Index

A Autotransplantation , 7, 9, 12, 128, 145, 169, 170, 203, 219, Ablation , 6, 30, 138, 161, 166, 212, 213, 244, 315, 317, 319, 240–242, 507–511, 524, 525, 530, 556, 563, 564, 566, 340–342, 347, 349, 350, 368–378, 384, 385, 388, 391, 571, 573 418, 458–459, 572, 609, 610 Axillary approach , 179–180 Accessory nerve , 130, 202, 212, 225, 226, 228–232 Accuracy , 41, 62, 64, 67, 69, 96, 101–102, 210, 260, 264, 399–401, 403, 406, 445, 447, 452, 454, 497, 527, 584 B Acinar structures , 83, 89, 96 Back-door , 242, 243, 567 Acute suppurative thyroiditis , 153–157, 162 approach , 171, 242, 567 Adenoma , 3, 27, 39, 60, 91, 113, 122, 135, 208, 273, Bene fi t , 598 400, 422, 441, 463, 475, 487, 511, 518, 537, Benign , 17, 32, 37, 61, 78, 110, 122, 146, 166, 175, 194, 207, 556, 585, 600 272, 330, 387, 404, 421, 436, 463, 487, 537, 560, 600 Adjuncts , 111–115, 126, 369, 370, 399–406 Berry’s ligament , 168, 177, 192, 194, 199, 557 Adjuvant therapy , 224, 262, 265, 383, 392, 545 Beta-blocker , 29, 32, 315 Advanced thyroid cancer , 353 Bethesda , 65, 86, 87, 102, 112, 113, 404, 405 Aerodigestive tract , 353–366 classi fi cation , 88 Airway management , 126 system , 404, 405 Albumin , 26, 27, 203, 435, 587 Billroth , 3–5, 8, 328, 329, 337 Ambulatory surgery , 198, 556, 590, 603 Biochemical cure , 242, 243, 399, 401, 481, 588 Amiodarone , 136, 148, 161, 162, 276, 277 Bisphosphonates , 438, 439, 464, 550, 551, 560 Anaplastic carcinomas , 49, 54–56, 60, 61, 65, 81, 97, Bone disease , 9–11, 13, 419, 426, 436, 465, 470, 518–520, 524, 109, 111, 112, 155, 161, 256, 280, 292, 293, 525, 528, 540, 542, 545, 561, 580, 601, 606 297, 315, 323, 383 BRAF , 67, 102, 109–111, 114, 115, 210, 223, 280, 284, 287, Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) , 54, 208, 219, 248–256, 343, 390 260, 292, 391, 393, 609 Brca2 , 540 Anaplastic thyroid tumors , 292 Breast approach , 179, 180, 183 Anesthesia , 3, 126, 188–189, 328, 329, 331, 371, 375, 437, 465–468, 475–479, 481–483, 488, 490, 492, 507, 509, 566, 579, 586, 597, 602, 603, 608 C Anterior chest approach , 176, 179 Calcimimetics , 415–417, 425, 426, 464, 519, 520, 522, 523, Anterior mediastinum , 17, 238, 452, 496–498, 502, 556, 557, 550 559, 570 Calcitonin , 15, 25, 70–71, 93, 96, 113, 176, 203, 219, 235, Anticonvulsants , 160 237–245, 252, 264, 270, 278, 279, 283, 292–296, 298, Antithyroid drug (ATD) , 26, 29–32, 43, 138–142, 204, 313, 299, 388, 392, 436, 438, 550, 551, 609 314, 609 Calcium , 9, 53, 146, 190, 203, 238, 270, 330, 350, 413, 433, treatment , 30, 139, 141 464, 476, 488, 511, 517, 540, 559, 579, 600 Aortopulmonary window , 52, 500, 501, 559, 568, 570 supplementation , 330, 437, 470, 471, 484, 601, 603, 604 Arteriography , 458, 459, 475, 565 Cancer-speci fi c survival , 365 2+ Aspiration technique , 80–81, 84 Ca o , 413–419, 421–423 2+ ATC . See Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) Cao -sensing receptor (CaSR) , 414 ATD . See Antithyroid drug (ATD) Capsular dissection , 168, 197 Atyical folicular adenoma , 280 Carcinoma , 10, 30, 39, 63, 65, 92 Atypia of undetermined signi fi cance Carotid artery , 202 2+ (AUS) , 65, 90–91, 99, 102, 113 CaSR . See Cao -sensing receptor (CaSR) Autoantibodies , 27, 29, 30, 46, 126, 157–160, 384, 386, 420 Central neck dissection , 168, 212, 215–220, 224, 241–243, Autoimmmune thyroiditis , 27, 38, 42, 43, 154, 157–161, 238, 405, 527 271, 275, 280, 297 Centre of excellence , 337, 354, 365, 591, 597, 598

D. Oertli, R. Udelsman (eds.), Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands, 615 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-23459-0, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 616 Index

Cervical block , 176, 466, 476, 479, 482, 483 E Cervical lymphadenectomy , 202, 215, 224 Economic outcomes , 327, 330–332, 580, 582, 591, 597 C-fragments , 418, 419 Ectopic , 10, 15–17, 27, 52, 53, 125, 129, 400, 402, 442, 447, Chamberlain procedure , 498, 500 449, 450, 452–455, 458, 459, 468–470, 478, 482, Chemotherapy , 161, 244, 252, 253, 255, 256, 261–263, 265, 492, 495–503, 507, 509, 523, 524, 527, 556, 557, 560, 323, 354, 368, 370, 391, 545 564–566, 572, 573 Chronic renal failure (CRF) , 12, 238, 419, 538 positions , 442, 469, 572 Chyle , 203 Embilization, leak , 203, 231, 232, 610 EMG amplitude , 189 Cinacalcet , 13, 416, 418, 425, 426 En bloc resection , 254, 540, 544, 550, 551 Cisplatin , 255 Endocrine orbitopathy , 146–147, 149 11 C-methionine-PET , 447, 565 Endoscopic parathyroidectomy , 7, 399, 487–492 Coexistent thyroid disease Endoscopic thyroidectomy , 171, 178 Colloid , 2, 25, 37, 49, 53, 60, 66, 81–84, 87–95, 97–99, Esophagus , 18, 22, 52 112, 113, 123, 207, 208, 210, 270, 272–275, 277, Ethanol ablation , 374–377, 452, 572 286, 384, 571 External beam radiation , 61, 255, 262, 319, 349, 354, 355, Columnar cell , 211, 287, 292, 385 545, 551 Complications , 7, 31, 67, 82, 126, 143, 154, 165, 176, 197, therapy , 161, 244, 320–324, 345, 346, 551 211, 225, 243, 253, 262, 288, 315, 328, 365, 373, 433, External beam radiotherapy , 322, 383, 385, 391–392 452, 466, 478, 498, 507, 517, 538, 556, 580, 596 External laryngeal nerve , 19, 21–22, 201 Computed tomography (CT) , 12, 44–51, 125, 126, 146, 147, Extracervical video-endoscopic techniques , 178–180 155, 252, 345, 358, 363, 365, 387, 442, 447–455, 470, Extraskeletal calci fi cation , 518, 519 476, 509, 564, 584, 601 Extrathyroidal invasion , 158, 292, 299, 340, 353, 385 Consensus conferences , 465, 601 Consultation , 78, 99, 370, 465, 598, 599, 601, 602, 606, 608, 609 F Conversion , 30, 32, 109, 141, 142, 161, 171, 177, 415, 478, Familial disorders , 505, 600 479, 482, 483, 488, 490–492, 602 Familial HPT , 404, 476, 482, 561, 572 Cooper , 3, 224, 569 Familial HPTH , 466, 505, 510–512, 523, 527, 538, 539, 600 Cope , 10, 11, 156, 324, 555, 556 Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) , 416, 421–423, Corticosteroids , 31, 157, 160, 201, 522, 551 434, 435, 506, 511, 512, 560–563, 565 Cosmetic , 175, 178, 184, 225, 226, 492, 585 Familial isolated , 416, 423, 424, 476, 505, 506, CRF . See Chronic renal failure (CRF) 511, 538, 562, 600 Cryopreservation , 12, 468, 507, 512, 525–526, 566, 573 Fat , 54, 55, 169, 203, 228, 229, 231, 232, 277, 377, 447, 448, C-terminal , 418, 419, 423, 435, 521 454, 458, 467, 470, 475, 488, 497, 499, 527, 556, 559, assay , 435 561, 571, 610 Cyclin D1 , 250, 256, 424–425, 539, 540, 549 FDG PET , 44, 63, 78, 238, 242, 317, 345, 346, 349, 372, Cyst fl uid , 54, 68, 83, 84, 88, 99 387–389, 565 Cystic lesions , 35, 48, 66–69, 72, 93, 94, 99 FHH . See Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) Cysts , 1, 10, 17, 39–41, 48–50, 52–54, 60, 66–68, 78, 81, 83, Fibrous thyroiditis , 159–160 84, 88, 91, 99, 125, 154, 155, 160, 207, 260, 271, 273, Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) , 64–67, 78, 126, 154, 251, 315 281, 282, 297, 374, 424, 538, 570 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) , 64, 65, 68, 70, 108, Cytolyte , 79, 82 111, 161, 209, 210, 565 Fine-needle aspiration cytology , 77–102 Fire fl ares , 84 D Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) , 108, 109, 111 Dedifferentiation , 250, 251, 255, 287, 384, 392 Fluorodeoxyglucose , 565 De fi ciency , 604 FNA . See Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) Degradation , 53, 414, 416, 418–419 FNAB . See Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) De Quervain’s thyroiditis , 38, 42, 60, 61, 89, 153, 155, 161 Follicular carcinoma , 40, 54, 55, 92, 97, 98, 111, 113, 122, Dermopathy , 27, 29, 31, 137, 138 125, 213, 286–292, 316, 385 Diff-Quik , 79, 82–91, 93–98, 100, 101 Follicular or Hurthle cell neoplasm , 542 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 , 414 Follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) , 44, 207, 208, 211–213, 217, 1,25-Dithydroxyvitamin D , 439 218, 315, 316, 385, 390 DNA , 9, 107–109, 111, 290, 291, 296, 314, 385, 423, 424, 436, Follow-up , 28, 36, 63, 85, 130, 138, 212, 241, 251, 265, 280, 539, 549 314, 339, 371, 387, 401, 421, 438, 452, 470, 491, 510, index , 549 523, 541, 560, 581, 597 Doppler imaging , 449 Foramen caecum , 52 DOTATOC , 320 Frozen section , 12, 210, 211, 289, 290, 298, 356, 360, 399, Doxorubicin , 254, 255, 261, 323, 324, 391 402–406, 468, 482, 527, 528, 545, 566 Drug-induced thyroiditis , 160–161 FTC . See Follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) Index 617

G Hypophosphatemia , 414, 418, 521–522 Gadolinium , 51, 54, 388, 454 Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing GD . See Graves’ disease (GD) hormone , 26 Germline mutations , 108, 110, 243–245, 281, 295, 401, 421, Hypothyroidism , 5, 8, 26, 27, 30, 42, 62, 73, 100, 126, 127, 423–425, 539 136, 138, 145, 147–149, 154, 156–161, 260, 272–277, Giant and spindle cell carcinoma , 97 296, 314, 315, 317, 319, 384, 385, 389 Glucocorticoids , 28, 30–32, 142, 146, 148, 314, 345, 518, 550, 606 Goiter , 1, 16, 25, 59, 98, 112, 121, 136, 153, 167, 176, 194, I 202, 208, 249, 260, 270, 313, 328, 374, 488, 571, 608 IMA artery , 170 Graves’ disease (GD) , 6, 25, 27–31, 37, 43, 46, 60, 62, 124, Imaging , 1, 17, 35, 59, 78, 114, 125, 146, 160, 208, 220, 225, 127, 130, 135, 137, 139, 140, 157, 176, 271, 273, 275, 238, 250, 261, 313, 342, 354, 367, 387, 437, 442, 470, 299, 313, 314, 329, 330, 334, 483, 608–610 476, 487, 496, 509, 523, 541, 565, 584, 599 Immunohistochemistry , 126, 154, 158, 260, 264, 278, 279, 283, H 290–292, 295, 549–550 Halsted , 8, 9, 142, 143, 197, 328 Incisions , 13, 128, 129, 131, 143, 148, 155, 167, 175–180, 183, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis , 29, 38–39, 54, 55, 60, 62, 66, 89–91, 198, 226, 227, 359, 371, 404, 467, 468, 470, 479, 480, 93, 98–101, 136, 138, 153, 157–162, 210, 259–261, 488–490, 497–502, 512, 544, 545, 558, 566–570, 579, 263, 275–277, 283, 291, 483 603, 604 Hashitoxicosis , 27, 158 Inferior parathyroid glands , 16, 19, 21, 169, 203, 217, 469, 479, Heister , 2, 3 556, 558–559, 567, 572 Hematomas , 330–332 Inferior thyroid artery , 7, 19–23, 128, 145, 168–170, 191, Hemithyroidectomy , 63, 65–67, 127, 128, 131, 156, 166, 176, 192, 199, 203, 216, 217, 219, 458, 467, 469, 480, 483, 339, 567, 570 556–558, 567, 572 Hemorrhage , 8, 61, 99, 130, 143, 145, 155, 160, 161, 198, 199, Injury , 23, 31, 130, 145, 160–162, 170, 183, 190–192, 198– 208, 231, 251, 254, 272, 273, 277, 279, 298, 329, 336, 203, 211, 212, 215–220, 228, 231–233, 243, 275–277, 373, 375, 466, 546, 586 328–330, 336, 369, 374, 377, 400, 453, 466, 467, 479, Hereditary hyperparathyroidism jaw tumor syndrome , 424, 484, 499, 509, 522, 527, 566, 568, 571–573, 506, 562 580, 586, 610 High-volume , 108, 109, 194, 327, 328, 335–337, 580, 582, Insular carcinoma , 97, 288, 292, 385 583, 590, 591 Intranuclear pseudoinclusion , 83–85, 94, 96 HPTH . See Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) Intraoperative neuromonitoring , 143, 187–195, 200, 2° HPT . See Secondary (2°) hyperparathyroidism (HPT) 561, 566 3HPTH , 521–530 Intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryn-geal HPTH-jaw tumor (HPTH-JT) syndrome , 505, 506, 510–512, nerve (IONM) , 143, 187–192, 194–195 538, 539, 549 Intraoperative PTH , 204, 399–401, 419, 466, 468, 477, HRPT2 , 424, 425, 510, 511, 537, 539, 549, 551, 562, 563 481–482, 509, 511, 512, 525, 527, 530, 541, 544, 545, Hürthle cell carcinomas , 92, 111–113, 211, 213, 224, 291, 341, 566, 568, 583, 585, 604 343, 393 Invasion , 6, 54, 67, 69, 92, 111, 158, 210, 211, 213, 228, 238, Hürthle cell neoplasms , 60, 88, 91–94, 99, 100, 102, 210, 243–245, 251, 260, 278–280, 282, 284–294, 298, 299, 212–213, 291, 542 315, 323, 340, 341, 343, 353–366, 384, 385, 405, 541, Hypercalciuria , 420, 423, 436, 439, 511, 586 542, 544–548, 550, 570, 609 Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) , 9, 17, 236, 399, 414, 433, 441, Invasive parathyroidectomy, 463, 475, 490, 495, 505, 517, 537, 555, 579, 596 Iodine de fi ciency , 42, 43, 46, 61, 121–123, 130, 208, 272, Hyperplasia , 12, 39, 70, 98, 123, 158, 160, 237, 238, 270–273, 288, 292 276–279, 281, 294–297, 406, 414, 421–423, 436, 443, goiter , 130, 249 448, 449, 463, 464, 466, 468, 475, 477, 481, 482, 487, IONM . See Intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent 496, 506, 512, 518, 523, 525, 527, 537, 538, 544, 549, laryn-geal nerve (IONM) 559–561, 563, 573, 600, 603, 609 IOPTH , 399–404, 406, 497, 527, 528, 556, 563, 565, 566, Hyperthyroidism , 5, 25, 37, 62, 126, 135, 156, 208, 260, 273, 571–573 313, 334, 349, 420, 436, 609 123 I scan , 69 Hypocalcemia , 130, 143–145, 160, 203, 204, 212, 216, 220, Isthmus 328, 330–334, 414, 417, 418, 420, 434, 436–438, 466, I131 treatment , 142 468, 470, 483, 484, 490, 508–510, 512, 528, 530, 545, 556, 561, 572, 585, 586, 602–604, 610 Hypoglossal nerve , 3, 23, 229, 230, 233 K Hypoparathyroidism , 7, 9, 31, 128, 130, 143, 145, 148, 183, Ki-67 antigen , 549 184, 187, 198, 203–204, 211, 212, 218, 240, 242, 243, Kidney 328–330, 332, 333, 336, 419–421, 484, 492, 507–510, disease , 426 512, 519, 524–528, 571, 573, 580, 581 transplantation , 521, 523–526 618 Index

Kocher , 4, 5, 8, 128, 129, 142, 143, 147, 167, 168, 175, 197, MALT lymphoma , 158, 259–263 199, 226, 227, 328, 329, 337 Mandl , 10, 483, 555 Kocher’s incision , 128, 129, 143, 167, 175, 177, 226, Mayo , 5, 6, 71, 142, 197, 212, 329, 374, 585 467, 479, 480 Mediastinal tumors , 568–569 Mediastinoscopy , 497, 498, 500–502, 570 Mediastinotomy (Chamberlain approach) , 10, 497, 498, 500, L 568–570, 573 Landmarks , 165, 168, 169, 215, 226, 228, 374, 572 Mediastinum , 17, 45, 51–53, 125, 128, 129, 170, 203, 238, 240, Laparoscopy , 166, 175, 183, 243 261, 322, 353–355, 388, 392, 447–449, 452, 454, 455, Laryngeal nerve invasion , 354 458, 468, 478, 491, 495–502, 507, 509, 556, 557, 559, Laryngectomy , 354, 356, 357, 360, 361 564, 565, 567–570, 584 Laryngoscopy , 126, 131, 167, 183, 188, 199, 201, 239, 329, Medical management , 112, 342, 368, 433, 437–439, 519–520, 544, 580 522–523, 587 Laryngotracheal edema , 198 Medication , 30, 32, 62, 71, 137, 141–143, 148, 157, 159, 273, Laryngotracheoesophagectmy , 360 324, 371, 373, 377, 390, 393, 434, 478, 573, 599, 602, Lateral neck dissection , 223–227, 231, 240, 244, 245, 342 603, 606, 610 Leak , 203, 228, 231, 232, 240, 243, 362, 377, 436, 610 Medullary carcinoma , 39, 47, 52, 54, 60, 65, 66, 70, 71, 81, Levels , 27, 30, 44, 47, 140, 143, 180, 224, 225, 238, 240, 242, 93, 96–97, 110, 113, 114, 122, 218, 224, 225, 278, 317, 349, 350, 378, 384, 386, 401, 414, 417–419, 439, 294–297, 388, 392, 435 470, 518–520, 525, 528, 530, 540, 572, 582, 586, 588, Medullary thyroid cancer , 1, 7, 44, 60, 62, 65, 70, 208, 219, 602, 604 220, 225, 235–245, 294, 315, 320, 322–323, 354, 365, Ligament of Berry , 17, 22, 145, 168, 177 389–392, 600, 609 Lik Sprava (5-6) , 303 MEN . See Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) Lingual thyroid , 15, 17, 42, 52, 271, 297 MENIN gene , 539 Lobectomy , 6, 7, 32, 63, 65–67, 92, 114, 127, 130, 145, 161, MEN1-like disorders , 421, 424 162, 166, 169, 170, 179, 187, 208, 210–213, 264, 279, Metastases , 98, 218, 224, 225, 294, 297, 368, 388, 391, 392 298, 318, 329, 405, 483, 511, 563, 570 Metastases, age, completeness of resection, invasion, size Localization , 12, 26, 203, 219, 240, 278, 345, 386, 435, 463, (MACIS) , 6, 340 475, 488, 495, 509, 523, 582, 601 Methimazole , 29, 141–143, 148, 204 Low-volume , 145, 194, 327, 328, 336, 580, 582, 583, 590 Methylene Blue , 155, 406 L-thyroxine , 25 Miami criteria , 401, 402, 512, 566 L-thyroxine (T4) , 25 MIBI-SPECT , 403, 444, 445, 449, 453, 523, 564, 565, 570 L-triiodothyronine (T3) , 25 Microfollicles , 84, 85, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96, 113 Lugol’s solution , 141–143, 610 Microfollicular lesion , 63, 66–67 Lumpectomy , 166 Minimally invasive , 7, 107, 135, 171, 175, 288, 343, 368, 399, Lymphadenetomy , 198, 202, 210, 212, 213, 215–217, 219, 220, 437, 443, 463, 475, 487, 495, 512, 541, 556, 579, 599 224, 230, 501, 544 Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) , 171, 176, 400, Lymphatic leak , 228 437, 438, 459, 463, 466, 470, 475–484, 488, 512, 556, Lymph node , 1, 23, 36, 62, 84, 109, 124, 143, 161, 194, 202, 579, 580, 584, 589, 591, 602 210, 215, 233, 237, 261, 272, 315, 328, 340, 358, 367, Minimally invasive techniques , 7, 13, 148, 175–184, 368, 383, 405, 443, 467, 476, 544, 609 377–378, 404, 466, 476, 498–501, 590, 599, 602 Lymphocytic thyroiditis , 28, 60, 112, 153, 154, 157–159, 259, Minimally invasive thyroidectomy (MIT) , 171, 176–178, 184 271, 273, 275–277, 281, 287, 291, 293 Minimally invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy Lymphomas , 39–40, 54, 98, 112, 122, 161, 210, 250, 252, (MIVAP) , 488–492 259–263, 267 Minimally Invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) , 177–178, 180, 183, 184, 491 MIP . See Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) M Missed glands , 560, 573 MACIS . See Metastases, age, completeness of resection, inva- MIT . See Minimally invasive thyroidectomy (MIT) sion, size (MACIS) Mitoses , 97, 280, 291, 292, 546, 570 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 51–55, 203, 238, 242, Mitoxantrone , 255 243, 260, 320, 345, 346, 355, 375, 387, 388, 392, 437, MIVAP . See Minimally invasive video-assisted parathyroidec- 442, 449, 452–455, 457, 476, 477, 523, 524, 542, 565, tomy (MIVAP) 568, 597, 601, 608 MIVAT . See Minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy Malignancy , 40, 59, 112, 124, 139, 158, 207, 215, 235, (MIVAT) 256, 264, 275, 332, 367, 384, 405, 424, 434, 491, Modi fi ed radical neck dissection , 609, 610 538, 560, 600 Molecular diagnostics , 107–115 Malignant , 2, 31, 37, 60, 110, 122, 161, 166, 175, 207, 240, Mortality , 2, 3, 6, 7, 13, 32, 62, 109, 142, 143, 148, 165, 175, 249, 259, 269, 315, 330, 339–350, 384, 404, 425, 537, 197, 204, 212, 213, 218, 280, 288, 327–329, 331, 332, 563, 608 339, 340, 342, 345, 346, 353–355, 365, 368, 374, 378, lymphoma , 97–98, 100, 122, 259, 261, 275, 280, 297 385, 519, 520, 572, 580, 582, 587 Index 619

99m Tc-MIBI , 446 P 99M Tc pertechnetate , 42, 64, 69, 446 Palsy , 130, 131, 166, 178, 183, 184, 187, 188, 190, 191, 193, Multigland disease , 437, 466, 468 194, 200, 322, 329, 354, 356, 365, 528, 541 Multinodular goiter , 24, 27, 31, 32, 59–61, 63, 69, 71, 72, Pamidronate , 423, 438, 550 121–123, 126, 127, 130, 136, 140, 143, 148, 154, 203, Papillary carcinoma , 38, 65, 81, 109, 122, 158, 211, 218, 224, 208, 278 272, 315, 383 Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) , 7, 32, 36, 39, 62, 70, 81, follicular variant of , 92, 96, 110, 111, 212, 284–288, 290, 92, 110, 135, 136, 139, 156–159, 189, 208, 235–238, 294, 609 240–243, 245, 276, 280, 281, 284, 294, 296, 298, 315, Papillary microcarcinoma , 63, 212, 282, 285, 385 324, 401, 423, 434–437, 464, 466, 468, 476, 488, 490, Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) , 60, 66, 110, 183, 207, 208, 505–512, 538, 556, 539, 562, 579, 596, 600, 601, 607, 211–212, 218, 225, 283, 284, 315–317, 371, 393, 609 608, 609 Paraesophageal , 16, 18, 215, 557, 565 MEN1 , 435, 436, 539, 600 Para fi bromin , 424, 425, 510, 539, 549, 550, 563 MEN1, MEN2 , 423 Parathyroid glands, MEN 2A , 235–238, 240, 241, 243, 245, 435, 436, 600 Parathyroid ablation , 458–459, 572 MEN 2B , 235–238, 240–242, 245, 294 Parathyroid autotransplantation , 7, 9, 169, 170, 241, 524 Muscle relaxants , 189, 191, 192 Parathyroid carcinoma , 68, 424, 425, 435, 441, 464, 476, Mutation genotype , 236 492, 502, 510, 511, 520, 537–551, 555, 563, 564, Mutations , 6, 67, 102, 108, 123, 138, 176, 210, 223, 235, 250, 570, 571, 600 280, 343, 390, 401, 435, 476, 505, 527, 537, 562, 600 Parathyroidectomy , 7, 171, 176, 240, 330, 399, 419, 433, 442, 463, 475, 487, 495, 507, 519, 544, 556, 579, 601 Parathyroid embolization , 458 N Parathyroid hormone (PTH) , 9, 12, 13, 99, 204, 330, 399–401, Near-total thyroidectomy , 65, 66, 127, 128, 130, 143, 413, 424, 433, 450, 457, 466, 476, 490, 497, 511, 517, 166, 212, 223 518, 529, 556, 578, 600 Neck Parathyroid hyperplasia , 294, 414, 421, 422, 434, 436, 448, dissection , 46, 168, 212, 215, 223, 240, 329, 342, 368, 405, 449, 463, 466, 468, 563, 600 527, 609 Parathyroid reoperation , 555, 560, 561, 566, 567, 571, 573 exploration minimally , 403, 470 Parathyromatosis , 452, 468, 479, 544, 559 Necrotizing , 2, 154, 160–162 Paratracheal lymph nodes , 216, 219 Nephrolithiasis , 10, 436, 464, 465, 510, 511, 540, 580, 586, Pathplogy , 53, 78, 87, 96, 127, 165, 177, 178, 183, 213, 250, 600, 601 269–299, 328, 330, 332, 343, 404, 405, 424, 447, 509, Nerve damage , 191 510, 545, 550, 556, 561, 573, 604, 608, 609, 611 Neuromonitoring , 128, 143, 165, 187–195, 200, 201, 330, 359, Patient education , 600–602 561, 566, 571, 573 PAX8-peroxisome , 290 NIH PAX8/PPARg , 111 consensus , 476, 590 PCR ampli fi cation , 108 criteria , 465, 590 Pediatric patients , 318, 334, 336 Nodal metastases , 46, 169, 212, 216, 218, 220, 225, 237, 241, Persistent disease , 242, 341–345, 347–350, 384, 400, 476, 511, 282, 286, 288, 294, 340, 374, 385, 541 545, 550, 559, 571, 609 Nodular hyperplasia , 39, 421, 423, 518, 523 PET . See Positron emission tomography (PET) Nodule , 31, 37, 60, 77, 111, 122, 135, 155, 166, 176, 207, 237, PET/CT , 372, 446–447 264, 271, 314, 344, 367, 388, 404, 421, 437, 443, 467, Pharyngeal pouch , 15, 16, 495 476, 490, 509, 523, 559, 582, 608 Phosphorus binders , 519, 520 Non-avid tumors , 386 Phrenic nerves , 202, 568 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma , 98, 161, 259 Physical examination , 32, 46, 60–62, 78–80, 84, 160, 208, 319, Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism , 436, 585–586 343, 354, 384, 385, 387, 435 N-terminus , 418, 419 Pleomorphic giant cells , 251 Nursing , 364, 595–611 Polymorphism , 108, 109, 291, 422 Popullation study , 581, 582, 585 Positron emission tomography (PET) , 44, 63, 345, 386, 446, O 542, 565 Oncocytic , 29, 39, 158, 159, 211, 212, 270, 273, 276, 287, 291 Postoperative management , 148–149, 211, 298, 339, 340, 354, Open minimally invasive thyroidectomy (OMIT) , 177–178, 386, 483, 545, 599 180, 184 Postoperative visit , 598, 603, 604, 611 Operative mortality , 142, 197, 327, 582 Postpartum thyroiditis , 136–138, 149, 154, 159, 276 Ophthalmopathy , 27–32, 37, 137, 145, 315, 610 PRAD1/cyclin D1 , 539, 540, 549 Osteopenia , 464, 540, 563 Pregnancy , 28, 30, 98, 99, 123, 136, 140, 142, 157, 159, 281, Outcome analysis , 579–591 314, 317, 402, 610 Owen , 7 Preoperative evaluation , 111, 209, 225, 238–239, 345, 375, Oxyphilic cells , 84, 86, 89, 92, 94, 100, 101, 443 433–439, 459, 560–565, 602 620 Index

Preoperative management , 439, 599 Re-operative , 243 Prophylaxis , 73, 123, 130, 131, 159, 198, 249, 602 Reoperative surgery , 218, 368, 400, 402, 507, 512, Propylthiouracil , 29, 141–143, 148, 204 556, 567, 570 Protein , 25–27, 32, 39, 41, 48, 102, 107, 108, 140, 154, 156, Reoperative thyroid surgery , 170–171 157, 203, 235, 236, 241, 250, 256, 276, 281, 283, 285, RET , 7, 110, 111, 115, 176, 235–238, 240, 241, 243–245, 280, 290, 291, 375, 384, 389, 390, 414–416, 424, 425, 435, 283, 390, 423, 425, 509 476, 510, 519, 520, 529, 530, 539, 540, 549, 606 RET/PTC , 67, 102, 111, 114, 210, 281–285 Psammoma body , 86 RET/PTC1 , 110, 111, 114, 281, 283, 285 PTH receptor (PTHR1) , 419, 518 Retrosternal goiter , 121–131 Pyriform sinus , 154, 155, 557 Retropharyngeal , 125, 216, 557, 564, 565, 567 Reverdin , 4, 5 RFA . See Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) Q Riede’s thyroiditis , 38 QALY , 589 Risk strati fi cation , 345–350, 602 Qulaity of life , 72, 187, 256, 317, 323, 391, 421, 442, 471, Rituximab , 261 588–590, 606, 611 RLN . See Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) RNA , 107–109, 112, 518 Robotic , 179, 180, 497, 498, 500 R Radiation , 30, 41, 61, 77, 108, 126, 146, 153, 208, 244, 253, 259, 271, 314, 345, 354, 368, 387, 420, 447, 477, 538, S 565, 584, 597 Sampling , 12, 63, 64, 68, 78, 81–83, 92, 99–102, 180, 210, Radiation thyroiditis , 153, 154, 161–162, 314 288, 298, 400, 406, 452, 455–458, 470, 477, 478, 482, Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) , 368–375, 377, 378, 391 483, 497, 509, 524, 527, 561, 562, 565, 566 Radioguided , 402, 443, 447, 459, 580 Sandstrom , 7, 8 Radioguided parathyroidectomy (RGP) , 401–404 Sarcoidosis , 60, 154, 157, 160, 393, 483, 560, 564 Radioiodine , 6, 29, 35, 61, 123, 136, 159, 211, 277, 313, 368, Sarcoma , 97, 297 384, 609 Scintigraphy , 12, 37–43, 63, 123–126, 136, 210, 237, 242, 315, therapy , 35–56, 127, 277, 313–319, 322–324, 373, 317, 442, 454, 457, 459, 476, 488, 497, 523, 524, 564, 384–386, 388, 391, 609 565, 568 Radiotherapy , 30, 51, 127, 252–256, 313–324, 354, 383, 385, Secondary (2°) hyperparathyroidism (HPT) , 12, 13, 416–418, 391–392, 545 421, 425, 436, 439, 517–520 RAI therapy , 212, 341, 342, 345–347, 349 Seldinger access , 456 Rapamycin , 390 Selective venous sampling , 455, 470, 482, 497, 524, 565 RAS , 67, 102, 110, 111, 114, 210, 284, 286, 292, 424 Sestamibi , 12, 46, 78, 435, 437, 454, 455, 457, 464, 466, 470, Recombinant human TSH , 127, 314, 317, 343, 384, 385 475–478, 481, 483, 484, 488, 491, 497, 509, 523, 524, Recurrence , 3, 26, 41, 62, 109, 127, 139, 155, 183, 187, 211, 542, 543, 564, 566, 582, 584, 585, 601 215, 223, 238, 251, 264, 282, 315, 332, 339, 353, 367, Shaving , 254, 354, 355, 360–366 385, 464, 481, 507, 524, 544, 560, 585, 604 Sheets , 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 94, 96, 99, 101, 293, 416, 546, Recurrent disease , 225, 243–245, 319, 322, 340–343, 346–348, 547, 603 350, 385, 483, 488, 507–510, 512, 537, 555, 559–561, Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) , 46, 563, 564, 571, 573, 585, 610 387, 403, 442, 444–445, 449, 453, 459, 476, 477, 506, Recurrent goiter , 126, 130, 131 523, 564, 565, 570, 601 Recurrent HPTH , 447, 451, 452, 455, 458, 468, 507–510, Skeletal manifestations , 540 524, 525, 527 Sleeve resection , 355–360, 365, 366 Recurrent largngeal nerve , 19, 20, 22–23, 126, 128, 143, Snap frozen tissue , 108 146, 160, 165, 169, 177, 187–191, 197–203, 211, 216, Sonography , 35–41, 45, 60, 124–125, 155, 217, 329–331, 353, 354, 359, 374, 377, 400, 466–469, 344, 449, 457 478–480, 484, 488, 489, 491, 499, 500, 528, 541, 557, Sorafenib , 244, 390, 393 558, 561, 566–568, 570–572, 589, 600 SPECT . See Single-photon emission computed tomography Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) , 145, 146, 148, 165, 166, (SPECT) 168–171, 177, 178, 183, 184, 187–195, 199, 200, S-phase fraction , 549 216–219, 238, 242, 354, 541, 544, 547 Spherules , 84, 87, 90, 99 injury , 31, 130, 218, 237–239, 242–244, 262, 328, 335 Spindle cells , 96, 251, 252, 292 injury risk , 329 Spin-echo sequences , 454 palsy , 166, 178, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192, 194, Sporadic parathyroid adenomas , 424–425 200, 354, 541 Squamous cell carcinoma , 287, 293–294, 324 stimulation , 189, 190, 192 Sternocleidomastoid muscle , 52, 80, 131, 145, 169–171, 203, Remedial setting , 437, 497, 509 212, 224, 226–229, 232, 356–358, 360, 361, 363, 365, Reoperation rates , 122 468, 478, 479, 489, 544, 567 Index 621

Sternotomy , 129, 130, 483, 497, 498, 501–502, 568, Thyroid nodules , 45, 47, 48, 50–52, 59–73, 77–79, 81, 569, 573 89, 91, 93, 98, 99, 102, 112, 125–127, 207–210, Strap muscles , 51, 143, 167–168, 170, 171, 238, 244, 251, 329, 213, 283, 298, 314, 404, 437, 443, 451, 452, 476, 467, 468, 479, 480, 488, 489, 501, 541, 544, 582, 608 567, 569, 570 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) , 25, 26, 42, 61, 122, 123, Subtotal , 6, 12, 127, 166, 508, 510, 563 135–137, 157, 235, 272, 313, 349, 384 Subtotal PTX , 524, 525 receptor antibodies , 27–31, 138, 158 Subtotal thyroidectomy , 31, 32, 127, 130, 144, 145, 166, 318, receptors , 25, 27–29, 126, 139, 157, 384 329, 330, 336, 367 suppression , 44, 72, 126, 127, 131, 142, 319, 342, Sunitinib , 244, 390, 393 349–350 Superior glands , 128, 169, 203, 468, 469, 556, 557, 564, 565, Thyroid storm , 6, 32, 135, 166, 204, 329 567–569 Thyrotoxic crisis , 30, 32, 124, 140–142, 148, 161 Superior laryngeal , 21, 128, 168, 197, 199, 201–202, 211, 216, Thyrotoxicosis , 6, 46, 123, 140, 142, 148, 154, 161, 162, 166, 217, 329, 330, 561, 566 194, 276–277 Superior thyroid artery , 18–21, 128, 145, 201–203, 217, 557 Tissue kinetic Analysis , 445–446 Supernumerary parathyroid glands , 470, 559 TKIs . See Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) Suppression , 43, 44, 72, 126, 131, 136, 142, 223, 319, 342, TNM , 6, 36, 340 349–350, 384, 389, 414, 416, 420, 454, 520, 529 Topographic anatomy , 165 Suppressive therapy , 127, 393 Total PTX+autotransplantation , 524, 525 Surgeon training , 335–337, 583–584 Total thyroidectomy , 3, 6, 8, 31, 65, 67, 114, 127, 128, 130, Surgeon volume , 213, 327, 328, 335–337, 581–583 142, 143, 145–148, 161, 162, 166, 168, 169, 211–213, Surgery , 1–13, 21–23, 29, 31, 32, 41, 62, 63, 65–68, 223, 224, 239, 241, 254, 264, 298, 314, 318, 329, 330, 70–73, 78, 91, 92, 101, 102, 107, 110, 124, 126–131, 334, 336, 339, 340, 342–344, 347, 349, 385, 405, 483, 135–149, 158, 160–162, 165–167, 169–171, 175–184, 509, 556, 571, 610 187–195, 197–204, 207–213, 217, 218, 220, 224–226, Toxic adenoma , 6, 27, 31–32, 43, 69, 208, 374 235–245 Toxic multinodular goiters , 32 Surveillance , 209, 211, 213, 242–243, 318, 333, 339–350, 367, Tracheal replacement , 354 368, 389, 394, 465, 507, 539, 561, 586, 589, 608, 609 Tracheoesophageal groove , 22, 23, 168, 199, 217, 478, 507, Sympathetic trunk , 19, 23, 160, 202, 228, 231, 573 557, 558, 569, 572 Tracheomalacia , 130, 203 Training , 128, 165, 166, 188, 335–337, 365, 378, 572, T 583–584, 591, 598 Tall cell variant , 109, 250, 284, 287, 341, 343, 384, 385, 392 TSH . See Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thalidomide , 390 Tubules , 83, 84, 88, 90, 92, 97 Thoracic aproach , 495, 496, 503 Tumor suppressor genes , 108, 112, 236, 250, 255, 281, 290, Thoracoscopic approach , 498–500, 570 423, 424, 539, 540, 549 Thoracoscopic resection , 498, 500, 509, 570 HRPT2 , 537 Thoracoscopy , 497, 498, 501, 503, 570 therapy , 255 Thoracotomy , 129, 497, 498, 501–503, 568 Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) , 115, 244, 256, Thymectomy , 400, 470, 497–500, 507, 527, 559, 564, 568, 571 389–390 Thymus , 4, 16, 169, 216, 273, 293, 324, 449, 458, 467, 468, 470, 478, 479, 482, 492, 496–499, 507, 527, 544, 556, 558, 559, 563, 564, 567–571 U Thyrocervical trunk , 18, 19, 217 Ultrasonography , 12, 41, 45, 60, 69–70, 124, 136, 209, 238, Thyroglobulin , 25, 26, 41, 49, 54, 71, 96, 97, 137, 138, 142, 319, 341, 344, 346–348, 350, 367, 387, 447–455, 470, 156, 211–213, 225, 260, 264, 270, 277–279, 283, 476, 477, 488, 491, 497, 521, 523 290–293, 296, 299, 315, 317, 319, 341, 343–344, 347, Ultrasound in , 437, 451 368, 371, 375, 377, 384–389, 392, 393 Unsatisfactory , 65–66, 69, 85, 87, 88, 112, 113, 167, 322 Thyroglossal cyst , 271, 297 Thyroglossal duct , 15, 17, 52, 53, 68, 99, 154, 155, 271, 297 Thyroidectomy , 1, 20, 31, 41, 61, 98, 114, 127, 136, 158, 166, V 175, 187, 200, 210, 217, 223, 238, 251, 262, 285, 314, Vandetanib , 244, 390 328, 339, 367, 383, 404, 438, 466, 483, 492, 496, 507, Variants , 52, 96, 97, 108, 109, 113, 157–160, 179, 180, 189, 528, 556, 582, 596 190, 211, 240, 241, 275, 284, 287, 288, 295, 299, 343, Thyroid follicles , 26, 28, 84, 123, 156, 159, 160, 354, 383, 385, 387–389, 455, 564 270–272, 275 Vascular invasion , 67, 92, 111, 213, 278, 280, 284, Thyroid ima artery , 18 286–289, 291–293, 299, 340, 341, 343, Thyroiditis , 26, 37, 60, 78, 111, 136, 153, 171, 177, 207, 238, 546–548, 550 251, 259, 271, 314, 405, 483 Venous sampling , 12, 452, 455–458, 470, 477, 482, 497, 509, Thyroid lymphoma , 54–55, 60, 161, 208, 259–265 524, 565, 566 622 Index

Vesalius , 2 W Vincristine , 255, 261, 545 Warthin-like variant , 287–288 Vitamin D , 146, 148, 204, 330, 350, 414, 417, 418, 425, Washout , 225, 319, 349, 441–446, 453, 477 434–439, 483, 517, 518, 524, 528–530, 545, 562, 580, Window resection , 356–358, 363, 365 585, 586, 601, 603, 604, 606, 610 Wound infections , 130, 198 de fi ciency , 604 substitution , 148, 524 Vocal cord palsy , 188 Z Volume-outcome relationship , 582 Zuckerkandl tuberculum , 168, 557