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3107293.PDF (4.386Mb) UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE UM0"HO" ITHÂE T'^E - UMÔ'HO" BTHf I SPEAK OMAHA - I AM OMAHA: OMAHA LANGUAGE CHOICE, 1971-2001 A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By MARK JOSEPH AWAKUNI-SWETLAND Norman, Oklahoma 2003 UMI Number: 3107293 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3107293 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 © Copyright by MARK JOSEPH AWAKUNI-SWETLAND 2003 Ali Rights Reserved UMÔ"HO" ITHÂE l'^E - UMÔ"HO" BTHI" I SPEAK OMAHA - I AM OMAHA: OMAHA LANGUAGE CHOICE, 1971-2001 A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY rris W. Foster Gus P ^ e r , Jr. O’Neill %% yP atocia^ I man J. Madison Davis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The production and defense of a dissertation is the final act in a series of activities stretching over many years that culminates in the doctoral degree. At countless points along this road I have been befriended and mentored. It is appropriate to acknowledge such assistance at this time. First and foremost I acknowledge my doctoral committee chair, Morris Foster, at the University of Oklahoma. Through the years of shifting dissertation proposals and ever- changing committee membership, Morris has remained steadfast in his commitment to the endeavor of my anthropological training. He has consistently blended the needs of theory with the practicality of my personal interests and background. Other diligent scholars on my committee, past and present, include Oklahoma faculty members Loretta Fowler, Michael Nunley, Margaret Bender, Gus Palmer, Jr., Sean O’Neill, Clara Sue Kidwell, John Dunn, Patricia Gilman, and J. Madison Davis. Each in their own way has helped to guide me through the demanding maze of course work, comprehensive exams, research, and collegial responsibilities. As a member of faculty at the University of Nebraska during my period of research and dissertation writing, I have been encouraged and assisted by many of my Nebraska colleagues. As a joint-appointed faculty, assistance has flowed from three sources: the Department of Anthropology, the Institute for Ethnic Studies, and the Native American Studies Program. Logistical and theoretical support came from Patricia Draper, Robert Hitchcock, David Wishart, Martha IV McCollough, and Clark Archer in Anthropology-Geography. Constant encouragement and critical financial support for the transcription of data flowed from Thomas Calhoun and Marcela Raffaelli in Ethnic Studies. Additional moral support and financial backing for research expenses were provided by Cynthia Willis-Esqueda in Native American Studies. Other scholars who shared their expertise and strength in this project include John Creswell, John Wunder, John Carter, and the ranks of Dhegihanists. To all of my colleagues I say a humble, “Thank you.” None of this research would have developed without the strong support and encouragement of numerous members of the Omaha community. I cannot mention everyone without inadvertently overlooking someone. However, it is appropriate that I acknowledge the Omaha Tribal Council, past and present, who authorized this research. My thanks especially to Council Members Elmer Blackbird, Doran Morris, Amen Sheridan, and Clifford Wolf, Jr., for publicly speaking in favor of my various activities in the community. I acknowledge the community leaders, both named and unnamed in the dissertation, who shared their time and energies in this research. I offer my humble thanks to Vida Stabler and the elder speakers working at the Omaha Nation Public School Culture Center, as well as my UNL speakers, teaching assistants, and students, for their dedication to the preservation and revitalization of our language. To Roger Welsch, John Mangan, and my other Omaha family and clan relatives I say, “Wibthahd", aho!” V And finally, I offer a sincere thanks to my own family. My parents, Lee and Margaret Swetland, both recently deceased, probably never fully understood why I pursued academic studies for so many years. However, they were always resolute in their moral support of my efforts. They applauded my achievements whenever they occurred, and offered salve and encouragement for my many bruises. My siblings have provided a security net during times of crisis. My eldest son grew up playing among the book shelves in the Oklahoma and Nebraska University Libraries. He patiently sat through many a boring lecture when childcare schedules required that he accompany me to classes. Steady as a rock through all of this has been my wife, Donna. She has celebrated my coups, tolerated my tirades, and offered insight to many a theoretical conundrum. To all of my family I say, “Mahalo nui.” This work is dedicated to the Omaha speakers, past and present, who gave us an unrivaled oral treasure. It is dedicated to the parents and grandparents of today who were born speaking the language, but who are now silent. May they find the courage to again speak to the family. Finally, this work is dedicated to our children who are here, and to those who are coming, that they may be able to rightfuiiy claim their Omaha language heritage. Uthixide Lincoln, Nebraska, 2003 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IX ABSTRACT x CHAPTER 1 : THE QUESTION, THE METHODS, THE COMMUNITY SETTING 1 IDADO'^ UBTHIXIDEA?\NHAT AM I LOOKING AROUND FOR? 1 EATO^ UBTHIXIDE a ? How DO I LOOK AROUND FOR IT? 7 (jM d^Hd^ NIKASHf^GA AMA. THE OMAHA PEOPLE. 12 So, How D o e s T h is R e l a t e t o W h a t I Am L o o k in g F o r ? 39 CHAPTER?; OMAHA LANGUAGE, 1971 -2001 : PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS 46 U m o ’^HO^ NIKASHI^GA AMA UMO^HO'^ IE T^E O^?/: THE O m a h a P e o p le G ive M e t h e O m a h a La n g u a g e 48 UMO^HO^ IE f E WEBAXU: THE WRITTEN OMAHA 53 Um o ^h o ^ IE t"e; The Oral Omaha 71 UMO^HO^ IE T^E USHKO^: OMAHA LANGUAGE IN PRACTICE, 1988 AND 1995 78 Z h u a w a g t h e : I Join Them, The Dhegihanists 91 lE T"E O'^MATATHISHO'^ ATHA: THE LANGUAGE SHIFTS (TO THE OTHER SIDE) 98 UMO^HO'^ IE T^E NISKITHE TO'^WO^GTHO^ ATI: T h e O m a h a L a n g u a g e A r r iv e s a t L in c o l n (UNL) 101 CHAPTER 3: THE DATA 117 NuDO^HO'^GA AMA lA TAMA: THE LEADERS ARE COING TO SPEAK 117 lE J^E SHTI WAOWE T^E." THE LANGUAGE AND T HE LAW 187 VII CHAPTER 4; ANALYSIS, CONCLUSIONS, AND DISCUSSION 190 IDADO^ ABTHI^ A ?. W H A T DO I HAVE? 190 UMO^HO^ USHKO^ f E ESHETO'^: I HIS CONCLUDES THE OMAHA WORK 199 U h e je g a i/i/A GAXAGAHo!: Go M ake a N e w R o a d ! 207 KIGTHIKUWI^XE SHTI DO'^BAGAHO!: lU R N AROUND AND LOOK AT IT! 211 BIBLIOGRAPHY 215 A p p e n d ix A: O m ah a T ribal C o u n c il Le t t e r o f A pp r o va l 219 A p p e n d ix B: S a m p le Pa g e , BAE R e p o r t 27,1911:111 220 A p p e n d ix C: UNL/UNPS P ronunciation G u id e, 2001 221 A p p e n d ix D: F l y e r , Lin c o ln F e a s t , N o v e m b e r 3,1999 222 A p p e n d ix E: F l y e r , O m ah a F e a s t , D e c e m b e r 2 9 ,1 9 9 9 223 A p p e n d ix F: S a m p l e P a g e , U m ô '^h o '^ NIk a sh i '^g a U k é t h i ^ Unô", C o m m o n O m ah a C o o k in g , 2002:76 224 A p p e n d ix G: S a m p le Pa g e , U m ô ^h o "^ NIk a sh i '^g a U k é t h i ^ Unô", C o m m o n O m ah a C o o k in g W ith E n g lis h S u b t it l e s , 2002:76 225 VIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1.1 MAP OF THE OMAHA RESERVATION 15 FIGURE 2.1 ELIZABETH SAUNSOCI STABLER 54 FIGURE 2.2 CHARLES D. STABLER, JR. 54 FIGURE 2.3 ALICE CUNNINGHAM FLETCHER 55 FIGURE 2.4 FRANCIS LA FLESCHE 55 FIGURE 2.5 JAMES OWEN DORSEY 69 FIGURE 2.6 OMAHA LANGUAGE GRAFFITI 91 FIGURE 2.7 /V/SK/THEDHEG/HA WORKING GROUP 93 FIGURE 2.8 OMAHA LANGUAGE CLASS #1 107 FIGURE 2.9 OMAHA LANGUAGE CLASS #2 113 IX ABSTRACT Keywords: native language choice, language revitalization, reversing language shift, grounded theory, Dhegiha, Omaha Tribe of Nebraska.
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