, aya. Pay, n. Ta. Pay, v. Ta agvtsy, menok, kyptok. Peace Tescongzvk, tescongzem, tezungtep. Peacemaker Tezungtepdaktsvr. Peach Am-pokri. Pea fowl Tuti. Peak Tenem. Peck, v. Mechi. Peel, n. T ekap. Peel, v. Tekap ashi, shidok, asa, satet, sazvk, satok, alem. Pen Tezilutsv. Pencil Tezilutsv. Penurious Tukuru, kurunak, tesysy. People Pur, meimchir; ‘ nvbu ’ as a suffix. People (other) Pi, tebanger, tatonger. Pepper (black) Tanakla meresv. Pepper (red and yellow) Meresv. Perch Watemdong. Perfect Teperi, tazung. Perforate Ato, topok, tenpok, mescvpok, mesve atsy. Perfume Toronem, tesanem. Perhaps Ashiko, svdi. Perish Ama, asv, sama, arem. Perjure Ozyng tiazv. Perpendicular Metong-metonger, indang- indanger. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. H 7

Perplexed Scongmang, bangkaali, tama- tari. Persecute Ngangshi, r is h i k a n g s h i, tsykokmenadaktsv. Persevere Arema ali, zvng-zynga ali, meranga ali. Perspire Asentzv imer. Perspiration Asentzv. Pestilence Wara. Pestle Ali. Petal Pungiya. Petition Temepishir, moposhir. Petroleum Menemtzy totzv. Petulant Kymli mesynvr, temulung machi. Phlegm Alok metsv. Phosphorescence Tsvkji apung, scongshi mang- rang. Physic Mozy, tepok ashitsy mozv. Pice Sorotia. Pick (a flower) Apet. Pick (fruit) Aong. Pick (a leaf) Aten. Pick (feathers, .&c.) Pet-tok, apet, api. Pick up anything Shiten. Picture Tanela, tezilutsy. Pierce Ato, aten, tenset, atsvng, tsvngshi, rerok, semok. Pigeon (tame) Guduru. Pigeon (wild) Alutymtvm, poscv, zangia. Pile, n. Nangayuba, nangket, nanglok. Pile, v. Nangayu, apangayu, nang-ten, nanglok. Piles Tokla alur, temesang alur. Pillage Senmak, oset anen. Pillar Tungshi, tungnu. Pillow Tokolak mykymtsy. Pin Ajem, tetoteptsy. Pincers Temejeptsv, mejepro. Pinch, v. Metsyk, mejep (/ jingtet ’ to take a pinch of). Pipe (for smoking) Mokobong. Pipe (for stove) Inbong. 148 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Pit Kangla. Place, v. Aiyu. Place, n. Dak, tak as suffixes. Placenta Nti-sem. Plain, level Ali lenten, lenten tulu. Plait Nepten. Plane, v. Oktok, aok. Plane, n. Taoktsv. Plank Scongpak. Plant, n, Tsvnvtsv, tsvnvsvmbutsv. Plant, v. Atem, azvng, tsvnv. Plantain fruit Scongmomo zang. Plantain weed Sanglem. Plate So, sojung (sotsung), lungso. Plat form Sabang, sconglang, salang, scongsama, walem, meitsa, apu. Platter So, sosa. Play, v. Asaiya, saei. Please (if you) Nei, ma, imlibilima. Pleased Temulungachi, temulung alet, pela, tenuk asung.. Pleasant to hear Tanganvtsvka. Pleasant to see Tajinvtsvka, tenukdang azung. Pledge, v. Kuli, azvngashi, kuli agytsy, kuli aeitsy, atemzvk, me- tsvtem. Plenty Aeiga, aiyiga, tali, jenti, agi- shi, teperi, ozang. Plot Tasa, tasa asar. Plume Zongben. Plump Chilung-chilunger. Pod Tekap. Poem Ken. Point (to indicate) To-yu. Point (of a thing) Taju, tejem-jem. Poison, n. Meim (or meyim) mozv, tasvtsv mozy. Pole Perdong, perlang, rangtong, lometong, scong tepeyong. Polish Meyu, ashi. Pollen Teso. Pollute Menentsv. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 149

Pompous Ngabaso, kentamata, asvkym. Ponder Shisa bilim, sashia bilim, shisa bulua, ret-reta bilim, bilimtet, tenok tenoka bilim. Pool Azv, azvtarok, tzytsung, awa- tsung. Poor Sensaker, sensakpur, leni- maor, sensakpo, aeimer. Pop Apok, pokma, mipok, mipok ola. Popcorn Mendipok. Poprice Zangpok. Pop (to pop corn, &c ) Asang. Porcupine Jepchu. Porcupine quills Jepchura. Portion Shilem, telemzyk, telem. Possible Svter, svteter, akokla. Post Tungnu, tungshi, noktang, azvng ayuba. Post office O tongtardak, o tongtar ki. Pot Po, poji, karapo. Potter Poteper. Potato Shizang, alu shizang. Potsherd Porep. Pound, v. Aku, atep, atsyng, tsyngshi. Pound out rice Tsyk asen. Pour into Inok, inzvk, izvk, asy, enok, sydak, tokok, tokzvk, shiok. Pour out Entok, toktok, tokshi, intok. Pout Tebang mechushi, tebang me- song. Power Tashi, tashi tazv. Powder Tongsa, tsyngsa, alisa, me- nungsa. Pow’der (gun) Kari. Practice Amshi, benshi, imyasvba, tim- svba. Praise Tenvng asang, tenyng teshi, tenvng atu, tenyng tushi, nvngsang. Pray Sarasadem. Precede Tamalen, tamasa. Precipice Lungbang, lungren. ’50 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Precise Shitak, zungpung. Pregnant Temang mazvng, mashisa, poktasa, mashi-mazvng, mazvngmashi. Pregnant (of animals) Techanu merep. Prepare Renem, anvb alu. Presence of Matsungdang, madang, tezak dang. Present, v. Ali, aten. Present, n. Sempet, maong. Present time Tang (^dang), tan, tanbo. Preserve Anvk (anuk) sot, anga ayu, apa ayu, awatsv. Press Anen, alen, nemet, nemshi, ajetet. Prevail Akok, tit'et, aeim. Prick Ato, aki, tempok, topok. Priest Putir, nokor, nokobang. Print Temenungba age menung. Prison Nisung puokdak ki, tsungten chiokdak. Privately Meima, zaena, tesvmkete, kipok. Privy place Metsy meshidak, amendak. Probably Svdi, goti. Proboscis Teni, ni. Procession Atonga jajaba. Profane Imscy mesen metu. Profit Tazangzvk, ambangaru, tsung- men, techizvk. Prolific Soya-pokya, • mopokzvk, tatangdong, aren. Promise Kuli zvnga zymbi, alinvk o azvng aniasong. Prompt Zvngtak-zyngtaker, zvngkvm- sa. Proof Tetezytsv, kuli. Prop Noktang, yokji, metang, tanget. Proper Tim, imya. Property Sen, kisen. Prophecy, n. Tetezvtsy o. Prophesy, v. Tetezvtsy ashi, zymbi. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. t5>

Prosperity Azyk aru, tia azung, sadok, sadoka ali, tsungreme akvt kisa kilem, kiji kizung. Prostitute Noktapangta. Prostrate Mepitaka, ontaka, intaka. Protect Anyk,tongzvk, kvmzyk, anitet. Protection Tepu akvm, taeimdong akvm- bang, tongbang. Proud Asvkvm, kymtet kvmra, me- zyakvm, ngapaso. Publicly Otia, shisang-shisanga, temae ad oka, rakpoka. Pull Atsv, atsyshi, tsyshi. Pulp of fruit Tescv, tezangscv. Pulverize Menungsa, tongsa, tsvngsa, aeisa; ‘sa’ as a suffix to verbs of rubbing or pounding. Pumpkin Koromeja. Punch Ato, toshi, topok, tsvngok, rerok. Pungent Sasar, tasa, ya-yar. Punish Merenshi, kangshi. Purchase Ali. Pure Jijiba, marvk-maryker, ta- scongtet, meja. Purgative Tepok ashitv mozy. Purpose Tasa, mulungsen. Purse Sen zuli. Pursue Arishi, aritak, nepetaari, intak. Push Anung, nungshi, nungten, nungok. Put Ayu. Put into Inok, asa, asenok, syok, oshi, shiok. Putrid Tashi. Q- Quack Padak asar. Quail Obeya. Quake Aten, anok, anokshi. Quarrel Rara, raratep, rarabangsen rongrongtep. Queen Tsuba tzy. Quell Anendaktsv. 132 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Quench (a fire) Mi asep, remsep, tepsep, pensep. Question Asongdang. Quickly Kara-kara, yakte, asvma, len- dongsa, mapangsa, mulung- bensa erpunga, rara, karatur. Quiet Scongzvk, scongzem, ajem- ajema ali. Quiet (to be still) Taneme ali, tokora, time ali, zyraka-mysve ali, yaka- mvsve ali, mokorei. Quietly Taneme, yaka mvsve Quill Tashikang o, ozymi sang. Quite Ma, as a suffix. Quite (not quite) Anu; ' to,’ ‘ chi,’ as verbal modi­ fiers. Quiver, v. Anokshi. Quotient Lem, lemshi. R. Race Aritep, asvmtep. Raft Rong. Rafter Ain. Raggedcloth Scvzen. Rain Tsunglu. Rainbow Tungnusen. Rainy season Mei, lemlua. Raise Meso, azong. Raise upon A zongket; to lift down (///. to raise down) azongzvk. Ramrod Tasvmba. Raspberry Koreishi, menaklashi. Rat Qeya, aeim (ayim) qeya. Rattan Arer. Ravel Angscv lusa, lutet, lutok. Raven Waro, wati waro. Ravenous Tesaksak, saksak-rurur. Ravine Tarok netok. Raw Tazv. Razor Kusvnok. Reach, v. Atong. Read Ashi, azvngdang. Ready Renema ali, anvb alu. Real Jijiba, atangshi. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 153

Reap Aru. Rear, n. Tesy, tesylen. Rear, v. (children) Mescv; to rear animals ‘ metsv.’ Rear, v. Tetsung arema alu. Reason, n. Shisatsv. Reason (illative) Ibayong, nung, anungzi, ibamechi. Reason (for what ?) Kechiyong? kechiba? ka-atsy ? Rebuke, v. Aretsy. Receive Agi, agizvk. Recently Taoa, tan, tanbo. Reckon Ratet, azvng, yongsvk, zyng- dang, svktet, svkdang. Recline Motonglok. Recognize Shitet, shiter. Recollect Bilimter, bilimtet. Reconcile Meimtepdaktsv, zungtep- daktsv, zungteptsv, putep- daktsv. Rec )ver Zungtu, anvb, shia aru, putet. Red Temerem. Reed Suzu, kymbok, paten, tzvtok, vmsemtsv. Reel Kala. Reflect Bilimdang, shisadang, api- dang. Refuge Akym, akvmbang, zenokdak. Refuse Magizvk, nung ta ashi, ma, Refuse, n. Shimtok, tejok. Rejoice Pela, pelaseta, temulung chia. Relation Sosem, kimang, kichir, ki- dong, kin. Release Chi air, yok. Relish, n. Maiyongtsv. Remain Ali, ata ali. Remainder Tanungba, tanendak, tanung talu, taliba, teptak. Remember Bilimter, bilimtet. Rend Shima, shisa. Repair, r. Yanglushi. Repair, a fence Tapok atang. Repair (a garment' Arer, arerbang, atep, ateplck. O ’54 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Repair (a net) Meten. Repair (a roof) Syok, svoki. Repair (by welding or splicing) Mesem, meten, zvkfep. Repeat Lepshi, shilu ; ‘zen’ as a suffix. Repent Temulung meyip. Reply Langzv, langzva ashi. Report, n. 0 , osang. Report, v. Sangok. Reprimand, n. Taretsv o. Reprimand, v. Aretsv. Reproach Maksv. Reprove Aretsv. Repulsive 'I esempatsv, tenra achir, mo- kong-mokonger, tsung- tsung-rangrang Request Mishi. Rescue Anitet, kymzvk, tongzvk. Resemble Mesvk, ama. Reservoir Tzyto, tzvbangdanger. Reside Ali. Responsible Ala, ata atong, tongzvk. Rest Alien, aniscongzvk. Rest upon Ajen, ajentak. Restrain Atsvshi, nemet, atsv anemka, atsvet, sot, titem, atendang, nemtem,nungtem, mepitem. Resurrection Tanaben shia arutsy. Retaliate Mangyang, yangtep, yangtet, yangdaktsv. Return Shia, as a prefix to a verb; shilangtsv, lutep. Reveal Temae adok, adokdaktsy, ngudaktsv, metetdaktsy, shitetdaktsv, zungkae adok. Revenue Temelen, ali melen, putisv. Revolt Kyptep, toktep. Reverse Shishitep, meyiptep, langku- shishi. Reward, n. Ta, tazangzyk, tayang. R etard, v. Ta agvtsv, tazangzyk agvtsy merenshi, yangtep. Rhinoceros Kentok. Rib Tesaret. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. £55

Rice (dhan, paddy) Tsyk. Rice (ahau) Pen. Rice (hali) Luti. Rice, hulled (‘saul’) Zang. Rice, cooked (‘bhat’) Zi. Rich Takar. Rich soil Ali tanyb aliintet. Ride Sanger ao. Ridge Tvkong, kong. Ridge pole Mung-mung. Right, adj. Tazung, tim, temaiazy, shitak. Right (to the) Tajichilen Righteous Temaiazy, temeshi, jijila. Rim Tebangzong. Rind Tekap. Ring (for finger or ear) Keri sepokba. Ring, v. Aku. Ripe Tamen. Ripe (of a boil) Tenra. River Tzy. Road Len, lenti, lenzang, lemang,, lungkong. Roar Arvr. Roast Asang, atsvk, pelem, awang. Rob Anen, ashi, rakzvka ao. Rock Lung. Roll, v. Kazy, lungshishi, lunga ao, mvkypa ao, meyipa ao, mezye ao, mvka ao. Roll up Atsy. Roof Kilim. Room Taktang. Root, n. Tera, ra. Root (tap) Tongbenra. Root, v. (of swine) Metsvng, metsvngshi, mo- kong, mokongshi. Roost, v. Ajepeta-mezang. Roost, n. Ozv mezangdak, watym. Rope Lisy, ninang. Rotten Tashi ao, teshirep, shisa ao, shizvka ao. Rough Terara, rara-rarar, kyprang- kypso, nepok-nepra. 156 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Round Lunglung-lunglunger, tenari, nari-narir. Row (a line) Taren. Row, v. Rong aei. Rub Meyu, meyokshi, aeishi, menokshi. Rub f the eyes) Anetshi. Rubber Ngisa, angitzv. Rubbish Chana, jana. Rule, v. Kvmzyk, azyok im-jabang. Run Asym, asvm zena ao, aritepa ao. Rupee Tatsvk, tepak. Rust, n. Song. Rusty Song aja, jalok. S. . Sabbath Amung nv, temeshi nv. Sack Zuli. Sacrifice, n. Tenlaba, kylvm kvjaba. Sacrifice, -j . Tenia, kvlvm kvja. Sacred Temeshi. Sad Temulung azv, temulung nungsa, jashi, tezak makvm. Sag Nepzv, nemzyk, nepoka aei, taoka aei. Salary • Ta. Saliva Metsv. Salt Metzv. Salt, fine Lisem metzv. Salt, rock Telung metzv, teret metzv. Salvation Tekvmtet, tekvmzyk, anitetba. Same Kasa, ka, meteme, sakosa. Sand Lisem. Sandfly Pezvnv. Sap Scongtzv. Sarcasm Tesvki, svkia. Satisfied Temulung achi, tenuk asung, temulung alem, temulung scongzem, tipatym. Saucy Machi-kochi o, machi kochitsy. Save Kvmzvk, tongzyk, apayu, ani- tet, noktang, awatsy. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 157

Savory- Tesola, ajem-ajemer. Saw, n. Scongryngtsv. Saw, v. Aryng. Say Ashi, zvmbi, azar. Scab Komo kvp. Scaffold Apu. Scald Alet, tangu salok. Scale of fish Ango yip, teyip. Scales Seret, alimang scong, scongti. Scale weights Seret lung. Scalp, n. Tokozong. Scandal, n. Tanem 0, nvngsen 0. Scandal, v. Tilu, nemtep, nvngsen. Scanty Meperi, tilaka, mato, masen. Scar Tarak mung. Scatter Senshi, sentok, prok, tsvshi. Sceptre Tsuba shisangtsv. Scissors Temejeptsv. Scold Jashia aretsv, rasa, aretsv atentoka zymbi, .arok-aroka ashi, 0 metsungshiareta ashi. Scorch A’zy, alet, arong. Scorn Atalar, mazvng meshi, sensa, sensa masa. Scorpion Jepja. Scout, v. Arvrgene ao. Scowl Tezak ashi, tezak makvm. Scrape Aok, aoktok, yaok, yaten, meitdok. Scratch Anak, anakshi, aso, som, asvk. Scream Aoksa ayimten. Screen ' Taendangscv, tongdangba. Screw, n. Tepreptsv. Scribe Teziluba. Scripture Laishiba o. Scrotum Tatsv. Scum Temo arang, poja. Sea Tzv ini. Seam Tarvr, tarvr mung, scvrvr, srvrvr kong. Search Bus hi, ajidang, reprangdang aeim. 158 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Season (dry) Tsungkvm. Season (wet) Mei, lemlua. Season (to season’food) Mayong yanglu, mayong ajep- shi. Seat Menden, tamendak. Secret Nembang, meyimshi, temae niadoka, meima, rema. Secretly Meyima (or) meima. Secret (talking in) Kipok-nung zvmbi. Security Kuli. See Aji, ajidang, angu, reprang, semdang, asv. Seed Tezang metsv. Seed germ Temokotsv, tepony. Seek Bushi, aeim, imya. Seize Apu, amet, puok, puet. Seldom Ken-ken, kenbo. Select Shim, shimtet. Self Peisa, sa, sa-sa. Selfish Pei azung asa, mvru-myrur tukuru. Sell Ayok. Send Yok, tenya. Separate, v. Senshi, sadang, bendang, pala, rashi. Separately Balala, bendanga, pei meten. Serpent Per. Servant Alar, kilir. Serve Tenzvk, scongpu apu. Set Ayu. Set a snare, or trap Asu. Settle Ascongtet, nemzyk, ajema alu. Sew Arer. Shade Akvmdak. Shadow Akvm (of inanimate objects), tanela (of animate). Shake Anok, anokshi, senshi, aten, rvkten, aja, ajashi. Shake off (dust) Temtok. Shallow (of water) Apu-apur, tembu. Shallow (of a vessel) Latak-lataker. Shame Tak, nyngku, maksy. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. ’59

Shame (to be ashamed) Aka. Shame (to cause) Maksvdaktsy, akdaktsy. Shampoo Azetshi, nemshi. Share, n. Shilem, telemzyk. Share, v. Alem, lemsa, lemshi, aten. Sharp r Techira, jemjem-jemjemer. Sharpen Aei, aeishi, aeipok. Sharp-witted Tesangra, shisarasa. Shave Asv, ana, awa. She Pa. Sheath, n. Noklepsv, meiba, svdakba. Sheathe, v. Asem, sema ayu, mei, svdak. Sheep’ San, mer nabong. Shelf Satem, taktang. Shell, n. Tekap, terep, lakyp. Shell, v. Asa, chakrep. Shepherd San tanvker. Shield, n. Zong, zongkok, yongzong. Shield, v. Tongzvk, kymzvk, awabang, azvbang. Shine Apu, aya, yar, yarer. Shiver Aten, atena-asvk. Shoes, boots, stockings Tsungsem. Shoot (an arrow) Lijakzang yok. Shoot (a gun) Brangbong yok. Shore Tzykvm, tzyjep. Short Tatsv, tatsyka, nangdang. Short (distance or time) Pikyt. Shoulder (of man) Tapubang. Shoulder (of animals) Taputsung, Shout Ola agvtsy, olagytsvtep, aeim- tena ashi, aeimtena aza. Shove Nung, nungok, nungmeso. Show Saiyu, toyu. Shrivel Ashirep, kongrep, kangten, chingten, achipela (or) ashipela. Shrink Kongtet, kongrep, ashirep. Shrink, by cooking Sorep. Shun Edenzi temeten, anasae taet. Shut Kishi ayubang, ki ashi, shi- bang, nembang, tsvbang. Shuttle Scyksen. l6o AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Shy Tasv maet, meryk-meryker. Sick Shiranger, manen. Sickness Tashidak, shilu shira. Sickle Linok. Side Tesa, tena. Sieve Waei, aeiba. » Sift Aei. Sigh, 7/. Anung. Sign Temaeitsv, teshitetsv. Silence Azvng-azvnger, azvngmeyak. Silkworm Lungdang. Silkworm chrysalis Lota. Silver Taribi. Similar Ama, mesvk, metem, imama. Similar (in size or height)' Par banger, eitetete, pa tetete. Sin Temenen, taei. Since Aziseir, ibakvtseir, yaseir, nunge as a suffix. Sing Ken aten. Singe Meru, merok, zvlem. Single Ketang, kija, kisong, mesong. Sink Telunge aei, telunge alu, ang- ym aei Sip Mvngym, mesepet. Sirloin Terongtongset. Sister Tenv, tenvla. Sister (elder) Teyi. Sister (younger) Tanutzv, tenu. Sit Amen. Sit kon eggs, as a fowl or bird) Amuk, amukbang, Site Mung, dak, tak, as suffixes. Skeleton Temangret. Skilful fnyakshir, inyakazung, nybu- tazung. Skin, n. Tekyp, (or) tekap. Skin, v. Asa, ashi, shizvk, shidok, sazyk, sadok. Skull Tokolakret, mangko. Sky Anung. Slack Chila. Slack, in work Sajep, sajep-sari, azvba- azvba, temdakba, scongto- mata. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 161

Slander Nvngsen, tilu, tenyng menvk- tsv, yazv-yabong, kylak- kvbong, tenemtep. Slanting Angia, senchia, semprepa, azva ao, manga ao. Slate Lungpak. Slave Alar. Slay Tefset, lepset, kaset, tsyngset, tepset, waset, tenset, onset, kuset. Sleep Mezanga, ayip, yiptsv ao, amua ao. Sleepy Anvnva, tenuk tzelar, mezanga aonvr. Slender Rangya, laklak-laklaker, lala- lalar. Slip Azutok, azushi, asetshi, asep- shi. Slippery Anela, azushishir. Sliver Aei. Slow Tetsunglung, atsung-atsung- er, anvalyma, anv-anyr. Slowly Meilung, taneme, lasa-lasa, tsya-tsva, tezy alang. Sly Temeryk, tesak, eita-eita, war aka, toarak, laa-laa. Small Tila, tala. Small pox Ayak, sangpo ayak. Smart Alet, ashi, am, amtsy, wang- wanger. Smash Ajvmsa, neprep, tsyksa, raksa, menungsa. Smear Mezy, mejaket, neplok, ain. Smell, v. Menem, menemdang, me- nemshi. Smell (bad) Tesvnem, tashinem. Smell (fragrant)' Toronem, tesanem. Smite Azyk, aku, atsvng, tsyngok, ama, mar yutsv, atep. Smith Intsvnger, noktsynger, ay anger. Smoke, n. Mokozv. Smoke, a pipe Bong achi, bong myngvm. Smooth Tesvsv, sysy-sysyr. P 162 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Smother Nenset, muksep, apset, remsep. Snail Kvpra, amuk. Snake Per. Snap (of burning wood) Mi apok, mipokshi. Snap (of a dog) Angu, angvpa yok, meten. Snare Sang, tsungtok, kongnensang. Snare (to set) Sang sua. Snatch Rakzvk, raktep, ayipzvk. Sneeze Hachi, achi. Snore Teni akong. Snot Nep. Soak Metena ayu, tzynung rema ayu. Soap Sabon, shidoktsy mozv. Sob Nungprung. Soft Tanvk, tanyb, lanu, tamen, teiepra, iepra-jepra. Soil, n. Ali. Soil (good) Ali tanvp, ali intet. Soil (bad) Tapu, teret. Soil, v. Anvk mezy, arvrketdaktsy, arvrket, menentsv. Soldier Aryrshir, temeranger. So large Eitetete, ibala, iba tetet. So many ") Paei ka, paei keta. So much ) So many as ") Paei kechi. So much as J Some Ishika, teradang, ishita. Somebody Rare. Somehow Langka oda. Some one Rare. Something Langka. Sometimes Ren-ken. Someway Langkalen. Somewhere Langka-nung, langkalen, lang- kete. Son Tabaso. Song Ren. Soon Yakte, kara. Soot Tsungminak, ponak. Soothe Scongzvkdaktsv, melimuk, senvptsv, mepitem nungtem. Sore Romo. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 163

'Sores (in infants’ mouth) Meimuk. Sorrow Temulunganung, temulungashi, temulung azang, jashi, shisa amsa. Sort, n. Tepu, tepu-tepuna. Sort, v. Shim, shimtet. Sound, n. Ola. Sour Tasen. Sow Tin, shiben. Sow, v. Prok, aten. Spade Sanang, tepru, tateptsy. Span Aka. Span long Kalangba. Span short Katsvba. Spark Miren, mipokshiba, mitsy. Sparkle Aya, yamok, remshi. Sparrow Alushizvk. Speak Ashi, zvmbi. Spear, n. Nv, sangja. Spear, v. Atsvng, tsyngshi. Spear (to cast a) Ny atsv, tsyok, tsyshishi, yok. Spectacles Tenuk azungtsy, tanedangtsy. Speed Tarang-rang. Speech O, otsy. Speechless Koka mvsye. Spherical Tenari, lunglung-lunglunger. Spices Ain {or aon) menemtsy. Spider Sorak, kuki. Spider web Soraksep, sorakzy. Spike, n. Tangentsv, tangenteptsy. Spike, v. Angenlok. Spill Entok, sentok, moshi,motok. Spin Ain. Spin, a top - Mezvng mangar. Spindle Pangtong. Spine Terong teret. Spirit Tanela. Spit, v. Metsv-metsy. Spite Tenuken, makok ajir. Spittle Metsv, alok metsy, alok mei. Spleen Tepa. Splice Meten, metentep, tajentep, mesytep, tasyktep, mesemtep. 164 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Splinter Scongrati, rati. Split Aso, pakma, ayama, ayasa, shi- ma, soma, lepma, rongma. Spoil Ama, sama. Sponge Tzv apangba. Spoon Chikok. Sport Kazv, kazytsy, asaeyi, asaeyia. Spotted Pungmen, ozv nuk zang. Spout, T zvm etu; (to spout water from the mouth) mutok, mulok. Spout,, n- Tzv metur, tzvla. Sprain Tetsung belep, anep, nepsyk, meyip, kusvk. Spread Alem, lemtsv, sanga ao, sang- shi, sangtak, songtok, mea- mear. Spring, n. Tzvbu, tzyapok, tzvlok, tatem- tzv. Spring, a trap Atem. Sprinkle Tzv arvk, ryklok, rvkok, tsunglu jenok.- Sprout Mei, moko. Sprouts Scongsem, mei, techanu ani. Spy, n- . Eitang eitrir, liro tendanger, tendang tenyir. Square' Pezy nuk, tykong pezysy. Squash Koromaja, mapo. Squeeze Ajet, ajetshi, anen, ajeb, ajebet- Squint Tenuk syrem. Squirrel So sang. Stab Semok, rerok. Staff Mechi, azok, ajuk. Stagger Mangazyr, jepchia-jepchia. jajar, aiazv kuzva jaja. Stain Menen. Stairs Jenzang, apu. Stalk, n. Dong, as a suffix. Stammer Temeli tatsvk, 0 areptak,, 0 maleptet. Stamp Tajentsv, ajymok, ajymshi,, ajymsa. Stand up Noktak. Stand still Noktaka ali. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 165

Star Petinv. Start (to do or go) Apuso, kypmeso. Start (sudden) Aoksa. Starve Yaseta asy. Stay. Ali, amung, lishi. Steal Aoya (aoa). Steam Tangu. Steel Sentsy. Steep Temezung, atang, lungbang, lungren. Steep, v. Meta, metazvk. Stem Tesang, sang. Step Jenzang, apu, kamara. Sterile Tapung, ali tasv, ali tapu. Stick Scong. Stick walking Mechi, azok, ajuk. Sticky Mena-menar, menateptsv. Stiff Kvprak-kypraker, kym-kvmer, merong. Stile Sasong, apu. Still (to be) Tokora ali, yaka mysve ali, taneme ali, mokora ali. Sting, v. Metak. Sting, n. Tera, ra. Stingy Tukuru, kuru nak, tezvya, tesysy, zvya-zvbong, metsv mena. Stink Tashinem, tesvnem, tezoknem. Stir Aeishi, arershi, arertep. Stitch, n. Temungka, tarer mungka. Stockade Im atsv, imtsvki, sasongatsy. Stocks Tsungten chiokdak. Stomach Tepin, tepok. Stone Lung. Stone (of fruit) Tezang ret. Stoop Kokrok, manga ao, mukrem, mechilepa asa. Stool Mvkvm chanu. Stop Anen, anyb, noktang. Stopple Temykytsy, tenembangtsy, Storm Yipru, tsungsak. Story (narrative) Otsv. S to u t Tashi aet, tashi tazy. i66 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Stout (afdermanic ) Pokak. Straight Temotong, tindang. Strain Senzvk, aeizvk, imzyk. Strainer Sangku. Strange Saiya-teyar, scongmanger Stranger Aener, ben danger. Strangle Arak, arakseta asv. Strap Shikap lisv. Straw Mo-nv. Stream Ayong, ayongnu. Stream (bed of) Ayonger, kelen tzvr. Stream (source of) Ayongbang. Strength Tashi. Stretch Atsvlang, atsvtet, mesang. ' Stretch (to yawn) Kulen kusv, wa mesa. Strife Raratep, raktep. Strike Azvk, atsvng, aku, atep, mar yutsv, ama. String Lisv. Strive Merang, aritep, raktep. Strong Tashi aet, tashi tulu. Stubborn Lungkak, lungkaklungshir temulung melem, tara, tira. Stumble Tetsung metsv. Stum p Tembang. Stupid Maratet, mapitet, shisa maka, shisa rama, shitem-entem,. swarvr, chitak-chitaker. Subject to Pudoka kvbok. Subject, n. Pudoker, nvtsung. Submerge T zv-nung arem, tzv-nung angvm. Submit Anga. Subside Anen, scongzvk, arem. Substitute, v. Melentep, meitep. Substitute, n. Temelen, temei. Subtract Luzvk, endok. Subtrahend Tendokba. Succeed (to be successful) Atalok, kvmtet, akok, titet. Succeed (to take the place of) Melentep. Such Ama, yamae, ibala, ya mesyk. Suck Mamama ayong, asv, asvket mesepket. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 167

Suckling Mamadanger. Suddenly Azongben, aoksadang. Suffer Timatvm, kangshi, toashi. Sufficient Teperi, agishi, ozang, ato. Suffocate Tangu motoko, apset. Sugar Mojitsv. Sugarcane Moji. Suicide Pei sasa asy. Suitable Temsv, tetemsv, tiyari, tim, apet. Sulky Kymli mazung, tira, lungkak- lungshi. Sun Any. Sunrise Anypunge. Sunset Any aeir, any taor. Sunshine Any aputak. Support, v. (to care for) Mescy. Support, n. Temescv, temescvba. Supreme Takokba, taoba, tuluba. Surely Atangshi, asangsang, zung- pung, ji. Surface Ma. Surprise Scongmang, bangka, aoksa. Surround Mvkvpbang, sembang, mvkyt- bang, mvkazyka, meinbang,. sabang. Suspend Itak, sentak, sozv. Suspicious Mamanger, atsv ayong. Swagger Kenzva jajar, pelia jajar, ngabaso jajar, kenta-mata. Swallow, n. Rinvk. Swallow, v. Meyok. Swarm, n. Narenti. Swarm, v. (of bees) Narenti aeim. Swarm, v. (of white ants) Alung apunger. Swear Azyng, zyngiazyngko, Sweep Aok, oktok. Sweet Tanang, nang-nanger. Sweet (flag) Likokmeyi. Swell Awak. Swim Awa. Swing Ozy, imzy, sozy. Swoon Sychi ao, symanga ao.. 168 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Sword Noklangnok. Sympathise Tashi ashi, temulung ashi, temulung ayang, temulung aria. Syphilis Yaongra. T • Table Langbang. Tail Teben, temi, taji. Taint Tangu tulok. Take Agi, am, ang. Talk 0 zvmbi, o ashi, sensakasem. Talk (idle) Teleplep, jijinem-nem, atamata. Tall Talangka. Tallow Temo. Tame Kiset. Tamul Qei. Tamul nut Qei zang. Tank Tzyto. T ar Naktzv. T aste Menakdang, metakdang, ngu- dang, chidang, myngymdarig. Tatoo Atep, tep. Taut (of a rope) Togim, tokim. Tax Temelen, ali melen. Taxes (to assess) Saro azvng. Taxes (to collect) Im saro. Tax-gatherer Sarur, temelen saruba. Tea Kylvptzv, scong o tzy. T ea leaves Scong o, kvlup o. Teach Saiyu, saiyutsungi. Teacher Saiyuba, saiyutsungir. Tear Shisa, shima-shizyk, kisa. Tears Nuktzv. Teat Mamazang. Teething Tepo mei. Tell Ashi, zvmbi. Temper, v. Aro, ro, roshi. Temperament Kvmli. Tempest .Yipro, tsungsak, tsungrem mo- pong. Temple Tsungremki, tenlaba, tenlatsyki. Tempt Temescvtsy aiyu, atitang. Tem ptation Tatitang. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 169

Tender Lanu, tanvb. Tenderloin Poknungset. Tent Scv ki. Terrible Tetsybutsv, taokreptsv, tok- rongtsv, tetsybutsv kata. Terrify Tsvbudaktsv, aokrokdaktsv. Test Tatitang. Testicle Tatsv tezang. T estify Kuli agytsv. Testimony Kuli, mokulung. Thaft Dang, as a suffix. T hat Azi, ta, ongzi. T hat is so (responsive) Toh, au, ai. That (way or manner) Pa mae, ode, azi oda, eitenzi. • Thatch Azy. Then Azangla. Then (at that time) Idang, idangzi, idangyongzi. Thence Angnunge, angnungzi. There Idakzi, angzi, ongzi, oage, loage, toage. Therefore Anungzi, ibazage, iba mechi, azangla, ayongzi, ibayongzi, azage, abenzi, abenzage. These Azi, ibatym, yatym ; zi, as a suffix. They Parenok, pare, Thick Temelem, melem-melemer. Thick (of fluids) Makang-makanger, telungaten. Thief Aor (aoar), aoyaba. Thigh Tesami, techimi. Thin Ap u-apur, pongpar. Thin (in flesh) Tokongera, kongrep, kongrasvk- er, yaret. Things Oset. Think Bilim, shisa, lemdang. Thirst Tzvra. This Iba, ibae, ibazi, ya, azi, kabaz'i. This way (direction) Eilen. This way and that way Kvlen-kvlena, eilen olen. Though Azi sak a; ka as a suffix. Thought Tebilimtsv, shisa. Thoughtless Temdaka, shisa maka, shitem- entem. Q 170 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Thread (single) Ang. Thread (double and twisted) Angsv. Threaten Atemdang, atem ayu. Thresh Mo anet, mo ajvm, mo ari. Threshing floor Motsungnem. Thrifty Anvba, anvb-anvber, kibong' zunger, kibong sasv anema, sadoksadoka, azvkarua ali. Throat Terok. Throb Aten, qeatsvksen, tongtonglatsv, Through (via) Azang. Throw (away) Entok. Throw (a club) Merepa yok. Throw (stone) Lung aon, aen, ontak, entak. Thrust Rerok, tsvngok, semok. Thumb Kvmtzvti, jemtsvla. Thunder, n. Tsungmuk. Thunder, v. Tsungmuk aten. Thus Azi oda, ya mae, pa mae,. imamae. Tick (of a watch) Temshi, aku tener. Tickle Ryryrtsy, kvlak. Tie Mesy, mesvtet, alen, arak. Tiger Keyi. Tiger cat Shitzvk. Tight Togim, scongtep-scongteper. Timber Scong. Time Anogo, ny, meshi, mapang, tensa. Timid Tasv maet, temulung tata, tsvbur. Tinder Renra. Tipsy Yi age mesep. Tired Anir, belem. Toad Kang-kang. Tobacco Moko. To-day Tanv, tanvp. Toe Temeyong. Toe nail Temezyng, temeyongzong. Together Den, ten, kelem. Tomato •Pentu, tsuba pentu. Tomb Lepyr. To-morrow Asong. To-morrow (day after) Yanv. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. I7E

Tongs Mijepro. Tongue Temeli. To-night Taonung. Too 0 , a, as suffixes. Tooth Tepo. Top, n. Mezyng. Top Tama. Torch Milen. Torpid Terinang, telula, svmanga ao. Torture Takym kangshi. Total Bendenba, loktepba. Tottering walk Aiazy, mangazv, angia-angia. Touch Kongshi, sodak. Tough Achi-achir, tetsvna, tsvna-tsynar; Towards Tsytsv, lene ; ‘e’ as a suffix. Toy Tanur kazvtsv. Track Tsungtsv, tejangnvp. Trade Shishir, shitishir, belentep. Trader Shishir, shibelener, shitibener,. shitishishir. Tradition Shin, puti otsv. Trample Ajvm, ajymket, ajymsa, ajymshi. Trance Svli ao, poktena ao. Transfigure Sentsv melen. Translate 0 meyip. Tranquil Scongzem, scongzvk. Trap Lungnen, lunglen, asang, sang. Travel Senzy, jaja ao, aene ao, sema ao, sya ao. Traveller Aen jeter. Tread on Ajvm, ajvmok, ajvmshi. Tree Scongdong. Tree (base of) Scongdongzyng. Tree (top of) Scongku, sconglak. Tremble Aten, senshi, anokzy. Trench SeJ-to. Tribe Nybu. Trick Kylak, kylakzvk, tasa. Trip Aleptak, metsvdaktsv. Triturate Aeisa, ajensa, menungsa. Trouble Timatvm, to ashi. True Atangshi, jijila, maiazy. Trunk (tree) Scongdong, scongmang. -172 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Trunk (of elephant, proboscis) Shiti ni. Trunk (a box) Scongden. Trust, v. Amang, imla. Truth Oji, ojiji, jijiba, atangshi. Truthful Tamaiazv, atangshi, jang-ji- lung. . Merang, tezvdang, atitang. Temok, lalok, sosa. Tumour Komo. Tum ult Rong-rong, rongrong-shishir, asateper, Turmeric Wakong. Turn Meyip, anep. Turn (inside out) Beleptet. Turn (over) Mvkvp, mvkypshi, mykvptet, meyiptet. Turn (upside down) Langku shishi. Turns (to take) Melen, melentep, ata. Turtle Sanu, kera. Tusk Po, shiti po, shipo. Twice Tanaben. Twilight Mangsem rera, tangdang rera, kiba rera. Twinkle Remshi. Twine around Azv, zva, azvet, prepa. Twins Chakrep chir. Twirl Peret, prep, prepshi. Twist Asv, temesen, mesen.

U. Udder Mama. Ugiy Kymli sakli mazung. Umbrella Shi, angshi. Unable Makok, mati, menangzvk. Unawares Memeteta, aoksa, azongben makymdang. Unbidden Mazaba, maza. Unbind Saia, chiok. Uncertain Ashi, ashiko, shitak masy, zungpung masv, atsv ayong, tishi-nemshi. Unclean Meshidok, menen, memervk. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 173

Uncongenial Memeimtep, tatong maru, mvputep, otsv majem, otsy mapu, makvt masen, makvt- tep. Uncooked Mamen, tazv ; ‘ z v ' as a suffix. Unconscious Temulung matang, sychi ao, svmanga ao. Undecided Temulung ana, memulung, mulung mela masv, temu­ lung pangjara. Under Tekvbok, toko, telung. Understand Metet, shitet, angatet. Undesirable Magi marutsv, tamagitsy. Undisciplined Mazyok, temesaiyur. Undress Lokzvk, semzvk, sepzyk. Uneasy Temulung mescongzem, temu­ lung tipmatvm, wangwaria. Unequal Sako masv, memeyong. Uneven Rara, memetem, kvprang- kvpso, nepok-nepra. Unfasten Saia, chiok, lapok. Unfaithful Tamangtsy masv, matangshi, yazvr. Unfit Memetemsv, mapet, meyari. Unfortunate Tia maka, tia mazung, mazvk maru, tsungrem makvt, meya-mena, azyya, tanu. Ungrateful Temeim memetet, temeim mazar, zunga aka tazung mazar. Unfulfilled Matalok, makymtet. Ungovernable Temdak, lungkaklungshi, tara tashi, sa maru, saiyu machi. Unhappy Jashir, temulung machi. Unhealthy Manvb, manem. Unhealthy climate Tangu mati, mopung mati, ali nvk mazung. Uninhabited Azvngmeyakdak, yongya mara. Unite Lungzem, lemzem, zyklok.. matep, keleme azurutep. Unjust Ambangim, mvru-mvru. Unkind Memeim, maochi. AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Unless Azi mesvra. Unlike Memetem, memesyker, ibala masv. Unmerciful Tamaochi, memeim. Unnecessary Tenvngdaktsv maka, magitsy. Unprofitable Tezangzyk maka, tali maket, atvm mata, techizyk maka. Unripe Tazv, mamen, tokolu. Unroll Saia. Unruly Tasa magi, tashi mangar. Unsafe Tajidaktsv kar, tetsvbutsy kar. Unsatisfied Temulung machi, tenuk ma- sung: Unskilful Matangshir, inyak mashi. Unsuccessful Tazvya, matalok, makymtet. Unsuitable Tim masv, mapet, mazy, ta- maiyari. Untie Saia. Until Tashi, donga. Unworthy Tamatemsv, temaiyari. Up ‘ K et ’ as a verbal suffix. Uplift Azongket. Upper Tamaba, tamatiba. Upright Temetong, indang-in danger, temaiazv, tazung. Upset Mvkvpbang, mykvptet, mvkyptep. Upward Tamalen, azvklen, anunglen. Urge Azonshi, azonglok, mescvlok, nunglok. Urinate Ana, na. Urine Natzv. Use, v. Benshi, amshi. Useful Tagitsv, saktem, tenung- daktsv. Useless Amazok, magitsy, metangshi, angataketa.

V. Vacant Tazvngla. Vaccinate Ayak atep, sita atep. Vail Meibangscv, tetong g'ngtsy. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. T75

Vain Asykvm, ngabaso, mezy-mak'- vm, ngasa-ngatvm. Vain ( in vain ) Amazok, angataketa. Value Alang. Vapour Tangu. Vanish (of clouds or smoke) Sama, tsvshi. Vanquish Azet, ajet, akok, aeim. Vanquished Mazet. Variance Mvputep, makvt masen ; ta- tong maru. Variegated Pungmen, tsvkrapusa, zilu, yarapusa, temdang pusa. Variety Tepu, tepuna. Varioloid Tzvma yak. Vast 'Onsara, taoba, meya-meyar. Vegetables Aon, ain, aonsotsy, tsvnvtsv. Vehicle Talungtsv. Velocity Terang-rang, tekara. Vein Tezv. Veranda Kimae, kiep, kilem. Verdict O bendangtsy. Verify Tezydang, tetezytsv/tezytet. Vertebrae Tamentep. Very Kanga. * Vex Mescvshi. Vi& Azang. Vicious Ain mazung, talepzvr, ayipzyr. Vicissitudes Belentep, melentep. Victorious Azet, akok, nenket, aeim. Victuals Tachi-tayongtsv, tachila. Vigilant Kymdang, saksalvma, saka ali, nuka ali, meryk-mervker. Vigorous Melaa-melaa, ainer, tekvm- dang, tetsung-ka tazung, tashi majem; Village • Im. Vine Tezv, ninang, ‘ zv ’ as a suffix. Violence Rakzvka, raktepa, ambangim. Virgin Aeir (or) aiyir. Vise Mejeptsv. Visit Nguyue ao, semdange ao, asv, Vitals Temulung, azvkidong. Voice Ola. 176 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Void Tazvngla, azvngazynger, a masen. Volcano Ali arongba. Vomit Saktzy, meitet. Vow Atem, atemzvk. Vulgar Machi-kochi o, salep sari o. Vulture Ogun.

W. Wabble Lok-lok, lokshi, lokzv. W ade Tzv-nung jajar, tzv aten. W ag Angvmzv, arepten. Wages Ta, nvbua. Wagon Talungtsv. Wail Mangim. Waist Teperem. W ait Ata ali. Wait upon Awazy,anganv agytsy, tenzykr yari. Wake (another) Meso. Wake (one’s self) Sak, asak. Walk, v. Jaja, seisvbung. Walking stick Mechi, azok. Wall Jara. W ander Nemzv, chizv. Want, n. Wara, tesensak, lenimaor. W ant, v. Ny as a suffix. War Aryr, leptep, leptep-tsyngtep- Warm, v. Awang, lemla, miri, melu. Warm (to be) Alem, lema, lem-lemer, lem- yir, aper, wang-wanger. Warm season Lemlua, mei. Warrior Aryr mapang, aryr kudong. Warp (of cloth) Apama. W art Chepna. Wash Shidok. Wash (the face) Tezak mei. Wash (the hands) Teka meitsyk. Wash (the arms and legs) Meitok. Wash (the mouth) Tebang mechu, ot mechushia... Wash (the body-bathe) Tzy shigo {or chigo). Wash (clothes) Scv ashi, shidok. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 177

Wasp Sangmungpi, ali .ninang, yongra. Wasteful Mang-mari, mezong riietu, mapayu. Watch, n. Anytetsv. Watch, v. Anvk, meit, saka meit, saka ali. Watchman Tanvker, meikar, meiter. Watchful Zungkvmsa, mapangSa, sak- salyma, nvka ali, saka ali. Water Tzv. Water (clear) Tzv mvrvk, lungsang tzv. Water (cold) Tzvzv. Water (muddy ) Lishitzv, tzvbu. Water (warm) Tzv miri, tzv melu, tzv atsyk. Waterfall Tzv in. Wave, 11. Tzvsem, tzvlok. Wave, v. Ozv, oshi, jepzy, anokzy, mangazy, awazy, azvzy. Waver (in mind) Meyipshi, temulung senchi, temulung asetshi, temulung mescongzvk, memulung. Wax (bees’) Nirep. Wax (ear) • Narong sv. Way (direction) Len. Way (manner) Oda, ode, szi oda, mazi. Way (road or path) Len, len'.i, lemang, lungkong. Way, this way and that Elen olen, kelen-kelena. Wayward Tayipzvr, saiyu machi, arepzvr. We Ozo, ozv, asen, ozonok, onok. Weak Tashi maet, tashi atang, tezv atang, tashi ajem (or) atem. Wealthy Takar. Wear (clothes) Scv aben, scv asem. Wear ' hat or cap) Asen, asem. Wear (a coat) Tula asem, tula sepok. Wear (shoes) Asem. Wear (jewelry) Sobutsv sobu, azyk, anu, sepok, ayok. Wean, v. Mamadokdaktsv. Weary Anir, belem, temang metsung shia aret. Weasel Inpok. R 178 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Weather Tsungsang Weave Atak. Wedge, n. Temajatsv, scongsoli, metang, temetangtsy. Weed, n. Aei. Weed, v. Aei inyak. Weep Azeb, zeba-zeba, mangim, (mang-aeim). W eigh Ao, odang, seret age ao, (or) odang, seret atu. Weld Zvktep, tasvktep, neptep, mesemtep. Welfare Tia, sadok-sadoka ali. Well, adv. Zung-zunga. Wen Tungtera. Wet Taei, tela, aja. What Kechi, koba. Whatever ) Kechisa, kechisarena. Whatsoever ) Whatsoever (way or manner) Kodakirna. Wheel Talungba. When Kodang, kechisvdang. ( Whence Kong-nunge, kechi-nunge, kolen-nunge. Where Kechinung, kong, kolene.. Wherefore Kechisvnung, kaatsv, ' ke- chiba. Whet Aeishi, aryngshi. Whetstone Lungzyk. Which Kechi, koba. Which one Shir. While Dang, daka, as suffixes. Whimper ) Tsilu. Whine j Whirl Aon, aein.' Whirlpool Tzv manga. Whirlwind Tsungrem mopung. Whisper Jem-jem shishi, jem-jem zymbi. Whistle Pio aten. White Temescong. White ant Shipo, tangti. ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 179

White of an egg Entzy teka. Whitish Pu-pur, puyi-puyir. Who Shiba, shir. Whoever Shiresa. Whole Temang, azak, inti, rangben. Whooping cough Sarnia oa-ketra, aketlang. Whose Shir, shir meyong. Why Kechiba, kechishi, kechiyong, kaatsv, kesa, kechisytsv. Wicked Talepzvr, tatazvr, temenen tayipzy. Wide Sadem-sademer, meya-meyar, lenten tulu, tulu. Width of cloth Scvkong. Widow Amitzyr. Widower Sangremer. Wife Kinungtzv, kibutzy. Wild Temervk, mervk-meryker. Wild animals Arem shiruru. Wild fowls Omechi. Wilt Azela, azvla. Wind Mopung. Wind v. Naei, aei, mei, azv, zya. Wind a ball Naeiten. Windpipe Terokzv. Window Tanedangtsv. Wine Tsykmenatsv tzv. Wing Tashikang. Wink Remshj, remten, arakzy. Winnow AyipshJ, aen, apshi, inti, entsy. Wipe Aeidok. Wire In lisv, inscongzv. Wisdom Shisatsv. Wise person Tashi temeter, tetangshi, shisa akaba. Wish Ny, as a verbal suffix. With Den, ten. Wither Azela, azvla. Within Telung, nung as a suffix. Witness Kuli, mokulung. W it's end Shisa tatvm, temulung atym. W olt T svnv. i8 o AO NAGA LANGUAGE.

Woman Tetzvr, lar. Womb Numenden, mashi so Wonder Tescongmang, tetania, tajidak. Wonderful Saiya-teyar, tescongmangtsy. Wood Scong. Wood, gnarled Scongri, scongri-lungri. Wool Tezvng. Word O. Work, n. Mapa. Work, v. Inyak. World Ali, lima. Worm Mesen, lungben. Worm, intestinal Tsela, keyi, kymrem, atang. Worship Kylvm, kylvm keja, (or) kyja, yanglu kdri. Worth Alang. Worthy Tetemsv, tiyari, tesvtep, tim. Wound, n. Teiro, iroba, zvbu. Wound, v. Iro. Wrap Mei, meibang. Wrap a corpse Mangalung.. Wrath Ain, rasa. Wrench Meyip, anep, kusvk. W restle Melang, melangtep Wring Mesen, mesentok. W rinkle Jingten, ashirep, kongrep, kang- ten, ashi, ashipela, Wrist Tekanvk. Write Zilu, atep. Wrong Taei, tamazung, mashilen.

Y. Yam Shi. Yarn Ang, angsv. Yawn Tebang wa mesa. Year Kym. Year (this) Takym. Year (next) Sangkym. Year (last) Yakvm. Year (full) Kym rentet, kvm tabensa. Yearly Kvmshia, kymaben. Yeast Peazv, ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 181

Yell Aeimten, aeimtena ola agvtsy. Yes Au, toh, ai. Yesterday. Yashi. Yesterday (day before) Yakynv. Yet Anu, azi saka. Yonder Oage (wage), tuage, luage. You. Na, nenok. Young (human) Tanur, lanu, techir. Young (beasts) Techanu. Young people (men and Changya laia; tenyla tebusang ; women) aeir, asangurtvm.

Z.

Zealous Tmulung nung aeter, sashir, lungso, ashi abung.

THE END.

A. 3. P. 0. (General) No, i ig—5o4~3o-3-J3.