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Biologie a Stanovištní Nároky Ohroţeného Druhu Stepníka Eresus Moravicus (Araneae: Eresidae)

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Biologie a Stanovištní Nároky Ohroţeného Druhu Stepníka Eresus Moravicus (Araneae: Eresidae) Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích Zemědělská fakulta Biologie a stanovištní nároky ohroţeného druhu stepníka Eresus moravicus (Araneae: Eresidae) v Česku Diplomová práce Tomáš Krejčí vedoucí práce RNDr. Milan Řezáč, Ph.D. konzultant Mgr. Michal Berec, Ph.D. České Budějovice 2012 Prohlašuji, ţe v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své diplomové práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě, fakultou elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG, provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách. Prohlašuji, ţe jsem svoji diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně pouze s pouţitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. V Českých Budějovicích, 22. 4. 2012 Podpis Především bych rád poděkoval RNDr. Milanu Řezáčovi, Ph.D., za ochotu, trpělivost a obrovské mnoţství času, které mi byl ochotný věnovat při tvorbě této práce. Dále bych rád poděkoval Mgr. Standovi Macíkovi, který mě zasvětil do hledání nor stepníků; Mgr. Martinu Škorpíkovi za informace o lokalitách v NP Podyjí; Mgr. Simoně Poláková za statistické rady; Mgr. Michalu Berecovi, Ph.D. za rady ke zpracování této práce; prof. Karlu Prachovi a Ing. Milanu Štechovi, Ph.D. za determinaci obtíţně determinovatelných druhů rostlin; Mgr. Pavlu Krásenskému a Lukášovi Pichovi za fotografie stepníků; neznámé dobré duši, která nalezla na jedné z lokalit mé ztracené doklady a na vlastní náklady je odeslala nazpět; samozřejmě rodičům a celé rodině jak za materiální, tak psychickou podporu a v neposlední řadě i mé přítelkyni, za nákresy pavouků a především za trpělivost a toleranci k nedostatku času jí věnovaného. SOUHRN Cíl práce Stepník moravský (Eresus moravicus) patří k jedněm z našich nejohro- ţenějších pavouků. Je proto třeba znát jeho stanovištní nároky a mít alespoň základní znalosti o jeho biologii, aby mohl být navrţen vhodný management pro ochranu lokalit s jeho přirozeným výskytem. Na jednotlivých lokalitách bylo prováděno fytocenologické snímkování, jehoţ výsledek byl zhodnocen na základě Ellenbergových indikačních hodnot pro jednotlivé druhy. Na lokalitách byl také měřen sklon a orientace svahu, vrstva humusu a mnoţství suti. Na lokalitách byli odebráni jedinci, u nichţ byla měřena délka prosomatu (zkoumání délky ţivotního cyklu). Dále z těchto nor byly sesbírány exuvie, kde byla měřena opět délka prosomatu. Z těchto údajů byl zjišťován počet instarů. Na většině lokalit byly z 5–10 nor odebrány zbytky kořisti a determinovány. Z několika mateřských nor byla odebrána mláďata, která byla spočítána a zváţena (zkoumání fekundity samic). Váha mláďat je důleţitá i z hlediska jejich schopností disperze. V laboratorních podmínkách byla u mláďat experimentálně zjišťována schopnost ballooningu. Výsledky Eresus moravicus se vyskytuje v teplých oblastech s vysokou intenzitou oslunění, nejčastěji na jiţních aţ jihozápadních svazích. Lokality jsou charakteristické rozvolněným bylinným porostem s minimem stromů a keřů a slabou vrstvou humusu. Samice má čtyřletý a samec tříletý ţivotní cyklus. Počet instarů můţe dosahovat aţ 13. Nejdůleţitější kořistí jsou brouci (Coleoptera), významnou sloţkou potravy jsou také mravenci (Formicidae). Eresus moravicus má větší počet mláďat neţ Eresus kollari a Eresus sandaliatus, více vajíček v kokonu neţ E. kollari a těţší mláďata neţ E. kollari a E. sandaliatus. U mláďat E. moravicus a E. kollari bylo pozorováno pre-ballooningové chování dvojího typu: „tip-toe“ a „drop and swing“. Kličová slova Ballooning, Ellenbergovy indikační hodnoty, Eresus moravicus, instar, ţivotní cyklus ABSTRACT Aim The ladybird spider Eresus moravicus is one of our most endangered spiders. It is therefore necessary to know its habitat requirements and have at least basic knowledge of its biology to design an appropriate management to protect sites of its natural occurrence. Phytocenological analysis was made at each site and the outcomes were evaluated based on the Ellenberg´s indicator values. Also slope and exposure, litter layer and the quantity of rubbel were measured on the localities. Individuals were taken from burrows for the measurement of the prosoma length (investigation of the length of the life cycle). Exuviae were collected from the same burrows for measurement of the prosoma length. From these data the number of instars was determined. Prey remains were taken at most of those sites from 5–10 burrows and determined. Offsprings from several maternal burrows were taken, counted and weighted (research of fecundity of females). Weight of offsprings is important also in terms of their dispersion ability. The offsprings ability to balloon was investigated experimentally in laboratory conditions. Results The ladybird spider Eresus moravicus occurs in warm regions with high intensity of irradiation, mostly on the southern and southwestern slopes. Sites are characterized by poor herbaceous vegetation without trees and shrubs and by a thin layer of humus. Female lives for four years and the male for three years. The number of instars can reach to 13. Beetles (Coleoptera) are the most importent prey, the importent component of food are ants (Formicidae), too. Eresus moravicus has more offsprings than Eresus sandaliatus and Eresus kollari, more eggs in the cocoon than E. kollari and heavier offsprings than E. kollari and E. sandaliatus. In offsprings of E. moravicus and E. kollari pre-ballooning behavior of two types was observed: "tip- toe" behavior and "drop and swing" behavior. Keywords Ballooning, Ellenberg´s indicator values, Eresus moravicus, instar, life cycle OBSAH 1. ÚVOD ...................................................................................................... 8 2. CÍLE PRÁCE ........................................................................................... 9 3. REŠERŠE ................................................................................................ 10 3.1. Popis ............................................................................................... 10 3.2. Habitat ............................................................................................ 12 3.3. Rozšíření ......................................................................................... 12 3.4. Parazitace ........................................................................................ 13 3.5. Matrifágie ....................................................................................... 14 3.6. Nora ................................................................................................ 14 3.7. Kopulace ......................................................................................... 15 3.8. Fekundita ........................................................................................ 15 3.9. Potravní spektrum ........................................................................... 16 3.10. Ballooning....................................................................................... 16 3.11. Stanovištní nároky ........................................................................... 19 3.12. Počet instarů .................................................................................... 20 3.13. Ţivotní cyklus ................................................................................. 20 4. METODIKA ............................................................................................ 22 4.1. Fekundita ........................................................................................ 22 4.2. Potravní spektrum ........................................................................... 22 4.3. Ballooning....................................................................................... 22 4.4. Stanovištní nároky ........................................................................... 23 4.5. Počet instarů .................................................................................... 26 4.6. Ţivotní cyklus ................................................................................. 27 5. VÝSLEDKY ............................................................................................ 28 5.1. Fekundita ........................................................................................ 28 5.2. Potravní spektrum ........................................................................... 33 5.3. Ballooning....................................................................................... 35 5.4. Stanovištní nároky ........................................................................... 38 5.5. Počet instarů .................................................................................... 39 5.6. Ţivotní cyklus ................................................................................. 40 6. DISKUZE ................................................................................................ 41 6.1. Fekundita ........................................................................................ 41 6.2. Potravní spektrum ........................................................................... 43 6.3. Ballooning....................................................................................... 47 6.4. Stanovištní nároky ........................................................................... 50 6.5. Počet instarů .................................................................................... 53 6.6. Ţivotní cyklus ................................................................................. 54 7. ZÁVĚR ...................................................................................................
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